英文-富氧燃烧对燃煤发电与二氧化碳捕获的机遇和挑战
OXYFUEL COMBUSTION FOR COAL-FIRED POWER GENERATION WITH CO2 CAPTURE –
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
Kristin Jordal1, Marie Anheden1, Jinying Yan1, Lars Str?mberg2
1Vattenfall Utveckling AB, 162 87 Stockholm, Sweden
e-mail: kristin.jordal@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/528305464.html,, Phone: +46-8 739 69 57, Fax: +46-8-739 68 02
2Vattenfall AB, 162 87 Stockholm, Sweden
Abstract
Oxyfuel or O2/CO2 recycle combustion is a highly interesting option for lignite-based power generation with CO2 capture, due to the possibility to use advanced steam technology, reduce the boiler size and cost and to design a zero-emission power plant. This technology, however, also poses engineering challenges in the areas of combustion and heat transfer, boiler design, boiler materials, energy-efficient oxygen production and flue gas processing. The overall challenge is to design a robust plant that has a sufficiently low total cost of electricity so that it is interesting to build, but it must also have a sufficiently low variable cost of electricity so that it will be put in operation as a base load plant once it is built.
Introduction
Global warming is one of the largest environmental challenges of our time. Increased carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere is the dominating contributor to increased global warming. Carbon dioxide is emitted to the atmosphere through combustion of fossil fuels in power plants, automotive engines, for industrial use and for heating purposes. The world is currently depending on the use of fossil fuels for its energy supply, and will continue to be so for a long time yet to come, due to the abundant sources of in particular bituminous coal and lignite. Small-scale renewable electricity production is available on the market today, but the cost of avoiding CO2 emissions through renewables (e.g. wind power) is at present very high. In addition, instabilities (with an increased risk of power outages) are usually induced in a power grid when a significant proportion of the power production comes from a large number of small generators. In the very long term, large-scale heat and power production technologies based on sustainable energy sources will have to be developed. These technologies are not commercially available, and the opportunity to find time for their commercialization will be given through near-term development of technology for emission-free fossil-fuel utilization.
The three main options for reducing CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel based energy conversion are 1) increasing the fuel conversion efficiency 2) switching to a fuel with a lower fossil carbon content and 3) capturing and storing the CO2 emitted from the fossil fuel. Vattenfall is actively investigating all three options and is prepared to apply any of them whenever found to be technically and economically possible. In order to make alternative 3 feasible, Vattenfall has taken the strategic decision to play a leading role in the development of emission-free fossil-fuel based power generation and has started the project “Carbon-Dioxide Free Power Plant”. The project deals with CO2 capture, transport and storage, with main focus on lignite-fired power plants with CO2 capture. The aim is to develop a commercially viable concept until 2015. Furthermore, Vattenfall is taking part in the development of CO2 capture technologies as the coordinator of the EU Framework 6 project ENCAP (ENhanced CAPture of CO2). Vattenfall is also a partner in the EU-projects CO2STORE and CASTOR.
The concepts for power generation with CO2 capture are usually divided into three different groups, post combustion capture, pre-combustion capture and oxyfuel combustion capture, as shown in Figure 1 and as widely explained in the literature. Vattenfall has chosen to focus its main efforts within CO2 capture on the oxyfuel area, in particular on the O2/CO2 recycle combustion of lignite. This does not necessarily mean, however, that the O2/CO2 recycle combustion will be Vattenfall’s preferred technology when it is time to build power plants with CO2 capture. As a producer of electric power rather than of power plants, however, Vattenfall has identified both the opportunities with O2/CO2 recycle combustion capture, and the challenges that must be faced, in order to make this technology a viable alternative the day a decision will be made on what capture technology to actually build. The present paper gives a structured overview of both opportunities and challenges with the O2/CO2 recycle combustion, mainly from a technology point of view, but also economic aspects are treated. In particular, attention has been given to describe problems connected to the flue gas cleaning that must be resolved, a topic that has often been omitted in earlier power plant studies.
Figure 1: The three basic concepts for power generation with CO2 capture
O2/CO2 recycle combustion of lignite
The principle of O2/CO2 recycle combustion of e.g. lignite in a pulverised fuel (PF) boiler can be seen in Figure 2. This kind of concept is related to the investigations that Vattenfall have been performing together with university partners so far and is described by Andersson et al. [1]. Instead of air, oxygen (95% purity or higher) is fed to the boiler, and a major part (70-80%) of the CO2-rich exhaust gas is recycled back to the boiler to control the combustion temperature. The remaining part of the flue gas, (consisting mainly of CO2 and water vapour and small quantities of Ar, N2, NO x, SO x and other constituents from air leakage and fuel) is cleaned, compressed and transported to storage or another suitable application, such as enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Provided that the gas is dry, it might be possible to sequester the sulphur with the CO2, although this is needs further investigation. The steam power cycle is of the standard type that can be found in conventional coal-fired steam power plants.
Other studies of the power plant cycle with O2/CO2 recycle combustion can be found in [2-8]. The concept has attracted much interest for retrofit studies, both for coal [3-8] and for refinery fuel gas and heavy fuel oil [9,10], often in a context where the CO2 is intended for EOR [4,8-10]. Since power plants grow old and must be replaced, and with the advent of CO2 emission penalties, Vattenfall has its focus on O2/CO2 recycle combustion applied in new built power plants with advanced steam data where, unlike in the retrofit cases, an optimized process design based on best available technology can be made.
Figure 2: The principle of O2/CO2 recycle combustion in a PF boiler.
Opportunities with O2/CO2 recycle combustion of coal
The advantage of ongoing technology development for enhanced steam cycle efficiency
One of the main opportunities with O2/CO2 recycle combustion of coal in new plants is that the steam cycle is able to take advantage of the ongoing development to increase steam cycle efficiency through the use of advanced steam technology and lignite drying. This advantage is shared with coal-fired post-combustion capture power plants. The development of advanced steam technology is not specifically linked to the CO2 capture field but more in general to the development of materials for extremely high pressures and temperatures, in combination with new boiler and turbine designs. During the 1990’s, power plants were built with very advanced steam data, such as Vattenfall’s lignite-fired units in Germany. Also several hard-coal fired and natural-gas fired plants have been built. Data for some plants are shown in Table 1. All data in Table 1except for the Lippendorf and Niederaussem are from [11].
TABLE 1: DATA FOR SOME ADVANCED STEAM POWER PLANTS WITHOUT CO2 CAPTURE
Power Station Capacity
(MW) Steam parameters Fuel Efficiency
(% LHV)
Commissioning
year
Lippendorf 2*920 260
bar/554°C/583°C Lignite 42.6 1999 Niederaussem K 950 275 bar/580°C/600°C Lignite 45.2 2002 Haramachi 2 1000 259 bar/604°C/602°C Bituminous1998 Nordjylland 3 400 290 bar/580°C/580°C/580°C Bituminous47 1998
Sk?rb?k 3 400 290 bar/580°C/580°C/580°C NG 49 1997
Aved?re 2 400 300 bar/580°C/600°C NG 49.7 2001
For the ferritic materials used in the power plants in Table 1, the limit for the materials lies just above 600°C. Therefore, to go further in the development of steam data, the project AD700 has been initiated within the VGB organization. The project is in its second phase (2002-2005) and 50% financed by the EU and the Swiss government. Vattenfall is one of the 35 companies taking part. The technical objective of the project is development and demonstration of an economically viable, pulverised coal-fired power plant technology with a net efficiency of more than 50% (without CO2 capture) to be available shortly after 2010. The long-term target after year 2020 is net efficiency above 55% (without CO2 capture) based on steam temperatures above 800°C.
AD700 covers new materials (Ni-based superalloys, austenitic steels), new materials manufacturing methods and new welding methods. Also boiler, turbine and other plant design issues will be addressed using these of these new and expensive materials. The project has recently decided on a large-scale test facility in the German Scholwen power plant.
Raw lignite contains roughly 50% of moisture, meaning that a non-negligible amount of the heat released during combustion is employed to evaporate water. Future lignite-fired plants will probably include lignite drying by using low-temperature heat from the steam power cycle or the flue gas. This will boost the efficiency to levels comparable with bituminous coal. The additional investment cost for lignite drying is likely to be balanced by the increase in plant efficiency so that the specific investment cost in EUR/MWh e is unaffected.
