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魔法英语高中语法第五章动词不定式(一)

魔法英语高中语法第五章动词不定式(一)
魔法英语高中语法第五章动词不定式(一)

第五章动词不定式(一)

动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式,在句中不能单独作谓语。动词不定式具有动词的性质,它可以有自己的宾语和状语,从而构成动词不定式短语。它还可以有形式的变化,即一般式、进行式、完成式和被动式。同时,动词不定式也具有非动词的性质,相当于一个名词、形容词或副词,可以在句中担任主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。

一、动词不定式的特征和种类

动词不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成,在某些情况下to也可省略。

A.不定式的一般式

不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生,或是在它之后发生。

He appears to be very happy. 他看起来好像很高兴。(同时发生)

To catch the train, we'd better hurry to the station by taxi. 为了赶上火车,我们最好赶紧乘出租车去车站。(to catch the train发生在hurry to the station之后)

B.不定式的进行式

不定式的进行式表示正在进行的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。

It happened to be raining when I got there. 我到达那里的时候,天碰巧在下雨。

I'm glad to be traveling with you. 我很高兴和你一起旅游。

C.不定式的完成式

不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。

I'm sorry to have lost your key. 我很抱歉把你的钥匙弄丢了。

I meant to have finished my work last night, but I didn't feel very well. 我本来想昨晚完成工作的,但是我感觉身体不舒服。

It has been an honor for me to have been invited to your country. 对我来说,被邀请来你们国家是一件很荣幸的事情。

D.不定式的完成进行式

不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语之前发生并且一直进行着。

He was said to have been living in London for twenty years. 据说他在伦敦一直住了20年。I'm sorry to have been interrupting you. 很抱歉,我一直打扰你。

比较:

不定式的时态意义。

He is said to be studying abroad. 据说他正在国外读书。(不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行)

He is said to have studied abroad. 据说他在国外学习过。(不定式的完成式表示动作已经结束)

E.不定式的被动形式

当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后关系,有一般式和完成时两种。

1.一般式to be done

These are the books to be given out to the students. 这些是要发给学生的书。

He asked to be sent to the place where he was most needed. 他要求被派往最需要他的地方。2.完成式to have been done

The novel is said to have been translated into many languages. 据说这部小说已被译成多种语言。

He appeared to have been questioned for many times. 看起来他已经被询问过很多次了。

F. 不定式的否定形式

不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式构成。

We decided not to go out because of the bad weather. 由于天气不好,我们决定不出去。Never to have made any mistake is impossible. 从不犯错是不可能的。

注意:谓语动词的否定和不定式的否定不同的意义

I did not promise to wake him up. 我没有答应叫醒他。

I promised not to wake him up. 我答应了不叫醒他。

二、动词不定式的用法

动词不定式除了不能单独作谓语外,几乎能担任句子中所有的句子成分。

A.动词不定式作主语

不定式具有名词的特征,可在句子中充当主语。

1.不定式短语在句首作主语

To know oneself is difficult. 人贵有自知之明。

To say is one thing and to do is another. 说是一回事,做又是另一回事。

To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get. 爱与被爱是一个人能获得的最大幸福。

2.用it作形式主语

在很多情况下,人们通常用it作为形式上的主语,而把不定式移到谓语之后,使句子结构显得平稳一些。

It's rude to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer. 背对着老师,拒绝回答问题是不礼貌的。

It is impossible to learn a foreign language without making painstaking effort. 想不下苦功就能学会外语是不可能的。

It seemed a pity to have wasted so much time. 浪费了这么多时间,真是遗憾。

注意:

当主语和表语都是不定式时,不能用形式主语代替动词不定式。

To respect others is to be respected. 尊重别人就是尊重自己。

To become a slave is to give up one's freedom. 做奴隶就等于放弃自由。

B.动词不定式作表语

不定式作表语可以说明主语的具体内容或表示目的。

His wish is to become an astronaut. 他的愿望是成为一名宇航员。

What he hoped was to be admitted into the university. 他希望能被大学录取。

To live is to do something worthwhile. 活着就是要做一些有价值的事情。

注意:

有些作表语的不定式,在结构上是主动的,但在意义上却是被动的。

She is to blame. 她应该受到责备。

The house is to let. 此房出租。

The result is not long to see. 结果不久就会看到。

C.动词不定式作宾语

不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语,也可以充当but和except等介词的宾语以及形容词的宾语。

1.作动词的宾语

①不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语。

Father likes to listen to music in silence. 父亲喜欢静静地听音乐。

He prefers to be starved to death rather than beg. 他宁愿饿死也不愿乞讨。

I never thought to meet you here. 我没想到在这里遇见你。

必背:

可接不定式作宾语的动词有:

afford负担得起

agree 同意

aim以……为目标

ask 要求

attempt 尝试

begin 开始

care喜爱

choose决定

continue 继续

decide 决定

desire 要求

determine决心

expect 期待

fail不能

forget 忘记

hate不愿

hope 希望

ntend 打算

manage设法

mean 打算

offer表示愿意

plan 计划

prefer 宁愿

pretend 假装

promise 答应

refuse 拒绝

remember记起

try努力

want 想要

wish希望

②在feel, find, make, think, consider等动词后,如果宾语带有宾语补足语时,人们常常用it作形式宾语,而把真实宾语放在宾语补足语之后。

I found it possible to work out the problem without a computer. 我发现有可能不用计算机而解出这道题目。

She made it a rule to get up at five. 她养成了五点起床的习惯。

I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students. 我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。

③在表示“希望、打算”等动词(如hope, expect, intend, mean, want等)的过去式后,可接动词不定式的完成式来表示没有实现的动作。

I intended to have called on you, but was prevented from doing so. 我原想来拜访你的,但没

来成。

I expected to have met him here last night. 我以为昨天晚上能在这里见到他。(但没做到)We meant to have stayed there a week. 我们原打算在那儿呆一个星期的。

I wanted to have dropped her a line, but forgot to do so. 我原想写一封信给她,但忘记了。提示:

表示“原打算、原以为”还可以用这类动词的过去完成时来表达。

I had intended to call on you. 我原想来拜访你的。

I had expected to meet him here last night. 我原以为昨天晚上能在这里见到他的。

We had meant to stay there a week. 我们原打算在那儿呆一个星期的。

2.作介词的宾语

不定式可以作介词but和except的宾语。

The teacher made no comments except to tell him to work hard. 老师除了叫他努力学习外,未做任何评价。

He had no choice but to sit there as usual. 他没有什么选择,只好像往常一样坐在那儿。There is nothing we can do but wait patiently. 我们只能耐心等待。

3.作形容词的宾语

不定式作形容词的宾语有两种句型,一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语,另一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。

①句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语。这类形容词有able, afraid, angry, anxious, careful, clever, content, cruel, determined, disappointed, eager, foolish, fortunate, frightened, happy, impatient, glad, lucky, naughty, prepared, proud, ready, slow, shocked, sorry, surprised, willing等。

I am sorry to say that he is going from bad to worse. 很遗憾,他的情况每况愈下

She was not content to live a quiet life in a small town. 她不满足在一个小镇里过默默无闻的生活。

John was happy to be given the job. 约翰得到这份工作很高兴。

②句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。这类形容词有easy, hard, cheap, expensive, dangerous, difficult, funny, fit, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, simple, strange, useful等。

This problem is easy to solve. 这个问题很容易解决。

The water is not fit to drink. 这水不适于饮用。

She is hard to get along with. 她这个人很难相处。

注意:在这种结构中,如果不定式是不及物动词,则必须加上结构或含义所需的介词。The river is dangerous to swim in. 在这条河里游泳很危险。

A spring mattress is comfortable to sleep on. 席梦思床垫睡上去很舒服。

D.动词不定式作宾语补足语

不定式可以在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补足语。在这一句型中,宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。

1.在表示感觉的动词后作宾语补足语,并且不定式都不带to。这类动词有:see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to等。

I heard them sing yesterday. 昨天我听见他们唱歌了。

Did you see him go out? 你看见他出去了吗?

I felt something crawl up my leg. 我感到有什么东西爬到我腿上了。

注意:转为被动语态时,原不带to的不定式要变成带to的不定式。notice和watch没有被动语态。

We saw the car stop.

--> The car was seen to stop. 我们看见这辆车停了下来。

2.在使役动词后作宾语补足语,不定式不带to。

这类动词有:make, let, have等。转为被动语态时,其后通常都用带to的不定式(have没有被动语态)。

有些动词跟不定式作宾语补足语时省去了to,这些动词有:

一感二听三让四观看。

一感:feel 二听:hear,listen to 三让:let,have,make 四观看:observe,see,watch.,look at What would you have me do? 你要我做什么?

