环境工程专业英语第二版课后习题答案

钟理主编环境工程专业英语课后习题

Unit 1 (P.4)

1 Based on Reading Material, put the following into Chinese.

life expectancy ：耐用期限，平均寿命

poverty-stricken ：贫穷的，贫困的，贫乏的

smog-laden air ：烟雾弥漫的天空，烟雾缭绕的空气，阴霾天气

global conditions ：全球状况

haves and have-nots ：富人和穷人

underprivileged ：社会地位低下的，相对贫困的，生活水平低下的，弱势的

savanna ：热带大草原，稀树草原

predator ：食肉动物，捕食者

environmental disruptions ：环境破坏，环境失调

2 Put the following into English.

农药—pesticide / agricultural chemicals (including: pesticide, germicide, herbicide)

化肥—chemical fertilizer

有机废物—organic wastes

微生物—microorganism / microbe

衰减—attenuation

阻滞的—retardant / blocking

稀释—dilution

添加剂—additive

合成塑料—synthetic plastic

再生—regeneration

Unit 3 (P.19)

1 Put the following into Chinese.

(1) Raw materials that lose their usefulness because they sit on the shelf too long become waste. 原材料放置过久会失去它们本身性能而变成废弃物。

(2) Poor cleaning of parts or inadequate dragout time will reduce the usefulness of the process chemicals, increase the cost of waste disposal, and the cost of chemical replacement.

不良的零件清洗或者不充分的接触时间将减少工艺过程中化学品的有用性，增加处理废弃物的费用以及替换化学药品的费用。

(3) Lockheed successfully switched from an alkaline cyanide cadmium bath to an acidic noncyanide cadmium bath.

洛克希德（公司）成功地将碱性氰化镉溶液槽改变为酸性不含氰化镉的溶液槽。

(4) Do not try to reinvent the wheel. Develop networking partners to share ideas.

不要进行重复研究。发展网络伙伴以分享思想。

3 Put the following into Chinese.

Waste reduction/waste/minimization: 减少废物/废弃物/最小化

In-process: 工程内，进程内

Housekeeping: 维持管理

Equipment modification landfills: 设备改造，填埋

Biodegradable solvents: 可生物降解溶剂

Volatile chemicals: 挥发性化学品

Management commitment: 管理层的承诺

Unit4

1.Put the following into Chinese.

Precision and accuracy 精密度和准确度

bulk collection 散装收集

matrix material 基质

analytical sequence 分析序列

multivariate statistics 多元统计

interactive effect 互动效应

insofar adv. 在…的范围；在…情况下overall analytical scheme 整体分析方案

2.Put the following into English.

灵敏度sensitivity

采样sampling

真实时间actual time

样品预处理sample pretreatment

稳定性stability

曲线拟和Curve fit

吸附adsorption

累积accumulate

分析评价analysis evaluation

物理分离physical Separation

因次图Dimensional diagram

标准方差Standard variance

Unit 5 (P.34)

1 Put the following words or phrase into Chinese.

primary pollutant 一次大气污染物

secondary pollutant 二次大气污染物

air stagnation 空气流动停滞，大气停滞

nitrous oxide 一氧化二氮(N2O)

nitric oxide 一氧化氮(NO)

nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮(NO2)

soot 煤烟

dust 灰尘

smog 烟雾

ozone 臭氧

herbicide 除草剂

pesticide 杀虫剂/ 农药

2 Put the following into English.

正常浓度normal concentration

严重污染的serious polluted / heavily polluted

决定因素determining factor

光化学氧化物photochemical oxidant

液体微滴liquid droplet

放射性物质radioactive substance

不完全氧化incomplete oxidization / incomplete combustion

含硫的sulfur-containing

风化wind erosion / weathering

汽车尾气automobile exhaust

Unit 6 (P.40)

1 Put the following into Chinese

(1) The most severe sequence of CO2 induced global warning would be melting of the polar

ice-caps and the subsequent rise of ocean levels and inundation of coastal plains.

