文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › A Robust High Capacity Information Hiding algorithm based on DCT hight frequency domain信息隐藏

A Robust High Capacity Information Hiding algorithm based on DCT hight frequency domain信息隐藏

A Robust High Capacity Information Hiding algorithm based on DCT hight frequency domain信息隐藏
A Robust High Capacity Information Hiding algorithm based on DCT hight frequency domain信息隐藏

A Robust High Capacity Information Hiding Algorithm Based on DCT High Frequency Domain

XIE Jianquan 1, 2, XIE Qing 2,HUANG Dazu 1, 2

(1.School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, 2.Department of Information Management, Hunan Finance and Economics College, Changsha 410205?

Abstract —Improving hiding capacity and resisting compression ability is an important problem in information hiding application. In this paper, invariance of JPEG compression is analyzed firstly.

Then, according t

o invariance of JPEG compression, an informat ion hiding algorit hm which can embed informat ion in DCT median and high frequency coefficien t s is proposed. Informat ion embedding capacit y adapt ively is det ermined by smoo t h s t a t e of subblocks. Hence hiding capaci t y can be

increased under the condition of satisfying imperceptibility. The

algorithm has strong robustness against lossy compression within defaul t quali t y fac t or. Besides, experimen t s show t ha t t

his informat ion hiding algorit hm has a cert ain degree of ant inoise ability

Keywords- information hiding; hiding capacity; DCT transformation; invariance of JPEG compression

I.I NTRODUCTION Because information hiding algorithm on DCT domain is competitive with compression standard (J PEG, MPEG, H261/263), using DCT coefficients as host signal comes to be one of main choices of image information hiding technology since Cox proposed that spread spectrum information hiding method based on DCT domain[1]. As a result of that human vision system is much more sensitive to signal in low frequency than in high frequency, hiding information in low frequency of DCT has better robustness while hiding in median

and high frequency has better imperceptibility. In standard quantization matrix commended by JPEG, high frequency has bigger quantization value, thus information embedded in high frequency will be easily filtered by J

PEG compression. Besides, because rounding error exists in DCT inverse

transformation, embedded information may be destroyed even

without J PEG compression which has been taken by image

carried information. In addition, experiments show that noise

data may easily break information embedded in high frequency. Therefore many documents tend to choose median frequency coefficients[2, 3] and low frequency coefficients[1] even dc component[4] as host sequence. However, owing to that human vision system is more sensitive to variance of median and low frequency coefficients, capacity and intensity of information embedded in median and low frequency coefficients can’t be too large, this has became the biggest deficiency of algorithm based in DCT transformation domain[5]. What’s more, many information hiding information

algorithms based on DCT domain need original carrier image in testing while capacity of algorithms which don’t need carrier image is much lower than capacity of algorithm based on spatial domain just like LSB. Hence application of DCT transformation algorithm has been confined in some territory

like copy protection but hard to be used in other territory like secret storage and secret communication.

There are many scholars pay attention to increase hiding capacity of information hiding algorithm based on DCT transformation in order to spread its application to wider territory. For example, Chen et al.[6] proposed a hiding algorithm on DCT domain which based on adjustment of quantization table. Yu et al.[7] proposed a hiding algorithm on DCT domain. This algorithm adjusts plus-minus value of DCT coefficients which have smaller absolute value to represent 1 and 0. Liu Guangjie et al.[8] proposed a improved quantization embedding algorithm using steepest decent method to choose control parameter in embedded algorithm. Those algorithms have much higher capacity compared with classical DCT

domain algorithm[1, 9]. Nevertheless those algorithms have an apparent deficiency that they can’t extract all the embedded

information exactly after lossy J PEG compression. While in

practical application, applying lossy compression to image

without vision quality declined process for propose to decline transmission or storage capacity. Therefore how to extract all of hidden information accurately after lossy compression is a problem waiting for solution. Hiding algorithm based on DCT transformation domain, which can resist J PEG compression and embed information in median and high frequency, has been proposed. It uses invariance of JPEG compression[10] of DCT transformation coefficients. The algorithm has good capacity to

resist J PEG compression. Besides, it has higher embedding capacity, and what’s more, the algorithm doesn’t need original image and other assistant parameter in information extraction.. II.I NVARIANCE ATTRIBUTE OF JPEG COMPRESSION J PEG achieves compression through first dividing DCT

coefficients by corresponding coefficients in quantization table

then rounding. Quantization table used in compression is co-decided by standard quantization matrix Q ?shown in table 1?and quality factor q . The function of quality factor is to zoom on a batch of quantization table with a certain ratio (algorithm) to form a new quantization table. For example, JPEG realization, provided by Independent JPEG Group (IJG), utilize integer in [1,100] to act as quality factor: 100 represents the best quality while 1 represent the worst. IJG transform its quality factors then multiply them as coefficients with standard quantization table to form a new quantization table, for propose

of realizing different compression effect. Suppose quality factor is q (1

Hence 0

T ABLE 1S TANDARD QUANTIZATION TABLE OF LIGHTNESS ADVISED BY JPEG

16 11 10 16 24 40 51 61 12 12 14 19 26 58 60 55 14 13 16 24 40 57 69 56 14 17 22 29 51 87 80 62 18 22 37 56 68 109 103 77 24 35 55 64 81 104 113 92 49 64 78 87 103 121 120 101 72 92 95 98 112 100 103 99

Suppose F (u ,v ) is a DCT coefficient matrix of some non-overlaped 8×8 subblock of a image X ,Q m is J PEG lossy

compression quantization table corresponding with a

predetermined quality factor. To random u ,v =∈{0,1,…,7}.

Define )

,()),(),((),(^v u Q v u Q v u F round v u F m m ?= and )

,()),(),((),(^

~v u Q v u Q v u F round v u F ?=.If ),(),(v u Q v u Q m ≤, then the equation below is always holds. )

,(),(),(),((^~

v u F v u Q v u Q v u F round m m =? ?2?Certification if formula (2) is as below:

From ),())

,()

,((),(^~v u Q v u Q v u F round v u F ?=, we can get )

,(21

),(),(),(21),(~^~

v u Q v u F v u F v u Q v u F +≤≤? ?3?Namely

)

,(21

),(),(),(21),(^~^

v u Q v u F v u F v u Q v u F +≤≤? ?4?When

)

,(),(v u Q v u Q m ≤, we can get

)

,(21

),(),(),(21),(^~^

v u Q v u F v u F v u Q v u F m m +≤

established.

Formula (2) indicates that: if one predetermined quantization step Q m is used to quantize a DCT coefficients F (u ,v ) and get coefficients matrix ),(^

v u F ; and if quantization matrix Q is used , whose quantization step is smaller than Q m ,to quantize after that, then ),(^

v u F can still be reconstructed accurately. The method of reconstruction is to use the same quantization step Q m to divide compressed coefficients, and then implementing quantization and rounding. Because the higher the quality factor is, the smaller the quantization step is.

Namely if some image has taken JPEG lossy compression by some predetermined quality factor, the image can remain unchanged to every follow JPEG lossy compression which has bigger quality factor; and if quality factor of follow J PEG compression is smaller than the predetermined one, DCT coefficients of original quantization image can’t be reconstructed. III.

