文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › 强直性脊柱炎脑功能研究

强直性脊柱炎脑功能研究

强直性脊柱炎脑功能研究
强直性脊柱炎脑功能研究

Cerebral functional deficits in patients with ankylosing spondylitis-an fMRI study

Chuanming Li1&Xin Wei1&Qinghua Zou2&Yi Zhang3&

Xuntao Yin3&Jun Zhao1&Jian Wang1

#Springer Science+Business Media New York2016

Abstract Neurological impairment plays an important role in the development of Ankylosing spondylitis(AS).Early diag-nosis and detection of it may stop the progress of neurological complications and improve the quality of patients’lives great-ly.Somatosensory evoked potential(SSEP)and magnetic mo-tor evoked potentials(MEP)have been proved useful to detect neurological impairments of AS.This study aimed to investi-gate the cerebral function deficits of AS using functional MRI technology.Twenty seven patients with AS and28control subjects were included in this study.All of them underwent structural MRI and resting state-functional MRI(rs-fMRI) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5e11494510.html,parisons of amplitude of low frequency fluctu-ations(ALFF)of rs-fMRI signals between AS patients and normal controls were performed using two sample t-tests.To examine functional connectivity within the groups,one-sample t tests were performed on the individual z-value maps. The z values were compared between the two groups using two-sample t test.Partial correlations between rs-fMRI mea-sures(ALFF and functional connectivity)of the brain regions which showed group difference and clinical results in-cluding the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index(BASDAI)score,the serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hsCRP),and the erythro-cyte sedimentation rate(ESR)were analyzed for AS https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5e11494510.html,pared with normal controls,the AS patients exhibited significant lower ALFF in the left medial frontal gyrus,the right precentral gyrus and the right posterior cingulate,while higher ALFF in the left cerebellum ante-rior lobe,the left middle temporal gyrus,the left superior occipital gyrus,the left postcentral gyrus and the right precuneus.AS patients showed widespread brain connec-tivity alterations.Functional connectivity strength of the left precuneus and the left middle temporal gyrus were closely correlated with the the BASDAI scores,ESR and hsCRP in AS patients.Our results enhance the under-standing of the pathomechanism of AS and suggest that Rs-fMRI may be a helpful tool in the clinical detection and evaluation of neurological impairment in AS.

Chuanming Li and Xin Wei contributed equally to this work.

*Jun Zhao

zhaojun555@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5e11494510.html, *Jian Wang

wangjian_811@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5e11494510.html,

Chuanming Li

li_chuanming@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5e11494510.html,

Xin Wei

weixin9021@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5e11494510.html,

Qinghua Zou

zouqinghua318@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5e11494510.html,

Yi Zhang

zhangyi@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5e11494510.html,

Xuntao Yin

willyxt@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5e11494510.html,

1Department of Radiology,Southwest Hospital,Third Military Medical University,Chongqing400038,China

2Department of Rheumatology,Southwest Hospital,Third Military Medical University,Chongqing400038,China

3Department of Orthopedics,Tai’an traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital,Tai’an271000,China

Keywords Ankylosing spondylitis.Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging.Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations(ALFF).Connectivity

Abbreviations

AS Ankylosing spondylitis

rs-fMRI Resting state-functional MRI

ALFF Amplitude of low frequency fluctuations BASDAI Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index

hsCRP High-sensitivity C-reactive protein

ESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

FD Framewise displacement

Introduction

Ankylosing spondylitis(AS)is a chronic inflammatory rheu-matic disease with a prevalence of0.5–0.9%in the world.It mainly affects the sacroiliac joints and the axial skeleton of males under40years of age(Jamshidi et al.2014).The pain and stiffness of the spine often cause severe daily life activity limitations.Though infrequent,neurological complications re-lated with this disease have been reported.Multiple sclerosis, focal epilepsy and vertebrobasilar insufficiency were all found associated with AS(Thomas et al.1974;Borman et al.2011; Wordsworth and Mowat1986;Gündüz et al.2010).Recent years,several studies reported electromyography abnormali-ties of AS,including visual,brainstem auditory and somato-sensory evoked potentials(Cidem et al.2014;Khedr et al. 2009).The development of functional MRI allow researchers to detect neural activity and provide valuable insights into the function of the brain(AJ et al.2013).The default mode net-work and salience network have been found altered and close-ly related to the chronic pain of AS patients(Hemington et al. 2015).The amplitude of low frequency fluctuations(ALFF) of resting-state functional MRI(rs-fMRI)can assess the am-plitude of resting-state spontaneous brain activity by calculat-ing the square root of the power spectrum(typically in a fre-quency range0.01–0.08Hz)(Zou et al.2008;Zang et al. 2007).It has been proved effective to reflect spontaneous neural activity both in animals and humans(Leopold et al. 2003;Goncalves et al.2006).Until now there is no study of AS-related changes in intrinsic,spontaneous brain activity by measuring ALFF values from rs-fMRI signals in previous literatures.The present study was designed to investigate any cerebral function deficits in AS using functional MRI technology and its possible relationship with clinical and lab-oratory results.We hypothesized that(1)changes in intrinsic brain activity patterns in AS patients could be located in mul-tiple brain regions and(2)individual cortical function alteration in specific regions could correlate with disease ac-tivity of AS patients.

Materials and methods

Ethics statement

All research procedures were approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Southwest hospital of China and were conduct-ed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.Written informed consent were obtained from all participants in this manuscript.

Subjects

Twenty seven patients(18men and9women;mean range 29.04years)who met the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society criteria and modified New York criteria were included in this study(Table1).Patients who had more than5years of disease duration,a history of joint surgery,or recent(within6weeks)intra-articular corticosteroid injection were excluded.Patients with sacroiliac joint ankylosis or who received biologics within six months were also excluded.The clinical evaluation were performed by the same rheumatolo-gist who had been previously trained in a standardized session using the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI)score,which consist of six visual analogue scales to evaluate the severity of fatigue,spinal pain,peripheral joint pain,localized tenderness,and morning stiffness.Twenty eight age and gender matched healthy volunteers with no known nervous system diseases were recruited as the healthy controls(17men and11women;mean range31.32years). They all underwent neurological,neuropsychological and conventional magnetic resonance imaging structural MRI ex-amination to ensure normal brain structure and no neurologi-cal lesions.The following exclusion criteria applied to all subjects:intracranial hemorrhage,epilepsy,brain trauma, brain tumor,chronic or degenerative disease affecting the cen-tral nervous system,alcohol or drug abuse,psychiatric disor-ders,systemic disease or other MRI contraindication.All of the participants were right-handed.

