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pub talk 文字材料

pub talk 文字材料
pub talk 文字材料

Writing type

Exposition

What does the writer intend to explain?

--- the charm of a good conversation

?Theme: The charm of conversation is that it does not really start

from anywhere and no one has any ideas where it will go as it

meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows.

聊天的吸引人之处就在于它的开始并不是一个设定好的主题;它可能迂

回前行,可能奋勇向前,可能摩擦出火花,可能迸发出热情,话题的最

终方向估计谁都无法预测。

How does the writer explain the charm of a good conversation?

----illustration (examples)

A pub talk about ― the king’s English‖

To summarize

The charm of a good conversation

Supported by

One example of a pub talk on ―the king’s English‖

About the title

Is it a good title? what do you think the essay may talk about after reading the

title?---the relationship between pub talk and the king’s English

It is not an aptly chosen title.

Can you think of a better one?

---the Art of Good Conversation

The Charm of Good Conversation

Part I para.1-2

?The writer puts forward the theses.

? 1. Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities.

? 2. The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from

anywhere and no one has any ideas where it will go as it meanders

or leaps and sparkles or just glows.

part II para. 3-11

?an example to support the thesis

----a pub conversation with the topic of ―the king’s English‖

?no fixed topic --- the King's English -- Australia -- Saxon churls --

the language barriers

?The example has well explained where its charm lies.

part III para.12—17

●more digressions. (what the writer thought about after the bar

conversation the night before)

?Para.12-15 He gives his personal reflection on the history and

meaning of the King's English

?Para.16-17 By the mentioning of dictionaries and salons of 18th

Paris, he reveals his attitude towards the King's English

?1)should not be laid down as an edict and made immune to

change from below

?2) should not be an ultimatum

part IV. Para. 18--21 conclusion

the bane of a good conversation

----talking sense

---- Those people who ruin the conversation by trying to talk sense are

just like chimpanzees who are not capable of conversation.

The Author

●Henry Fairlie 1924-

●The editor of “The New Republic”

●Masterpieces:

●The Kennedy Promise

●The life of Politics

●The Spoiled Child of the Western World

1.Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities.

Sociable adj.

Sb.or an occasion is ~~,

?---- friendly; agreeable; esp. in an easy and informal way

?He is a sociable guy. (he enjoys spending time with others)

?We spent a sociable evening drinking the other day. (happy, agreeable) Here, ---conversation helps to establish a friendly and pleasant relationship among people.

?Paraphrase--- more than any other human activity, conversation helps to

promote an agreeable, pleasant and informal relationship among people.

2. And it is an activity only of human…

?-- And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings.

?Animals and birds are not capable of conversation.

Why is it an activity only of humans?

What is language?

What are the differences between human language and animal language?

Language—is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

?--system: elements are arranged according to certain rules, can be learned and used consistently.

?--arbitrary: no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it refers to.

Different languages have different words for the same thing.

?--vocal: the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems.

?Symbol: language is a set of systemic signs used to represent sth. else.

signaling system

Differences

?Human language

?Arbitrary(任意性)(No natural relationship between the symbol and the meaning) duality (双重性)Language can be divided into structures of sounds & meanings

Creativity, (创造性)

the ability to produce novel utterances, (we can use the symbols to create new meanings)

displacement (位移性)

refer to things which are not present; real or imagined in the past, present, future, in far away places

?Animal calls

? A fixed connection between the signal and the meaning. This system(connection) is mainly genetically inbuilt.

?Animal calls can not

?But animals only have limited signals and can not create new ones

?Animal calls can only refer to things that are present, they are stimulus instant.

3.they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name o conversation.

Indulge v.

---allow yourself to have or do sth. you like

e.g. Don’t indulge yourself to o freely -----computer games. (A. with B. in)

不要让自己过分沉溺于电脑游戏。

Occasionally he indulges -----the luxury of a good cigar. (A. with B. in)

他会偶尔享受一支好雪茄。

Indulge oneself with sth. / sb. indulge in sth.

Here, ----go in for, take part in 参与,参加

Paraphrase

----they do not go in for any activity which might rightly be called conversation.

4. The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere and no one has any ideas where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows.

Meanders v. (a stream or river) flow slowly by following a winding and turning route (which is not straight or direct) 蜿蜒曲折前行

Leaps v. flow swiftly or joyously onward 激流涌进

Sparkle v. (fire, light) to burn brightly throwing off sparks 火花四射

Glow v. (fire, light)to burn steadily without flame 发出微弱而稳定的光

图片

What is the figure of speech?

---metaphor, a mixed metaphor

Compare ―conversation‖ to both ―stream‖ and ―fire‖

Paraphrase---

It does not need a special topic to start a conversation. Anything may start a good conversation.Anything can start a conversation. And once started, no

one knows how or where it will end. That is why conversation is delightful

and charming.