M EDIAN AND HIGH COEFFICIENTS INFORMATION HIDING ALGORITHM BASED ON INVARIANCE OF JPEG COMPRESSION According to invariance of J PEG compression, if embed secret information on the basis of quantization with some predetermined quantization step, the secret information can resist JPEG compression with smaller step comparing with the quantization step. In other words, whatever coefficient information is embedded in, the information can be extracted

after J PEG compression. Hence median and high frequency

can be used to embed information. And we can embed more

information on the basis of ensuring a certain degree of robustness. Supposing carrier image is I ={f (x ,y ),x ,y =0,1,…,N -1}, information waiting for hiding is W ={wj ,j =0,1,…,L -1},

algorithm description is as below: (1) Chose a quality factor q . Generally set it as the lowest

quality factor human eye could accept. That’s to say every

image with quality factor lower than that one is unacceptable.

Acceptable quality factor commended by J PEG standard is from 50 to 75. In this algorithm, it can be decided by

compression quality factor according to the algorithm’s sustain. But it should be higher than 50, otherwise perceptive distortion will be caused when too much information is embedded. (2) Get scaling parameter k of quantization table according to chosen quality factor q and formula (1). (3) Multiply scaling parameter k with each term of table 1,

and then get a predetermined quantization table Q m .(4?Partition the image I into 8×8 subblocks.

(5) Apply information embedding to every subblocks. The procedure is describled as below:

step 1: Perform DCT transformation to subblock, and obtain DCT coefficients matrix S ={s (u ,v ),u ,v =0,1,…,7}.

step 2: Arrange DCT coefficients according to zig-zag

order in inverse sequence. Choose t coefficients to be used in information embedding. The bigger t is, the more information can be hidden. Yet imperceptibility will decline. In order to

ensure good imperceptibility, value of t should be decided by

smooth degree of subblock: t of smoother subblock should be

smaller while t of rougher subblock can be bigger. That is, for more embedded information and better imperceptibility, value

of t should adapt to smooth degree of subblock. Because after

DCT transformation, most coefficients of smooth area are

smaller while coefficients of rough area are bigger, smooth situation can be decided through distribution state of coefficient after subblock has been DCT transformed. And value of t can be decided by distribution state of DCT coefficient. Experiments show that it’s suitable to assign t as

half of number of coefficients. The number is nonzero coefficients account of subblock’s DCT coefficients which

have been quantized using table 1.

step 3: Directly modify those high frequency coefficients, which have been chosen to embed information, to embed information w j (embed 1 bit information in one coefficient). The modifying way is described as below:

ˉ?

-===1),(00

),(j m

j w v u Q w v u s (6) One point to emphasize is that those DCT coefficients not

chosen to embed information should not be quantized. This can decrease image degradation caused by quantization.

step 4: Take inverse DCT transformation to DCT coefficient matrix of modified subblock, and then get subblock containing secret information.

(6) Reset subblocks which have embedded information and then get image containing secret information.

The procedure of information extraction is basically like the embedding procedure. Namely that firstly get predetermined quantization table Q m according to quality factor q chosen in information embedding and table (1). Secondly separate image I into subblocks of 8×8. Then extract embedded information from every subblocks. When extracting information from subblocks, we adapt the same method of embedding process to ensure that DCT coefficient contains information. But while calculating the count of high frequency coefficients which embedded information, only median and low frequency coefficients are considered. Then the formula below is used to confirm information embedded in corresponding DCT coefficient.

ˉ?

-≥<=5

.0),(/),(15.0),(/),(0v u Q v u s v u Q v u s w m m j ?7?IV.S IMULATION EXPERIMENTS AND DISCUSSION

According to parameter provided by J PEG when image takes lossy compression, if quality factor is bigger than 75, degradation of the image is imperceptible to human eye; if quality factor is from 50 to 75, it is still acceptable; if quality factor is smaller than 50, it is unacceptable. In information hiding application, quality factor smaller than 50 definitely won’t be used in image compression. Hence we choose quality factor q as 50 to perform experiments. Separately utilize algorithm in this paper to execute fully embedding experiments to Lena and mandrill of 512×512 in fig.1(a) and fig.2(a). Capacity of embedded information is 28642 and 68025 bit respectively. Ratio of embedded bits to pixels is 10.93% and 25.96% respectively. Average capacity of information embedded in each subblock is 6.9952bit and 16.6143 bit respectively. The embedding capacity is much higher than the algorithm’s proposed by document [1-4, 9], and is approximate with document [8]. However, document [8] can’t resist compression. From those data, it can indicate that capacities of images which have different smooth degree are distinctly different. It reflects the characteristic human vision system has, that the system is sensitive to noise in smooth area while insensitive to noise in rough area. Choose random noise to execute fully embedding to fig.1(a) and fig.2(a) then get results as shown in fig.1(b) and fig.2(b). PSNR of original image and

image in which information has embedded separately is 30.6817 and 32.5544. Both of them are bigger than the 30, which is recognized to be the lowest value to satisfy imperceptibility request. Actually, naked eye can’t distinguish original image and image in which information has embedded in fig.1 and fig.2. If using measuring method mentioned in document [8], which utilizes distortion structural similarity to weigh distortion degree after information hiding, the distortion of image embedded information and the distortion of original image in fig.1 and fig.2 are totally the same. It indicates that imperceptibility of PSNR information hiding algorithm has

deficiency.

(a) original image (b) image carried secret

Figure 1. Comparison 1 of original image and image carried secret

After fig.1(b) and fig.2(b) take compression with quality factor 70, 60, 51 respectively, extract hidden information to them. Hidden information can be 100% accurately extracted, which is coherent with theory analyze. But after the two images take compression with quality factor 40, 20, almost all the information embedded are missed. This is accordant with theory analyzed as well. Namely, the algorithm is robust to compression with quality factor higher than predetermined value.

(a) original image (b) image carried secret

Figure 2. Comparison 2 of original image and image carried secret

Use 128×128 binary image shown in fig.3(a) as secret information and embed it into fig.2(a) to execute anti-compression and anti-jamming experiments. PSNR of image embedded information and original image is 36.6231. Perform extraction after compression with quality factor higher than the predetermined one, and the result is shown in fig.3(b). It’s completely coherent with fig.3(a). The ratio of accurately extraction is 100%. Then, perform extraction after compression with quality factor lower than the predetermined one, and result is shown in fig.3(c). Separately add salt and pepper noise and Gaussians noise into image in which secret information embedded, then apply extraction. Extraction results are shown in fig.3(d) and fig.3(e). If noise has been added and compressing with quality factor not lower than the predetermined one, then extract. The result is almost the same. That’s to say the algorithm propose in this paper has a degree of robustness to noise interference.

Figure 3. Rsults of anti-compression and anti-jamming

In order to compare the algorithm proposed in this paper

and algorithm based on median and low frequency coefficients,

modify low frequency coefficients according to formula (6).

The embedding strength is the same as frequency coefficients

in fig.2(a). After embedding fig.3(a), the image carrying

information is shown in fig.4(a). PSNR of fig.4(a) and fig.2(a)

are 24.9564. The imperceptibility request is not satisfied and

even naked eye can perceive blocking effect of the image.

Extracted information is shown in fig.4(b). Although most of

content can be recognized, it’s apparently distinctive with

fig.3(a). Namely that even without any interference, embedded

information can’t be extracted correctly. The reason is that

there are rounding error and interactions among low frequency

coefficients in DCT inverse transformation. To majority of

algorithm based on low frequency coefficients in DCT domain,

this is a widespread problem when hiding large quantity of

information.