MR image acquisition

MR images were obtained by using a3-T MR imaging system (MAGNETOM Trio Tim System,Siemens,Erlangen, Germany).Each subject laid supine in the scanner and head motion was restricted with foam padding around the head. Scanner noise was attenuated with earplugs.Functional im-ages were scanned with a gradient-echo echo-planar imaging sequence:TR/TE=2000/30ms,flip angle=90°,matrix =64×64,thickness=3mm,gap=1mm,36slices,voxel size

Brain Imaging and Behavior

=3.5×3.5×3.0mm3.All participants were instructed to keep their eyes closed and not to focus their thoughts on anything during the scanning.High resolution anatomical images were acquired using a magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo (MPRAGE)sequence with the following parameters:TR/TE/ TI=1,900/2.52/900ms,flip angle=9°,matrix=256×256, thickness=1.0mm,no gap,176slices,voxel size =1×1×1mm3.To exclude any structural abnormalities of the brain,the conventional T1-weighted images(TR/TE/= 200/2.78ms,flip angle=70°,matrix=384×384,thick-ness=4.0mm,25slices,voxel size=0.7×0.6×5mm3) and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery(FLAIR)(TR/TE/ TI=9000/93/2500ms,flip angle=130°,matrix=256×256, thickness=4.0mm,25slices,voxel size=0.9×0.9×4mm3) were obtained finally.

Image processing and analysis

Anatomical data were processed using the VBM8toolbox (http://dbm.neuro.uni-jena.de/vbm.html).They were bias corrected,tissue classified,and registered using linear and nonlinear transformations,within a unified model (Ashburner and Friston2005).The brain tissues were classi-fied as gray matter,white matter and cerebrospinal fluid with-in the same generative model.The segmented gray matter volume was treated as an external regressor in the subsequent statistic analysis.Functional image processing was carried out by using Statistical Parametric Mapping(SPM8,http://www. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5e11494510.html,/spm)and Data Processing Assistant for Resting-State fMRI(DPARSF,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5e11494510.html,/DPARSF) software.They were slice-time-corrected,realigned to the first image,and unwarped to correct for susceptibility-by-movement interaction.The group differences of head motion were examined by using two-sample t-tests according to mean framewise displacement(FD)Jenkinson measurement(Yan et al.2013;Jenkinson et al.2002).Subjects were excluded according to the criteria that head motion was more than 2mm of displacement or2degrees of rotation in any direc-tion.All images were normalized to the Montreal Neurological Institute space by applying the transformation parameters obtained from the structural images to those time and motion corrected images.The normalized images were smoothed with6-mm FWHM and six head motion parameters were regressed.After linear trend removal,the time series of each voxel was transformed to the frequency domain by using fast Fourier transform.The power spectrum obtained by fast Fourier transform was square root transformed and averaged across frequencies of0.01to0.08Hz.This averaged square root was taken as the ALFF.For standardization purposes,the ALFF of each voxel was divided by the global mean ALFF values to reduce the global effects of variability among differ-ent participants(Han et al.2010).

Functional connectivity was examined by using a seed voxel correlation approach(Lui et al.2009a).Brain regions which showed group ALFF difference were selected as seed regions with a diameter of6mm.After bandpass filtering (0.01–0.08Hz)and linear-trend removal,a reference time series for each seed was extracted by averaging the fMRI time series of all voxels.Correlations were computed among each seed reference and the rest of the brain in a voxelwise manner. The correlation coefficients were transformed to z values by using the Fisher r-to-z https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5e11494510.html,ponents with high correlation to cerebrospinal fluid,white matter,or with low correlation to gray matter,which are thought to be associated with artifacts were removed.

Statistical analysis

Comparisons of ALFF between AS patients and normal con-trols were performed using two sample t-tests.To examine functional connectivity within the groups,one-sample t tests were performed on the individual z-value maps.The z values in each voxel were compared between the two groups using two-sample t test.Partial correlations between rs-fMRI mea-sures(ALFF and functional connectivity)of the brain regions which showed group difference and clinical results including the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI)score,the serum high-sensitivity C-reactive

Table1Demographic and clinical data of AS patients and control subjects Characteristics AS patients(n=27)Control subjects(n=28)P-value

Gender(male/female)18/917/11>0.05a Age(years)29.04±7.6531.32±9.57>0.05b Education(years)9.93±4.7111.21±4.32>0.05b BASDAI 3.30±2.120.57±0.68<0.05b ESR 2.63±0.97––hsCRP 2.80±1.03––

Data were expressed as mean±SD.Abbreviations:BASDAI,Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index;ESR,erythrocyte sedimentation rate;hsCRP,high-sensitivity C-reactive protein

a P-value was obtained using the two-tailed Chi-squared test

b P-value was obtained using the two-sample,two-tailed t-test

Brain Imaging and Behavior

protein (hsCRP),and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)were analyzed for AS patients.The significance was set at p <0.05corrected with Bonferroni correction.Age,gender,education level of each subject were imported as co-variates in the statistical analysis.

Results

There is no significant FD difference between the two g r o u p s (0.59±0.36m m m m f o r c o n t r o l g r o u p ;0.73±0.58mm for AS group;t =1.04,P >0.05).

To explore the alteration of cortical activity in the AS group,we compared the ALFF (0.01–0.08Hz)of rs-fMRI signals of the whole brain between the AS patients and normal https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5e11494510.html,pared with the controls,the AS patients exhib-ited significant lower ALFF in the left medial frontal gyrus,

the right precentral gyrus and the right posterior cingulate,while higher ALFF in the left cerebellum anterior lobe,the left middle temporal gyrus,the left superior occipital gyrus,the left postcentral gyrus and the right precuneus (Fig.1,Table 2).