4.paraphrase ―Conversation is not for making a point.‖

make a point: if you make your point, or prove your point, you prove that something is true, either by arguing about it or by your actions or behavior.立论;证明观点

e.g. I think you have made your point in this case.

Paraphrase---

Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or viewpoint.

In a conversation we should not try to establish the force of an idea or argument.

5. there is no wining in conversation

----In a conversation one doesn’t try to prove oneself right and the others wrong.

We may argue but we needn’t try to convince others that they are wrong and we are right.

5. c.f. anecdote/story

anecdote: a short amusing story about a real person or event (esp. a famous person) story: can be real or imaginary/fictional

e.g. She knows many anecdotes of Bacon.

6.in/like a flash

----in a second, very quickly and suddenly

e.g. 四年的大学生活转瞬即逝。

Four years of college life seemed to be over in a flash.

7. what is the ―Charm of a conversation‖?

?--no fixed topic, starting from nowhere and going nowhere, no point to make

?--there is no winning or losing in conversation, for conversation is not for

persuading others to accept our idea or point of view.

What ruins a good conversation?

---to have ―something to say‖, or try to make a point, to win an argument.

7.Perhaps it is because of my up-bringing in English pubs … of its own:

up-bringing: the training and education that sb. received while growing up.

e.g. translate---His upbringing explains a lot about his attitude towards women.

他所接受的教育在很大程度上解释了他对待女人态度。

他对女人的态度很大程度上取决于他接受的教育。

Figure of speech?

---hyperbole

---This is an exaggeration of the author for he didn’t really grow up in a pub. He was only a frequenter of pubs.

Paraphrase---

Perhaps it is because I’ve spent so much of my t ime in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a special charm.

8.their marriage may be on the rocks

on the rocks (idm)

---(relationship, business) experience very sever difficulties and looks like to end or fail very soon; wrecked or ruined

限于困境,濒临崩溃

e.g. Mr. Jones' business was on the rocks.

= His business was losing money and almost ruined.

Here, metaphor, comparing a marriage to a ship wrecked on the rocks; (to be in a condition of ruin or catastrophe)

婚姻触礁

9. (idm) get out of bed on the wrong side

=get up on the wrong side of the bed (AmE.)

----in a bad temper /mood and are easily annoyed all day, esp.for no particular reason 心情不好,闹情绪

The origin of the expression

--- an ancient superstition

10. Alexandre Dumas (sr.) (1802-1870) - known as Dumas père

One of the most famous French writers of the 19th century, best known for the historical novels The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo, both written within the space of two years, 1844-45.

Alexandre Dumas, père, born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie (July 24, 1802 – December 5, 1870) was a French writer, best known for his numerous historical novels of high adventure which have made him the most widely read French author in the world. Many of his novels, including The Count of Monte Cristo and the D'Artagnan Romances, were serialized, and he also wrote plays, magazine articles, and was a prolific correspondent. Alexandre Dumas père wrote stories and historical chronicles of high adventure that captured the imagination of the French public who eagerly waited to purchase the continuing sagas. A few of these works are:

《三劍客》;如果您有時間讀上三本,那麼請加上《基督山恩仇記》和《瑪歌王后》;如果您要讀五本,再加上《二十年後》和《蒙梭羅夫人》;如果您選擇十冊大仲馬的作品,那麼便再加上《大野心家》,《四十五衛士》,《我的回憶錄》,《安東尼》和《波治倫子爵》。

o Twenty Years After,ans après, 1845)

o The Vicomte de Bragelonne, sometimes called "Ten Years Later",

The Three Musketeers (Les Trois Mousquetaires, 1844)

Twenty Years After (Vingt Ans Après, 1845)

The Count of Monte Cristo (1845–1846)

The Fencing Master (Le ma?tre d'armes, 1840)

The Regent's Daughter (1845)

The Two Dianas (1846)

the Valois romances

Queen Margot (1845)

La Dame de Monsoreau (1846)

The Forty-Five Guardsmen (1847)

o

11. 小仲马

Alexandre Dumas, fils (July 27, 1824 – November 27, 1895) was the son of Alexandre Dumas, père, who followed in his father's footsteps becoming a celebrated author and playwright.

Alexandre Dumas fils was born in Paris, France, the illegitimate child of Marie-Catherine Labay, a dressmaker, and novelist Alexandre Dumas. In 1831 his father legally recognized him and ensured the young Dumas received the best education possible at the Institution Goubaux and the Collège Bourbon.

In 1844 Dumas fils moved to Saint-Germain-en-Laye to live with his father. There, he met Marie Duplessis, a young courtesan who would be the inspiration for his romantic novel, La dame aux camélias (The Lady of the Camellias). Adapted into a play, it was titled in English as Camille and is the basis for Verdi's 1853 opera, La Traviata.

One of those children, a son named after him, whose mother was Marie-Laure-Catherine Labay (1794—1868), a dressmaker, would follow in his footsteps, also becoming a successful novelist and playwright. Because of their same name and occupation, to distinguish them, one is referred to as Alexandre Dumas, père, the other as Alexandre Dumas, fils.

