翻译复习资料之假朋友
1)英语词汇及习语中的假朋友现象
oilskin 油布fish-wife 卖鱼女
white day 吉日/白色情人节smell a rat 怀疑
sweet water淡水red meat 牛、羊肉
bluecoat 警察red-cap 搬运服务人员
bull’s eye靶心mad doctor 精神病医生
dogear 书的折角familiar talk 庸俗的交谈
pull up one’s socks 鼓起勇气
husband-like 善于管理农活的
cock-and-bull story 无稽之谈
bite the thumbs at 对…嗤之以鼻
twice-told tale 老掉牙的故事
divorce lawyer 办理离婚案件的律师
yellow book 黄皮书(法国政府报告书，黄色纸封面)
三角债*triangular debts；debt chains, chain debts, inter-company debts
有喜* have happiness；be pregnant
打白条* issue slips of white paper；issue IOUs
夫妻老婆店* husband-and-wife store；mom-and-pop store 红茶* red tea；black tea
黄色电影* yellow film；blue film
(广播，电视)黄金时间* golden time；prime time
白菜* white cabbage；Chinese cabbage
密码* secret code ；password
手机* hand phone；mobile phone
救火* to save a fire；to fight a fire
大片* big movie ；blockbuster
早恋* early love ；puppy love
青春痘* youth spot ；acne
蝴蝶结* butterfly knot ；Bow
长镜头* long lens；zoom lens
方便面* convenient noodles；instant noodles
牛仔裤* cowboy trousers；jeans
不冻港* non-freezing port；ice-free port
隐形眼镜* invisible glasses ；contact lenses
流动资金* circulating capital ；working capital
新闻自由* freedom of news ；freedom of press
买一赠一* Buy one, present one. ；Buy one, get one free. 省吃俭用* to save food and expenses ；to live frugally
高等教育* high education ；higher education
（昆虫的）口器mouthpart ；mouth organ 口琴
小炒home-style dishes；small-fly 指不重要、无足轻重的人
大人adult；big man 指大人物、要人白酒Chinese liquor；white wine 是白葡萄酒
红酒wine;red liquor是烈酒、特指威士忌
宰客swindle money from customers；slaughter customers 译为屠杀顾客
彩票lottery；colorful ticket指彩色的票证
黑点black pot；black spot是指交通事故多发地段
唐人candy figurine；candy man在俚语中意为毒贩，也可指用小恩小惠诱骗女孩的人
削笔刀pencil sharpener；pencil knife是美工刀
复习备考to study/prepare for the test；to prepare the test 意为出考卷
你真是个猪头！You’re a big fool!；pigheaded意为非常固
干货*dry goods（纺织品）；dried goods
海狗fur seal;海豹sea dog
绿豆mung bean;四季豆green bean
酸奶yoghurt ;变质发酸的牛奶sour milk
鞋展*boot fair卖二手货廉价货的市场
靴筒*bootleg制造或贩卖非法商品
酒店hotel指有餐饮和住宿服务的宾馆restaurant仅提供酒水和餐饮的饭店; wine shop售卖酒类的商店
行车道*driveway 私人修建的从主干道至自家车库门前的引道有时户主会将车子停在这
停车道*parkway 供车行且路边植有树木的林荫大道
休息室lounge;rest room 公共厕所
油性皮肤oily skin; 防水油布oil skin
食言go back one’s words/break promise; 承认自己说错话eat one’s words
拖后腿*pull one’s leg 愚弄某人
向外看*look out 当心、留神
高等学校+high school美国的中学
戴绿帽子*have/wear a green bonnet 破产
黄色书籍pornography; 电话簿yellow book
翻天覆地*to move heaven and earth不遗余力、千方百计
街上的行人*street people 无家可归的流浪者
好好先生yes man;贬义假正经的人goody-goody(person who behaves so as to appear very virtuous and respectable )
头脑一根筋*to have a one-track mind (to be continuously thinking about one particular thing)
peasant贬义举止粗鲁或无教养的人在中文中农民为中性词译为farmer
propaganda贬义欺骗性的宣传宣传译为popularize 或者publicize
hot pot多指困难或危险的情况或者是不安定容易出事的地方投资热点不译为investment hot pot 而应译为a popular investment spot / a region attractive to investors
cheap常使人想到价格低廉的劣质产品economical有实惠、划算的联想意义所以，物美价廉应译为economical and good或nice and inexpensive
个人主义、唯心主义、自由主义在中文中都有较强的贬义；而在英美文化中individualism、idealism、liberalism都不具有贬义，liberalism甚至带有明显的褒义
2)否定结构中的“假朋友”现象
cannot ... too…再...也不为过
never ...but ...