Brain regions which showed group ALFF difference were selected as seed regions,the functional connectivity maps were compared across AS patients and controls by using a two-sample t test.The AS patients showed a connectivity decreasing between the left middle temporal gyrus and the right insula /the right limbic lobe,the left postcentral gyrus and the left temporal lobe,the left superior occipital gyrus and the left limbic lobe,the right precuneus and the left cerebellum lobe,the left medial frontal gyrus and the left supramarginal gyrus /the left precuneus,the right limbic lobe and the right inferior frontal gyrus /the right frontal lobe.Increased con-nectivity were found between the left cerebellum anterior

lobe

Fig 1Brain regions with abnormal ALFF in AS.More details of these regions are described in Table 2

Table 2Comparisons of ALFF between AS patients and normal groups.All the coordinates are denoted by Montreal

Neurological Institute (MNI)space coordinates

MNI coordinate (mm)

Brain regions

Number of cluster voxels X y z Maximum T Decreased ALFF in AS Left medial frontal gyrus 1287?666?15?4.40Right precentral gyrus 12054?129?4.31Right posterior cingulate 5718?573?3.41Increased ALFF in AS Left cerebellum anterior lobe 8430?57?12 4.73Left middle temporal gyrus 104?66?42?3 5.20Left superior occipital gyrus 187?33?8721 3.53Right precuneus

10821?7242 3.96Left postcentral gyrus

326

?24

?33

54

4.28

Comparisons were performed at P <.05,corrected for multiple comparisons using AlphaSim program.X,y,z,coordinates of peak locations in the MNI space.Maximum t ,statistical value of peak voxel showing ALFF differences between the two groups.The positive maximum t -score represents an increase,and the negative maximum t -score represents a decrease.Abbreviations:MNI =Montreal Neurological Institute

Brain Imaging and Behavior

and the left brainstem,the left middle temporal gyrus and the left temporal lobe /the left occipital lobe,the left postcentral gyrus and the right insula /the left frontal lobe,the right precentral gyrus and the right cerebellum anterior lobe (Fig.2).Pearson correlation analysis showed that functional connectivity strength of the left middle temporal gyrus and the left precuneus was closely correlated with the BASDAI scores,ESR and hsCRP of AS patients (Fig.3).

Discussion

AS is the most common clinical subgroup of seronegative spondyloarthropathies.This disease typically affects the axial and appendicular skeleton and cause persistent back pain or stiffness unrelieved by rest.Neurological impairment in the course of AS is very important.Early diagnosis and detection of it may stop the progress of neurological complications and improve the quality of patients ’lives greatly (Hanrahan et al.1988;Mercieca et al.2014;Tan et al.2004).Recent years,

somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP)and magnetic motor evoked potentials (MEP)have been proved useful to detect neurological impairments of AS (Cidem et al.2014;Khedr et al.2009).This is the first medical imaging study of brain functional alterations related with AS.Structural MRI has limited value for patients with diffuse and functional neuro-psychiatric disturbances (Rozell et al.1998).Functional neu-roimaging modalities such as magnetic resonance spectrosco-py (MRS),single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT),and functional MRI are effective tools for function-al brain evaluation and could detect the brain abnormalities precede structural changes (Castellino et al.2005).Using blood oxygen-level dependent effect,functional MRI is easier to implement than positron emission tomography (PET)/SPECT because of its lower cost,easier performance,and non-invasiveness (Lui et al.2009b ).

This is the first study to investigate AS-related cortical activity changes using resting state https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5e11494510.html,pared with controls,AS patients exhibited significant lower ALFF in the left medial frontal gyrus,the right precentral gyrus

and

Fig 2Functional connectivity alterations of AS patients.Red balls mean seeds,green balls represent connect brain area.Blue lines mean decreased connectivity,and red lines mean increased

connectivity

Fig 3Correlations between the functional connectivity strength of the left middle temporal gyrus and the left precuneus with the BASDAI scores,ESR and hsCRP in AS patients

Brain Imaging and Behavior

the right posterior cingulate.These findings suggest that the brain regions described above may be the most affected areas in AS.The altered spontaneous ALFF values in these area are possible characteristics of neurological impairments.As the primary motor cortex,the prec entral gyrus is in charge of the motor control of our body.There is a precise somatotopic representation of the different body parts.Lesions of the precentral gyrus can result in paralysis of the corresponding limbs or trunk(Pikula et al.2011).The precise functions of the medial frontal gyrus remain largely unknown,but it has been proved play an important role in executive mechanisms(Talati and Hirsch2005).Cortical function alteration of these two areas in AS may result from the lesions of axial and appendic-ular skeleton,which can affect the motor function greatly.The posterior cingulate cortex is the central node of the defaut mode network(DMN).Previous fMRI and PET studies have proved the DMN is involved in the integration of autobio-graphical,self-monitoring,and social cognitive functions (Spreng et al.2009).In this study we also found higher ALFF in several brain regions especially the left cerebellum anterior lobe.The increased activity may be a compensatory reactions that allow increased recruitment of neurons.In pre-vious studies,higher resting-state activation has also been observed in other types of disease.For example,increased spontaneous activities in the prefrontal cortex,superior frontal gyrus,left hippocampus,and left temporal lobe have also been reported in Alzheimers disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment patients(Wang et al.2011;Dai et al.2012).To the best of our knowledge,the cerebellum has not been found implicated in AS previously.This brain region is included in various functions especially motor control.Damage to the cerebellum can cause dysfunction of movement,cognition, and affective regulation(Noroozian2014).Our findings sug-gest that the cerebellum,as part of an executive control net-work,may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AS.

In this study we found AS patients showed widespread brain connectivity alterations and connectivity strength of the left precuneus and the left middle temporal gyrus were closely correlated with the BASDA scores,ESR and hsCRP. BASDAI is considered to be the reference standard for AS disease activity evaluation.It is based on answers to six ques-tions pertaining to the five major symptoms of AS.ESR and hsCRP are acute-phase reactants of inflammation(Calin et al. 1999).Our findings suggest that connectivity strength of the left middle temporal gyrus and left precuneus could reflect clinical manifest and laboratory results of AS.R-fMRI may be a helpful tool in the imaging development of AS diagnosis and evaluation.The precuneus is located on the medial part of the parietal lobe and has several different functions.It has been thought to be the hub of the fronto-parietal central-exec-utive network,which is crucial for visuospatial imagery,epi-sodic memory,and self-processing operations(Menon2011; Margulies et al.2009).The middle temporal gyrus is engaged in episodic memory,distance contemplating,face recognition, and emotion control(Ma et al.2012).The precise mechanisms leading to the connectivity alteration in AS are not understood. However,an association between AS and multiple sclerosis has been proved.The demyelination is common in multiple sclerosis,which can disrupt the interactions among different brain regions and lead to network disruption. Conclusion

In conclusion,this is the first study to investigate AS related cerebral function deficits.We found altered regional activity and neural networks which showed closed correlation with the BASDAI scores,ESR and hsCRP.Our results enhanced the understanding of the pathomechanism of AS and may help the clinical detection and evaluation of its neurological impair-ment.The main limitation of this study is the relatively small sample size for patients with AS.Secondly,we could not observe dynamic ALFF changes in different courses of AS due to the cross-sectional group data.Future studies should address these issues through longitudinal evaluations of a large sample of patients with AS.