12. 三个火枪手故事简介The Three Musketeers (Les Trois Mousquetaires) is a novel by Alexandre Dumas, père.

In this story, it has everything you would ever want: romance, camaraderie, heroism, and, above all, adventure.

It recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan.

D'Artagnan is a young boy who dreams of becoming a famous musketeer, the soldier who protects the king of France in the 17th century. In order to achieve this dream, he leaves home and goes to Paris, where he runs in to three famous Musketeers, Athos, Porthos, and Aramis. From them, he gets to know that the musketeers are already disbanded by the evil Cardinal (红衣主教)who hopes to undermine the King's reign and rule France on his own. After becoming friends with them, D'Artagnan joins the three musketeers and starts his adventures to protect the King and his throne.

三个火枪手的特征Three famous Musketeers, Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, are inseparable friends who live by the motto, "One for all, and all for one". Even though in the end they follow their own paths, you know they will always be able to rely on each other. It may remind us true friends come together in troubled times.

Very interestingly, although they support with each other with their fortune and their lives, they show no curiosity in nor try to find out anything about each other’s private lives.

(why the writer compares …., )?

Because bar friends, likewise, do not probe deep into each other’s lives nor do they try to find out the innermost thoughts and feelings of their drinking companions.

13. delve v.

to dig, research, in order to find a thing; to investigate in order to find new information

e.g. she delved in the pocket for the penny.

我们需要更深入挖掘,找出金融危机的根源。

We need to delve more deeply to find the causes of the financial crisis.

在恋爱中,过多地深究彼此的过去并非明智之举。

In the relationships, it is unwise to delve too deeply into each other’s past.

What are the rhetorical devices used in the last sentence of Para.3?

---simile, allusion

Allusion---

e.g. 1. English is his Achilles heel.

It means that English is his weak point – and probably a fatal weak point.

Achilles heel refers to Achilles’ heel. Achilles is the hero in Greek mythology. Achilles’ mother, in order to make his son immortal, washes him in a magic river. But unfortunately, she forgets to wash his heel by which she holds. His heel becomes his weak spot. And Achilles eventually died of a wound after being hit by an arrow on that very heel.

An Apple of Discord争斗之源;不和之因;祸根

e.g. The dispute about inheriting estate formed an apple of discord between them.

An apple of discord are references to the Golden Apple of Discord which, according to Greek mythology, the goddess Eris was not invited to attend the wedding of Peleus and Thetis, she was annoyed and carried a Golden apple with the words "to the fairest" on it to the wedding. This apple aroused a severe dispute among Hera, Athena and Aphrodite that eventually led to the Trojan War.

Thus, "apple of discord" became a euphemism for the core, kernel, or crux of an argument, or for a small matter that could lead to a bigger dispute.

apple of one's eye 掌上明珠

ants and grasshoppers 勤勞與懶惰的人

Bell the cat 不可能的任務

catch 22 進退維谷

Cinderella Complex 灰姑娘情結-->不切實際的幻想

David and Goliath = David and Jonathan 管鮑之交

Electra Complex 戀父情結

Helen of Troy 絕世美女

14.What is the function of paragraph 4?

It may be used as a transitional paragraph. An example was given here, but in

order to arouse the reader’s curiosity the writer didn't mention the topic until

the next paragraph.

15.It was on such an occasion…as the conversation moved desultorily here and there,

from the most commonplace to thoughts of Jupiter,…that suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place.

●Sentence structure:

It was…that…---(an emphatic pattern)

as…with no need for one,---an appositive clause

●Desultorily adv.

--- (fml./ literary) aimlessly, at random, without a clear plan or purpose.

漫无目的地

Desultory adj.

a ~~ conversation 漫谈,漫话(on the history)

a ~ walk 漫步

●alchemy n.

--- a type of chemistry, esp. from about 1100 to 1500, which dealt with trying to find a way to change ordinary metals into gold and with trying to find a medicine which would cure any disease. 炼丹术,炼金术

---a literary and figurative use, meaning the power to do sth. so well that it seems mysterious and magical; a magic

魔力

e.g. She has managed, by some extraordinary ~~, to turn an unhappy family into a happy one almost overnight.

她用了什么神奇的魔力,几乎在一夜之间使一个悲伤的家庭变成了一个快乐的家庭。

---figure of speech

Matophor

●paraphrase---

The conversation rambled(漫步)along aimlessly without a focal subject. They talked about the most common things and also made some remarks about the planet Jupiter.

Then suddenly a magical transformation took place and there was a focal subject to talk about.

Para. 5

---short transition paragraph, introducing the focal subject of the conversation—the King’s Engli sh,

16.what is “the King’s English”?

---is generally regarded by most people as referring to standard or correct English, i.e. good English which everyone should try to imitate.

17. How about the remarks about “the King’s English” given in the text?

---term of criticism, now the speaker says that someone tells her this term refers to English that should not be used . Instead of praising, the term is now criticizing.