She made him give up smoking. 她让他戒了烟。

Let him do whatever he wishes to do. 他想干什么就让他干吧。

Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 虽然经常是他弄哭小妹妹,但今天他却被小妹妹弄哭了。

3.在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有:consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。这类动词后的不定式通常是“to be+形容词或名词”结构,think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。

We consider him (to be) a good teacher. 我们认为他是一个好老师。

He proved that theory (to be) very important. 他证明那个理论是很重要的。

I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her. 我第一次见到她的时候就认为她人很好,很诚实。

4.在表示情感状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有:love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等。

I'd prefer you to leave him alone. 我希望你不要打扰他。

I don't want there to be any trouble. 我不想有任何麻烦。

5.动词advise, allow, ask, beg, command, tell, invite, force, oblige, get, help, encourage, persuade, permit, remind, request, order, warn, cause等后面,多接不定式短语作宾语补足语。We don't allow such things to happen again. 我们不容许这种事情再发生。

Most of the parents agree to forbid their children to smoke. 大多数父母都同意禁止自己的孩子抽烟。

She asked me to answer the phone in her absence. 她请我在她不在的时候接电话。

Please remind me to leave her this note. 请提醒我留给她这张纸条。

She requested him to go with her. 她邀请他一同去。

注意:hope, demand, suggest等动词后面不能接不定式作宾语补足语。

【误】I hope you to give me a hand.

【正】I hope you can give me a hand. 我希望你能帮我一把。

【正】I wish you to give me a hand. 我希望你能帮我一把。

【误】He demanded me to be present at the meeting.

【正】He demanded that we should be present at the meeting. 他要求我们出席会议。【正】He required us to be present at the meeting. 他要求我们出席会议。

【误】Mr Li suggested her not to go there alone.

【正】Mr Li suggested that she should not go there alone. 李先生建议她不要独自去那里。6.动词不定式也可作一些短语动词的宾语补足语。

I'm waiting for James to arrive. 我正等着詹姆斯的到来。

He's arranged for a car to pick them up at the station. 他已安排了一辆汽车去车站接他们。The UN has called on both sides to observe the ceasefire. 联合国号召交战双方遵守停火协

定。

必背:

这些带介词的短语动词有:

call on 号召

arrange for 安排

ong for 盼望

wait for 等待

depend on 依靠

rely on 指望

E.动词不定式作定语

不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词或代词之后,和被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系和修饰关系。

1.主谓关系

The future to greet us will be bright. 我们的未来会十分美好的。

He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave. 他总是第一个来最后一个离开。

The next train to arrive was from New Y ork. 下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。

2.动宾关系

On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write. 星期天,他总是有许多信要写

The teacher left us a lot of problems to solve. 老师给我们留了许多道题要解答。

He can find no one to make friends with. 他找不到可交朋友的人。

注意:由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系,因此,如果该不定式是不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。

She has a child to take care of. 她有一个孩子要照看。

There is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担心的。

He has no friend to depend on. 他没有可依靠的朋友。

I've got a lot of things to see to this morning. 今天上午我有许多事情要处理。

3.同位关系

He broke his promise to write to his parents regularly. 他没有遵守诺言定期给他父母亲写信。We students should have the courage to face any difficulty. 我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。

I have no wish to quarrel with you. 我不想和你吵架。

4.修饰关系

Now it is time to begin our class. 现在是上课的时间了。

I need somewhere to take a nap. 我需要一个地方打个盹。

Is that the way to open the can? 那就是打开罐头的方法吗?

F.动词不定式作状语

不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。

1.表示目的

I'm saving up to buy a computer. 我在存钱买电脑。

To save the child, he laid down his life. 为了救那个孩子,他献出了生命。

注意:有时为了强调或突出这种目的,也可以用in order (not) to do,和so as (not) to do结构(so as to do不可以置于句首)。

He shouted and waved in order to be noticed. 为了吸引注意,他又嚷嚷又挥手。

I'll write down his telephone number so as not to forget it. 我要把他的电话号码记下来,以防忘记。

2.表示结果

He got to the station only to find the train had gone. 他赶到车站,发现火车已经开走了。What have I said to make you so angry? 我说了什么话使你气成这样?

After the meeting, they parted, never to see each other again. 散会后,他们分手了,从此再也没有见面。

必背:不定式表示结果常见于下列句型。

1)so ... as to do

Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle? 把你的自行车借给我好吗?

2)such ... as to do

We are not such fools as to believe him. 我们还没蠢到竟会相信他。

3)enough to do

He didn't run fast enough to catch the train. 他跑得不够快, 没赶上火车。

4)only to do

He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. 他搬起石头砸自己的脚。

5)too ... to do

His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. 她的视力太差了,不能看这么小的字。

注意:too...to...结构中的形容词如果是eager, pleased, happy, ready等,动词不定式不表示结果,也没有否定的意思。

The boy was too eager to get a geography book. 那个男孩非常急切地想要得到一本地理书。He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考试结果。

3.表示原因

I was a fool not to listen to you at that time. 我当时不听你的话,真是傻瓜。

She wept to find him in such a difficult situation. 看到他处于这么困难的情形,她哭了。4.表示条件

A man would be blind not to see that. 一个人如果看不到这点,那他就是瞎子。

How can you catch the train to start so late? 这么晚才动身,你怎么能赶上火车?