Reduced boiler heat losses and compact boiler design
In the air-fired boiler, large quantities of inert nitrogen is heated as a consequence of the combustion process, and although this nitrogen is cooled down again, it has a temperature above the ambient as the exhaust gas is released. The heat loss with the flue gas in a conventional air-fired boiler amounts to up to 10%. A significant part of this loss is the heat energy that leaves with the nitrogen in the flue gas. In the O2/CO2 recycle combustion boiler, there is no bulk nitrogen in the gas path, which in turn means that the heat losses with the flue gas can be significantly reduced. With the development of lignite drying through the use of low-temperature process heat, the inert flow through the boiler and thus the heat loss from the boiler will be further reduced.
Many studies, both theoretical and experimental, that are related to the combustion of coal in an O2/CO2 atmosphere have been focusing on retrofit of existing PF boilers [3-8], where the boiler geometry is determined by the air-firing case, and where it has been a target for the O2/CO2 recycle case to obtain combustion conditions (flame temperature, heat transfer) as similar as possible to those of the air firing case. Therefore, the recirculation of CO2 from the boiler exhaust has been rather significant (typically around two thirds of the flue gas), in order to imitate the conditions during air firing, when nitrogen is present as an inert. Most likely, a first
generation of new oxyfuel boilers will also adapt this boiler design philosophy. With increasing knowledge and refined tools for modelling of combustion of lignite in an O2/CO2 atmosphere, it will be possible to refine the boiler design for the second and third generations of boilers. A major target will be to reduce the rate of, or even entirely avoid externally recycled flue gas. To maintain the flame temperature within acceptable limits, internal recycling of flue gas inside the boiler can be used. This will reduce the size of the boiler significantly, which means that the efficiency loss due to thermal radiation to the environment will be reduced (this loss is already today quite small though, around 1% of the fuel thermal energy), and also reduce the electric power requirement for the flue gas recirculation fans. A significant reduction of the boiler size will also lead to a reduction in boiler investment cost, since the cost of the boiler is more or less proportional to the weight of the boiler parts.
Almost pure oxygen will be available for the combustion process in the boiler. This means that it will be possible to control and optimize the combustion process through the injection of oxygen in dedicated areas inside the boiler, which is not possible in air-fired boilers [6]. This means that the boiler design will have an additional degree of freedom compared to conventional air-fired boilers, which can be taken advantage of to control combustion conditions, emission formation and temperature distribution.
When oxyfuel combustion is applied to a CFB boiler, opportunities to significantly reduce the amount of flue gas recycle exist. In a CFB boiler, the combustion temperature can be controlled through the recirculation of bed material, meaning that CO2 recycle need not be very high, and that the boiler size and cost can be reduced in an easier manner than for the PF case. Alstom [12] have reported that pilot scale testing of oxyfuel CFB with O2 concentrations of up till 70% is being performed.
Zero-emission power plant
In pre-combustion and post-combustion capture, it is the CO2 that is removed from a mixture of gases. Typically, it is estimated in these cases that 85-90% of the CO2 from the power plant can be captured. In the oxyfuel case, on the other hand, it is water and non-condensable gases that are removed from the CO2-rich stream. Fractions of CO2 may be dissolved in the water as it is condensed out from the CO2 rich exhaust, and some more CO2 may be lost during the process of removal of non-condensable gases. Nevertheless, almost all of the CO2 will be captured, and if deemed desirable, there may be a possibility for co-capture of other pollutants, mainly sulphur oxide. Should co-capture not be possible, the absence of bulk nitrogen in the flue gas means that the equipment for flue-gas desulphurization (FGD) and nitrogen oxide removal (deNO x) will have a smaller volume, and thus be cheaper, than the corresponding equipment for air-fired power plants. Furthermore, acid water-soluble pollutants will be dissolved in the water condensed from the process and not emitted to the atmosphere, which may very well be the case in atmospheric coal-fired boilers. The cleaning of the condensed water can be done with methods already commercially available. Also the particles that remain in the flue gas after the particle removal unit will to a large part be removed with the flue gas condensation. Altogether, with careful design, the O2/CO2 recycle combustion power plant may offer a possibility for zero-emission or close-to-zero-emission not only of CO2 but also of other harmful substances.
Challenges with O2/CO2 recycle combustion of coal
Boiler design
As described above, opportunities have been identified for boiler efficiency improvement and cost reduction for the O2/CO2 combustion with or without recycle of flue gas. In order to be able to develop and take advantage of these opportunities, there are several challenges related to the boiler that must be faced.
Fundamentals: Combustion of coal in an O2/CO2 atmosphere has been investigated experimentally on laboratory and pilot scale to increase the knowledge of combustion characteristics, and to support development of CFD modelling tools. A review of some studies can be found in [13] Many studies have a retrofit objective. There is a need for more experimental and modelling work enabling scale-up and optimization of the operating conditions of PF boilers with internal recycle, and reduced external recycle. Flame properties must be determined, as well as the combustion process, heat transfer, gas phase kinetics, behaviour of sulphur and nitrogen in an O2/CO2 atmosphere, ash-behaviour, slagging and fouling, and composition of deposits. Evaluation of the resulting emissions has been made and a general conclusion appears to be that no major operational difficulties are encountered when recirculating a large amount of flue gas. Another frequently encountered conclusion is that NO x formation is reduced compared to combustion in air, but it is not clear how the NO x formation from fuel nitrogen is depending on the combustion process.
Unlike the N2 molecule, the CO2 and H2O molecules are emitters of thermal radiation, meaning that when N2 is substituted with CO2 in the boiler, the heat transfer characteristics will change. There will be a need for verification and validation of reliable heat transfer models that include the changed thermal radiation characteristics. Concerning combustion and heat transfer, it is desirable that not only manufacturers’ in-house codes but also commercial codes are developed and validated to fit the boiler performance in an O2/CO2 atmosphere.
Design: Combustion of coal in pure oxygen gives a high flame temperature, which will cause ash melting and enhance the formation of NO x. The suggested solution to this in a PF boiler is usually an external recirculation of flue gas, as shown in Figure 2. Since it is desirable to reduce the external recirculation rate to reduce the boiler size and increase the efficiency, the challenge is to design a boiler with internal recirculation of cooled gases inside the boiler to cool down the flame. This is very much the same as the thousands of existing oxyfuel applications in industry. As long as there is an external recirculation, it must also be decided at which point in the flue gas stream this recycle should be extracted. Most likely the recirculated stream should be extracted after a primary particle removal, to avoid extensive build up of particulates. Usually it is assumed that the stream is extracted before the flue gas condenser, although this is not obvious. Furthermore, a strategy for adding the oxygen in the boiler must be developed, so that NO x formation and CO-levels can be kept low. Another challenge is related to the air leakage into the boiler. It must be determined how the boiler should be sealed or even work with overpressure to minimize air leakage, or if leakage air should be dealt with in the downstream gas cleaning process.
Materials: Higher CO2 contents in the flue gas means that the heat flux to the walls and superheaters will be higher and high-temperature corrosion is therefore likely to occur more rapidly in an O2/CO2 combustion boiler than in an air-fired boiler. The reported increase of fouling and of SO3 in the deposits [5] will also increase the risk of corrosion. Corrosion testing is therefore necessary. Also, field-testing of an existing boiler before and after retrofit to O2/CO2 combustion would be a useful way to investigate the increased corrosion risk. With increased knowledge of corrosion behaviour, requirements of boiler materials can be determined more accurately.
Oxygen production
In general, studies of the oxyfuel technology for CO2 capture from coal assume that the oxygen is produced with a cryogenic air-separation unit (Cryo-ASU), although membranes and chemical looping are sometimes mentioned for future concepts [14], Cryo-ASU is the only available large-scale technology for oxygen separation from air at present. It will most likely be the technology employed in the first generation of O2/CO2 recycle combustion capture of CO2. The Cryo-ASU may be either of the low-purity kind, producing oxygen with 95% purity (the remaining 5% being mainly argon) or of the high-purity kind that produces oxygen of more than 99% purity. The high-purity Cryo-ASU is more expensive and more energy consuming than the low-purity Cryo-ASU. Roughly, the electric power consumption of a Cryo-ASU may amount to 20% of the plant gross power output for the O2/CO2 recycle combustion power plant, which of course is very detrimental to plant efficiency.