18.The glow… into flames:

What is the figure of speech?

---metaphor.

Conversation is being compared to a fire.

---meaning: the conversation became spirited(有生气的)and exciting.

闲谈的氛围立刻就热烈沸腾起来。

19.Understand ―that would settle it‖?

By looking up reference books one could settle the right or wrong of the argument. The reference books would prove or refute the allegation陈词,说法of the speaker that the King’s English is a term of criticism.

20. Translate “There were affirmations and protests and denials, and of course the promise, made in all such conversation, that we would look it up on the morning.‖

有的人表示赞同,有的人极力反驳,有的干脆彻底否定。当然,如同处理其他谈话中的分歧的方法一样,我们约好第二天早晨去核查对错。

如何处理抽象词的英译汉《英汉对比研究》连淑能著

*用动词取代名词:

These problems defy easy classification.

这些问题难以归类。

*用范畴词使抽象概念具体化。

He discussed greatness and excellence.

他探讨了伟大和杰出的涵义。

*用具体词阐释抽象的词义。

On March 1, Nixon internationalized his approach to China.

三月一日,尼克松把他对中国问题的看法扩大到国际范围里了。

*用形象性词语使抽象意义具体化

He was open now to charges of willful blindness. 这时人们指责他装聋作哑。

ardent loyalty 赤胆忠心

perfect harmony 水乳交融

offend public decency 伤风败俗

21.Why do people say Australians are the descendants of convicts?

---see note 6.

22. We had traveled in five minutes to Australia.

Figure of speech?

--- Metaphor.

Though we were in an English pub, we were soon talking about Australia and the Australians

23.para.8

People turn away from the topic of Australian to talk about the history of English.

The digression from the original topic shows the feature of conversation---it goes on without focus.

24.Look at the language barrier between the Saxon churls and their Norman conquerors.

●Saxon churls---see note 7

●What do you know about the history of English language and the Norman

Conquest?

What influence did the Norman Conquest have on the English language?

上网搜?

The History of Britain

?The native people in Britain Celts

--- Celt (language)

?Roman Conquest 43 AD, ruled for 400 years

---Latin (language)

?In 449 Angles, Saxon, and Jutes from Northwest of Germany, conquered

the most part of England

---English --- old English

?9th century, Scandinavian conquest

---Danish (language)

?11th century Norman Conquest for 400 years

---French (language)

?British people conquered the conquest again.

---English won its recognition.

Periods of English Development

●The Old English period (7th ---11th centuries)

a combination of the native Celtic language and the language of Jutes,

Anglo and Saxons from Northern Europe

●The Middle English period ( 11th ---15th centuries) a combination of

French and English after the Norman Conquest

●The modern English period( 15th century---present)

Can you give ten loan words?

●What is the language barrier mentioned here?

----the Norman rulers, king and nobles, spoke French at court and the conquered Saxon peasants spoke English and refused to learn the French of their masters, hence they had difficulty communicating with each other.

25.Paraphrase “the conversation was on wings”?

---The conversation soon became spirited and exciting.

●Figure of speech?

---metaphor, comparing conversation to a bird flying and soaring.

闲聊依然进行的如火如荼。

26.Worth the reconsidering:

same as ―worth reconsidering‖

The definite article ―the‖ gives a greater noun force to the gerund ―reconsidering‖.

Some grammarians call such gerunds ―verbal nouns‖.

27.Paraphrase “It is a pig in its sty; it is pork on the table”.

---when the animal is still alive in its sty, it is called a “pig”. But when it is killed and its meat served as a dish on the table it is called “pork”. “pig” is an Anglo-Saxon word while “pork”

comes from the French word “porc”.

28.Even if our menus were not written in French out of snobbery, the English…

●Snobbery n.

a. the attitude of admiring the higher social class of society, and despising people of

a lower social class.

b. the attitude of believing that his own special tastes, interests and abilities are superior to

those of other people. 清高,高雅

●Out of snobbery

---because of snobbery.

because in the Western countries people consider French food to be the best.

In English restaurants, esp. in high-class restaurants, the names of the dishes on the menus are quite often in French.

●paraphrase

---But even if they wrote their menus in English, they would have to use many words, such as pork, beef, veal, poultry etc derived from French and which were first introduced into England by the Norman rulers.

29.scamper v.

---(children, animals) run with small quick steps, playfully or in fear

~~+adv./prep.

e.g. The children scampered off into the garden.

疾奔出去

The mouse scampered down its hole as soon as it saw me.

惊惶溜进

30. turn up one's nose at

a trite expression (informal)

---refuse sth, or show contempt for / ignore / score sth. because of considering sth.

not good enough

e.g. I wish my child wouldn't turn up his nose at vegetables.

My friend turns up his nose at anyone who hasn't had a college education.