(a) image with hidden information (b) extracted information

Figure 4. Hidding effect based on low frequency

V.C ONCLUSIONS

Currently the information hiding algorithm based on DCT

domain is the most widely-used algorithm in transformation

domain. For better robustness, the algorithm generally chooses

DCT median frequency coefficients, low frequency

coefficients even dc components to serve as host sequence.

Because human vision is more sensitive to change of median

and low frequency, capacity and strength of information

embedded in median and low frequency coefficients can’t be

too large. Hence it’s hard to be used in the territories like secret

storage and secret communication. Utilizing invariance of

J PEG compression of DCT transformation coefficients, this

paper has proposed a hiding algorithm which embeds

information into median and high frequency coefficients and

can realize blind-extraction based on DCT domain. As it

embeds information into median and high frequency

coefficients, the embedded information has better

imperceptibility. And it has high capacity of hidden

information under condition that keeps good imperceptibility.

As a result of using invariance of J PEG compression, all the

embedded information can be extracted accurately after taking

lossy compression with quality factor higher than

predetermined one. Therefore the incompatible conflict has

been solved that information hiding technology has to use

redundant space of multi-media information while data

compression technology try to decrease the redundant space.

Besides, the algorithm has some degree of robustness against

noise interference. The deficiency of this algorithm is that after

JPEG compression, the image embedded information will have

more non-zero coefficients in high frequency than nature

images have. Although it won’t arouse variance of human

vision perception, security problem might be generated when

using some steganography analyze tool. The solution is to

appropriately decrease the number of coefficients in high

frequency and to increase the number of coefficients in median

and high frequency or median frequency. Nevertheless under

the same constraint of imperceptibility index, embedding

capacity will decrease while the ability of invariance of JPEG

compression can be preserved.

A CKNOWLEDGMENT

Project supported by the Hunan Provincial Science and

Technology Program (Grant No. 2009FJ3110).

R EFERENCES

[1] Cox I J, Kilian J, Leighton F T, et al. Secure spread spectrum

watermarking for multimedia[J]. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing,

1997, 6(12): 1673~1687.

[2]Kang X.?Huang J.?Zeng W. Improving robustness of Quantization-

Based image watermarking via adaptive receiver[J]. IEEE Transactions

on Multimedia?2008?10(6)?953~959.

[3]Tan L.?Fang Z. J. An Adaptive middle frequency embedded digital

watermark algorithm based on the DCT domain[A]. Proceedings of the

2008 International Conference on Management of e-Commerce and e-

Government[C], Jiangxi,2008, pp 382~385.

[4]Huang J. W., Yun Q. SHI, Cheng W. D.. Image Watermarking in DCT:

an Embedding Strategy and Algorithm [J]. ACTA ELECTROONICA

SINICA,2000,28(4):57~60.

[5]Shih F. Y., Wu S. Y. T. Combinational Image Watermarking in the

Spatial and Frequency Domains [J]. Pattern Recognition, 2003, 36(4):

969~975.

[6]Chang C. C., Chen T. S. Chung L.Z. A steganographic method based

upon JPEG and quantization table modification[J]. Information Science,

2002, 141:289~302.

[7]Yu P. F., Liu B. High capacity blind information hiding algorithm based

on DCT [J]. Computer Applications?2006, 26(4):815~ 817

[8]Liu G. J., Dai Y. W., Sun J. S., Wang Z. Q. . High Capacity Information

Hiding Scheme for J PEG Images [J]. Information and Control,2007,

36(1): 102~106

[9]Koch E, Zhao J. Toward robust hidden image copyright labeling[A].

Proceedings of IEEE Workshop on Nonlinear Signal and Image

Processing [C], Neos Marmaras?Greece?1995, pp 452~455

[10]iang X. M. Research on Several Foundational Theories and Key

Technologies of Copyright Protection and Authentication for Digital

Arts [D] Wuhan?Wuhan University of Technology?2007.

(c) extraction after low

quality compression

?a?image waiting

embedding

(b) extraction

after high quality

compression

(d extraction after add

salt and pepper noise

(c) extraction after add

Gaussians noise

婚礼上互动游戏

婚礼上互动游戏 在婚礼上,该如何和宾客互动呢。下面小编为大家精心搜集了关于婚礼上的互动游戏,欢迎大家参考借鉴,希望可以帮助到大家! 和宾客互动游戏一:幸运抽奖 这个活动在婚礼上非常普遍,但是也最受欢迎。因为这样的活动投入的精力并不是很多,但是因为有礼物赠送,大家的积极性会很好地被调动起来。 方式一: 来宾进场时候,在新人提供的小卡片上写祝福语,投入票箱。票箱的制作很简单,一个纸盒子,上面挖一个小孔即可。在婚礼进行的过程中,可以由新人、新人的父母等等,来进行现场抽奖。抽中的宾客可以得到小礼物。这样的抽奖环节可以多进行几轮,让来宾们都沾沾喜气。 方式二: 新人准备好喜字或是小玫瑰贴纸,在布置会场的时候让伴娘在每桌挑一个凳子贴上。因为涉及到保密性,所以让伴娘或是个别工作人员知情就足够了。这样,每桌都会有一个幸运人选了,那就要准备与桌数相同的礼物,在婚宴上给大家惊喜,这样气氛会很好。 方式三: 使用电脑设备,事先把来宾的姓名都输入到电脑里,用大屏幕滚动放映出来。新人喊停,操作人员就按动控制键,屏幕就静止不动,上面是谁的名字那么得奖的就是谁。这个操作起来有点难度,首先需要有投影仪设备,第二需要懂技术的朋友做一个这样的软件。而且在经费方面,新人要投入更多的资金了,代价就有点高。个人不使用这个方式,预算比较高的姐妹可以考虑使用。 和宾客互动游戏二:友情表演 方式一: 事先在新人的朋友和亲戚中挑选唱歌比较好的人,跟他们沟通一下,让他们事先准备,在婚礼上,司仪让大家上台表演的时候,以“托”的形式,积极上台表演,

从而在给婚礼助兴的同时,带动现场嘉宾积极上台的气氛。 方式二: 请有特长的小朋友表演节目。现在的小朋友,父母常常从他们小时候开始就培养他们的才艺,可以让他们表演节目。比如两个孩子有跳拉丁舞的特长,让两个小家伙上台像模像样的表演起来。虽说孩子的表演不可能十分专业,但是特别容易跳动现场、活跃气氛,得到大家的赞赏。而且在面对小礼物的时候,以及几个小朋友一起比赛才艺的时候,有表演才能的小朋友会更容易乐于展现自己。 和宾客互动游戏三:互动问答 方式一: : 司仪或是新人事先准备一些题目,然后现场提问,让全场来宾拿出手机,第一个打进电话的来宾进行回答问题,如果答对了,送上小礼物。如果答错了,那么大家继续争先恐后地打电话进来争取回答权。这样的互动比较容易操作,也比较受欢迎。 方式二: 也可以即兴问一些跟新娘新郎想干的问题,比如什么时候认识的,谁追的谁?等等,让宾客抢答,第一个答对的将有精美的小礼品作为奖励,这个也很好玩,以这样的方式让宾客了解一对新人从相识到相知再到相守的甜美经历。 和宾客互动游戏四:幸运手捧花 西式婚礼上会有抛手捧花的环节,单身女性可以去抢手捧花,这样就能得到新娘的祝福,得到婚恋天使的眷顾,会很快告别单身。灵子觉得在婚宴上,抛手捧花不太现实,如果新娘比较激动,一不小心抛歪了,抛到菜里就不好了。所以,可以用很多不同颜色、不同款式的丝带,大家一起来拉手捧花。当然,只有一根是系在新娘手捧花上的,拉中的女生不仅能够拿到手捧花,而且可以得到新娘送出的礼物和祝福。这样方式,我还是是比较喜欢的。很有神秘感。 和宾客互动游戏五:婚庆公司提供的表演嘉宾 现在很多婚庆公司会提供芭蕾、变脸、小提琴等等表演的人员,新人支付一定的费用,就可以邀请他们来婚宴现场为大家表演。当然,这笔费用价格并不便宜,