In Figure 3, the main flows of mass, thermal energy and electric power are shown for the coal-fired O2/CO2 recycle combustion power plant. The gross electric power output, which is produced by the electric generator, is partly consumed by the power plant internal consumption to drive e.g. feedwater pumps and flue gas recirculation fans. The two main consumers of energy in the plant are however the CO2 compression and the compression of air to the Cryo-ASU, which severely penalizes the plant net efficiency. Through optimisation of the CO2 compressors and introduction of intercooling between the compressor stages, the energy consumption for CO2 compression can be minimised. In many studies the compressers are assumed to use electric power from the grid or internal electric power. Since the motor drives are very large, almost two hundred MW in a 1000 MW plant, most likely they will be steam turbine drives. This means that a new optimization factor is introduced, namely the steam consumption in these drives. More efficient heat integration between the Cryo-ASU and the rest of the power plant will be a necessity. In [1] this was shown to be some 60 MW saving in a typical 1000 MW unit, including SO x removal.
The replacement of the Cryo-ASU with some other means of less energy consuming oxygen separation from air has not been fully explored. As can be seen in Figure 3, there are three major sources of low-temperature heat in the plant. If any of this heat, in particular the low temperature heat that may otherwise be a loss, could be employed for oxygen production, this might reduce the efficiency penalty caused by the oxygen production.
”
2222 symbolizes that the streams may contain more than their main constituents
In the EU-project ENCAP, three non-cryogenic options for O2 separation from air are being investigated: 1) Membrane separation through ceramic oxygen-ion transfer membranes 2) Ceramic Auto-Thermal Recovery [14] and 3) Chemical looping combustion [15].
The application of any of these technologies to the O2/CO2 recycle combustion of coal must lead to a closer integration of the oxygen production with the rest of the power plant process. It is too early to definitely judge these methods and determine which is the most suitable for O2/CO2 combustion capture. It is at present not obvious that there is a benefit in terms of efficiency, investment cost and, in the end, the cost of electricity with these technologies compared to the Cryo-ASU.
CO2 purity requirements and flue gas cleaning
Depending on the target for the CO2 (EOR or storage), the requirements on the purity of the CO2-rich stream that leaves a power plant with CO2 capture will probably differ. This topic has not been much dealt with in process analyses of power plants with CO2 capture, and there are several question marks in this area that require attention. One major challenge is the technical and economical optimum specification. Economically, for the O2/CO2 recycle combustion, it may be preferable if SO x, NO x, non-condensable gases and the last fractions of water in the CO2 rich stream need not be removed, since this will reduce the plant investment required, and also most likely reduce the energy penalty caused by the CO2 capture. This might, however, require use of more expensive materials in e.g. CO2 compressors and pipelines. Technically, it is a question about how clean the CO2 must be for transport and further usage/storage, but also about how clean CO2 it is possible to obtain with different purification steps such as particle removal, water condensation, dehydration, SO x removal and removal of non-condensable gases, and how to minimize the loss of CO2 to the atmosphere during the purification process.
Particle removal after the boiler is primarily a question of reducing deposits in the recirculation of the flue gas and what can continue with the flue gas stream from the process. This particle removal will probably be by cyclones in a primary step within the recirculation loop and with electro-static filters (ESP) or fabric filters thereafter in the reduced gas stream. The choice depends on system configuration, operating requirements, energy and economical analyses. Not all particles will be removed in an ESP though, but most of the remaining particles in the stream that is not recycled will end up in the flue gas condensate.
Flue gas condensation is a well-known method for heat recovery from moist flue gases to improve the overall efficiency in combined heat and power plants, and to remove pollutants in the case of waste incineration [16].
Usually, flue gas condensation technology is focused more on heat recovery than on efficient removal of moisture and pollutants. Also, there is an issue of scale-up. The fuel thermal input in a lignite-fired power plant boiler may very well be above 2000 MW th, whereas existing flue gas condensers are connected to boilers where the fuel thermal input is an order of magnitude smaller. It should be noted that with the introduction of lignite drying, the water contents of the flue gas will be reduced, but still significant residual moisture will be condensed and removed from the CO2-rich flue gas. In addition, the concentration of acid gases in the flue gas from oxyfuel combustion should be higher than in conventional flue gas. Corrosion-related issues must therefore be carefully handled for the flue gas path way and for the flue gas condenser.
SO2 removal from the flue gas is well-known technology for large lignite-fired power plants, but it is also rather costly. There are two main issues that need to be resolved in the O2/CO2 recycle combustion case. The first issue is whether it is possible to co-capture SO2 with CO2 and if the resulting stream has a composition that is acceptable for transport and storage, and is compliant with legal demands. If the answer is yes, the expensive desulphurisation system could be omitted. Theoretically, the critical constants of SO2 lie close to those of CO2, therefore SO2 with the concentrations found in the flue gas should be easily mixed with CO2 under most operating conditions of the CO2 processing. The main obstacles for the co-capture of SO2 with CO2 will be related to corrosion problems in connection to transport and storage, the concerns of safety, environmental regulation and legal related issues. The second concern is if it is possible to remove SO2 from the flue gas in a process that is integrated with other gas cleaning processes, for example flue gas condensation, in a way that is more compatible with the requirements on both SO2 removal and CO2 recovery. Presently, both issues are open questions.
Dehydration to remove the water still remaining in the flue gas after the flue gas condenser may very well be necessary to avoid corrosion and hydrate formation, in particular if the SO2 is not removed from the CO2-rich stream. The dryer the CO2 stream, the higher the allowance for the corrosive components in the CO2 stream. The final dehydration of CO2 should be integrated into an intermediate stage in the CO2 compressor train, exactly where is depending on the water solubility in the CO2 under various pressures. Based on physicochemical properties of the CO2 stream, including the choice of the dehydration processes, it will be possible to make an optimisation of primary water removal and further dehydration.
Removal of non-condensable gases, including N2, Ar, excess O2 and NO x will take place as an integrated part of the CO2 compression train if necessary. A phase transfer of CO2 to the liquid state may be performed and thereafter the non-condensable gases are flashed from the liquid CO2. A high selectivity of the non-condensable gases for the separation is required in order to achieve a high CO2 recovery and avoid that CO2 is emitted to the atmosphere. Connected to this is the lack of knowledge of physical properties for mixtures of high-pressure CO2 and non-condensable gases. To avoid emission of NO when releasing the stream of removed non-condensable gases to the atmosphere, it is important to ensure either that the fuel nitrogen is mainly converted to N2 in the combustion process or that the stream of non-condensable gases is treated to convert the NO to N2 through for instance ammonia injection at an appropriate gas temperature.
Another issue related to the non-condensable gas content in the flue gas is how much effort should be made to avoid that these gases enter the power plant. N2 and NO formation from the fuel-nitrogen during the combustion cannot be avoided. There may also be some air leakage into the boiler, in particular with the fuel feed. The excess O2 in the combustion should from this point of view be kept as low as possible, but some excess O2 will be necessary to ensure complete combustion. Depending on the oxygen separation method, the oxygen that enters the O2/CO2 recycle boiler may also very well contain argon and minor fractions of nitrogen. An overall economic and technical analysis will be necessary combined with boiler and combustion designs in order to decide whether to avoid as much as possible of the non-condensable gases upstream of the CO2 processing or to separate them during the CO2 processing.
Process integration – the overall technical challenge
The opportunities and challenges described above all sum up to the overall technical challenge, which is the overall power plant layout. Generally speaking, a power plant with CO2 capture has a lower thermal efficiency than the equivalent plant without CO2 capture. Energy-efficient integration of lignite drying, O2 production, flue gas cleaning and recirculation in combination with boiler design and steam cycle layout will be necessary in order to minimize the negative impact of CO2 capture. One issue that must be considered is that there are large quantities of low-temperature heat available, as indicated in Figure 3. Clever use of this heat so that the heat loss to the environment can be minimised will be a challenge. In the case where oxygen is produced with a Cryo-ASU, use of the cold waste N2 for reduced temperature of the cooling water or for flue gas condensation could
also be an option to consider. An additional target during the design phase is that the power plant must be robust in operation and have a high reliability, availability and maintainability, which must be considered when evaluating process integration options.