●Look down the nose at

●Keep your nose clean ---avoid doing sth. wrong or illegal

●Stick your nose into ---try to discover things which are not really related to you

●Keep your nose out of ---not become involved into sth. that does not concern you

●Here---

The Norman rulers scorned the cheap rabbit meat. It would lower their social position it they ate the cheap rabbit meat eaten by the poor Saxon peasants.

31. As we listen today to the arguments about bilingual education, we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant.

●bilingual education

---using two languages in teaching, e.g., using English and Chinese to teach Chinese students English.

---Since there are now two or three million Americans, the descendents of Latin American, whose language is Spanish, so, bilingual education, usually English and Spanish, has become a recent movement.

Under this plan, students whose first language is not English receive instruction in their mother tongue language as well as English, so as not to deprive them of equal educational opportunity

This proposal has caused a great deal of controversy in the US.

●into the shoes

--- ―to be (stand) in another’s shoes‖ (idiom)

meaning "to be in another’s position (situation)‖

处于某人的位置(处境)

e.g. I'm glad I'm not in his shoe just now.

如果我是你的话,我想我会狠狠地揍他一顿。

If I were in your shoes, I think I’d give him a good beat.

---here, think as if one were wearing the shoes of the Saxon peasant, i.e. as if one were a Saxon peasant.

身临其境地去想想当时的撒克逊人民。

32. Paraphrase “there must have been a great deal of cultural humiliation felt by…”

---The English must have felt greatly humiliated when they were forced to listen to and use a foreign language and to accept a foreign language. So they took up arms against this cultural humiliation. The leader is Hereward the Wake.

●Hereward the Wake

---see note 10

上网搜

●What is the writer’s attitude towards bilingual education?

Positive, negative or indifferent?

---positive.

Today, by the bilingual education, we no longer suffer from the cultural barrier and cultural humiliation like Saxon leaders.

33. we are still the heirs to it.

--- "it" is not clear

a. French influence on the English language.

the English we speak and write in America today also shows the French influence of that time.

b. The problem of having two languages existing side by side.(English and

Spanish)

In America today we are facing the same problem that existed in England 900 years ago.

34. the history of the phrase ―the king’s English‖

--- 1953, Nash‖Strange News of the Intercepting Certain Letters‖

(the first use)

---1602, Dekker ―thou clipst the King's English‖

---Shakespeare, in ―the Merry Wives of Windsor‖

(prove it was the general use of that time)

35. When Mistress Quickly… in a rage:

●Mistress Quickly is a character in Shakespeare’s play The merry wives of Windsor.

Mistress Quickly is the servant to a French Doctor Caius

●The merry wives of Windsor

上网?

36. here will be an old abusing of God’s patience and the King’s English

●Old: great, plentiful

●God’s patience?

---God is more patient than any human being. But he will even try God's patience.

No matter how patient you are, you won't be able to bear him.

●Paraphrase

---There will be a great trying of one's patience and plentiful misuse of the King's English.

37. After five centuries of growth, of tussling with the French of the Normans and the Angevins and the Plantagenets and at last absorbing it, the conquered in the end conquering the conqueror.

●five centuries

---The Normans, under William I, conquered England in 1066 and the Merry Wives of Windsor was probably written in 1599 – a time span of roughly 500 years between the two events.

●Angevins and Plantagenets:

---names of ruling Norman dynasties in England (1154-1399).

●Tussle v.

---to argue, fight, struggle, contend, etc, vigorously

e.g. the boys started to tussle in the corridor.

男孩们开始在走廊里扭打起来。

●―the conquered in the end conquering the conqueror‖

---Should be changed into ―the conquered in the end conquered the conqueror‖

●Paraphrase

---After 500 years of development, after struggling and contending with the French elements, English survived and became once more the universal language of England.

38. English had come royally into its own.

●Come into one’s own (phr.)

---start to perform very well because the circumstances are right得以充分发挥

e.g. 停电时,蜡烛的价值就体现出来了。

When power is off, candle comes into its own.

●paraphrase

---English earned proper recognition and was used by the king.

―the king’s English‖ becomes appropriate.

39. Explain ―The King's English was no longer...racial discrimination‖

---the use of ―the king’s English‖ was no longer a form of racial discrimination.

The use of English was no longer restricted to a certain race or class. Now English is used both by the King and common people in England.

40. pejorative adj.

---(of a word, speech, etc.) disapproving or suggesting that sth. is not good or is of no importance 贬义的,贬损的

---derogatory

e.g. 他的说法对同事很有损毁之意。

His statements were very pejorative/derogatory towards his colleagues.

41. facetious adj.

---unsuitably humors and jokey 不分场合乱开玩笑,没正经

e.g. 我对那个没正经的男孩很生气。

I became angry with that facetious boy.

42. Paraphrase ―The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there‖.

---there still exists in the working people, as in the early Saxon peasants, a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class.

43. There is always a great danger that ―Words will harden into things for us.‖

---There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent.

For example, the word “dog” is a symbol representing a kind of animal. We mustn’t regard the word “dog” as being the animal itself.