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Contributions JZ,QZ carried out the data acquisition and drafted the manuscript.XW,YZ carried out the data analysis and revised the manu-script.JW,JZ,XY participated in the design of the study,performed the statistical analysis and helped to revise the manuscript.CL conceived of the study,and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript.All authors read and approved the final manuscript. References

Ashburner,J.,&Friston,K.(2005).Unified segmentation.NeuroImage, 26(3),839–851.

Borman,P.,Tuncay,F.,K?yba?i,M.,Ergun,U.,&Inan,L.(2011).

Coexistence of ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis.Acta Neurologica Belgica,111(4),340–343.

Calin,A.,Nakache,J.P.,Gueguen,A.,Zeidler,H.,Mielants,H.,& Dougados,M.(1999).Defining disease activity in ankylosing spon-dylitis:is a combination of variables(bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index)an appropriate instrument?Rheumatology, 38(9),878e82.

Castellino,G.,Govoni,M.,Padovan,M.,Colamussi,P.,Borrelli,M.,& Trotta,F.(2005).Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy may pre-dict future brain lesions in SLE patients:a functional multi-imaging approach and follow up.Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases,64(7), 1022–1027.

Brain Imaging and Behavior

Cidem,M.,Sahin,Z.,Aydin,T.,&Aysal,F.(2014).Somatosensory evoked potential findings in ankylosing spondylitis.Eurasian Journal of Medicine,46(1),42–46.

Dai,Z.,Yan,C.,Wang,Z.,et al.(2012).Discriminative analysis of early Alzheimer's disease using multi-modal imaging and multi-level characterization with multi-classifier(M3).NeuroImage,59(3), 2187–2195.

Goncalves,S.I.,de Munck,J.C.,Pouwels,P.J.,et al.(2006).Correlating the alpha rhythm to BOLD using simultaneous EEG/fMRI:inter-subject variability.NeuroImage,30(1),203–213.

Gündüz,O.H.,Kiralp,M.Z.,Oz?akar,L.,Cakar,E.,Yildirim,P.,& Akyuz,G.(2010).Nerve conduction studies in patients with anky-losing spondylitis.Journal of the National Medical Association, 102(3),243–246.

Han,Y.,Wang,J.,Zhao,Z.,et al.(2010).Frequency-dependent changes in the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in amnestic mild cognitive impairment:a resting-state fMRI study.NeuroImage, 55(1),287–295.

Hanrahan,P.S.,Russell,A.S.,&McLean,D.R.(1988).Ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis:an apparent association?The Journal of Rheumatology,15(10),1512–1514.

Hemington KS,Wu Q,Kucyi A,Inman RD,Davis KD.2015.Abnormal cross-network functional connectivity in chronic pain and its asso-ciation with clinical symptoms.Brain Structure&Function.

doi:10.1007/s00429-015-1161-1.

Jamshidi,A.R.,Shahlaee,A.,Farhadi,E.,et al.(2014).Clinical charac-teristics and medical management of Iranian patients with ankylos-ing spondylitis.Modern Rheumatology,24(3),499–504. Jenkinson,M.,Bannister,P.,Brady,M.,&Smith,S.(2002).Improved optimization for the robust and accurate linear registration and mo-tion correction of brain images.NeuroImage,17(2),825–841. Khedr,E.M.,Rashad,S.M.,Hamed,S.A.,El-Zharaa,F.,&Abdalla,A.

K.(2009).Neurological complications of ankylosing spondylitis: neurophysiological assessment.Rheumatology International, 29(9),1031–1040.

Leopold,D.A.,Murayama,Y.,&Logothetis,N.K.(2003).Very slow activity fluctuations in monkey visual cortex:implications for func-tional brain imaging.Cerebral Cortex,13(4),422–433.

Lui,S.,Deng,W.,Huang,X.,et al.(2009a).Association of cerebral deficits with clinical symptoms in antipsychotic-naive first-episode schizophrenia:an optimized voxel-based morphometry and resting state functional connectivity study.The American Journal of Psychiatry,166(2),196–205.

Lui,S.,Huang,X.,Chen,L.,et al.(2009b).High-field MRI reveals an acute impact on brain function in survivors of the magnitude8.0 earthquake in China.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,106(36),15412–15417. Ma,C.,Ding,J.,Li,J.,et al.(2012).Resting-state functional connectivity bias of middle temporal gyrus and caudate with altered gray matter volume in major depression.PloS One,7(9),e45263. Margulies,D.S.,Vincent,J.L.,Kelly,C.,et al.(2009).Precuneus shares intrinsic functional architecture in humans and monkeys.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,106(47),20069–20074.Menon,V.(2011).Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology:a unifying triple network model.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,15(10), 483–506.

Mercieca,C.,van der Horst-Bruinsma,I.E.,&Borg,A.A.(2014).

Pulmonary,renal and neurological comorbidities in patients with ankylosing spondylitis;implications for clinical practice.Current Rheumatology Reports,16(8),434.

Noroozian,M.(2014).The role of the cerebellum in cognition:beyond coordination in the central nervous system.Neurologic Clinics, 32(4),1081–1104.

Pikula,A.,Stefanidou,M.,Romero,J.R.,&Kase,C.S.(2011).Pure motor upper limb weakness and infarction in the precentral gyrus: mechanisms of stroke.Journal of Vascular and Interventional Neurology,4(1),10–13.

Rozell,C.L.,Sibbitt Jr.,W.L.,&Brooks,W.M.(1998).Structural and neurochemical markers of brain injury in the migraine diathesis of systemic lupus erythematosus.Cephalalgia,18(4),209–215. Saykin,A.J.,de Ruiter,M.B.,McDonald,B.C.,Deprez,S.,& Silverman,D.H.(2013).Neuroimaging biomarkers and cognitive function in non-CNS cancer and its treatment:current status andrecommendations for future research.Brain Imaging and Behavior,7(4),363–373.

