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Mother Tongue

Mother Tongue
Mother Tongue

Mother Tongue

by Amy Tan

I am not a scholar of English or literature. I cannot give you much more than personal opinions on the English language and its variations(变种)in the country or others.

I am a writer. And by that definition, I am someone who has always loved language. I am fascinated by language in daily life. I spend a great deal of my time thinking about the power of language—the way it can evoke(vt.唤起)an emotion, a visual image, a complex idea, or a simple truth. Language is the tool of my trade. And I use them all—all the Englishes I grew up with.

Recently, I was made keenly aware of the different Englishes I do use. I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I had already given to half a dozen other groups. The nature of the talk was about my writing, my life, and my book, The Joy Luck Club. The talk was going along well enough, until I remembered one major difference that made the whole talk sound wrong. My mother was in the room. And it was perhaps the first time she had heard me give a lengthy speech, using the kind of English I have never used with her. I was saying things like, “the intersection of memory upon imagination” and “There is an aspect of my fiction that relates to thus-and-thus”—a speech filled with carefully wrought(adj.做成的, 形成的, 精炼的)grammatical phrases, burdened, it suddenly seemed to me, with nominalized(v.使转变为名词, 使名词化)forms, past perfect tenses, conditional phrases, all the forms of standard English that I had learned in school and through books, the forms of English I did not use at home with my mother.

Just last week, I was walking down the street with my mother, and I again found myself conscious of the English I was using, the English I do use with her. We were talking about the price of new and used furniture and I heard myself saying this: “Not waste money that way.” My husband was with us as well, and he didn’t notice any switch in my English. And then I realized why. It’s because over the twenty years we’ve been together I’ve often used that same kind of English with him, and sometimes he even uses it with me. It has become our language of intimacy(n.亲密, 隐私), a different sort of English that relates to family talk, the language I grew up with.

So you’ll have some idea of what this family talk I heard sounds like, I’ll quote what my mother said during a recent conversation which I videotaped and then transcribed(v.转录). During this conversation, my mother was talking about a political gangster in Shanghai who had the same last name as her family’s, Du, and how the gangster in his early years wanted to be adopted by her family, which was rich by comparison. Later, the gangster became more powerful, far richer than my mother’s family, and one day showed up at my mother’s wedding to pay his respects. Here’s what she said in part:

“Du Yusong having business like fruit stand. Like off the street kind. He is Du like Du Zong—but not Tsung-ming Island people. The local people call putong, the river east side, he belong to that side local people. That man want to ask Du Zong father take him in like become own family. Du Zong father wasn’t look down on him, but didn’t take seriously, until that man big like become a mafia(n. 黑手党). Now important person, very hard to inviting him. Chinese way, came only to show respect, don’t stay for dinner. Respect for making big celebration, he shows up. Mean gives lots of respect. Chinese custom. Chinese social life that way. IF too important won’t have to stay too long. He come to my wedding. I didn’t see, I heard it. I gone to boy’s side, they have YMCA(Young Men's Christian Association, 基督教青年会)dinner. Chinese age I was nineteen.”

You should know that my mother’s expressive command of English belies(v.掩饰)how much she actually understands. She reads the Forbes(<<财富(福布斯)>>杂志)report, listens to Wall Street Week, converses daily with her stockbroker, reads all of Shirley MacLaine’s books with ease—all kinds of things I can’t begin to understand. Yet some of my frie nds tell me they understand 50 percent of what my mother says. Some say they understand 80 to 90 percent. Some say they understand none of it, as if she were speaking pure Chinese. But to me, my mother’s English is perfectly clear, perfectly natural. It’s my mother tongue. Her language, as I hear it, is vivid, direct, full of observation and imagery. That was the language that helped shape the way I saw things, expressed things, made sense of the world.

Lately, I’ve been giving more thought to the k ind of English my mother speaks. Like others, I have described it to people as “broken” or “fractured(断裂的)” English. But I wince (v.退缩)when I say that. It has always bothered me that I can think of no way to describe it other than “broken,” as if it wer e damaged and needed to be fixed, as if it lacked a certain wholeness and soundness. I’ve heard other terms used, “limited English,” for example. But they seem just as bad, as if everything is limited, including people’s perceptions of the limited English speaker.