44. words are not themselves a reality, but only representations of it

---C.K.Ogden & I.A.Richards,1923. The Meaning of Meaning《意义的意义》Semantic Triangle, Semiotic Triangle, Triangle of Significance

(2)Thought or Reference (概念)

(3)Symbol(符号形式)(1 )Referent(所指对象)

a) meaning and form are directly linked with a full line. So, meaning is conveyed though forms, forms are the carriers of meanings

b) meaning and reality are directly linked with a full line, since, meaning is the generalization of real world entities, a reflection of reality in our brain.

c) no necessary connection between form and referent are , linked by a dotted line. Therefore, we use different forms to express the same reality.

语言形式是通过意义才能与客观外界的所指对象发生联系,因而,语义就是语言表意符号和客观外界的所指之间的关系。

45. Perhaps it is worth trying to speak it, but it should not be laid down as an edict, and made immune to change from below.

●Edict n. (formal)

---an official order, esp. one which is given in a forceful and unfair way

●lay down an edict

--- to issue an order or decree (by an official authority)

●immune to sth.

--- be not affected by it.

●paraphrase

---People should not be ordered to speak the King’s English and they should be allowed to introduce changes into the language.

46. I have an unending love affair with dictionaries

●figure of speech?

---metaphor, comparing his eager interest in dictionaries to having a love affair.

●Meaning

---I have always had an intense and eager interest in dictionaries.

47. the King’s English slips and slides in conversation.

---metaphor,

―to slide on a slippery surface, to lose footing,‖--- ―to make a mistake, fall into error‖

---paraphrase

The English one uses is no longer absolutely correct. Even the most educated and literate people do not use standard, formal English all the time in their conversation. They sometimes may use non-standard, informal, colloquial English in their conversation.

48. Foster ---English author

?one of the most important British novelists of the 20th century

?famous works

---NEW YEAR LETTER 1941 新年来信

---FOR THE TIME BEING, A CHRISTMAS ORATORIO 1945 暂时

---FOR AGE OF ANXIETY 1947 Pulitzer Prize 忧虑的年代

49. the sinister corridor of our age –

●metaphor

the road we travel --- compared to a corridor in our age

?meaning

---people are traveling along a sinister road doing all kinds of evil things.

?Foster's metaphor refers to the ugly and frightening world of the 20th century which

has indeed been a sinister corridor for mankind to walk down, fraught (worried) as it has been with danger on every side

50. We sit up at the vividness of the phrase, the force and even terror in the image.

●sit up (phr.) (informal)

----to show interest or surprise, to pay sudden attention to…

e.g. 她要结婚的消息确实使他很惊讶。

He truly sat up at the news that she was getting married.

●Paraphrase

----we become suddenly alert and interested because the phrase is so vivid and the image created by the metaphor in one’s mind is so powerful and even frightening.

51. Other people may celebrate the lofty conversation in which great minds …the great

salons of 18th century…

●Celebrate v.

---praise and honor, express admiration for

e.g. she was celebrated as one of the finest dancers of her generation.

她被称赞为这一代人中最优秀的舞蹈家之一。

●great minds

--- synecdoche, people with great minds, distinguished eminent people

●salon

---A salon is a drawing room or large room for entertaining guests. In 18th century France, such salons of the rich were often gathering places for persons of social and intellectual distinction. In such meetings conversations are supposed to be witty and learned.

a beauty salon

literary salon

● c.f. saloon

52.otherwise, one will bind the conversation, one will not let it flow freely here and there.

●Figure of speech?

---metaphor.

Looking up the dictionary in the middle of conversation, will like a rope or bind, tie up the conversation.

53.we would never have gone to Australia, or leaped back in time to the Norman Conquest.

●figure of speech?

---metaphor

―T alking about Australians and the language used in the Norman Conquest

period‖----―going to Australia and the period of Norman Conquest‖

●praphrase

---we would never have talked about Australia nor about the language barrier that existed in England after the Norman Conquest.

54. Language features

?conversational style

●loosely organized

1. the misleading title

--- The writer talks about the charm of conversation by illustrations

―How to Make Good Conversation‖

―The Charm of Conversation‖

2. the thesis

---We have two theses here

a) Conversation is the most ....

b) Bar conversation has a charm of ... (the real one)

3. the transition or digression

--- shift general discourse to specific one

●informal language

1. colloquial expressions,

2. sentence fragments

to suit the theme

?two different kinds of language are mixed used

a) colloquial expressions

b) historical / literary allusions

55. The Characteristics of Spoken English

?On the syntactic level

Sentences are short and the structure is simple.

1. more coordinative rather than subordinate clauses, ―and, but‖

2. more declarative sentences than interrogative and imperative sentences

3. more often active voice, seldom use passive voice

4. often use present and past tenses

●On the lexical level (lexis)

lexis is short, simple and easy to understand , plainly colloquial, emotional, exaggerative

1. the use of basic verbs, seldom use different words to describe the same thing or the same action.