旅行车上的互动小游戏

旅行车上的互动小游戏 旅游车上的互动小游戏 1.可以叫他们说一下厨房里有什么东西,然后用这些洗澡,理由不成立就唱歌 2.当着大家的面在一张纸上面写一个数字,条件是你写的数字要在1-100的范围內!然后让客人猜,如果你写的数字是53,然后第一位客人猜87,那么范围就缩小到1-87.第二位客人猜49,那么范围就缩小到49-87.这样猜下去.最后猜中的人就上来表演! 3.问三个问题,第一个问题是:说出你最喜欢乘坐的交通工具,第二个问题:说出你最喜欢的动物。第三个问题是:说出你最爱说的口头禅。。。。。说了一圈后,你再说:“我们接下来做一个连环游戏。大家记得自己刚才说的话吗?现在我们将自己刚才说的答案连成一句话。这句话的格式是这样的:我乘做着。。。(最喜欢的那个交通工具),遇见了。。。(最爱的那个动物),我对他说:。。。我爱你。那个动物说:。。。(你的那个口头禅)笑倒一大片. 4.大家有都这么聪明,那不如来说个绕口令!我在带汽车团的时候,会和客人说绕口令!比如:“走一步,扭一扭,见到一棵柳树搂一搂”,“走两步,扭两扭,见到两棵柳树搂两楼” ……,以此类推,如果客人多的话,到十六步时返回从一开始。要求是客人必须用普通话讲,前面一个人说完,后面的人要紧跟着讲,并且不允许停顿,导游也要参加,谁说不下来,就要表演一个节目!这个游戏看客人的表现!!导游一定要在气氛比较活跃的时候做,效果才会好。比如讲完一个笑话之后。 5.吃鸡或者吃其他的什么一个游戏。游戏规则:有一只鸡,在大家面前,每个人轮流去吃,要说清楚每个人要吃的具体部位,前面吃过的,后面的人就不可以再说,到最后,没的吃的人就要出节目. 6、“新婚之夜”:就是让每一位客人准备一个以数字开头的这种(数字包括一、 二、三、百、千、万等,比如“万紫千红”、“一针见血”、“一夫当关,万夫莫开”等就很经典!),把它写在一个本子上,然后记下对应客人的名字,之后导游把本子收回,让对应的客人来读“新婚第一夜,xx(客人姓名)xx(四字的成语)”,这个游戏效果不错哦,现场笑话会有出奇的效果! !在回家的路上用这个,游客们会带笑容离开bus!类似的有“新婚之夜,我和爱人xxxx(aabb格式的词语)”,如果客人说了像重重叠叠、上上下下、前前进进之类的词,效果就更好了!当然,这个度要掌握好。比如团上有小孩子。。。 7.说一个连词。比如:红彤彤,软绵绵等等,让客人在前面加上:我的脸蛋几个字,有的毁损一点,让客人加上我的屁股……,还要一个一个地说出来,这个游戏也是有的时候效果好,有的时候也是不行…… 8、讲完了笑话,还几个脑筋急转弯吧: 最难吃的一道菜——炒鱿鱼 最多同名的妹妹——打工妹 最神气的领子——白领 最畅销的书——女秘书 最受宠爱的动物——小燕子 最难解的式子——三点式 大家都猜的不错,再来一段。 一片青草地(打一种花名)——梅(没)花

婚礼可以玩的小游戏

经典之一:泡泡糖 主持人召集若干人上台,人数最好是奇数,当大家准备好时,主持人喊“泡泡糖”大家要回应“粘什么”,主持人随机想到身体的某个部位,台上的人就要两人一组互相接触主持人说的部位。比如,主持人说左脚心,那么台上的人就要两人一组把左脚心相接触。而没有找到同伴的人被淘汰出局。当台上的人数剩下偶数时,主持人要充当1人在其中,使队伍始终保持奇数人数。最后剩下的两人胜出。因为游戏并不具有技术和智力上的难度,所以在胜出人获得奖品时,还可以稍微刁难一下,比如让他站在椅子上用身体表现一个字(可以是他的名字之类)或者让他表演一个节目等。此游戏要注意,主持人喊出的身体部位要有一定的可实行性,要是不慎喊出上嘴唇,恐怕大家都得笑晕。 经典之二:成语接龙 这个游戏的名字只是用来迷惑大家,而并不是真的要接龙。选出几位年轻人上台,让大家先在纸上写出5个成语,因为游戏题目叫成语接龙,所以大家会考虑的是成语如何接龙,最后一个字该容易还是简单。等大家都写好之后,让大家都把自己的成语向台下观众读一遍。然后让每个人在5个成语前加上“我初恋时、我结婚时、我洞房花烛夜时、我结婚后、我的婚外恋”,这样连起来就变成“我初恋时(第一个成语)、我结婚时(第二个成语)、我洞房花烛夜时(第三个成语)、我结婚后(第四个成语)、我的婚外恋(第五个成语)”。有时效果会意想不到的搞笑。(有一次那人写的是七上八下,还正好是第三个成语。) 经典之四:传呼啦圈 这个游戏要较大的场地和较多人参加,恐怕也不是特别适合。若干人一组,手拉手围成一个封闭的圆圈,在其中一人手臂上套上一个呼啦圈,比赛开始时,各小组同时运动,在不许用手的情况下,把呼啦圈穿过每个人的身体,最后传一圈,最先完成的一组胜出。呼啦圈不能太大,否则穿越的时候太容易,也不能太小,让大家都穿不过去。 经典之五:吸管运输 同上一个游戏一样要分出若干人一组,每人嘴里叼一支吸管,第一个人在吸管上放一个有一定重量的钥匙环之类的东西,当比赛开始时,大家不能用手接触吸管和钥匙环,而是用嘴叼吸管的姿势把钥匙环传给下个人,直到传到最后一个人嘴叼的吸管上。 经典之六:正话反说 选几个口齿伶俐的人参加游戏,主持人要事先准备好一些词语。主持人说一个词语,要参加游戏的人反着说一遍,比如“新年好”,游戏者要立刻说出“好年新”,说错或者猛住的人即被淘汰。从三个字开始说起,第二轮四个字,第三轮五个字,以此类推,估计到五个字以上的时候游戏者就所剩无几了。 经典之八:顶橘子 每个组两个同学上来参加,奖橘子顶在头上,不能用手扶,然后按主持人安排做动作,比如跨凳子,向后转,坐下起立,相互之间除了接触外也允许使用吓唬等手段,按坚持的时间长短算胜负。这是几个比较有意思的,其他的象心有灵犀,抢凳子,击鼓传花就不用多说了吧。另一个要热闹的关键是惩罚措施,每个游戏获胜的领奖品,最后两名则要接受惩罚。可以将惩罚措施写成一堆纸条,让受罚者抓阄。