由CO2 所引起的全球变暖的最严重后果是极地冰帽的熔化，以及随之而来的海平面上升所引发的沿海平原的洪水。

(2) Although global warming from the already elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 has been predicted by most climatic models, such a warming has not been empirically observed.

虽然大多数气候模型已经预测大气中CO2 浓度的增加将引起全球变暖，但对于这样的气候变暖还没有实证观察过。

(3) Although they indicate trends in average surface temperatures and climate, they unfortunately coincide with increased industrialization and pollution.

尽管这些资料表明了平均地面温度和气候的趋势，但不幸的是，恰恰遇上了这段时期内日益增强的工业化和污染。

2 Put the following into English.

温室效应effect of greenhouse

由二氧化碳引起的caused by CO2

世界碳预算world carbon budget

天气的自然波动natural fluctuations in climate

全球变暖global warming

厌氧的anaerobic

甲烷methane

臭氧层ozonosphere

气候模型climatic models

腐烂decay

Unit 7 (P.47)

3 Put the following into English.

出口outlet

多管高效旋风分离器multitube high-efficiency cyclone

合成纤维synthetic fabric

捕集效率collection efficiency

机械洗涤mechanical scrubbing

压力降pressure drop

焚化炉incinerator

气体离子gas ion

捕集板collection surface

碳黑carbon black

Unit 8 (P.52)

1 Put the following into English.

尾气off-gas

可应用性applicability

工业规模full-scale

土壤床soil bed

生物过滤器biofilter

固定资本fixed capital

易生物降解的easily biodegraded

2 Put the following into Chinese.

VOC 挥发性有机化合物

APC 大气污染控制

Regulatory program 调整项目

Financial support 财政支持

Operating cost 操作成本

Biodegradation capacity 生物降解能力

Environmental media 环境介质

Biological 生物学的

Technologies 技术、工艺

Inorganic air pollutants 无机大气污染物

Unit 10 (P.66)

1 Put the following into Chinese.

treatment facilities 处理设备

per capita per day 每人每天

municipality 市政当局, 自治市

population equivalent 人口当量

basement flooding 地下室浸水

runoff 排水

domestic sewage 生活污水

type of terrain 地形种类

Unit 11 (P.73)

1 According to Reading Material, put the following into Chinese. unpalatable 味道差的

volatile chemicals 挥发性的化学药品

scale in hot pipes 热水管积垢

harbor pathogens 窝藏病原体

precipitate 使沉淀

turbid 混浊的

intermittent sources 间歇的污染源

fixtures 固定设备

2 According to Reading Material, put the following into English. 合成有机化合物synthetic organic compound

微生物性能microbiological properties

普遍接受universal acceptance

食品加工food processing

精馏rectification

蒸发和冷凝evaporation and condensation

土壤腐蚀erosion of soil

过滤作用percolating/ filtration

副产品byproduct

脱盐desalination

Unit 12 (P.81)

1 According to Reading Material, put the following into Chinese. land disposal 掩埋处置

fecal coliform 粪大肠菌群

stringent effluent requirement 严格的废水排放要求

assimilation capacity 同化能力

practical outlets 可行的排出途径，现实出路

aquatic life 水生生物

detrimental to human health 对人体健康有害的

endogenous phase 内源〔生长〕期

Unit 13 (P.89)

1 Based on Reading Material, put the following into Chinese. flow monitoring 流量监测

equipment age and reliability 装备老化及其可靠性

mechanistic facilities 机械设备

microbial activity 微生物活性

activated sludge 活性污泥

controlling respiration 控制呼吸

oxidation ditches 氧化沟

on-line automation 在线自动〔监测〕

2 Based on Reading Material, put the following into English.

手动控制operator control/ manual control

最优化minimize the effects

微处理器microprocessor

统计分析statistical analysis

质量衡算mass balance

动力学dynamics

氧化还原oxidation and reduction /redox

停留时间residence time

模拟simulation

参数parameter

水解hydrolysis

积分integral

Unit14

1.Put the following into Chinese.