Cost of electricity – the driving force for power plant investment
From an investment decision point of view, plant economy is a major challenge for all concepts with CO2 capture. A power plant will not be of interest to build unless it is economically viable, regardless of its technical performance. A power plant with CO2 capture will not only have a lower thermal efficiency than the equivalent plant without CO2 capture, it will also have a higher specific investment cost, as shown schematically in Figure 4. A power plant with CO2 capture will first of all need to have a sufficiently low predicted total cost of electricity (COE) so that it is interesting to build, and also have a sufficiently low variable cost of electricity so that it will be operating as a base load plant once it is built. The gap in COE between plants with and without capture will have to be financed through sale of CO2 for e.g. EOR and/or through the avoidance of CO2 emission penalties.
Figure 4: Schematic illustration of differences between lignite fired plants with and without CO2 capture through O2/CO2 recycle combustion
Variable costs are the fuel cost, variable O&M costs and CO2 emission penalties. Lignite is a very cheap fuel, and as mentioned above the O2/CO2 recycle combustion power plant has the potential to be a zero-emission or close-to-zero-emission power plant, meaning that it will not be subject to any significant economic CO2 penalty. The typical expected economic performance (excluding cost for transport and storage) of a lignite-fired O2/CO2 recycle combustion power plant of around 900 MW e gross power production is shown in the two rightmost diagrams in Figure 4. In the case of a CO2 emission penalty of, say, 20 EUR/ton CO2, the total COE will probably be slightly lower for the O2/CO2 recycle combustion case than for a conventional power plant. The decision when to put the power plant into operation once it has been built, will be made based on the variable COE. Due to the reduced thermal efficiency, the power plant with O2/CO2 recycle combustion capture will have a somewhat higher fuel consumption than the non-capture plant, but the cost for CO2 emissions will be so significant for the non-capture plant, that its variable COE will be much higher than for the O2/CO2 recycle combustion plant. This means that it is the O2/CO2 recycle combustion plant that will have an advantage in the dispatch, be operated first and have the most operating hours of the two, and consequently it is this plant that is the most interesting to build of the two.
The comparison of total and variable COE for power plants with and without CO2 capture is however not sufficient for a decision on to actually build one of several investigated concepts. COE for new power plants that are built must be compared with COE for other power plants on the same deregulated market. New power plants must be found to have a sufficiently low total COE to be profitable and a sufficiently low variable COE to be put in base-load operation.
Concluding remarks
The development of lignite-fired power plants with O2/CO2 recycle combustion for CO2 capture is highly interesting, due to the possibility to use advanced steam technology, reduce the boiler size and cost and to design a zero-emission power plant. It may also have the economic performance that is required from a base-load plant operating on a deregulated electricity market with CO2 emission penalties.
In order to realize this power plant concept, work is required on combustion and heat transfer to enable a good boiler design. A reduction of the required energy consumption for oxygen production and an integration of the CO2 removal process are important to improve plant efficiency. Several topics connected to flue gas treatment
need to be given more attention as an integrated part of the power plant studies. There is also a lack of physical properties data for pressurized CO2 with impurities.
A design with enhanced performance and reduced cost of a lignite-fired O2/CO2 recycle combustion power plant is the overall target of one of the sub projects of the currently ongoing EU-project ENCAP, where Vattenfall acts as the coordinator.
Acknowledgements
Thanks are due to Pamela Henderson, Karin Eriksson and Clas Ekstr?m at Vattenfall Utveckling for reviewing parts of the paper.
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existing, 300 MW coal fired power plant. Combustion Canada`99, Calgary (Canada), 25-28 May.
9. Wilkinson, M.B., Boden, J.C., Panesar, R.S. and Allam, R.J. 2001. CO2 capture via oxyfuel firing:
optimisation of a retrofit design concept for a refinery power station boiler. Proceedings of First National Conference on Carbon Sequestration, Washington DC, USA.
10. Wilkinson, M.B., Simmonds, M., Allam, R.J. and White, V. 2003. Oxyfuel conversion of heaters and
boilers for CO2 capture. Proceedings of Second National Conference on Carbon Sequestration, Washington DC, USA.
11. Bugge, J., Kj?r, S. and Blum, R. 2003. High-Efficiency Coal-Fired Power Plants Development and
Perspectives. Proceedings of Energy Technologies for Post Kyoto Targets in the Medium Term, Ris? International Energy Conference, May 19-21 2003, Publ. No. Ris?-R-1405(EN):140-146.
12. Nsakala, N.y, Liljedahl, G. N., Marion, J., Levasseur, A.A., Turek, D., Chamberland, R., MacWhinnie,
R., Morin, J.-X. and Cohen, K. 2004. Oxygen-fired circulating fluidized bed boilers for greenhouse gas emissions control and other applications. Proceedings of Third Annual Conference on Carbon Sequestration, Alexandria, VA, USA.
13. Wall, T.; Sheng, C.; Gupta, R. 2004. Oxy-fuel combustion for sequestration ready CO2- Technology
status, assessment and research needs. 14th IFRF Members Conference, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands.
14. Zeng, Y., Acharya, D.R., Tamhankar, S.S., Ramprasad, N., Ramachandran, R., Fitch, F.R., MacLean,
D.L., Lin, J.Y.S., Clarke, R.H. 2003. Oxy-fuel combustion process. US Patent Application Publication
No US 2003/0138747 A1.
15. Marion, J., Mohn, N., Liljedahl, G., Nsakala, N.y, Morin, J.-X, Henriksen, P.-P. 2004 Technology
options for controlling CO2 emissions from fossil-fuelled power plants. Proceedings of Third Annual Conference on Carbon Sequestration, Alexandria, VA, USA.
16. Axby, F.; Gustafsson, J.-O.; Nystr?m, J.; Johansson, K. Studie av r?kgaskondensering f?r
biobr?nsleeldade kraftv?rmeanl?ggningar (study of flue gas condensing for biofuel fired heat and power plants). In Swedish, V?rmeforsk report 719, V?rmeforsk, Stockholm, Sweden, November 2000.