I know this for a fact, because when I was growing up, my mother’s “limited” English limited my perception of her. I was ashamed of her English. I believed that her English reflected the quality of what she had to say. That is, because she expressed them imperfectly her thoughts were imperfect. And I had plenty of empirical(adj.完全根据经验的, 经验主义的)evidence to support me: the fact that people in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her.

My mother has long realized the limitations of her English as well. When I was fifteen, she used to have me call people on the phone to pretend I was she. In this guise([gaiz] n.外观, 姿态, 装束, 伪装v.伪装), I was forced to ask for information or even to complain and yell at people who had been rude to her. One time it was a call to her stockbroker in New York. She had cashed out her small portfolio(n.公文包)and it just so happened we were going to go to New York the next week, our very first trip outside California. I had to get on the phone and say in an adolescent voice that was not very convincing, “This is Mrs. Tan.”

And my mother was standing in the back whispering loudly, “Why he don’t send me check, already two weeks late. So mad he lie to me, losing me money.”

And then I said in perfect English, “Yes, I’m getting rather concerned. You had agreed to send the check two weeks ago, but it hasn’t arrived.”

Then she began to talk more loudly. “What he want, I come to New York tell him front of his boss, you cheating me?” And I was trying to calm her down, make her be quiet, while telling the stockbroker, “I can’t tolerate any more excuses. If I don’t receive the check immed iately, I am going to have to speak to your manager when I’m in New York next week.” And sure enough, the following week there we were in front of this astonished stockbroker, and I was sitting there red-faced and quiet, and my mother, the real Mrs. Tan, was shouting at his boss in her impeccable(adj.没有缺点的)broken English.

We used a similar routine just five days ago, for a situation that was far less humorous. My mother had gone to the hospital for an appointment, to find out about a benign(adj. (病)良性的, (气候)良好的, 仁慈的, 和蔼的)brain tumor(瘤)a CAT scan([计] 计算机X射线轴向分层造影扫描图)had revealed(v.显示)a month ago. She said she had spoken very good English, her best English, no mistakes. Still, she said, the hospital did not apologize when they

said they had lost the CAT scan and she had come for nothing. She said they did not seem to have any sympathy when she told them she was anxious to know the exact diagnosis, since her husband and son had both died of brain tumors. She said they would not give her any more information until the next time and she would have to make another appointment for that. So she said she would not leave until the doctor called her daughter. She wouldn’t budge. And when the doctor finally called her daughter, me, who spoke in perfect English—lo and behold(n.你瞧(表示惊讶的感叹词))—we had assurances the CAT scan would be found, promises that a conference all on Monday would be held, and apologies for any suffering my mother had gone through for a most regrettable mistake.

I think my mother’s English almost had an effect on limiting my possibilities in life as well. Sociologists and linguists probably will tell you that a person’s developing language skills are more influenced by peers. But I do think that the language spoken in the family, especially in immigrant families which are more insular(adj.孤立的, 超然物外的), plays a large role in shaping the language of the child. And I believe that it affected my results on achievement tests, IQ tests, and the SAT. While my English skills were never judged as poor, compared to math, English could not be considered my strong suit. In grade school I did moderately well, getting perhaps B’s, sometimes B-pluses, in English and scoring perhaps in the sixtieth or seventieth percentile(n.百分点)on achievement tests. But those scores were not good enough to override (vt.不考虑, 践踏)the opinion that my true abilities lay in math and science, because in those areas I achieved A’s and scored in the ninetieth percentile or higher.

This was understandable. Math is precise; there is only one correct answer. Whereas, for me at least, the answers on English tests were always a judgment call, a matter of opinion and personal experience. Those tests were constructed around items like fill-in-the-blank sentence completion, such as, “Even though Tom was _______, Mary thought he was ________.” And the correct answer always seemed to be the most bland(adj.柔和的)combinations of thoughts, for example, “Even though Tom was shy, Mary thought he was charming,” with the grammatical structure “even though” limiting the correct answer to some sort of semantic opposites, so you wouldn’t get answers like, “Even though Tom was foolish, Mary thought he was ridiculous.” Well, according to my mother, there were very few limitations as to what Tom could have been and what Mary might have thought of him. So I never did well on tests like that.