2. a great deal of informal words, slang words and taboo, vogue words 时髦词

3.the use of emotional words and exaggerative words

4.the use of vague terms 模糊词语

---kind of, sort of, things like that, like anything, for anything, somehow , somewhat

5. the use of abbreviation or abbreviated verb forms

dorm = dormitory

lab = laboratory

flu = influenza

ad = advertisement

6. conversational gambits 套话

Excuse me, but...

Sorry, but..

In my opinion

●On the phonological level

1. an obvious feature in conversation is abbreviated verb forms and negative forms

I'm he's she'd wouldn't

2. use of stress, intonation pause

56. Rhetorical Devices

● 1. No one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just

glows.

● 2. They got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern.

● 3. They are like the musketeers of Dumas who, although they lived side by side with

each other, did not delve into each other’s…

● 4. Suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place

● 5. The glow of the conversation burst into flames.

● 6. We ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant.

●7. The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied, and

floated to the ends of the earth.

●8. I have an unending love affair with dictionaries.

●9. Otherwise one will bind the conversation, one will not let it flow freely here and

there.

●10. We would never have gone to Australia, or leaped back in time to the Norman

Conquest.

●11. …the great minds are supposed to have indulged in the great salons of 18th

century Pairs,…

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标题: 字体:宋体小四加粗; 标题行前缩进2个字符,即留两个汉字的空格; 内容: 字体:宋体小四 首行缩进2字符,即每段首行留两个汉字的空格 行间距为 注师签名档 签名档与审计报告正文最后一行之间以小四字号行间距空三行; 签名档第一部分 “北京兴华”与“中国注册会计师”之间空24格;“中国注册会计师:”之后的10个字符加下划线,下划线线上部分为注册会计师亲笔签名区域(正式打印纸版报告前,请清除灰色提示语“亲笔签名”、保留下划线,以便注师在指定签名区域亲笔签名),下划线线下部分为打印版的注师姓名(正式打印纸版报告前,请打印签字注师实名替换提示语“打印姓名”); “会计师事务所有限责任公司”行与上一行行间距;打印版的注师姓名需在上一行下划线的正下方居中。 注师章加盖在下划线的正右方,下划线居于注师章二分之一处;正式打印纸版报告前,请删除文中灰色框线中提示语。 签字档第二部分 “中国·北京”行与“会计师事务所有限责任公司”行之间以小四字号、行间距空3行。“中国注册会计师”与上一栏的“中国注册会计师”对齐;打印版的注师姓名与上一位打印版注师签名对齐;“中国·北京”两字之间小黑点加粗; 报告日期:二〇一四年、大写; 其他设置参照签名档第一部分 字体:宋体(正文)小四 注师亲笔签名时,请勿使用草体。 事务所公章应压盖在事务所名称处,端正、居中。 页眉、页脚: 页眉顶端距离:厘米;页脚底端距离:厘米 页码 显示在页脚 字体:汉字使用宋体(正文)小五;数字使用Time New Roman小五 格式:采用“第X页,共XXX页”模式;请结合财务报表附注,核实审计报告总页数,手动修改总页数值; 居中 页面设置:页边距:上、下:厘米;左、右:厘米; 审计报告中蓝色高亮部分请结合需出具报告的实际情况进行修改。 财务报表附注 标题部分:第一行为被审计公司全称;第二行为“2013财务报表附注”;第三行为“(金额单位:人民币)”。行间距为;居中;前两行中文字体为宋体(中文标题)三号加粗、数字使用Times New Roman 三号加粗;第三行“(金额单位:人民币)”宋体五号; 字体及字号:

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行间距一般设置为固定值26磅。 5、边界的设置(纸型为A4) 上:厘米 下:厘米 左:厘米 右:厘米 装订线:0厘米 页眉:厘米 页脚:厘米 6、页码的设置 正式文字材料“页码对齐”方式一般设为“外侧”,数字设成小四号Times New Roman体,数字前后各有半个破折号“—”,“—”与数字之间各空半格,设成“— 4 —”。 样式附后: 大标题:宋体二号,加粗,居中(上空一行) 副标题,楷体三号,不加粗,居中(上空一行) 姓名,楷体三号,不加粗,居中(上空一行) 一、第一层次标题用黑体(四号,不加粗,上空两行)