I never see him but I want to kiss him.
我每次看见他都想吻他。
It never rains but pours.
不雨则已，一雨倾盆。
Justice was never done but someone complained.
每一次伸张正义都会有人鸣冤叫屈。
nothing if not
This is nothing if not a lovely teddy bear.
这是个非常可爱的玩具熊。
She is nothing if not polite.
她彬彬有礼。
He is nothing if not a gentleman.
他是个很有教养的人。
too...not to…
He’s too angry not to say that.
他气愤之极，难免会说出那样的话。
He’s too wicked not to meet a bad end someday.
他太坏了，总有一天会得到恶报的。
He’s too near for us not to see him.
他近在咫尺，我们不会看不见他的。
not a little
She was not a little surprised.她很是吃惊。
The birthday present brought me not a little happiness.
生日礼物给我带来了很多快乐
此外，英语中还有部分否定，如all，every，both，each，any，many，everything，everybody，whole，等词与not 连用。其含义为“不都是”、“并非全”, “未必都”等。All that glitters is not gold.
Every machine here is not produced in our factory.
Trees do not stand on both sides of the street.
3)比较结构中的“假朋友”现象
no more ...than ...
Jack is no more diligent than John.
约翰不勤奋，杰克也不勤奋。
The story you told today is no more convincing than the one yesterday.
你昨天讲的和今天讲的一样也不能令人信服。
There is no more dependence to be placed on her words than on the wind. 她的话同风一样不可信赖。
A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man.
没有爱的家庭不成其为家庭，就如同没有灵魂的躯体不成其为人一样。
no less ...than ...
As a driver, John is no less skilled than you.
在驾驶方面，约翰和你一样熟练。
The writer is no less a personage than a prince.
这位作家简直和王子一样出名。
In America he is no less in the public eye than the President.
在美国，他和总统一样家喻户晓。
“no less ?than ?”表示前后都肯定，解释为“和??一样”。
“no less ?than ?”另一个意思是“不是别的，正是??”，且no less 和than 中间只能是名词。
We hope to invite no less a person than an assistant professor.
more...than .../more than
He is more a poet than a philosopher.
说他是诗人比他是哲学家更合适。
I was more frightened than hurt.
我倒是没受伤，可是吓得不轻。
His brother is more kind than intelligent.
他兄弟人挺好，可是不够聪明。
less ... than ...
He was less angry than surprised.
与其说他生气，不如说他吃惊。
I regard him less as my teacher than as my friend.
与其说我把他看作自己的老师，不如说把他看作自己的朋友。
as ... as any (ever) ...
He is as industrious as any in the factory.
他是厂内工作最勤奋的工人。
He was as brave a man as ever lived.
他是世界上最勇敢的人。
no better than
He is no better than a beggar.
他和乞丐差不多。
He had no better a say in the matter than I have.