唯美英文短句。
1.Please don't see me off.The journey I'm walking on alone is lonely and dangerous. 请不要为我送行。我即将独自踏上的旅途是孤独且布满荆棘的。 2.I will always keep my eyes wide open so that I can know everything in your heart. 我会一直睁大眼睛这样的话我就能读出你心底的一切了。
3.I love the way of rain drops falling on the leaves because that is the way you loved me . 我喜欢雨滴落在树叶上的方式因为你也曾经这样爱过我。
4.I miss you. I miss you. I miss you. Even if let me say this one thousand times,I will never get tired of it. 我想你我想你我想你呀即使让我说一千遍我也永远不会厌倦。
5.Look at the stars in the sky,that's all my wishes especiallly for you. 你看到夜空中的星星了么那都是专属于你我的祝福啊。 6.Yep.I'm wondering if you will give all yourself to me when I need you. 是的。我在想我需要你的时候你会不会把全部的你托付给我。
关于挑战的经典英文句子含翻译
I once read that successful people never see problems, only challenges. I think this must be true. Be inspired by these wonderful quotes about challenge !我曾经听说过成功的人永远不会看到困难，只会看到挑战。我认为这说得很对。让我们为这些关于挑战的精彩名言所鼓舞吧！ 1、Life is a challenge, meet it .生活是一种挑战，迎接它吧。 -----Mother Theresa 特里萨修女 2、There are no great people in this world, only great challenges which ordinary people rise to meet .世界上没有伟大的人，只有普通人迎接的巨大挑战。 ----William Frederick Halsey Jr小威廉、弗雷德里克、哈尔西 3、Challenges are what make life interesting; overcoming them is what makes life meaningful. 挑战让生命充满乐趣；克服挑战让生命充满意义。 ----Joshua J. Marine 乔舒亚、J、马里恩 4、There is no challenge more challenging than the challenge to improve yourself .最具挑战性的挑战莫过于提升自我。----Michael F. Staley 迈克尔、F、斯特利 5、Accept challenges, so that you may feel the exhilaration of
唯美英文
I don’t understand why fate brings two people who can’t stay together forever to each other. 我不明白，为什么命运要让两个不可能在一起的人相遇。 I’m proud of my heart. It’s been played, burned, and broken, but it still works. 我为自己的心感到骄傲。它曾受玩弄，曾经心焦，曾遭破碎，却依然鲜活跳动。 If you don’t understand my silence, you will never understand my words.—如果你不懂我的沉默，你也永远不会明白我说的话语。 When life gives you a hundred reasons to cry, show life that you have a thousand reasons to smile.—当生活给你100个伤心的原因，你就还它1000个微笑的理由。 Learn to use the understanding of the vision to see and appreciate each other, in order to opinionated care to pipe each other.—学会用理解的，欣赏的眼光去看对方，而不是以自以为是的关心去管对方。 Whatever with the past has gone, the best is always yet to come.—无论过去发生过什么，你要相信，最好的尚未到来。 If we can only encounter each other rather than stay with each other, then I wish we had never encountered.—如果只是遇见，不能停留，不如不遇见。 There will be a tear that lets you grow in a twinkling.总会有一次流泪，让我们瞬间长大。 You are so lucky, because you can choose to love me or not, but myself only have to choose from loving you or loving you more.—你是幸运的，因为你可以选择爱我或不爱我，而我只能选择爱你还是更爱你。 Sometimes, you just have to pretend that you are happy just to stop everyone from asking you what the hell happened—有时候，你不得不假装很快乐，只是为了不让别人问“你怎么了？”Try to hold the right hand with your left hand, and gave yourself most simple warmth. We should learn to get it by ourselves instead of craving for warmth from others.试着用左手握住右手，给自己最简单的温暖，不再奢求别人的给予，开始学着自己给自己。 Among those people that appear in our life, some are to teach us, some to comfort us, some to share and some to love. 在我们生命中出现的人，一些给我们上课，一些让我们痊愈，有的用来分担分享，有的用来真爱。 等翻译：我喜欢你。是一句藏在心里很久的话。你可以不用回复我，但是，我却必须把它告诉你。 I’m proud of my heart. It’s been played, burned, and broken, but it still works. 我为自己的心感到骄傲。它曾受玩弄，曾经心焦，曾遭破碎，却依然鲜活跳动。 I don’t think that when people grow up.Conversely, I think it’s a selecting process, knowing what’s the most important and what’s the least. And then be a simple man.—人的心智成熟是一个逐渐剔除的过程，知道自己最重要的是什么，知道不重要的东西是什么。而后，做一个纯简的人。 Forget all the reason why it won’t work and believe the one reason why it will. ------ 忘掉所有那些“不可能”的借口，去坚持那一个“可能”。 Best way to not get your heart broken, is pretend you don’t have one.—不想伤心最好的办法就是假装自己没心没肺。 Memory is a wonderful thing if you don’t have to deal with the past。回忆本来是非常美好的，只要你能让过去的都过去 I‘d rather love someone I can‘t have than have someone I can‘t Love 。我宁愿爱上一个我不能拥有的人，也不想拥有一个我无法爱上的人。 There is still a long way to go. You may cry, but you have to keep on moving and never stop.前面
关于挑战的名言
关于挑战的名言 1、最具挑战性的挑战莫过于提升自我。——迈克尔·Ｆ·斯特利 2、最大的挑战和突破在于用人，而用人最大的突破在于信任人。——马云 3、重复别人所说的话，只需要教育；而要挑战别人所说的话，则需要头脑。——玛丽·佩蒂博恩·普尔 4、有勇气承担命运这才是英雄好汉。——黑塞 5、有人向我挑战，说“你放马过来”我不回话，只是疾驰而去，然后马后炮打倒他。——李敖 6、一个人若无超越环境之想，就做不出什么大事。——佚名 7、一次挑战就是向自己和他人证明你能力的一次机会。——乔·布朗 8、要冒一次险！整个生命就是一场冒险。走得最远的人，常是愿意去做，并愿意去冒险的人。——卡耐基 9、要成功，你必须接受遇到的所有挑战，不能只接受你喜欢的那些。——迈克·加拂卡 10、我要扼住命运的咽喉，绝不让命运所压倒。——贝多芬 11、万无一失意味着止步不前，那才是最大的危险。为了避险，才去冒险，避平庸无奇的险，值得。——杨澜 12、挑战让生命充满乐趣；克服挑战让生命充满意义。——乔舒亚·Ｊ·马里恩 13、所谓活着的人，就是不断挑战的人，不断攀登命运峻峰的人。——雨果 14、世界上没有伟大的人，只有普通人迎接的巨大挑战。——小威廉·弗雷德里克·哈尔西 15、生命中的挑战并不是要让你陷于停顿，而是要帮助你发现自我。——约翰森·里根 16、生活是一种挑战，迎接它吧。——特里萨修女 17、如果你从不接受挑战，就感受不到胜利的刺激。——英国谚语 18、人要有专注的东西，人一辈子走下去挑战会更多，你天天换，我就怕了你。——马云