高中英语讲解不定式语法

高中英语语法讲解不定式 (The Infinitive) 定义:动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,它没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能独立作谓语,但它仍保持动词的特点,既可以有自己的宾语和状语。 E.g. He want his students to read the book aloud. A. 1不定式的构成(以动词do为例) 2 不定式的意义 不定式的一般式(to do ) 一般式表示的动作或状态,发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后My wish is to become a doctor He seemed to be tired. She stopped to have a rest. 不定式的被动式 (to be done) 当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动式. The building to be finished next month is for our teachers. I am going to Beijing, I have something to take to my parents, do you have something to be taken to your parents? 如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时, 不定式表示动作正在进行,这时候不定式就要用进行式.(to be doing) They are said to be building another bridge across the street. They seemed to be talking about something important. When I went to his home, he happened to be traveling around the world. I’m glad to be working with you. 如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前,就用完成式 (to have done) ;若是在此基础上的被动含义,就用完成被动式( to have been done). He is said to have written a novel about the Long March. He thought it a pity not to have invited us. The assistant seemed to have been fired. He is said to have been taught French when he was a child. Einstein is said to have built up his theory when he was in his twenties. 如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行的动作,就要用完成进行式. They are said to have been collecting folk song in Xinjiang. We’re happy to have been working with the experts all the month.

高考英语语法专项突破训练专题16-倒装句和省略句

专题十六倒装句和省略句重难点分析 一、倒装句 倒装句主要考查以下几个方面: ◆含有否定意味的词置于句首,用部分倒装; ◆“only+状语/状语从句”置于句首,用部分倒装; ◆so/such…that句型中,“so+形容词/副词”提前,用部分倒装; ◆表示方位的副词或介词短语放在句首,要用完全倒装。 1. 倒装句用法一览表:

2. 特别提示 (1) there be结构的倒装句型中,除了be动词之外,there后还可接lie, live, seem to be等。如:There lived an old man in the village long long ago. 很久很久以前,村子里住着一位老人。 (2) here, there, now, then, up, down, away, out等副词位于句首,主语为代词时不到装。如:Away it flew. 它飞走了。 (3) 直接引语的一部分或全部位于句首,主句倒装,主句倒装,但是主语为代词时不倒装。如:“You have to finish it tonight,” she said. “今晚你必须完成它,”她说。 (4) so位于句首不倒装的情况:

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她天性要别人听命于她。 The book is intended to be read and not to be torn. 这书是供人阅读而不是供人撕毁的。 2、不定式也有名词性质 不定式的名词性质表现在:在句中可作主语、宾语等。 To be content with little is true happiness. 知足常乐。(做主语) The man,without fuss,agreed to serve as witness. 这个人没有异议,同意作证人。(作宾语)

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He offered to help me. 他表示愿意帮助我。 2)有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语,还用不定式作补语,即有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如: ask choose expect help beg intend like/love need prefer prepare want wish 例如: I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。 3)有些动词或动词词组可以用动词+疑问词+不定式的结构作宾语。例如: decide know consider forget learn remember show, wonder find out tell inquire explain 例如: Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。 There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy. 有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。 2 不定式作补语 1)有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如:

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你给我打电话时,我正好在做饭。 5.You are lucky (get)tickets to the football match. 你买到了足球赛门票,真幸运。 6.He appears (wait) here for a long time. 他似乎在这里等了很久。(仍然在等待) 单选 1.We agreed here but so far she has not turned up yet. A.having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met 2.Charles Babbage is generally considered the first computer. A.to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 3.Tom happened when they spoke ill of him. A.passing by B. to be passing by C. to passing by D. to having passed by 4.The doctor warned the patient not to eat sugar. I’m sorry told you about it. A.to have not B. to not have C. not to have D. not having 5.The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Li Na, who was said a miracle in the tennis.

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高中英语语法总结大全之动词不定式 不定式作宾语 1) 动词+ 不定式 afford aim ap高考资源网pear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake 举例: The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。 2)动词+不定式;动词+宾语+不定式 ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish… I like to keep everything tidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。 I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。 I want to speak to Tom.我想和汤姆谈话。 I want you to speak to Tom.我想让你和汤姆谈话。 3)动词+疑问词+ to decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。 There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。 注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。 The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。 不定式作补语 1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do) advise allow appoint believe cause challengecommandcompelconsiderdeclaredriveenableencouragefindforbidforceguesshireimagin eimpelinduceinforminstructinvitejudgeknowlikeorderpermitpersuaderemind report request requireselectsendstate suppose tellthinktraintrustunderstandurgewarn 例句: a.Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 b.We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。 Find 的特殊用法: Find 后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to 的动词不定式。find 后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,have。 I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn.

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