在这件事上，他和我一样，没有发言权。
英语考试翻译复习资料
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英语翻译课程学习方法 一、传统教材与新教材的关系从今年始，英汉互译的自学考试将由全国高等教育自学考试 指导委员会统一组织实施和管理。这对统一全国考生的要求，提高翻译实践能力和水平都是件好事。目前，相关的统编教材，由庄绎传所编写的《英汉翻译教程》已出版发行。这本教材采用了与传统教材不一样的编写思路。不再是以词、句为单位进行翻译方法，如直译、意译等方法及词类转换，增词、减词之类的技巧进行学习，而是直接进入篇章，以各种文体的篇章为单位进行练习。这是一种创新，是有助于提高考生实际翻译能力的。因为我们在翻译实践中很少情况只是译词或译句，而是篇章的翻译。所以，这将更接近于我们的工作实际了。但这也会为初学翻译的学生带来一些不利条件，那就是对翻译的基本方法与技巧缺乏认识。所以在新教材的第404 页“有关说明与实施要求”中提到参考书，明确指出由张培基等人编写的《英汉翻译教程》（上海外语教育出版社）一书，以及吕瑞昌等人编写的《汉英翻译教程》(陕西人民出版社）一书仍是重要的参考书，我认为作为初学翻译的同志这两本书是一定要看一看的。当然这两本教材也有其明显的不足，即仅以词、句为单位探讨翻译，而没有进入篇章的层次。我们如果把两种教材结合起来，以老教材为辅，以新教材为主，会有较好的成效。 二、篇章翻译的几个问题首先，凡是一个篇章，就会遇到文体的问题，就是我们必须明确 我们所要译的文章是文学作品还是科学、法律方面的文章，是一篇简介性的文字还是一篇讲演词。因为不同文体的文章在表现形式上是很不一样的，如法律文体有一些法律常用词语，科技也会各自有一些专门术语，应用文有时有严格的格式要求，文学则更为复杂，因为其中对话，描述，心理描写，景物或人物描写又各有不同。议论文句式严谨，语言正式，长句较多，等等，这在遣词用句上都有差异。这本教材在P395页“课程内容与考核目标” 都有粗略的说明。请学员认真看一下，并可结合其他有关参考书丰富其内容，以便有更好的掌握。 其次是语域问题。 所谓“语域”（register）是指具有某种具体用途的语言变体，我们可以从交际领域、交际方式和交际关系把语言分成不同的语域，如从交际双方的社会地位和社会关系来说，英语可以分为冷漠体，正式体，商量体，随便体，亲密体等五种，如果从交际领域来分又可以分成正式体，半正式体，公共核心体，半非正式体，非正式体等。不同的语域语言变体彼此是有区别的，如果用几个简单的例子来说明一下就会看得很清楚。如“汤姆病了，今天没去上学”，如果说Tom didn't go to school ，because he was ill. 这就是一句公共核心语，而如果说Tom was ill ，so he didn't go to school.这就是口语体，即非正式语体，如果说：Being ill ，T om didn't go to school 或Tom didn't go to school because of illness. 都是正式语体（当然这句话的内容用这种句式表达并不合适）。从中我们可以看到用原因从句的表达方式是比较正常的，用so连接的句子显得不怎么正式，用抽象名词和分词短语的形式都显得十分正式。另外有些表示相同意思的不同表示形式也有语域方面的区别。如according to和in accordance with，前者为公共核心语，而后者为正式用语，It is important 和It is of importance相比，也是前者为公共核心语，而后者为正式体。甚至连冠词的用法都可以表示这种区别，The horse is a useful animal；A horse is a useful aninal；Horses are useful animals.第一种用定冠词加单数名词表示类属的是正式用法，而用不定冠词加单数名词表示类属的则为公共核心语，最后一种，复数泛指的类属表示法则为非正式语体。 所以，我们在接触一个篇章时，弄清它的语域情况是十分重要的。因为这将决定我们在翻译时如何选词组句，例如，我们看到下面一个句子：After an hour of climbing，we finally found ourselue's at zhurong Peak，the very apex of Mt ，Hengshan，towering 1，296m