19、人生要不是大胆地冒险，便是一无所获。——海伦·凯勒 20、21世纪是一个复杂而不可预知的世纪，我们那些照目前来看已经固定的思维习惯和价值观正接受新的挑战。——宫崎骏 21、接受挑战吧，这样你才能感受到胜利的喜悦。——乔治·Ｓ·巴顿 22、接受挑战，就可以享受胜利的喜悦。——杰纳勒尔·乔治·S·巴顿 23、感激每一个新的挑战，因为它会锻造你的意志和品格。——佚名 24、敌近而静者，恃其险也；远而挑战者，欲人之进也。——孙子 25、不要回避苦恼和困难，挺起身来向它挑战，进而克服它。——池田大作 26、不敢冒险的人既无骡子又无马；过分冒险的人既丢骡子又丢马。——拉伯雷 27、别向不幸屈服，应该更大胆、更积极地向不幸挑战。——古罗马诗人威吉尔 28、把千百万人的幸福和生命交由我们处置，这是一种特许，是一种挑战，看我们能否毫不留情地挥霍它们。——励志名言
唯美英文句子
1.I love three things in this world. Sun, moon and you. Sun for morning, moon for night , and you forever.予独爱世间三物。昼之日，夜之月，汝之永恒。 2.Life has taught us that love does not consist in gazing at each other, but in looking outward together in the same direction. 生活教会我们，爱并不在于长久地凝视，而在于眺望远方同一方向的希望。 3.Life isn't about waiting for the storm to pass, it's about learning to dance in the rain.生活不是等待暴风雨过境，而是学会在雨中跳出最美的舞姿。 4.You know my loneliness is only kept for you, my sweet songs are only sung for you.你可知我百年的孤寂只为你一人守侯，千夜的恋歌只为你一人而唱。 5.If living on the earth is a mission from the lord…living with you is the award of the lord…如果活着，是上帝赋予我最大的使命，那么活者有你，将会是上帝赋予我使命的恩赐…… 6.Do you understand the feeling of missing someone? It is just like that you will spend a long hard time to turn the ice-cold water you have drunk into tears.你知道思念一个人的滋味吗，就像喝了一大杯冰水，然后用很长很长的时间流成热泪。 7.In such a soft and warm season, please accept my sincere blessing and deep concern for you.在这充满温馨的季节里，给你我真挚的祝福及深深的思念。 8.For our ever-lasting friendship, send sincere blessings and warm greetings to my friends whom I miss so much.一份不渝的友谊，执着千万个祝福，给我想念的朋友，温馨的问候。 9.It is graceful grief and sweet sadness to think of you, but in my heart, there is a kind of soft warmth that can’t be expressed with any choice of words.想你，是一种美丽的忧伤的甜蜜的惆怅，心里面，却是一种用任何语言也无法表达的温馨。 10.You and I remains the same in different time, at different places,among different people; time is changing, space is changing and everything is changing except my miss to you!不同的时间，不同的地点，不同的人群，相同的只有你和我；时间在变，空间在变，不变的只有对你无限的思念！ 11.Coffee is lonely without cups just as I am lonely without you.没有杯子……咖啡是寂寞的……没有你……我是孤独的…… 12.My heart beats for you every day. I am inspired by you every minute, and I worry about you every second. It is wonderful to have you in my life.每一天都为你心跳，每一刻都被你感动，每一秒都为你担心。有你的感觉真好。 13.No matter the ending is perfect or not, you cannot disappear from my world.我的世界不允许你的消失,不管结局是否完美. 14.Love is a carefully designed lie.爱情是一个精心设计的谎言. 15.Promises are often like the butterfly, which disappear after beautiful hover.承诺常常很像蝴蝶,美丽的飞盘旋然后不见 16.Fading is true while flowering is past凋谢是真实的,盛开只是一种过去 17.Why I have never catched the happiness? Whenever I want you ,I will be accompanyed by the memory of...为什么幸福总是擦肩而过,偶尔想你的时候….就让….回忆来陪我. 18.Love ,promised between the fingers.Finger rift,twisted in the love爱情…在指缝间承诺指缝….在爱情下交缠. 19.If you weeped for the missing sunset,you would miss all the shining stars如果你为着错过夕阳而哭泣，那么你就要错群星了 20.To feel the flame of dreaming and to feel the moment of dancing,when all the romance is far away,the eternity is always there.感受梦的火焰，感觉飞舞瞬间，当一切浪漫遥远，永恒依然
关于挑战的名言警句
关于挑战的名言警句 导读：本文是关于关于挑战的名言警句，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享！ 1、不敢冒险的人既无骡子又无马；过分冒险的人既丢骡子又丢马。——拉伯雷·法 2、书不仅是生活，而且是现在、过去和未来文化生活的源泉。——库法耶夫 3、人生最苦痛的是梦醒了无路可走。——鲁迅 4、21世纪是一个复杂而不可预知的世纪，我们那些照目前来看已经固定的思维习惯和价值观正接受新的挑战。——宫崎骏 5、我从不怜惜自负的人们，因为我觉得他们无处不能自我安慰。——艾略特 6、学问是异常珍贵的东西，从任何源泉吸收都不可耻。——阿卜·日·法拉兹 7、我要扼住命运的咽喉，绝不让命运所压倒。——贝多芬 8、我们若已接受最坏的，就再没有什么损失。——卡耐基 9、年青时没有尝过苦水的人，不能成长。我把“辛苦”当作我的老师。——山本有三 10、生命中的挑战并不是要让你陷于停顿，而是要帮助你发现自我。——约翰森·里根 11、只有永远躺在泥坑里的人，才不会再掉进坑里。——黑格
尔 12、读书破万卷，下笔如有神。——杜甫 13、所谓活着的人，就是不断挑战的人，不断攀登命运险峰的人。——雨果·法 14、合理安排时间，就等于节约时间。——培根 15、意志命运往往背道而驰，决心到最后会全部推倒。——莎士比亚 16、有勇气承担命运这才是英雄好汉。——黑塞 17、人可以爬到最**，但他不能在那儿久住。——萧伯纳 18、你想成为幸福的人吗？但愿你首先学会吃得起苦。——屠格涅夫 19、好的书籍是最贵重的珍宝。——别林斯基 20、只要有无限的热情，一个人几乎可以在任何事情上取得成功。——施瓦布 21、困难越大，荣耀也越大。——西塞罗 22、有时候读书是一种巧妙地避开思考的方法。——赫尔普斯 23、内外相应，言行相称。——韩非 24、如果你从不接受挑战，就感受不到胜利的刺激。——英国谚语 25、读一切好书，就是和许多高尚的人谈话。——笛卡儿 26、对一个人来说，所期望的不是别的，而仅仅是他能全力以赴和献身于一种美好事业。——爱因斯坦
唯美英文(含中文、图片)
I missed you but I missing you. I missing you but I missed you .I see you but I seeing you . I seeing you but I see you.------明明已经错过你，但我却还在想念你。当我想念你的时候，但我 不能再拥有你。明明已经别离，却又再次相遇。当我们再次相遇时，却不得不说再见 ?
Some disappointment is inevitable, but most of the disappointed, because of you overestimate themselves. 有些失望是不可避免的，但大部分的失望，都是因为你高估了自己。 ?
Can I don't have a boyfriend, and don't have money, but I can't do without you 我可以没有男朋 友，没有钱，可是我不能没有你 ?
Sometimes I wish I could just fast forward time just to see if in the end it’s all worth it.---有时 候，我真希望我能快进时间，这样我就能看看，最终的结果是不是值得。 ?
I love you not for who you are, but for who I am before you. 我爱你不是因为你是谁，而是我在 你面前可以是谁。 ?
Guys use the word “friendship” to start a relationship. Girls use the word “friendship” to end it.男 人喜欢用“友情”开始一段爱情，女人喜欢用“友情”终结一段爱情。 ?
If one really cares for you,he is able to squeeze time for you.No excuses,no lies,no undeliverable promises. 如果一个人真的足够在乎你，那么他总能挤出时间来陪你，没有借口、谎言，没
关于律师名人名言-国外篇