biological degradation 生物降解;

equalization basin 稳定糖; 均化池; 调节池; 均质池aeration basin 曝气池；曝气塘；通气池

sludge flocs 污泥絮体

setting tank 固体沉降槽；硬化槽

dissolved oxygen 溶解氧

biofilm 生物膜；菌膜n.

suspended-growth 悬浮生长

Unit18

1.Put the following sentences into English.

(1)饮食废物的重要特点在于它具有易腐烂性，尤其在温暖天气里，会极快地腐烂。

Food waste important characteristic is that it is easy to decay resistance, especially in warm weather, can very quickly decay.

(2)除了在家庭产生饮食废物外，在自助食堂、饭馆、医院和监狱等机构，以及诸如批发、

零售等食品市场，均会产生大量的废物。

In addition to family produces food waste outside, in the cafeteria restaurant hospitals and prisons institutions, such as wholesale and retail and food market, all can produce a lot of waste.

Unit20

1. Put the following sentences into English.

(1)在野餐地、公园及其他公共场地随意丢弃纸张、塑料、食品包装盒、瓶子等是另一种常

见的污染行为。

In the picnic, parks and other public site discarded paper, plastics, food packaging, bottles, etc is another common pollution behavior.

(2)把废物粉碎成碎块可以使其体积减少33%左右。

The waste shattered into pieces can make the volume reduced by 33% or so.

Unit21

1.Put the following into Chinese.

well-compacted landfill 压实得很好的垃圾填埋场

pulverized refuse 粉状的拒绝

fluidized bed incineration流化床焚烧

wet oxidation 湿法氧化

anaerobic digestion 厌氧消化

nutrient source 营养源

oil conditioners 石油空调

mass-burning 质量燃烧

municipal waste 城市垃圾；城市废物；城市废料

Notes

1.for managerial and administrative reasons 行政管理上的原因

2.stacks of generating stations 许多发电站

3.waterborne diseases 水污染的疾病

4.sophisticated chemical or physical analysis高级的化学或物理分析。

5.Since airborne particles can be inhaled,surface predominance can result in high

localized concentrations of chemical species at the points of particle deposition in the lung.由于可以吸入空气中的颗粒，表面控制可以导致肺部颗粒沉积点化学物质局部浓度升高。

6.While not one of the analysis normally performed by analytical

chemists,determination of the availability of a chemical species is often necessary.虽然分析化学家并不可能正常地做出每一种分析，但是确定化学物质的种类通常是必要的。

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/563095492.html,boratory-scale simulation 实验室的规模。

8.The geographic location of some heavily populated cities,such as Los Angeles and

Mexico City,makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation and pollution buildup.一些人口非常稠密的城市的地理位置，例如洛杉矶和墨西哥城的地理位置，使得他们经常特别易受空气流动停滞的污积物增加的影响。

9.By themselves,measured concentration stell us nothing about the danger caused by

pollutants,because threshold levels,synergy,and biological magnification are also determining factors.测量的浓度自身并未告诉我们有关污染物造成的危害的信息，因为临界浓度，协同作用和生物放大效应都是决定因素。

10.Fabric filters usually provide very high collection efficiencies ,exceeding 99.5%, at

pressure drops usually ranging from 4 to 6 inches of water.布袋过滤器经常提供超过

99.5%的很高的捕集效率，压力降一般在4-6英寸水柱。

11.The method of removal consists of passing the particle-laden gas through and

electrostatic field produced by a high-voltage electrode and grounded collection surface.