Spreng,R.N.,Mar,R.A.,&Kim,A.S.(2009).The common neural basis of autobiographical memory,prospection,navigation,theory of mind,and the default mode:a quantitative meta-analysis.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,21(3),489–510.

Talati,A.,&Hirsch,J.(2005).Functional specialization within the medial frontal gyrus for perceptual go/no-go decisions based on"what,"

"when,"and"where"related information:an fMRI study.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,17(7),981–993.

Tan,F.U.,Tellioglu,S.,Aydin,G.,Erdemoglu,A.K.,&Keles,I.(2004).

Ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis in an HLA-B27neg-ative patient.Acta Neurologica Belgica,104(4),169–172. Thomas,D.J.,Kendall,M.J.,&Whitfield,A.G.(1974).Nervous system involvement in ankylosing spondylitis.British Medical Journal, 1(5899),148–150.

Wang,Z.,Yan,C.,Zhao,C.,et al.(2011).Spatial patterns of intrinsic brain activity in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease:

a resting-state functional MRI study.Human Brain Mapping,

32(10),1720–1740.

Wordsworth,B.P.,&Mowat,A.G.(1986).A review of100patients with ankylosing spondylitis with particular reference to socio-economic effects.British Journal of Rheumatology,25(2),175–180.

Yan,C.G.,Cheung,B.,Kelly,C.,et al.(2013).A comprehensive assess-ment of regional variation in the impact of head micromovements on functional connectomics.NeuroImage,76,183–201.

Zang,Y.F.,He,Y.,Zhu,C.Z.,et al.(2007).Altered baseline brain activity in children with ADHD revealed by resting-state functional MRI.Brain Dev,29(2),83–91.

Zou,Q.H.,Zhu,C.Z.,Yang,Y.,et al.(2008).An improved approach to detection of amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation(ALFF)for resting-state fMRI:fractional ALFF.Journal of Neuroscience Methods,172(1),137–141.

Brain Imaging and Behavior

社会科学研究方法文献综述

关于商业片植入式广告发展现状及存在问题的研究——受众心理的关注及营销策略、传播方式的使用 文献综述 姓名:王丹 20090257 曾艳 20090261 杨斯琦 20090259 唐梦佳 20090256 余颂庆 20090260 张文 20090262 吴霜 20090258 班级:市场营销03班 指导老师:杨代福 时间:2012-03-10

【引言】 进入21世纪以来,由于行业竞争加剧等原因,商业片植入式广告异军突起,事实上,这种广告模式由来已久,也并非中国特色。植入式广告源于欧美,发展较为成熟,我国的植入式尚处萌芽阶段,负面问题频发,饱受舆论质疑。但不可否认的是,植入式广告不但比传统硬广告更有优势,而且也是快速收回投资成本、降低商业风险急加速媒介产业循环的好方法,作为产业链上重要一环,其存在不仅具有合理性,而且具良好的发展前景。那么,如何使商业片的植入式广告快速的进入其下一个发展阶段成为现阶段的重大问题。因此,对于影响植入式广告效果的重要因素(营销手段、传播方式以及受众心理),值得我们去研究和思考我们。 【正文】 一、植入式广告的文献研究现状 植入式广告于上世纪20年代至20年代末开始萌芽、2000年以后才真正进入蓬勃发展期,虽然相对于传统传播形式的广告,植入式广告的发展历史并不长,但是以商业片植入式广告为代表的植入式广告已经成为广告发展的一股不可抵挡的趋势,而国内外专家、学者对植入式广告发展的方方面面也进行了深入研究和探讨,呈现出一定深度和广度的理论学说及典型案例,对于植入式广告产业发展发挥了作用。从国内外的研究现状看,对于植入式广告的研究成果可归纳为以下四个方面。 1.对于植入式广告的理论体系依据研究 关于植入式广告所依据的理论体系的研究,主要集中在传播学理论的体现与运用;张金海在《20世纪广告传播理论研究》一书中指出,植入式广告在现代广告业的发展中越来越引人注目,体现了现代广告逐渐将目光放在广告传播的社会文化关注,而巧妙地利用传播学中的归因理论和“说服性传播”的效果理论,则可以将这种关注的社会化效果扩大;而吕善锟在其论文《电影中植入式广告的理论依据》中则明确提出,植入式广告之所以比传统的商业广告有更好的说服效果,正在于其运用了传播学中的归因理论、两级传播理论、“说服性传播”的效果研究、经典条件反射理论以及模仿理论等。

强直性脊柱炎

大偻(强直性脊柱炎)诊疗规范 大偻病即:“身体俯曲,不能直立。”“腰不能直,身不能仰的一种病症。”按历代医家及前贤所述,“大偻”病的症状和发病规律与现代医学所述的强直性脊柱炎的极为相似,是一种慢性进行性疾病,主要侵犯骶髂关节,脊柱骨突,脊柱旁软组织及外周关节,并可伴发关节外表现。严重者可发生脊柱畸形和关节强直。中医对强直性脊柱炎的认识历史久 《素远,对本病的描述最早见于公元前475~221年战国时期,问·痹论》云“肾痹者,善胀,尻以代踵,脊以代头”,比较形象地描述了强直性脊柱炎的脊柱、髋关节的畸形改变。肾主藏精,而精生髓,髓居于骨中,骨骼得以髓的充养而坚固有力。反之,肾精虚少,骨髓化源不足,不能充养骨骼,则出现骨脆无力;同时肾虚阳气卫外不固,风寒湿邪乘虚而入,发为痹证,故我们在治疗上坚持以补肾壮督,蠲痹通络为主。 【诊断标准】 一、诊断标准参照1984年修订的强直性脊柱炎的纽约分类标准 (1)临床标准: ①下腰痛持续至少3个月,活动后可改善,休息无改善; ②腰椎在额状面和矢状面的活动受限即腰椎前屈、侧屈和后伸活动受限; ③扩胸度较同年龄、同性别的正常人减少。 (2)骶髂关节X线改变分期: ① 0级:正常骶髂关节; ②Ⅰ级:可疑或极轻微的骶髂关节炎; ③Ⅱ级:轻度异常,局限性的侵蚀、硬化,关节间隙无改变; ④Ⅲ级:中度异常,中度或进展性骶髂关节炎,伴有以下一项(或以上)变化:侵蚀、硬化、增宽或狭窄或部分强直;