(2012-02-28 15:42:40) 转载▼ 分类：律师界 标签： 杂谈 法庭的辩护，需要灵巧的智慧，敏捷的思路，以及瞬间决定的应对能力。优柔寡断，往往会招致失败。有时候，场上的情况又要求律师要有自控能力，不论你内心多麽焦急，外表上必须像平静的池水一样沈著冷静。 --丹诺 只要我决定受理这个案子，摆事实在面前的就只有一个日程--打赢这场官司。我将全力以赴，用一切合理合法的手段把委托人解救出来，不管这样做会産生什麽後果。 认真负责，积极热心的辩护律师是自由的最後堡垒--是抵抗气势汹汹的政府欺负它的子民的最後一道防线。辩护律师的任务正是对政府的行爲进行监督和挑战，要这些权势在握的尊者对无权无势的小民百姓做出格行动前三思而後行，想想可能引起的法律後果；去呼吁，去保护那些孤立无援无权无势的民衆的正当权利。
--艾伦．德肖微茨 由於被告生来在智力和其他方面都良莠不齐，他们在表达能力、思维逻辑和雄辩口才方面差别很大。被告辩护律师--他们在这方面受过专门训练，就起到举足轻重的作用，爲被告提供这方面硼。决定一个被告是否应被认定有罪，应受到惩罚，司法机关必须提供证据，而被告应享有公还将有的辩护机会。 --艾伦．德肖微茨 在我看来，没有一个头衔能比辩护律师更崇高可敬了。 --艾伦．德肖微茨 爲了拯救和保护当事人，律师要不顾任何风险，不民惜任何牺牲。这是律师义不容辞的职责。 --布鲁厄姆爵士 我的宗旨和职责是向诸位先生阐述此案的来龙去脉，提出充足的证据，以便使诸位能够最大限度地理解对被告的起诉，并
尽可能地了解证人席上每一个证人提供的证言。我将以最简单、最通谷和最直截了当的方式来表述。 --伍．海．穆迪 你可知道，你决不会造成让一个好的律师感到出其不意而不知所措的。他不知底细是决不轻易发问的。他每出庭必有准备，这样的律师总使你招架不住败下阵来。 --莫尔．卡茨 律师是公从的仆人，就像病人患病需要延请医生爲其诊治一样；当一个人受到指控时，他完全可以聘请律师爲其辩护。律师接受他的聘请，乃是履行其神圣的职责 --马歇．尔霍尔 先生们，在审判官作出判决之前，你们谁也无法预料诉讼结果是好还是坏。……也许一个连你自己都无法信服的证据，而审判官却接受了；也许你以爲你的辩护意见有据又有理，审判官却无法接受你的诉讼主张。因此，诉讼结果如何，那是审判官决定的。虽然这样，虽然你对能否胜诉没有一定的把握，
唯美好听的英文句子
1、Happiness can be found even in the darkest of times. 即使在最黑暗的日子里，也能寻到幸福。 2、Hand and catch you fell out of the tears, but not cut the fund us you伸手，接住你眼角垂落的泪滴，却截不住你眼底的悲伤！ 3、Follow your heart, but be quiet for a while first. Learn to trust your heart. 跟着感觉走，静静地。学着去相信自己的内心。 4、First I need your hand ,then forever can begin——我需要牵着你的手，才能告诉你什么是永远 5、Fallen into the trap,for you are too greedy,it's not because of others' cunning.会上当，不是因为别人太狡猾，而是因为自己太贪. 6、Fake friends never betray in front of you. They always do it behind you. 假朋友从不会当面背叛你，都是背后。 7、Fading is true while flowering is past凋谢是真实的,盛开只是一种过去 8、Every time you come to mind, I realize I'm smiling. 每次想到你，我就发现自己是微笑着的。
9、Everything happens for a reason 这个世界，没有偶然。 10、Everyone has problems. Some are just better at hiding them than others. 每个人都有自己的难处，只不过有的人不容易被发觉罢了。 12、I can put the past you're so natural, I think I really feel. 我可以把过往的你说得如此自然，我想我真的释怀了。 13、Be nice to people on the way up, because you'll need them on your way down.向上爬时，对遇到的人好点，因为掉下来时，你还会遇到他们。 14、Be happy. It’s one way of being wise. 做个快乐的人。那是英明智慧的一条路径。 15、As long as it is a comedy, I’d rather cry during the process. 只要是个喜剧结局，过程你让我怎么哭都行。 16、Always listen to your heart because even though it's on your left side, it's always right.总是听从内心的声音。因为即便它长在你的左边，它却总是对的。
关于挑战的励志名言
关于挑战的励志名言 1、挑战性的挑战莫过于提升自我。——迈克尔·Ｆ·斯特利 2、的挑战和突破在于用人，而用人的突破在于信任人。——马云 3、重复别人所说的话，只需要教育；而要挑战别人所说的话，则 需要头脑。——玛丽·佩蒂博恩·普尔 4、有勇气承担命运这才是英雄好汉。——黑塞 5、有人向我挑战，说“你放马过来”我不回话，仅仅疾驰而去， 然后马后炮*他。——李敖 6、一个人若无超越环境之想，就做不出什么大事。——佚名 7、一次挑战就是向自己和他人证明你水平的一次机会。—— 乔·布朗 8、要冒一次险！整个生命就是一场冒险。走得最远的人，常是愿 意去做，并愿意去冒险的人。——卡耐基 9、要成功，你必须接受遇到的所有挑战，不能只接受你喜欢的那些。——迈克·加拂卡 10、我要扼住命运的咽喉，绝不让命运所压倒。——贝多芬 11、万无一失意味着止步不前，那才是的危险。为了避险，才去 冒险，避平庸无奇的险，值得。——杨澜 12、挑战让生命充满乐趣；克服挑战让生命充满意义。——乔舒亚·Ｊ·马里恩 13、所谓活着的人，就是持续挑战的人，持续攀登命运峻峰的人。——雨果
14、世界上没有伟大的人，只有普通人迎接的巨大挑战。——小 威廉·弗雷德里克·哈尔西 15、生命中的挑战并不是要让你陷于停顿，而是要协助你发现自我。——约翰森·里根 16、生活是一种挑战，迎接它吧。——特里萨修女 17、如果你从不接受挑战，就感受不到胜利的刺激。——英国谚 语 18、人要有专注的东西，人一辈子走下去挑战会更多，你天天换，我就怕了你。——马云 19、人生要不是大胆地冒险，便是一无所获。——海伦·凯勒 20、21世纪是一个复杂而不可预知的世纪，我们那些照当前来看 已经固定的思维习惯和价值观正接受新的挑战。——宫崎骏 21、接受挑战吧，这样你才能感受到胜利的喜悦。——乔治·Ｓ·巴顿 22、接受挑战，就能够享受胜利的喜悦。——杰纳勒尔·乔治·S·巴顿 23、感激每一个新的挑战，因为它会锻造你的意志和品格。—— 佚名 24、敌近而静者，恃其险也；远而挑战者，欲人之进也。——孙 子 25、不要回避苦恼和困难，挺起身来向它挑战，进而克服它。——池田大作 26、不敢冒险的人既无骡子又无马；过度冒险的人既丢骡子又丢马。——拉伯雷
[勇于挑战的名人名言]英语励志名言短句霸气
[勇于挑战的名人名言]英语励志名言短句霸气 1、把千百万人的幸福和生命交由我们处置，这是一种特许，是 一种挑战，看我们能否毫不留情地挥霍它们。——赫兹里特 2、万无一失意味着止步不前，那才是最大的危险。为了避险， 才去冒险，避平庸无奇的险，值得。——杨澜 3、一个人若无超越环境之想，就做不出什么大事。——佚名 4、要冒一次险！整个生命就是一场冒险。走得最远的人，常是 愿意去做，并愿意去冒险的人。——卡耐基（美） 5、金龟子训练营“破冰之旅”的录制顺利结束！从现在起，我 就在北京—在鸟巢—等待全国各地来挑战的小勇士啦——金龟子 6、人要有专注的东西，人一辈子走下去挑战会更多，你天天换，我就怕了你。——马云 7、我要扼住命运的咽喉，绝不让命运所压倒。——贝多芬 8、最大的挑战和突破在于用人，而用人最大的突破在于信任人。——马云 9、有人向我挑战，说“你放马过来”我不回话，只是疾驰而去，然后马后炮打倒他。——李敖 10、如果你从不接受挑战，就感受不到胜利的刺激。——彦语（英） 11、最具挑战性的挑战莫过于提升自我。——迈克尔·Ｆ·斯特利 12、接受挑战，就可以享受胜利的喜悦。——杰纳勒尔·乔治·S·巴顿（美） 13、敌近而静者，恃其险也；远而挑战者，欲人之进也。——孙子
14、所谓活着的人，就是不断挑战的人，不断攀登命运峻峰的人。——雨果 15、重复别人所说的话，只需要教育；而要挑战别人所说的话，则需要头脑。——玛丽·佩蒂博恩·普尔 16、人生要不是大胆地冒险，便是一无所获。——海伦·凯勒 17、感激每一个新的挑战，因为它会锻造你的意志和品格。——佚名 18、生活是一种挑战，迎接它吧。——特里萨修女 19、别向不幸屈服，应该更大胆、更积极地向不幸挑战。——古罗马诗人威吉尔 20、有勇气承担命运这才是英雄好汉。——黑塞 21、21世纪是一个复杂而不可预知的世纪，我们那些照目前来 看已经固定的思维习惯和价值观正接受新的挑战。——宫崎骏 22、世界上没有伟大的人，只有普通人迎接的巨大挑战。——小威廉·弗雷德里克·哈尔西 23、不敢冒险的人既无骡子又无马；过分冒险的人既丢骡子又丢马。——拉伯雷（法） 24、生命中的挑战并不是要让你陷于停顿，而是要帮助你发现自我。()——约翰森·里根 25、要成功，你必须接受遇到的所有挑战，不能只接受你喜欢的那些。——迈克·加拂卡 26、不要回避苦恼和困难，挺起身来向它挑战，进而克服它。——池田大作 27、一次挑战就是向自己和他人证明你能力的一次机会。——乔·布朗
勇于挑战的英文名言
勇于挑战的英文名言 most of the trouble in the world is caused by people wanting to be important. (t.s. eliot) 世界上绝大部分的麻烦都是要想成为伟大人物的人搞出来的。 （艾略特） the main dangers in this life are the people who want to change everything --- or nothing. (lady astor) 生活中的主要危险来自那些想要改变一切或什么也不想改变的人。（阿斯特子爵夫人） nothing in life is to be feared. it is only to be understood. (marie curie) 生活中没有什么可怕的东西，只有需要理解的东西。（居里夫人） a man is not old as long as he is seeking something. a man is not old until regrets take the place of dreams. (j. barrymore) 只要一个人还有追求，他就没有老。直到后悔取代了梦想，一个 人才算老。（巴里摩尔） a man can succeed at almost anything for which he has unlimited enthusiasm. (c. m. schwab) 只要有无限的热情，一个人几乎能够在任何事情上取得成功。 （施瓦布） one thing i know： the only ones among you who will be really happy are those who will have sought and found