去除方法包括使载满微粒的气体通过由一个高压电极和接地捕集表面产生的静电区域。

12.In fact, few environmental professionals in this country appear to be aware that

“biofiltration,”i.e.,the biological removal of air contaminants from off-gas streams in a soild phase reactor, is now a well established air pollution control (APC)technology in several European countries,most notably The Netherlands and Germany.实际上，这个国家几乎没有环境的专家似乎意识到在好几个欧洲国家（最显著的是荷兰和德国），“生物过滤”，即从固相反应器气流中空气污染物的生物去除法，是一种充分确立的空气污染控制技术。

13.The experience in Europe have demonstrated that biofiltration has economic and other

advantages over existing APC technologies, particularly if applied to off-gas streams that contain only low concentrations(typically less than 1000 ppm as methane)of air pollutants that are easily biodegraded.欧洲的经验已经证明，生物过滤较已有的空气污染技术有着经济的和其他方面的优越性，特别是用于仅含有低浓度（典型地是甲烷浓度小于1000ppm）易生物降解的空气污染物的尾气。

14.While soil beds have been shown to control certain types of ordors and VOCefficiently

and at fairly low capital and operating cost, their use in the U.S. has been limited by the low biodegradation capacity of soils and the correspondingly large space requirements for the deds. 虽然已证实土壤床可用相当低的投资和操作费用来控制某些类型的臭气和挥发性有机化合物，但是，土壤的低生物降解能力和相当大的占地要求限制了土壤床在美国的应用。

15.phosphorous 亚磷的（三价磷）phosphorous acid亚磷酸phosphoric 磷的（五价磷）

16.carbonates,bicarbonates 碳酸盐，碳酸氢盐

17.carbohydrates 碳水化合物

18.TOC(total organic carbon) 总有机碳

19.COD(chemical oxygen demand) 化学需氧量

20.BOD(biological oxygen demand) 生化需氧量

21.biodegradable organics 可生物降解的有机物

22.whatever the approach , it must be remembered that energy is required to lift water or

to pump it through a filter.不论采取哪一种方法，必须记住，提升水或用泵将水输送通过

过滤床都需要能量。

23.primary treatment

24.secondary treatment

25.trickling filter滴滤池

26.tertiary or advanced treatment三级或高级处理

27.unit operations单元操作

28.Coagulation/flocculation is a chemical-physical procedure whereby particles too small

for practical removal by plain sedimentation are destabilized and clustered together for faster settling.混凝/絮凝法是一种化学物理过程，那些太小的用普通沉降法不能去除的颗粒具有在这个过程中失去稳定性能成团的特点，从而能较快的沉淀。

29.chlorination氯化（消毒）

30.The primary clarifier is used for removal of grit, oily and fatty material and gross solid

material, while the equalization basin is used to dampen wastewater flow variations and to provide more uniform organic loading to the activated sludge system.预净化池用来处理沙砾、油和脂肪以及总固体物，而均质池则对废水流率的变化进行缓冲同时使活性污泥系统的有机负荷更加均匀。

31.This is partly the result of the fact that recirculation of the biomass, which is an integral

part of the process ,allows microorgnisms to adapt to changes in wastewater composition with a relatively short acclimation time and also allows a greater degree of control over the acclimated bacterial population.这部分是基于生物质循环这一结果，生物质循环是整个工艺的一部分，它可以使微生物在相对较短的驯化时间内适应废水组分的变化，并能在较大程度上控制驯化菌的数量。

32.The end-products,i.e.,alcohols and acids, from those reactions will enter the

microorganism and be metabolized by oxidation reactions catalyzed by endo-enzymes.通过这些反应的最终产品即乙醇和酸进入微生物体内并经胞内酶催化氧化被代谢。

33.Dissolved metal ions and fine metal particles produce an adverse effect on microbial

metabolism by blinding at the enzyme-active site or causing conformational changes in the enzyme with activated sludge process.溶解的金属离子和细小的金属微粒通过结合于酶的活性位而对微生物的新陈代谢产生不利的影响，或在活性污泥处理过程中导致酶的构象变化。