交互式多模型算法仿真与分析

硕037班 刘文3110038020 2011/4/20交互式多模型仿真与分析IMM算法与GBP算法的比较,算法实现和运动目标跟踪仿真,IMM算法的特性分析 多源信息融合实验报告

交互式多模型仿真与分析 一、 算法综述 由于混合系统的结构是未知的或者随机突变的,在估计系统状态参数的同时还需要对系统的运动模式进行辨识,所以不可能通过建立起一个固定的模型对系统状态进行效果较好的估计。针对这一问题,多模型的估计方法提出通过一个模型集{}(),1,2,,j M m j r == 中不同模型的切换来匹配不同目标的运动或者同一目标不同阶段的运动,达到运动模式的实时辨识的效果。 目前主要的多模型方法包括一阶广义贝叶斯方法(BGP1),二阶广义贝叶斯方法(GPB2)以及交互式多模型方法等(IMM )。这些多模型方法的共同点是基于马尔科夫链对各自的模型集进行切换或者融合,他们的主要设计流程如下图: M={m1,m2,...mk} K 时刻输入 值的形式 图一 多模型设计方法 其中,滤波器的重初始化方式是区分不同多模型算法的主要标准。由于多模型方法都是基于一个马尔科夫链来切换与模型的,对于元素为r 的模型集{}(),1,2,,j M m j r == ,从0时刻到k 时刻,其可能的模型切换轨迹为 120,12{,,}k i i i k trace k M m m m = ,其中k i k m 表示K-1到K 时刻,模型切换到第k i 个, k i 可取1,2,,r ,即0,k trace M 总共有k r 种可能。再令1 2 1 ,,,,k k i i i i μ+ 为K+1时刻经由轨迹0,k trace M 输入到第1k i +个模型滤波器的加权系数,则输入可以表示为 0,11 2 1 12|,,,,|,,,???k k trace k k k i M k k i i i i k k i i i x x μ++=?∑ 可见轨迹0,k trace M 的复杂度直接影响到算法计算量和存储量。虽然全轨迹的

五种大数据压缩算法

?哈弗曼编码 A method for the construction of minimum-re-dundancy codes, 耿国华1数据结构1北京:高等教育出版社,2005:182—190 严蔚敏,吴伟民.数据结构(C语言版)[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1997. 冯桂,林其伟,陈东华.信息论与编码技术[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2007. 刘大有,唐海鹰,孙舒杨,等.数据结构[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001 ?压缩实现 速度要求 为了让它(huffman.cpp)快速运行,同时不使用任何动态库,比如STL或者MFC。它压缩1M数据少于100ms(P3处理器,主频1G)。 压缩过程 压缩代码非常简单,首先用ASCII值初始化511个哈夫曼节点: CHuffmanNode nodes[511]; for(int nCount = 0; nCount < 256; nCount++) nodes[nCount].byAscii = nCount; 其次,计算在输入缓冲区数据中,每个ASCII码出现的频率: for(nCount = 0; nCount < nSrcLen; nCount++) nodes[pSrc[nCount]].nFrequency++; 然后,根据频率进行排序: qsort(nodes, 256, sizeof(CHuffmanNode), frequencyCompare); 哈夫曼树,获取每个ASCII码对应的位序列: int nNodeCount = GetHuffmanTree(nodes); 构造哈夫曼树 构造哈夫曼树非常简单,将所有的节点放到一个队列中,用一个节点替换两个频率最低的节点,新节点的频率就是这两个节点的频率之和。这样,新节点就是两个被替换节点的父

个婚礼创意互动小游戏推荐

个婚礼创意互动小游戏推 荐 The Standardization Office was revised on the afternoon of December 13, 2020

50个婚礼创意互动小游戏推荐 上不仅需要新人hold住自己的主场,还需要与来宾亲密互动,把全场氛围搞起来。在婚礼仪式结束后,新人不要觉得自己的任务做完了,除了敬酒,还可以和大家做做小游戏,准备些奖品能更加吸引人们的参与,使整场婚礼高潮迭起、记忆深刻! 1.成语接龙:新人抛出一个成语,随机抽选宾客做成语接龙,谁接不上就接受惩罚。 2.唱歌不间断:一首歌开始播放,随时可以把话筒传给另一个人看看他唱不唱的出下面的歌词。 3.新人默契考验:设计几个问题询问男女双方,答案不一致有惩罚。 4.猜歌名:播放音乐片段,抢答歌名。 5.绕口令:准备几段绕口令,看看谁能又快又准确地念出来。 6.共吃一根面条:准备一碗面,让新郎新娘吸同一根面条,知道亲上为止。 7.点烟:宾客站在椅子上,新郎抱起新娘给他点烟。 8.击鼓传花:播放音乐,音乐停时,东西在谁手上谁就要接受惩罚。 9.蒙眼吃蛋糕:新娘蒙上眼睛,根据新郎的口令将蛋糕喂到他嘴里。 10.问答考验:智力问答,回答不上来就喝酒。 11.运气王:准备几块夹心饼干,其中一块加上芥末,看看谁运气最好吃到芥末!

12.手舞足蹈:几个人一起比划组成一个单词,另一个人猜。 13.你画我猜:一个人画一个人猜,题材不限。 14.摸手找新娘:几个妹子一起上台,让新娘摸摸看哪只手是新娘的! or no:新郎新娘背对背,根据主持人的提问,给出答案,看看是否心有灵犀。 16.手速王:屏幕上给出一个号码,谁第一个打进电话就可以拿到奖品。 17.身上寻物:将一个小糖果放在新郎身上,让新娘找! 18.现场抓拍:限时五秒谁能根据指定提示做出动作或表情并出现在照片中就能获得奖品。 19.心愿抽奖:在宾客入场时每人写下自己的愿望放入盒子中,等待新人抽奖。愿望价值不能太大哦~ 20.表演节目:根据情境现场抽几个人准备10分钟,迅速表演一台舞台剧。 21.找东西:提前将一样指定物品藏好,现场所有人开始找,看看谁能找到。 22.甩一甩:在嘉宾身上贴满便利贴,规定时间内甩动身体,最后谁剩下的少谁就赢。 23.拼速度:几位参与嘉宾面前准备10杯饮料,看谁能最快喝完。 24.记忆力考验:给几分钟时间,记住整桌人名字,第一个能全部记住的人赢得大奖。 25.配音游戏:截取一些动画影视片段,欢迎有勇气的嘉宾上来尝试配音。

婚礼晚会上的互动游戏

婚礼晚会上的互动游戏 Company number:【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】

1. 正话反说 游戏规则: 8-10人 参与者并排站在台上,主持人将对每一个人说出一个词语或短语,参与者需要将说给自己的短语反着告诉主持人,现实5秒 第一轮时主持人给出的短语一般是两个字或三个字,比如主持人“你好吗”,你就要回答“吗好你”,5秒内失败者,淘汰出局。 第一轮过后,剩下的人继续比赛,这次主持人给出的短语将变为四个字,同样的规则,如果剩余的人多,那么第三轮就是五个字 两个字 蜜蜂——蜂蜜 牛奶——奶牛 上海——海上 事故——故事 马上——上马 干部——不干 工人——人工 英雄——雄鹰 学生——升学 商贾——假商 萝卜——菠萝 孤僻——屁股 精辟——屁精