关于挑战自己的名人名言
关于挑战自己的名人名言 1、我总觉得，生命本身应该有一种意义，我们绝不是白白来一场的。（席慕蓉） 2、人生有两出悲剧：一是万念俱灰，另一是踌躇满志。(肖伯纳) 3、生命如流水，只有在他的急流与奔向前去的时候，才美丽，才有意义。（张闻天） 4、尊重生命、尊重他人也尊重自己的生命，是生命进程中的伴随物，也是心理健康的一个条件。(弗洛姆) 5、生命不可能有两次，但是许多人连一次也不善于度过。(吕凯特) 6、我要扼住命运的咽喉，它决不能使我完全屈服。（贝多芬） 7、了解生命而且热爱生命的人是幸福的。（) 8、我们一步一步走下去，踏踏实实地去走，永不抗拒生命交给我们的重负，才是一个勇者。到了蓦然回首的那一瞬间，生命必然给我们公平的答案和又一次乍喜的心情，那时的山和水，又回复了是山是水，而人生已然走过，是多么美好的一个秋天。（三毛） 9、生命象一粒种籽，藏在生活的深处，在黑土层和人类胶泥的混合物中，在那里，多少世代都留下他们的残骸。一个伟大的人生，任务就在于把生命从泥土中分离开。这样
的生育需要整整一辈子。(罗曼·罗兰) 10、生命的路是进步的，总是沿着无限的精神三角形的斜面向上走，什么都阻止他不得。（鲁迅） 11、动则生，静则乐。（杨万里）关于挑战自己的励志名言警句 12、我的一生始终保持着这样一个信念生命的意义在于付出，在于给予，而不是接受，也不是在于争取。(巴金) 13、视死若生者，烈士之勇也。（庄周） 14、生命会给你所需要的东西，只要你不断地向它要，只要你在向它要地时候说得一清二楚。(爱因斯坦) 15、得其志，虽死犹生，不得其志，虽生犹死。（无名氏） 16、鱼生于水，死于水；草木生于土，死于土；人生于道，死于道。（胡宏） 17、莫道桑榆晚，为霞尚满天。(刘禹锡) 18、只是通往死亡的一次旅行。(塞内加) 名言警句 19、生命是一种语言，它为我们转达了某种真理；如果以另一种方式学习它，我们将不能生存。(叔本华) 20、当我们误用生命的时候，生命并无价值。(狄更斯)
关于挑战的英语名言
关于挑战的英语名言 导读：本文是关于关于挑战的英语名言的文章，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享！ 1、做自己做不到的事，才叫挑战，超过自己能力之外的挑战，就叫刺激。 To do what you can't do is called challenge. Challenge beyond your ability is called stimulation. 2、你不挑战命运，命运就会挑战你，这就是命运最残忍的地方。 If you don't challenge fate, fate will challenge you. This is the cruelest place of fate. 3、人生这么长，不多点挑战怎么能行呢？ Life is so long, how can we do without more challenges? 4、要想超越自己的极限，就得挑战自己，要想挑战自己，就得看透自己。 If you want to go beyond your limits, you have to challenge yourself. If you want to challenge yourself, you have to see through yourself. 5、激发潜能，超越自我，追求梦想，挑战人生。 Stimulate potential, transcend oneself, pursue dreams and challenge life. 6、挑战，不一定成功，但放弃，就定会失败。
Challenges may not succeed, but if you give up, you will fail. 7、别向不幸屈服，应该更大胆、更积极地向不幸挑战。 Don't give in to misfortune, but challenge it more boldly and actively. 8、你们可以挑战我，但我已经准备好了嘲笑你们！ You can challenge me, but I'm ready to laugh at you! 9、一个人，想要优秀，你必须要接受挑战。 If you want to be excellent, you have to accept the challenge. 10、生活充满挑战。只要我们能够平静接受挑战，战胜挑战，我们就不会被吓倒。 Life is full of challenges. As long as we can accept the challenge calmly and overcome it, we will not be intimidated. 11、不要挑战我，我担心你的安危。 Don't challenge me. I'm worried about your safety. 12、要让梦想实现，就要向现实挑战。 To make dreams come true, we need to challenge reality. 13、生命的有些时候，你必须去挑战伟大。 Sometimes in life, you have to challenge greatness. 14、充满挑战的生活才是真正的生活，挑战的过程是人生最精彩的部分。
一段唯美的话英文
篇一：唯美英语励志句子 1、you never know how strong you really are until being strong is the only choice you have。 不到没有退路之时，你永远不会知道自己有多强大。 2、you cannot change what you refuse to confront。 你不去面对又怎么能去改变呢。 3、no matter how many mistakes you make or how slow you progress, you are still way ahead of everyone who isnt trying。 无论你犯了多少错，或者你进步得有多慢，你都走在了那些不曾尝试的人的前面。 4、life isnt about waiting for the storm to pass, its about learning to dance in the rain。 生活不是等待暴风雨过去，而是要学会在雨中跳舞。 5、letting go doesnt mean that youre a quitter. it doesnt mean that you lost. it just means that you realize in that moment thats its time to let go and move on。 放手不代表放弃，不代表你输了。那只代表你知道在那一刻你该放手了，然后继续生活。 6、if you are passionate about something, pursue it, no matter what anyone else thinks. thats how dreams are achieved。 如果你想要什么，那就勇敢地去追求，不要管别人是怎么想的，因为这就是实现梦想的方式。 7、give up worrying about what others think of you. what they think isnt important. what is important is how you feel about yourself。 不要为别人怎么看你而烦恼。别人的看法并不重要，重要的是你怎么看待你自己。 8、life is short and you deserve to be happy。 生命苦短，你应该过得开心些。 9、for something,we cant understand when we are young but by the time we understand,we are no longer young. 有些事情，当我们年轻的时候无法懂得，当我们懂得的时候已不再年轻。
关于挑战的名人名言
关于挑战的名人名言 1、生活是一种挑战，迎接它吧。——特里萨修女 2、世界上有许多做事有成的人，并一定是因为他比你会做，而仅仅是因为他比你敢做。——培根 3、即使翅膀断了，心也要飞翔。——张海迪 4、通过苦难，走向欢乐。——贝多芬 5、一个人总是有些拂逆的遭遇才好，不然是会不知不觉地消沉下去的，人只怕自己倒，别人骂不倒。——郭沫若 6、人类的创新之举是极其困难的，因此便把已有的形式视为神圣的遗产。——蒙森 7、一次失败，只是证明我们成功的决心还够坚强。——博维 8、一个人能在战场上制胜千军，但只有战胜自己才是最伟大的胜利者。——尼赫鲁 9、种子不落在肥土而落在瓦砾中，有生命力的种子决不会悲观和叹气，因为有了阻力才有磨炼。——夏衍 10、生无益于时，死无闻于后，是自弃也。——司马光 11、只是通往死亡的一次旅行。——塞内加 12、生命是无尽的享受，永远的快乐，强烈的陶醉。——法罗丹 13、道足以忘物之得春，志足以一气之盛衰。——苏轼 14、对你有帮助的东西，并不都是唾手可得的。——弗格森 15、书不记，熟读可记；义不精，细思可精；惟有志不立，直是无著
力处。——朱熹 16、我有两个忠实的助手，一个是我的耐心，另一个就是我的双手。——蒙田 17、我总觉得，生命本身应该有一种意义，我们绝不是白白来一场的。——席慕蓉 18、苦难对于天才是一块垫脚石，对于能干的人是一笔财富，对弱者是一个万丈深渊。——巴尔扎克 19、不要回避苦恼和困难，挺起身来向它挑战，进而克服它。——池田大作 20、在希望与失望的决斗中，如果你用勇气与坚决的双手紧握着，胜利必属于希望。——普里尼 21、不敢冒险的人既无骡子又无马；过分冒险的人既丢骡子又丢马。——拉伯雷 22、自古奇人伟士，不屈折于忧患，则不足以其学。——方孝孺 23、一个人有了远大的理想，就是在最艰苦困难的时候，也会感到幸福。——徐特立 24、知人者智，自知者明。胜人者有力，自胜者强。——老子 25、人生就像奕棋，一步失误，全盘皆输。——弗洛伊德 26、生命生命，那是自然会给人类去雕琢的宝石。——诺贝尔 27、本来，生命只有一次，对于谁都是宝贵的。——瞿秋白 28、本来无望的事，大胆尝试，往往能成功。——莎士比亚 29、强者容易坚强，正如弱者容易软弱。——爱默生