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料有统一编号时,主标题与编号之间空两行,行距为固定值18磅)。 (2)副标题:居中,三号方正楷体。 (3)姓名(单位)及年月日,均置于副标题下方,居中,三号方正楷体 3、正文:与时间落款之间空一行,三号方正仿宋简体,两端对齐,首行缩进2字符(讲话稿、报告稿等材料的抬头句除外)。 (4)正文小标题:居中,上下各空0.5行,三号方正小标宋简体,句末不加标点符号。材料是否设置正文小标题,应视情况具体确定。如设置,可标注序号(如“一、XXXX 二、XXXX 三、XXXX”),也可不标注序号(如“XXXX XXXX XXXX”)。 (5)正文一级标题:两端对齐,首行缩进2字符,三号方正黑体简体。一般情况下,材料都应设置正文一级标题。具体工作中,一级标题可以独立成段,也可以不独立成段。独立成段时,句末不使用标点符号,但应标注序号(如“一、XXXX 二、XXXX 三、XXXX”)。注意:由两个单句构成的一级标题,句中应加标点符号。 (6)正文二级标题:两端对齐,首行缩进2字符,三号方正楷体简体,加粗。材料是否设置正文二级标题,应视情况具体确定。设置二级标题时,通常不独立成段,但应标注序号,且在句末标注句号。如“(一)XXXX。(二)XXXX。(三)XXXX。”;或“一是XXXX。二是XXXX。三是XXXX。”

文字材料规范格式

文字材料规范格式 为进一步规范材料格式,提高材料质量,参照国家机关公文处理的有关规定,精选了部分常用的格式,现将全区教育系统书面材料有关要求统一如下: 一、用国际标准A4纸,标题使用二号小标宋,署名三号楷体,正文用3号仿宋,行间距为28磅左右(正规为每页排22行,每行排28个字)。 二、正文中的结构层次序数是:第一层为“一、”,第二层为“(一)”,第三层为“1.”,第四层为“(1)”,第五层为①。要注意不要把“1.”的小圆点写了顿号。在正文层次不多的情况下,第一层用“一、”,第二层可用“1.”,但不能用“(1)”。 三、正文只有一级小标题的,小标题用黑体;有两级小标题的,第一级用黑体,第二级用楷体,第三、四级用仿宋体。 四、独立成段的小标题,末尾无标点符号;小标题之后接着排印正文的,末尾有句号,采用与正文一致的仿宋体。 五、正文标题居中,其他每段段首行均空两格。 六、用汉字标注将年、月、日时,“零”写为“○”,成文日期可从插入日期中查找,落款、成文日期在正文之下一般空4行、右空4个字(根据页面情况落款日期不能单独成页)。落款日期格式:2013年10月22日 七、连续的书名号和引号中间不加标点符号。 八、公文页码一般用4号半角宋体阿拉伯数字,编排在公文版心下边缘,数字左右各放一条“一”字线(符号中的长一字线);“一”字线上距版心下边缘7 mm。单页码居右空一字,双页码居左空一字。

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机关行文格式

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文字材料规范格式要点

文字材料规范格式要点 为统一、规范公司各类文字材料格式,提高页面排版质量,参照国家机关公文处理的有关规定,现对文字材料(包括各类书面上报、汇报材料,协同办公系统各类通知、通报等)的格式规范如下: 一、文字材料(电子版和书面)的格式 文字材料的主要要素一般包括:标题、正文、行文机构(即材料编写部门或单位)、行文日期、附件。 (一)封面 如果文字材料有封面,则封面标题用二号黑体(或宋体加粗)居中(字数过多可用2行或更多);单位、姓名用三号楷体_GB2312;一般不要出现时间。 (二)标题 标题应当准确、简要地概括文字材料的主要内容,居于正文上端中央,用二号华文中宋体或加粗宋体字,标题与正文之间间隔使用“段后间距”适当调整,不可以空行调整或不调整。如果有主副两个标题,主标题用二号华文中宋体或加粗宋体字,可分一行或多行居中排布;回行时,要做到词意完整,排列对称,间距恰当;副标题用三号楷体_GB2312,居中排列,主标题和副标题之间用三号字的单倍距,副标题与正文之间间隔使用“段后间距”适当调整,不可以空行调整

或不调整。 (三)正文 正文是文字材料的主体,叙述文字材料的具体内容。正文内容要求简明扼要,条理清楚,实事求是,合乎文法。每个自然段左空2字,回行顶格。数字、年份不能回行。 1.层次序号要求。文中的结构层次序号为:第一层用“一、”,第二层用“(一)”,第三层用“1.”(不能写成“1、”),第四层用“(1)”,第五层用“①”。在正文层次不多的情况下,第一层用“一、”,第二层可用“1.”。层次序号必须为输入格式,不可使用自动生成格式。 2.小标题要求。如果文中有独立成段的小标题,独立成段的小标题末尾无标点符号;如果小标题之后接着排印正文的,末尾有句号,采用与正文一致的仿宋_GB2312字体。连续的书名号或引号中间不加标点符号。 3.字体要求。正文中只能用仿宋_GB2312、黑体、楷体_GB2312等字体,均用三号字,不能加粗。正文中只有一级小标题的,用黑体字;有两级小标题的,第一级用黑体字,第二级用楷体_GB2312字;有多级小标题的,第一级用黑体字,第二级用楷体_GB2312字,第三级及以下全用仿宋_GB2312。除小标题之外的正文文字用仿宋_GB2312。 4.行间距要求。正文行间距为单倍距或29磅(正规为每页排22行,每行排28个字)页面设置:上下各为2.54cm,

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