人间——贱人 陪我——我呸 模特——特磨 繁星——心烦 父亲——情妇 三个字 狗咬我——我咬狗 我坚强——强坚我 留下我——我下流 无底洞——洞无底 大风吹——吹大风 武大郎——郎大武 西门庆——庆门西 狗咬我——我咬狗 上山去——去山上 注视我——我是猪 我喂猪——猪喂我 我打他——他打我 硬骨头——头骨硬 四个字 我是霸王——王八是我相信爱情——情爱信箱

近墨者黑——黑者莫近 杀鸡儆猴——请猴杀鸡 杀人是我——我是人渣 张杰爱我——我爱结账 孤僻的我——我的屁股 五个字 你叫猪才怪——怪才猪叫你希腊我去过——过去我拉稀高尔基的妈——妈的基尔高清晨我和猪——猪和我成亲清晨我上马——马上我成亲擒贼先擒王——王擒先贼擒三下五除二——二除五下三杀人不眨眼——眼眨不人杀狗咬吕洞宾——宾洞吕咬狗同一个世界——界世个一同同一个梦想——想梦个一同我爱总复习——媳妇总爱我好象对我说——说我对象好2. 找东西 游戏规则: 8-10人

LZ77压缩算法实验报告

LZ77压缩算法实验报告 一、实验内容 使用C++编程实现LZ77压缩算法的实现。 二、实验目的 用LZ77实现文件的压缩。 三、实验环境 1、软件环境:Visual C++ 6.0 2、编程语言:C++ 四、实验原理 LZ77 算法在某种意义上又可以称为“滑动窗口压缩”,这是由于该算法将一个虚拟的,可以跟随压缩进程滑动的窗口作为术语字典,要压缩的字符串如果在该窗口中出现,则输出其出现位置和长度。使用固定大小窗口进行术语匹配,而不是在所有已经编码的信息中匹配,是因为匹配算法的时间消耗往往很多,必须限制字典的大小才能保证算法的效率;随着压缩的进程滑动字典窗口,使其中总包含最近编码过的信息,是因为对大多数信息而言,要编码的字符串往往在最近的上下文中更容易找到匹配串。 五、LZ77算法的基本流程 1、从当前压缩位置开始,考察未编码的数据,并试图在滑动窗口中找出最长的匹 配字符串,如果找到,则进行步骤2,否则进行步骤3。 2、输出三元符号组( off, len, c )。其中off 为窗口中匹

配字符串相对窗口边 界的偏移,len 为可匹配的长度,c 为下一个字符。然后将窗口向后滑动len + 1 个字符,继续步骤1。 3、输出三元符号组( 0, 0, c )。其中c 为下一个字符。然后将窗口向后滑动 len + 1 个字符,继续步骤1。 六、源程序 /********************************************************************* * * Project description: * Lz77 compression/decompression algorithm. * *********************************************************************/ #include #include #include #include #define OFFSET_CODING_LENGTH (10) #define MAX_WND_SIZE 1024 //#define MAX_WND_SIZE (1<

结婚小游戏完整版

结婚整人小游戏 1.五子登科——考验新人互相配合的默契,找根红绳子,新人用嘴各叼一头,中间系上一支点燃的香烟,在桌上放5跟竖直的火柴(可插在水果上)然后新人不能用手帮忙,两人合作把5根火柴全部点燃。提示:一定要紧绷绳子眼睛瞄准。 2.爱心杯——取2个一样的杯子,倒满酒在其中一个杯子口部盖上保鲜膜,然后将2个杯子口对口的扣上缓缓抽出薄膜,要求新人不能动手一起喝完扣在一起的两杯酒,不能洒出。提示:只要新人中其中一人将杯子稍稍推开,另一人只管使劲喝就可以了。 3.香唇探宝——新郎平躺在4把椅子上,弟兄们在旁边围着看,新郎身上放上8-10个小物件,可以是小糖果,牛肉干之类,新娘蒙上眼睛转个圈然后不用手要用“香唇”把新郎身上的小物件收集齐全然后拆去眼布一个一个喂给新郎吃。提示:新郎可以对新娘说,指挥她左边点或者右边点。 4.探囊取物——两个生鸡蛋分别由新郎两个裤管放入,往上移动并使两颗鸡蛋于“重要部位”交会再分别由另一裤管移出。 5.甜蜜的交流——准备各6颗颜色一样的奶糖混在一起共12颗平分给新郎新娘含在嘴里,然后要求不能用手帮忙让新娘和新郎分别在嘴里最终呈现同样颜色的奶糖(比如新郎嘴里全是红色奶糖,而新娘嘴里全是乳白色的奶糖)提示:此游戏重在新娘新郎互相配合,可以张开嘴巴让对方观察,然后互相配合把对方需要的糖果“送”过去。 6.农夫山泉有点甜——准备一矿泉水,新郎立于凳子上用腿夹紧矿泉水瓶(夹的部位要监督好)然后新娘咬开盖子喝一口对着话筒说:“***的农夫山泉有点甜” 7.冲击波——在新郎新娘身上的关键部位贴上充了气的小气球,然后绑住两人的手和脚,双方只能用身体的相互挤压和碰撞,弄破气球,直到双方身上所有气球都破了为止。 8.见缝插针——在新娘的臀部绑上一块海绵,在其正中间割开一条缝。在新郎的腰间垂直绑一香蕉。游戏开始,新郎必须把香蕉插进海绵的缝隙里。每插一下,新娘都要问一声“中不中”?新郎根据实际情况回答“中”或“不中”! 9.爆笑俯卧撑——让新娘平躺在床上,上面放一个汽球,再让新郎在上面做俯卧撑100个,新郎支持不住时会压在新娘身上,他俩之间的汽球就会爆炸,给洞房之夜带来欢乐。 10.口红诉真情——让新娘口含一支口红,在新郎脸上写下“I LOVE YOU”,再让新郎和新娘脸贴着脸,直至新娘脸上也印上“I LOVE YOU”,大家都认可为止。11.肉麻够不够——让新郎对新娘说甜言蜜语,直到大家都认为够肉麻为

LZSS压缩算法实验报告

实验名称:LZSS压缩算法实验报告 一、实验内容 使用Visual 6..0 C++编程实现LZ77压缩算法。 二、实验目的 用LZSS实现文件的压缩。 三、实验原理 LZSS压缩算法是词典编码无损压缩技术的一种。LZSS压缩算法的字典模型使用了自适应的方式,也就是说,将已经编码过的信息作为字典, 四、实验环境 1、软件环境:Visual C++ 6.0 2、编程语言:C++ 五、实验代码 #include #include #include #include /* size of ring buffer */ #define N 4096 /* index for root of binary search trees */ #define NIL N /* upper limit for g_match_len. Changed from 18 to 16 for binary compatability with Microsoft COMPRESS.EXE and EXPAND.EXE #define F 18 */ #define F 16 /* encode string into position and length if match_length is greater than this: */ #define THRESHOLD 2 /* these assume little-endian CPU like Intel x86