The same was true with word analogies, pairs of words in which you were supposed to find some sort of logical, semantic relationship—for example, “Sunset is to nightfall a ______ is to ________.” And here you would be presented with a list of four possible pairs, one of which showed the same kind of relationship: red is to stoplight, bus is to arrival, chills is to fever, yawn(v. n.打呵欠)is to boring. Well, I could never think that way. I knew what the tests were asking, but I could not block out of my mind the images already created by the first pair, “sunset is to nightfall”—and I would see a burst of color against a darkening sky, the moon rising, the lowering of a curtain of stars. And all the other pairs of words—red, bus, stoplight, boring—just threw up a mass of confusing images, making it impossible for me to sort out something logical as saying: “A sunset precedes nightfall” is the same as “a chill pr ecedes a fever.” The only way I would have gotten that answer right would have been to imagine an associative situation, for example, by being disobedient and staying out past sunset, catching a chill at night which turns into feverish pneumonia([医] 肺炎)as punishment, which indeed did happen to me.

I have been thinking about all of this lately, about my mother’s English, about achievement tests. Because lately I’ve been asked, as a writer, why there are not more Asian Americans

represented in American literature. Why are there few Asian Americans enrolled in creative writing programs? Why do so many Chinese students go into engineering? Well, these are broad sociological questions I can’t begin to answer. But I have noticed in surveys—in fact, just last week—that Asian students, as a whole, always do significantly better on math achievement tests than in English. And this makes me think that there are other Asian-American students whose English spoke in the home might also be described as “broken” or “limited.” And perhaps they also have teachers who are steering(n.掌舵)them away from writing and into math and science, which is what happened to me.

Fortunately, I happen to be rebellious(反叛的)in nature and enjoy the challenge of disproving assumptions made about me. I became an English major my first year in college, after being enrolled as pre-med(医学院预科). I started writing nonfiction as a freelancer(n.自由作家)the week after I was told by my former boss that writing was my worst skill and I should hone(vt.用磨刀石磨)my talents toward account management.

But it wasn’t until 1985 that I finally began to write fiction. And at first I wrote using what I thought to be wittily(机敏地)crafted sentences, sentences that would finally prove I had mastery over the En glish language. Here’s an example from the first draft of a story that later made its way into The Joy Luck Club, but without this line: “That was my mental quandary(窘境)in its nascent state(新生态).” A terrible line, which I can hardly pronounce.

Fortuna tely, for reasons I won’t get into today, I later decided I should envision(vt.想象)a reader for the stories I would write. And the reader decided upon was my mother, because these were stories about mothers. So with this reader in mind—and in fact she did read my early drafts—I began to write stories using all the Englishes I grew up with: the English I spoke to my mother, which for lack of a better term might be described as “simple”; the English she used with me, which for lack of a better term might b e described as “broken”; my translation of her Chinese, which could certainly be described as “watered down(搀水, 加水冲淡)”; and what I imagine to be her translation of her Chinese if she could speak in perfect English, her internal language, and for that I sought to preserve the essence, but neither an English nor a Chinese structure. I wanted to capture what language ability tests can never reveal: her intent, her passion, her imagery, the rhythms of her speech and the nature of her thoughts.

Apart from what any critic had to say about my writing, I knew I had succeeded where it counted when my mother finished reading my book and gave me her verdict(判决, 结论): “So easy to read.”