⑤Ⅳ级:严重异常,骶髂关节完全强直、融合,伴或不伴有硬化。 (3)确诊标准:具备单侧Ⅲ-Ⅳ级或双侧Ⅱ-Ⅲ级X线证实的骶髂关节炎,加上临床标准3条中至少1条。 二、中医辨证标准根据临床经验总结将强直性脊柱炎分为阳虚络瘀和阴虚脉痹两型: 阳虚络瘀:骶髂、腰部疼痛,间断发作,逐步上移腰背,呈固定性疼痛,也可病及胸椎、颈部。畏寒、僵硬,以夜间或凌晨为著,手足欠温,得暖痛缓,腿膝酸软,甚者脊柱畸形,活动困难,苔薄白,舌淡有紫气,脉沉弦。 阴虚脉痹:腰脊、胸椎、颈部疼痛,僵硬较剧,弯腰、翻身、下蹲、转颈等活动受限、形瘦、神疲,身烘口干,手足心热,甚则烦躁难寐,脊柱严重畸形,疼痛固定,日轻夜重,苔薄舌红或舌暗有瘀斑,脉细弦而涩。 【中医治疗方案】 患者如能及时诊断及合理治疗,可以达到临床控制。应通过非药物、药物等综合治疗,缓解疼痛和发僵,控制或减轻炎症,保持良好的姿势,防止脊柱或关节变形,已变形者加强矫形锻炼,以达到改善和提高患者生活质量的目的。 一、非药物治疗 1、对患者及其家属进行疾病知识的教育是整个治疗计划中不可缺少的一部分,有助于患者主动参与治疗并与医师合作。 2、指导患者进行主动功能锻炼,以维持脊柱关节的最好位置,增强椎旁肌肉和增加肺活量,其重要性等同于药物治疗,对部分住院患者由护士每天进行被动功能锻炼或关节功能松解治疗。 3、站立时应尽量保持挺胸、收腹和双眼平视前方的姿势。坐位也应保持胸部直立。应睡硬板床,多取仰卧位,避免促进屈曲畸形的体位。 4、避免引起持续性疼痛的体力活动。定期测量记录身高是防止不易发现的早期脊柱弯曲的一个好措施。 5、对疼痛或炎性关节或其他软组织选择必要的物理治疗。

强直性脊柱炎锻炼操 (2)

强直性脊柱炎病人的自我保健 自我保健是病人在掌握自己疾病基本知识的基础上,根据自身的情况,积极配合医生用药,调整身心,保持乐观情绪,坚持医疗体育,积极向疾病斗争。 自我保健的内容包括正确择医、用药和正确对待病程和治疗中出现的各种问题;其次是建立战胜疾病的健康、积极的精神及心理状态;第三是日常饮食起居、工作生活、以至休息睡眠等各方面的良好行为;最后,积极、合理的体育锻炼,在一定意义上甚至比药物治疗还重要。现就日常生活应注意的事,特别是患者的一些医疗保健运动作一介绍。 日常生活中应注意的事 一、充分重视机体调节能力: 机体对各种有害因素都有天然防御和抵抗能力,例如:流泪可以清洁眼睛;咳嗽能清除肺部的炎症分泌物。同样当关节炎症状态或损伤时,便会发出疼痛的信号,使病人避免过度运动,关节因此得以保护。对强直性脊柱炎病人,如果活动后晨僵减轻,疼痛没有加重,提示可以适当增加运动量。反之,如果活动后疼痛或不适持续加重,则应当减少活动,增加休息。因此,如果关节疼痛不很严重而可以忍受,建议病人尽量不要使用止痛药物,以免掩盖了疼痛给机体的警告。二、运动和休息的关系 运动锻炼的重要性早已众所周知,俗话说“生命在于运动”。运动的好处很多是药物所难以达到的:

1、运动使骨骼更加强壮,使身体更多的钙质沉积于骨骼,使骨骼更加坚固,增强了对机体的支持能力。 2、运动促进肌肉代谢,使之更加有力,有助于关节的稳定性。 3、运动能调节心理平衡,消除焦虑和忧郁。 当然,过于剧烈的运动可使原已有病的关节损伤加重。因此,“恰到好处”实为重要。 三、日常生活中的注意事项: 保持躯体的正确姿势和活动性,对强直性脊柱炎病人防止驼背的发生是非常重要的,驼背的发生和发展过程,缓慢的使人难以觉察,因此注意日常躯体姿态,以保持良好姿势极为重要。经常想到保持躯体挺直,不论行、坐、站、卧都应记住躯体挺直。坐直靠背椅、不要坐沙发;不要坐过低过软的椅子,尤其应避免坐躺椅。应坚持睡硬板床,不用枕头或用薄枕头,有助于保证躯体平直,仰卧姿势较侧卧为好。对于早期患者,每日早晚各一次俯卧,每次坚持半小时,对减缓躯干屈曲有助。站立,平时可足跟着墙,双膝伸直,肩、背靠墙,双目平视,患者头枕部常不能触到墙壁,应尽量向后靠,坚持5秒钟,放松后再做几次。游泳是一项全身性运动,对脊柱及四肢关节均有益,因此对掌握游泳的病人,不失为一种良好的锻炼方法,但应避免冷水。 介绍几种医疗保健操 ???一、床上伸展运动:

强直性脊柱炎的临床分型

强直性脊柱炎的临床分型 关于强直性脊柱炎疾病的临床分型,我们请教了专家,专家说:强直性脊柱炎疾病的临床分型可以分为三种,分别是:活动型,稳定型,康复型。下面我们来详细介绍一下这三种类型。 活动型 分型特点:关节疼痛症状严重或关节肿胀严重,免疫九项有血沉、C反应蛋白、免疫球蛋白等3项以上不正常。 治疗预后:关节融合较快,致残发生率较高。必须每天进行全身关节的功能锻炼,禁忌卧床休息,关节屈曲位。 稳定型 分型特点:关节疼痛症状较严重,免疫九项有2项以上不正常。 治疗及预后:部分关节已出现融合,也有部分关节致残。融合关节禁止锻炼,融合关节必须每天进行关节的功能锻炼,禁忌卧床休息,关节屈曲位。 康复型 分型特点:关节疼痛症状有时严重,或关节疼痛时轻时重,或关节疼痛时断时续,免疫九项中有2项不正常或免疫九项正常。 治疗及预后:关节部分融合,部分关节致残,融合关节禁止锻炼,未融合关节必须每天进行关节的功能锻炼,禁忌卧床休息。 石家庄燕赵医院风湿免疫专家组带头人唐卫忠主任,结合中医和西医治疗之所长,首创中西医六步一结合免疫平衡疗法。该疗法在从整体上调节患者免疫系统平衡的同时,还针对不同的患者采用不同的方法进行治疗,可谓是辨病治疗;以精心研制的系列中药冲剂控制病情,遏止强直性脊柱炎免疫病理损害,标本兼治、以治本为主;提倡动静结合,以动为主的康复锻炼,不断增强体质和最大限度的恢复关节功能。 配合骶髂关节介入,辅助治疗强直性脊柱炎,达到全方位立体治疗的良好效果! 由于强直性脊柱炎疾病患者多以脊柱病变为主要临床表现,加之骶髂关节炎是该疾病的特异性改变,因而,石家庄燕赵医院在中西医六步一结合免疫平衡疗法,调节全身免疫系统的同时,还采用有效疗法——骶髂关节介入术,进行辅助治疗,并取得良好的临床治疗效果,该疗法特别是对早期I、II度骶髂关节是有非常明显疗效,而且近期疗效巩固,万余名强直性脊柱炎疾病患者由这里摆脱了疾病的束缚,走向康复之路!