-- need byte-swap function for big endian CPU */ #define READ_LE32(X) *(uint32_t *)(X) #define WRITE_LE32(X,Y) *(uint32_t *)(X) = (Y) /* this assumes sizeof(long)==4 */ typedef unsigned long uint32_t; /* text (input) size counter, code (output) size counter, and counter for reporting progress every 1K bytes */ static unsigned long g_text_size, g_code_size, g_print_count; /* ring buffer of size N, with extra F-1 bytes to facilitate string comparison */ static unsigned char g_ring_buffer[N + F - 1]; /* position and length of longest match; set by insert_node() */ static unsigned g_match_pos, g_match_len; /* left & right children & parent -- these constitute binary search tree */ static unsigned g_left_child[N + 1], g_right_child[N + 257], g_parent[N + 1]; /* input & output files */ static FILE *g_infile, *g_outfile; /***************************************************************************** initialize trees *****************************************************************************/ static void init_tree(void) { unsigned i; /* For i = 0 to N - 1, g_right_child[i] and g_left_child[i] will be the right and left children of node i. These nodes need not be initialized. Also, g_parent[i] is the parent of node i. These are initialized to NIL (= N), which stands for 'not used.' For i = 0 to 255, g_right_child[N + i + 1] is the root of the tree for strings that begin with character i. These are initialized to NIL. Note there are 256 trees. */ for(i = N + 1; i <= N + 256; i++) g_right_child[i] = NIL; for(i = 0; i < N; i++) g_parent[i] = NIL; } /***************************************************************************** Inserts string of length F, g_ring_buffer[r..r+F-1], into one of the trees (g_ring_buffer[r]'th tree) and returns the longest-match position and length via the global variables g_match_pos and g_match_len. If g_match_len = F, then removes the old node in favor of the new one, because the old one will be deleted sooner.

多媒体数据压缩实验报告

多媒体数据压缩实验报告 篇一:多媒体实验报告_文件压缩 课程设计报告 实验题目:文件压缩程序 姓名:指导教师:学院:计算机学院专业:计算机科学与技术学号: 提交报告时间:20年月日 四川大学 一,需求分析: 有两种形式的重复存在于计算机数据中,文件压缩程序就是对这两种重复进行了压 缩。 一种是短语形式的重复,即三个字节以上的重复,对于这种重复,压缩程序用两个数字:1.重复位置距当前压缩位置的距离;2.重复的长度,来表示这个重复,假设这两个数字各占一个字节,于是数据便得到了压缩。 第二种重复为单字节的重复,一个字节只有256种可能的取值,所以这种重复是必然的。给 256 种字节取值重新编码,使出现较多的字节使用较短的编码,出现较少的字节使用较长的编码,这样一来,变短的字节相对于变长的字节更多,文件的总长度就会减少,并且,字节使用比例越不均

匀,压缩比例就越大。 编码式压缩必须在短语式压缩之后进行,因为编码式压缩后,原先八位二进制值的字节就被破坏了,这样文件中短语式重复的倾向也会被破坏(除非先进行解码)。另外,短语式压缩后的结果:那些剩下的未被匹配的单、双字节和得到匹配的距离、长度值仍然具有取值分布不均匀性,因此,两种压缩方式的顺序不能变。 本程序设计只做了编码式压缩,采用Huffman编码进行压缩和解压缩。Huffman编码是一种可变长编码方式,是二叉树的一种特殊转化形式。编码的原理是:将使用次数多的代码转换成长度较短的代码,而使用次数少的可以使用较长的编码,并且保持编码的唯一可解性。根据 ascii 码文件中各 ascii 字符出现的频率情况创建 Huffman 树,再将各字符对应的哈夫曼编码写入文件中。同时,亦可根据对应的哈夫曼树,将哈夫曼编码文件解压成字符文件. 一、概要设计: 压缩过程的实现: 压缩过程的流程是清晰而简单的: 1. 创建 Huffman 树 2. 打开需压缩文件 3. 将需压缩文件中的每个 ascii 码对应的 huffman 编码按 bit 单位输出生成压缩文件压缩结束。

50个婚礼创意互动小游戏推荐

50个婚礼创意互动小游戏推荐 婚礼上不仅需要新人hold住自己的主场,还需要与来宾亲密互动,把全场氛围搞起来。在婚礼仪式结束后,新人不要觉得自己的任务做完了,除了敬酒,还可以和大家做做小游戏,准备些奖品能更加吸引人们的参与,使整场婚礼高潮迭起、记忆深刻! 1.成语接龙:新人抛出一个成语,随机抽选宾客做成语接龙,谁接不上就接受惩罚。 2.唱歌不间断:一首歌开始播放,随时可以把话筒传给另一个人看看他唱不唱的出下面的歌词。 3.新人默契考验:设计几个问题询问男女双方,答案不一致有惩罚。 4.猜歌名:播放音乐片段,抢答歌名。 5.绕口令:准备几段绕口令,看看谁能又快又准确地念出来。 6.共吃一根面条:准备一碗面,让新郎新娘吸同一根面条,知道亲上为止。 7.点烟:宾客站在椅子上,新郎抱起新娘给他点烟。 8.击鼓传花:播放音乐,音乐停时,东西在谁手上谁就要接受惩罚。 9.蒙眼吃蛋糕:新娘蒙上眼睛,根据新郎的口令将蛋糕喂到他嘴里。 10.问答考验:智力问答,回答不上来就喝酒。 11.运气王:准备几块夹心饼干,其中一块加上芥末,看看谁运气最好吃到芥末! 12.手舞足蹈:几个人一起比划组成一个单词,另一个人猜。 13.你画我猜:一个人画一个人猜,题材不限。 14.摸手找新娘:几个妹子一起上台,让新娘摸摸看哪只手是新娘的!

15.yes or no:新郎新娘背对背,根据主持人的提问,给出答案,看看是否心有灵犀。 16.手速王:屏幕上给出一个号码,谁第一个打进电话就可以拿到奖品。 17.身上寻物:将一个小糖果放在新郎身上,让新娘找! 18.现场抓拍:限时五秒谁能根据指定提示做出动作或表情并出现在照片中就能获得奖品。 19.心愿抽奖:在宾客入场时每人写下自己的愿望放入盒子中,等待新人抽奖。愿望价值不能太大哦~ 20.表演节目:根据情境现场抽几个人准备10分钟,迅速表演一台舞台剧。 21.找东西:提前将一样指定物品藏好,现场所有人开始找,看看谁能找到。 22.甩一甩:在嘉宾身上贴满便利贴,规定时间内甩动身体,最后谁剩下的少谁就赢。 23.拼速度:几位参与嘉宾面前准备10杯饮料,看谁能最快喝完。 24.记忆力考验:给几分钟时间,记住整桌人名字,第一个能全部记住的人赢得大奖。 25.配音游戏:截取一些动画影视片段,欢迎有勇气的嘉宾上来尝试配音。 26.猜猜他是谁:给出一张新人小时候的照片,有没有人能快速准确地找到。 27.礼物拍卖:将新人准备好的礼物以喝酒形式拍卖,出价啤酒杯数最多者上台并获得奖品。 28.用奶瓶喝啤酒:用奶瓶喝啤酒可是件技术活,谁能先喝完酒赢了。