34.Although any number of source classifications can be developed, the following categories

have been found useful.虽然已有许多废物来源的分类法，但以下的分类法是很有价值的。

35.As a basis for subsequent discussions, it will be helpful to define the various types of

solid wastes that are generated.作为以下讨论的基础，定义所产生的各种固体废物是有帮助的。

36.In the case of some mineral extractive industries industries such as deep mined coal,

china clay and ironstone, there is shorage on the working site as spoil heaps, but this is waste deposition rather than disposal.对某些矿物冶炼工业部门，如深井采煤、采瓷土与采铁矿，常常在工地设置堆积存放场，但这只是废物存放而不是处理。

37.Another pretreatment waste technique is incineration , while involves combustion in a

furnace at a temperature between 950and 1100C to minimize corrosion and the emission of odours.另一种预处理废物的方法是焚烧，此方法是在温度处于950-1100C之间的熔炉中燃烧，以减少腐烂和气味的产生。

38.Also it is possible to use the heat energy produced for augmenting electrical generation

or district heating,and this is already being carried out in some countries.而且可哟用产生的热能来增加发电量或用于地区取暖，并且这已经正在某些国家应用。

39.It has been estimated that if all the household and trade refuse collected in the UK in

1974 had been incinerated and the heat used ,this could have saved energy equivalent to 6M tones of coal.据估计，如果1974年英国所收集的家庭和交易市场的垃圾全部焚烧并且热能都加以利用，则可节约相当于600万吨煤的能量。

40.cover material 包装、封面类材料

41.The newer municipal incinerators are usually the continuously burning type, and many

have “waterwall’construction in the combustion chamber in place of the older,more common refractory lining.较新的城市焚烧炉通常都是连续燃烧型，在燃烧室内很多都带有“水墙”式结构，取代了陈旧的通常难以处理的衬里。

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/563095492.html,posting is the aerobic decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms,parimarily

bacteria and fungi.堆肥处理是有机物的微生物厌氧降解过程，微生物主要是细菌和真菌。

43.windrow systems 风干系统

大学英语第一册课后习题答案

新视野大学英语（第二版）第一册Unit 1 III. 1. rewarding 2. communicate 3. access 4. embarrassing 5. positive 6. commitment 7.virtual 8. benefits 9. minimum 10. opportunities IV. 1. up 2. into 3. from 4. with 5. to 6. up 7. of 8. in 9. for 10.with V. 1.G 2.B 3.E 4.I 5.H 6.K 7.M 8.O 9.F 10.C Sentence Structure VI. 1. Universities in the east are better equipped, while those in the west are relatively poor. 2. Allan Clark kept talking the price up, while Wilkinson kept knocking it down. 3. The husband spent all his money drinking, while his wife saved all hers for the family. 4. Some guests spoke pleasantly and behaved politely, while others wee insulting and impolite. 5. Outwardly Sara was friendly towards all those concerned, while inwardly she was angry. VII. 1. Not only did Mr. Smith learn the Chinese language, but he also bridged the gap between his culture and ours. 2. Not only did we learn the technology through the online course, but we also learned to communicate with friends in English. 3. Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to losing our lives. 4. Not only do the workers want a pay increase, but they also want reduced working hours. 5. Not only is the house expensive, but it is also too far away from my company. Translation VIII. 1. Not only can students choose when and where to learn for an online course, but they can also take time to think through answers before making a reply. 2. She is excited by the idea of online learning while be considers it meaningless and useless. 3. Communicating with native English speakers is a very rewarding experience from which we can learn a lot. 4. Today, more and more people have access to the Internet through which they look for the information they need. 5. He wants her to give up working and stay home to look after the children. She feels, however, that this is too much for her. 6. Now that we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work. IX. 1. 我永远都不会忘记那位老师，是他告诉我学外语是有趣的、有价值的。如果没有他，我的英语说得不会像现在这样好。

工程测量项目理论试题库答案

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