two kinds背景介绍

1.Amy Tan 谭恩美 1. Personal life: Amy Tan is a Chinese American writer whose works explore mother-daughter relationships. She was born in Oakland, California in 1952. She is the middle child in the family. In the late 1960s, her sixteen-year-old brother, Peter, died of a brain tumor. Within a year of Peter's death, Amy's father died of the same disease. After these family tragedies, her mother moved Amy and her younger brother to Switzerland, where Amy finished high school. During this period, Amy learned about her mother's former marriage to an abusive man in China. Amy received her bachelor's and master's degrees in English and linguistics from San JoséState University, and later did doctoral linguistics studies at UC Santa Cruz and UC Berkeley. 2. Her famous works: Main novels: The joy Luck Club (1989) 喜福会 The Kitchen God’s Wife (1991) 灶神之妻 The Hundred Secret Senses (1995) 百种神秘感觉 Saving Fish from Drowning (2005) 拯救溺水鱼 Other Major works: Children literature: the Moon Lady, 1992 《月亮夫人》,illustrated by Gretchen Schields (1992) Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat,1994 《中国暹罗猫》illustrated by Gretchen Schields Non-fiction: the Opposite of Fate 《命运的逆反》or《事与愿违》 A Book of Musings,(2003) Mid-Life Confidential ,(1994)《中年心腹话》 Mother 《母亲》(with Maya Angelou, Mary Higgins Clark) (1996) The best Americans short stories, (1999) 3. Writing styles: Tan is the author to explore to relationships between the mother and the daughter. Most of her fiction, the conflict between parents and children can be visible everywhere. Tan portrays the discrimination from the American to the Ethnic Chinese women. Simplistic writing style, important and powerful issues. First-person or narrative style 4. Awards: Finalist National Book Award Finalist National Book Critics Circle Award Finalist Los Angeles Times Fiction Prize Bay Area Book Reviewers Award Commonwealth Gold Award American Library Association's Notable Books American Library Association's Best Book for Young Adults Asian/Pacific American Awards for Literature Honorable Mention Selected for the National Endowment for the Arts' Big Read New York Times Notable Book Booklist Editors Choice Finalist for the Orange Prize Nominated for the Orange Prize Nominated for the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award Audie Award: Best Non-fiction, Abridged Parents' Choice Award, Best Television Program for Children Shortlisted British Academy of Film and Television Arts award, best screenplay adaptation Shortlisted WGA Award, best screenplay adaptation

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RELATED HEADLINE Both Sides Speed Procedure for Scopes Appeal;Defense Cost $25,000, With Lawyers Serving Free OTHERHEADLINES Bonaparte Gives Property to Wife:Great-Grandnephew of the Emperor Signs Away All But $5,000a Year: Agreement Ends Her Suit:Referee Files Report and Recommends That Leon Jacobs,Lawyer, Get $5,000Fee G.G. Haven a Suicide, Due to Ill Health: Banker and Opera Patron Shoots Himself After Vain Struggle to Recover:Friend Discovers Body: Dr. E. Eliot Finds Him Dead in His Room While Wife Is Away Shopping Hylan Refuses Bait to Go on Bench and Quit Mayor's Race:Foes Realize Need for Keeping Him on Ticket to Block His Evidence Is Expunged Differences Forgotten in the End as All Concerned Exchange Felicitations Special to The New York Times Dayton, Tenn., July 21 -- The trial of John Thomas Scopes for teaching evolution in Tennessee, which Clarence Darrow characterized today as "the ?rst case of its kind since we stopped trying people for witchcraft,"is over. Mr. Scopes was found guilty and ?ned $100, and his counsel will appeal to the Supreme Court of Tennessee for reversal of the verdict. The scene will then be shifted from Dayton to Knoxville, where the case will probably come up on the ?rst Monday in September.But the end of the trial did not end the battle on evolution, for not long after its conclusion William Jennings Bryan opened ?re on Clarence Darrow with a strong statement and a list of nine questions on the basic principles of the Christian religion. To these Mr. Darrow replied and added a statement explaining Mr.Bryan's "rabies." Dudley Field Malone also contributed a statement predicting ultimate victory for evolution and repeating that Mr.Bryan ran away from the ?ght.The end of the trial came as unexpectedly as everything else in this trial, in which nothing has happened according to schedule except the opening of court each morning with prayer. It was reached practically by agreement between counsel in an effort to end the case which showed signs of going on forever, although all the testimony offered before the jury took only two hours.Young Scopes, in his shirt sleeves, his collar open at the neck, his carrot- colored hair brushed back, stood up before the bar with a [text unreadable] policeman beside him, and Judge Raulston had pronounced sentence before his counsel could suggest that Mr.Scopes might have something to say."Oh," exclaimed Judge Raulston, "Have you anything to say, Mr. Scopes, as to why the Court should not impose punishment on you?"

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