英语语法讲义
语法讲义
Ⅰ名词
1．复合名词的复数形式
man或woman修饰名词构成复合名词变成复数形式，须把把组成该复合词的两个词都变成复数形式。如：man cook—men cooks，man servant—men servants，woman nurse—women nurses，woman singer—women singers，woman writer—women writers
5．只有复数形式的名词可以分为以下几类
2．现在进行时
与always, constantly连用表示赞叹、埋怨、厌烦等情感，可译成“总是，老是”等。例如：My daughter is always watching TV after school. 我女儿放学后老是看电视。
3．一般将来时
⑴在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示一般将来时。例如：
If it rains tomorrow, the match will be canceled. 如果明天下雨，就取消这场比赛。
⑵下列动词的进行时表示将来时
go, come, leave, arrive, drive, fly, see (= interview), visit, hear (= receive), feel (= touch), start, meet, stay, land, take等。例如：
We are leaving for America tomorrow. 我们明天前往美国。
⑶一般现在时表示预定的行为，如交通、电影院等时间、节目的安排等。例如：
The visitors arrive at 8:30 a.m.. 客人们将在上午8：30到达。
⑷to be going to do
⑸to be to do
⑹to be about to do
4．现在完成时
⑴表示一个已经发生但对现在的情况有影响的动作，常与already, just, yet等时间状语连用。例
如：
We have already reserved a room at Beijing Hotel for the 15th of October.
我们已在北京饭店预定了10月15日的房间。
⑵表示从过去某时到现在这段时间中发生的事情，常与下列时间状语连用：up till now, so far,
recently, this days, these term, in the past … years等。例如：
We have learned 2000 English words this term.
这学期我们已经学了1000个英语单词了。
⑶表示一个由过去某时继续到现在的动作或状态，常与表示一段的时间状语连用：for…, since…
等。例如：
I have lived here for 10 years. 我在这已经住了十年了。
⑷用在表示时间或条件的状语从句中，表示将来某时业已完成的动作。例如：
We’ll start at 5 o’clock if it has stopped raining by then.
我们5点动身，如果那时雨停得话。
5．过去完成时
表示一个动作在过去某一动作之前业已发生，或在过去某时间业已完成。
⑴by + 过去时间：例如：
By the end of last month, we had learned 2000 English words.
到上个月底为止，我们已经学了2000个英语单词了。
⑵根据上下文判断：往往带有一个表示过去时间的状语从句。例如：
When we got to the station, the train had already left.
我们到达火车站的时候，火车已经离开了。
6．将来完成时
表示将来某一时间之前完成的动作。
by + 未来时间：例如：
They will have sold all the products by the end of next month.
到下个月底，他们将卖完所有的产品。
Ⅳ虚拟语气
1．时态推移
⑴if虚拟条件句
V …
⑺without, but for, otherwise, or
⑻If it were not for …
If it had not been for …
2．当主句中出现下列单词表示要求、建议、命令、愿望、介绍、推荐以及表示重要性的动词、名词、形容词时，其后从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，虚拟的形式为：动词原形或者should+动词原形：
ask, advise, beg, command, decide, decree, demand, direct, deserve, desire, insist（坚决要求）, maintain, move, order, prefer, propose, recommend, require, request, resolve, stipulate, suggest
（建议）, urge, vote等。注意：当insist作“坚持认为”解、suggest作“表明；暗示”解时，
其宾语从句中的谓语动词为陈述语气。
n.
advice, aim, decision, decree, demand, desire, idea, importance, insistence, instruction, motion, necessity, order, plan, preference, proposal, recommendation, regulation, requirement, request, resolution, suggestion, urge, wish等。
adj.
advisable, anxious, appropriate, best, better, compulsory, crucial, demanded, desirable, desired, determined, eager, essential, imperative, important, impossible, necessary, obligatory, only right, ordered, preferable, possible, proper, pity, recommended, requested, required, strange, suggested, urgent, vital等。
3．情态动词+ have done
should have done/ought to have done
shouldn’t have done/ought not to have done
must have done
can’t have done
could have done
couldn’t have done
may/might have done
may/might not have done
would have done
needn’t have done
didn’t need to do
Ⅴ非谓语动词
1．一类动词：V + to do这类动词有：
afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, apply, beg, begin, care, choose, claim, continue, consent, contrive, dare, decide, decline, determine, demand, desire, endeavor, expect, fail, fear, guarantee, help, happen, hope, intend, learn, like, long（渴望）, love, manage, need, offer, petition, plan, pledge, pray, promise, prepare, pretend, refuse, remember, require, resolve, seek, strive（努力）, start, swear, tend, think（想起）, threaten, venture, undertake（开始）, volunteer, try, neglect, hesitate等。
2．二类动词：V + doing这类动词有：
acknowledge, admit, advise, advocate, allow, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, confess, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, detest, discontinue, dislike, enjoy, envy, escape, excuse, face, fancy, favor, finish, forbid, forgive, can’t help, imagine, involve, loathe, mind, miss, pardon, permit, ponder, postpone, practice, prevent, quit, recall, recollect, recommend, repent, report, resent, resist, resume, risk, suggest, tolerate, understand等。
3
4
5
It is + n. + doing
There is no + doing
There is no/little point in doing
be busy + doing
keep (on) + doing
spend time/money + doing
worth + doing
go + doing
feel like + doing
can’t help + doing
difficulty
trouble
struggle
6
7
Ⅵ
1
2
3．就近一致：当两个主语由or, either…or…, neither…nor…, not…but…, not only…but also…, whether…or…连接时，谓语动词和临邻近的主语保持一致。
4．就远一致：主语为单数，后面跟有with, together with, along with, as well as, including, in addition to, no less than, like, but, except, accompanied by, rather than, more than等引起的短语，谓语动词用单数。
5．表示时间、距离、度量衡的复数名词与数词连用常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数。6．分数、百分数+ of …作主语，谓语动词与of后的词的数保持一致。
7．形容词前加the，表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。
8．当不定式、动名词短语或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用单数。
Ⅶ复合句
一、定语从句
1．定语从句的概念
2．定语从句的引导词
⑴关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose, as, but
⑵关系副词：where, when, why
3．介词+ which/whom
4．关系代词的省略
5．非限制性定语从句
二、名词性从句
1．名词性从句的概念
2．名词性从句的引导词
⑴从属连接词：that, whether, if
⑵连接代词：what, whatever, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose
⑶关系副词：where, wherever, when, whenever, how, however, why,
3．同位语从句
三、强调句型
It is/was + 被强调部分+ that…
四、状语从句
1．时间状语从句
when, while, as, after, before, (not) until, till, (ever) since, once, as soon as, no sooner…than, hardly…when, scarcely…when, directly, immediately, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, each time, everytime
2．原因状语从句
because, since, as, for, now that, in that, for the reason that, seeing that
3．条件状语从句
if, unless, as long as, provided that…, providing that…, suppose that…, supposing that…, assume that…, granted that…, given that…
4．让步状语从句
Though, although, as, even if, even though, however, whatever, while, whereas
五、倒装结构
1．全部倒装
2．部分倒装
六、其他