数据快速压缩算法的C语言实现

价值工程 置,是一项十分有意义的工作。另外恶意代码的检测和分析是一个长期的过程,应对其新的特征和发展趋势作进一步研究,建立完善的分析库。 参考文献: [1]CNCERT/CC.https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5c1368905.html,/publish/main/46/index.html. [2]LO R,LEVITTK,OL SSONN R.MFC:a malicious code filter [J].Computer and Security,1995,14(6):541-566. [3]KA SP ER SKY L.The evolution of technologies used to detect malicious code [M].Moscow:Kaspersky Lap,2007. [4]LC Briand,J Feng,Y Labiche.Experimenting with Genetic Algorithms and Coupling Measures to devise optimal integration test orders.Software Engineering with Computational Intelligence,Kluwer,2003. [5]Steven A.Hofmeyr,Stephanie Forrest,Anil Somayaji.Intrusion Detection using Sequences of System calls.Journal of Computer Security Vol,Jun.1998. [6]李华,刘智,覃征,张小松.基于行为分析和特征码的恶意代码检测技术[J].计算机应用研究,2011,28(3):1127-1129. [7]刘威,刘鑫,杜振华.2010年我国恶意代码新特点的研究.第26次全国计算机安全学术交流会论文集,2011,(09). [8]IDIKA N,MATHUR A P.A Survey of Malware Detection Techniques [R].Tehnical Report,Department of Computer Science,Purdue University,2007. 0引言 现有的压缩算法有很多种,但是都存在一定的局限性,比如:LZw [1]。主要是针对数据量较大的图像之类的进行压缩,不适合对简单报文的压缩。比如说,传输中有长度限制的数据,而实际传输的数据大于限制传输的数据长度,总体数据长度在100字节左右,此时使用一些流行算法反而达不到压缩的目的,甚至增大数据的长度。本文假设该批数据为纯数字数据,实现压缩并解压缩算法。 1数据压缩概念 数据压缩是指在不丢失信息的前提下,缩减数据量以减少存储空间,提高其传输、存储和处理效率的一种技术方法。或按照一定的算法对数据进行重新组织,减少数据的冗余和存储的空间。常用的压缩方式[2,3]有统计编码、预测编码、变换编码和混合编码等。统计编码包含哈夫曼编码、算术编码、游程编码、字典编码等。 2常见几种压缩算法的比较2.1霍夫曼编码压缩[4]:也是一种常用的压缩方法。其基本原理是频繁使用的数据用较短的代码代替,很少使用 的数据用较长的代码代替,每个数据的代码各不相同。这些代码都是二进制码,且码的长度是可变的。 2.2LZW 压缩方法[5,6]:LZW 压缩技术比其它大多数压缩技术都复杂,压缩效率也较高。其基本原理是把每一个第一次出现的字符串用一个数值来编码,在还原程序中再将这个数值还成原来的字符串,如用数值0x100代替字符串ccddeee"这样每当出现该字符串时,都用0x100代替,起到了压缩的作用。 3简单报文数据压缩算法及实现 3.1算法的基本思想数字0-9在内存中占用的位最 大为4bit , 而一个字节有8个bit ,显然一个字节至少可以保存两个数字,而一个字符型的数字在内存中是占用一个字节的,那么就可以实现2:1的压缩,压缩算法有几种,比如,一个自己的高四位保存一个数字,低四位保存另外一个数字,或者,一组数字字符可以转换为一个n 字节的数值。N 为C 语言某种数值类型的所占的字节长度,本文讨论后一种算法的实现。 3.2算法步骤 ①确定一种C 语言的数值类型。 —————————————————————— —作者简介:安建梅(1981-),女,山西忻州人,助理实验室,研究方 向为软件开发与软交换技术;季松华(1978-),男,江苏 南通人,高级软件工程师,研究方向为软件开发。 数据快速压缩算法的研究以及C 语言实现 The Study of Data Compression and Encryption Algorithm and Realization with C Language 安建梅①AN Jian-mei ;季松华②JI Song-hua (①重庆文理学院软件工程学院,永川402160;②中信网络科技股份有限公司,重庆400000)(①The Software Engineering Institute of Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences ,Chongqing 402160,China ; ②CITIC Application Service Provider Co.,Ltd.,Chongqing 400000,China ) 摘要:压缩算法有很多种,但是对需要压缩到一定长度的简单的报文进行处理时,现有的算法不仅达不到目的,并且变得复杂, 本文针对目前一些企业的需要,实现了对简单报文的压缩加密,此算法不仅可以快速对几十上百位的数据进行压缩,而且通过不断 的优化,解决了由于各种情况引发的解密错误,在解密的过程中不会出现任何差错。 Abstract:Although,there are many kinds of compression algorithm,the need for encryption and compression of a length of a simple message processing,the existing algorithm is not only counterproductive,but also complicated.To some enterprises need,this paper realizes the simple message of compression and encryption.This algorithm can not only fast for tens of hundreds of data compression,but also,solve the various conditions triggered by decryption errors through continuous optimization;therefore,the decryption process does not appear in any error. 关键词:压缩;解压缩;数字字符;简单报文Key words:compression ;decompression ;encryption ;message 中图分类号:TP39文献标识码:A 文章编号:1006-4311(2012)35-0192-02 ·192·

婚礼晚会上的互动游戏

1. 正话反说 游戏规则:8-10人 参与者并排站在台上,主持人将对每一个人说出一个词语或短语,参与者需要将说给自己的短语反着告诉主持人,现实5秒 第一轮时主持人给出的短语一般是两个字或三个字,比如主持人“你好吗?”,你就要回答“吗好你”,5秒内失败者,淘汰出局。 第一轮过后,剩下的人继续比赛,这次主持人给出的短语将变为四个字,同样的规则,如果剩余的人多,那么第三轮就是五个字 两个字 蜜蜂——蜂蜜 牛奶——奶牛 上海——海上 事故——故事 马上——上马 干部——不干 工人——人工 英雄——雄鹰 学生——升学 商贾——假商 萝卜——菠萝 孤僻——屁股 精辟——屁精 人间——贱人 陪我——我呸 模特——特磨 繁星——心烦 父亲——情妇 三个字 狗咬我——我咬狗 我坚强——强坚我 留下我——我下流 无底洞——洞无底 大风吹——吹大风 武大郎——郎大武 西门庆——庆门西 狗咬我——我咬狗 上山去——去山上 注视我——我是猪 我喂猪——猪喂我 我打他——他打我 硬骨头——头骨硬

四个字 我是霸王——王八是我 相信爱情——情爱信箱 近墨者黑——黑者莫近 杀鸡儆猴——请猴杀鸡 杀人是我——我是人渣 张杰爱我——我爱结账 孤僻的我——我的屁股 五个字 你叫猪才怪——怪才猪叫你 希腊我去过——过去我拉稀 高尔基的妈——妈的基尔高 清晨我和猪——猪和我成亲 清晨我上马——马上我成亲 擒贼先擒王——王擒先贼擒 三下五除二——二除五下三 杀人不眨眼——眼眨不人杀 狗咬吕洞宾——宾洞吕咬狗 同一个世界——界世个一同 同一个梦想——想梦个一同 我爱总复习——媳妇总爱我 好象对我说——说我对象好 2. 找东西 游戏规则:8-10人 主持人说出一件物品,参与者讲对应物品拿到台上,未找到物品的人淘汰留到最后的拿奖品 一只打火机 一毛、五毛各一枚 一只诺基亚手机 三根白头发 两只不同的高跟鞋 一枚钻戒 一张广发银行卡 一个iphone充电器 一个红酒开酒器 三瓶不同的饮料 3. 站错队游戏 游戏规则:20-30人 主持人问几个关于生活小知识问题,每个问题都有两个选项,参与者可选择站到A选项的队伍,还是站B选项的队列。站错队伍的遭淘汰,留到最后的拿奖品。

相关文档