文献综述的主要方法

文献综述的主要方法 文献综述抽取某一个学科领域中的现有文献,总结这个领域研究的现状,从现有文献及过去的工作中,发现需要进一步研究的问题和角度。 文献综述是对某一领域某一方面的课题、问题或研究专题搜集大量情报资料,分析综合当前该课题、问题或研究专题的最新进展、学术见解和建议,从而揭示有关问题的新动态、新趋势、新水平、新原理和新技术等等,为后续研究寻找出发点、立足点和突破口。 文献综述看似简单.其实是一项高难度的工作。在国外,宏观的或者是比较系统的文献综述通常都是由一个领域里的顶级“大牛”来做的。在现有研究方法的著作中,都有有关文献综述的指导,然而无论是教授文献综述课的教师还是学习该课程的学生,大多实际上没有对其给予足够的重视。而到了真正自己来做研究,便发现综述实在是困难。 约翰W.克雷斯威尔(John W. Creswell)曾提出过一个文献综述必须具备的因素的模型。他的这个五步文献综述法倒还真的值得学习和借鉴。 克雷斯威尔认为,文献综述应由五部分组成:即序言、主题1(关于自变量的)、主题2(关于因变量的)、主题3(关于自变量和因变量两方面阐述的研究)、总结。 1. 序言告诉读者文献综述所涉及的几个部分,这一段是关于章节构成的陈述。在我看也就相当于文献综述的总述。 2. 综述主题1提出关于“自变量或多个自变量”的学术文献。在几个自变量中,只考虑几个小部分或只关注几个重要的单一变量。记住仅论述关于自变量的文献。这种模式可以使关于自便量的文献和因变量的文献分开分别综述,读者读起来清晰分明。 3. 综述主题2融合了与“因变量或多个因变量”的学术文献,虽然有多种因变量,但是只写每一个变量的小部分或仅关注单一的、重要的因变量。 4. 综述主题3包含了自变量与因变量的关系的学术文献。这是我们研究方案中最棘手的部分。这部分应该相当短小,并且包括了与计划研究的主题最为接近的研究。或许没有关于研究主题的文献,那就要尽可能找到与主题相近的部分,或者综述在更广泛的层面上提及的与主题相关的研究。 5. 在综述的最后提出一个总结,强调最重要的研究,抓住综述中重要的主题,指出为什么我们要对这个主题做更多的研究。其实这里不仅是要对文献综述进行总结,更重要的是找到你要从事的这个研究的基石(前人的肩膀),也就是你的研究的出发点。 在我看来,约翰.W.克雷斯威尔所提的五步文献综述法,第1、2、3步其实在研究实践中都不难,因为这些主题的研究综述毕竟与你的研究的核心问题有距离。难的是第4步,主题3的综述。难在哪里呢?一是阅读量不够,找不到最相

强直性脊柱炎患者的病变主要在颈椎

强直性脊柱炎患者的病变主要在颈椎、腰椎、双胯(其中以脊柱的病变为主),下面介绍颈椎、腰椎的锻炼方法,以达到增强筋骨,通利关节的作用。 颈椎锻炼方法: (1)两脚分立,与肩同宽,双手大拇指向下推按颈部肌群两分钟, 然后向上点按风池穴10分钟; (2)颈项争力:抬头望天,望天时后仰到极限,还原,低头看地,看地时下颌尽力贴近胸部,还原,抬头时呼气,低头时吸气; (3)仙鹤点头:头颈向上向前探,向后向下伸,连续动作10次 (4)左右旋转,头向左或向右缓慢地旋转,看肩背到最大限度(用力不可过猛),连续10次; (5)左右侧屈:头部向左右缓慢侧屈,身体肩膀保持不动,左右重复10次; (6)结束动作:头颈、双臂自由活动数次,作深呼吸结束。 腰椎锻炼方法: (1)两足开立,与肩同宽,双手叉腰,拇指向前,四指在后按住腰部

两侧肾俞穴(人体肾俞穴位于腰部,,当第二腰椎棘突下,左右二指宽处) ,腰部作环形摆动,左右重复10次;(增强肾功能,双手拇指点按肾俞穴50次,以感觉胀痛为宜。) (2)患者仰卧位,用双脚后跟和头颈部做支点,腰部用力向上挺,同时吸气,恢复仰卧,同时呼气,重复10次; (3)患者俯卧位,双下肢伸直,双手向后,使头部、两侧上肢和下肢同时做背伸动作,尽量背伸重复10次(以上的这些动作,开始的次数可少些,以后逐渐递增)。 退步走,每天做10分钟退步走。退步走,可预防含胸驼背,改善腰部血液循环,组织新陈代谢,防止腰疼腰困,增加膝关节的承受力,锻炼膝部的肌肉,对强直性脊柱炎患者的恢复,起很大的作用。 1.日常姿势训练 1)站立:头保持中位,下凳微收,肩下耸不垂,自然放松;腹略内收、双脚与肓等宽,踝、膝、髋等关节保持自然位,重心居中不要偏移; 2)坐位:坐直角硬木椅,腰背挺直,劳累时可将臀部后靠; 3)卧位:夜睡硬板床,宜仰卧,侧卧轮流交替,避免长时间保持一种姿势,枕头不宜过高,另外每日晨起或睡前可俯卧5分钟。 功法锻炼:

教育研究方法文献综述

高中艺术生发展前景 文献综述 姓名:xxx学号:xxxxxxxxx 班级:xxxxxxx 前言:随着我国教育体制的不断改进和完善,艺术教育如今越来越得到教育界、艺术界、学术界及社会各界的广泛重视,同时伴随着社会物质文明的飞速发展和人们对艺术的追求及向往,越来越多的教师、家长和学生注重人格的塑造和技能的培养,在课余时间选择各种艺术补习班已经习以为常,各类艺术补习班也早已成为当今社会艺术消费新的亮点。这种对艺术知识进行学习和补习的方式,即艺术教育,如今已悄然成为学校艺术教育的重要补充形式。本文力图通过对部分地区不同年龄段学生艺术知识学习生活状况的调研,从一个全面而全新的角度透析艺术教育问题以及艺术生的发展前景问题,相信这将会对当今艺术教育形式沿着更加正确的方向顺利展开有及艺术教育的实践性探索着重要的理论意义和现实意义。作为新时代发展的产物,艺术教育发展的调研却很少有人去开展,为此,本文拟从实际出发研究艺术教育发展的社会化问题,通过调研发现和分析学校艺术教育及艺术生发展中存在的问题和未来发展思路,同时结合我国国情,借鉴国外先进教学模式,紧紧围绕艺术教育这门学科展开对艺术教育模式及发展前景的探究。 一、各领域艺术教育的发展现状。 1、中国新媒体艺术教育发展研究。 上个世纪,信息传播或者说人类艺术传播的最伟大事件,就是以计算机和互联网为代表的新媒体的出现和迅速普及。由先进科学技术一手打造的新媒体横空出世,以其特有的多远化、交互性、超前性等特点一跃成为最受关注和瞩目的全新艺术形态,曾经陪伴我们许久的视听方式被彻底摧垮。我们已经生活在数字时代,一切新的传播媒介都成为新媒体艺术的特殊载体。因此,积极探索新媒体艺术教育,建构更有文化意

人工智能研究方法的文献综述

人工智能研究方法的文献综述 1、前言 本文综述了人工智能的主要研究方法,并对各方法进行分析和总结,并阐述了目前人工智能研究方法日趋多样化的研究现状。 2、主题 研究方法,对一个问题的研究方法从根本上说分为两种:其一,对要解决的问题扩展到他所隶属的领域,对该领域做一广泛了解,研究该领域从而实现对该领域的研究,讲究广度,从对该领域的广泛研究收缩到问题本身;其二,把研究的问题特殊化,提炼出要研究问题的典型子问题或实例,从一个更具体的问题出发,做深刻的分析,研究透彻该问题,再一般化扩展到要解决的问题,讲究研究深度,从更具体的问题入手研究扩展到问题本身。 人工智能的研究方法主要可以分为三类:一、结构模拟,神经计算,就是根据人脑的生理结构和工作机理,实现计算机的智能,即人工智能。结构模拟法也就是基于人脑的生理模型,采用数值计算的方法,从微观上来模拟人脑,实现机器智能。采用结构模拟,运用神经网络和神经计算的方法研究人工智能者,被称为生理学派、连接主义。二、功能模拟,符号推演,就是在当前数字计算机上,对人脑从功能上进行模拟,实现人工智能。功能模拟法就是以人脑的心理模型,将问题或知识表示成某种逻辑网络,采用符号推演的方法,实现搜索、推理、学习等功能,从宏观上来模拟人脑的思维,实现机器智能。以功能模拟和符号推演研究人工智能者,被称为心理学派、逻辑学派、符号主义。三、行为模拟,控制进化,就是模拟人在控制过程中的智能活动和行为特性。以行为模拟方法研究人工智能者,被称为行为主义、进化主义、控制论学派。 人工智能的研究方法,已从“一枝独秀”的符号主义发展到多学派的“百花争艳”,除了上面提到的三种方法,又提出了“群体模拟,仿生计算”“博采广鉴,自然计算”“原理分析,数学建模”等方法。人工智能的目标是理解包括人在内的自然智能系统及行为,而这样的系统在实在世界中是以分层进化的方式形成了一个谱系,而智能作为系统的整体属性,其表现形式又具有多样性,人工智能的谱系及其多样性的行为注定了研究的具体目标和对象的多样性。人工智能与前沿技术的结合,使人工智能的研究日趋多样化。 3、总结 人工智能的研究方法会随着技术的进步而不断丰富,很多新名词还会被提出,但研究的目的基本不变,日趋多样化的研究方法追根溯源也就是研究问题的两种方法的演变。对人工智能中尚未解决的众多问题,运用基本的研究问题的方法,结合先进的技术,不断实现智能化。人工智能与前沿技术密切联系,人工智能的研究方法必然日趋多样化。 4、参考文献 (1)人工智能技术导论廉师友西安电子科技大学出版社2007.8 (2)人工智能研究方法及途径熊才权2005年第三期 (3)人工智能学派及其在理论、方法上的观点蔡自兴1995.5 (4)人工智能研究的主要学派及特点黄伟聂东陈英俊2001第三期 (5)人工智能研究对思维学的方法论启示尹鑫苏国辉2002.10第四期

功能锻炼护理对强直性脊柱炎患者康复的疗效观察

功能锻炼护理对强直性脊柱炎患者康复的疗效观察 发表时间:2018-10-12T14:03:10.540Z 来源:《健康世界》2018年17期作者:王琳 [导读] 结论:强直性脊柱炎患者的康复效果,通过功能锻炼护理能够得到有效改善,值得临床应用推广。 河南省南阳市第九人民医院河南南阳 473000 摘要:目的:分析功能锻炼护理对强直性脊柱炎患者康复效果的辅助作用。方法:选取我院2017年1月-2018年5月146例强直性脊柱炎患者,随机分为研究组和对照组,研究组加用功能锻炼护理,对照组采用常规护理,比较两组康复效果。结果:研究组总有效率 98.63%,对照组总有效率76.71%,两组枕墙距、胸廓扩张度、晨僵时间、疼痛评分有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:强直性脊柱炎患者的康复效果,通过功能锻炼护理能够得到有效改善,值得临床应用推广。 关键词:强直性脊柱炎;功能锻炼护理;康复效果;评价指标 强直性脊柱炎属于慢性疾病,患者发病后,其中轴关节出现慢性炎症,逐步导致颈椎、膝关节以及其他组织器官产生风湿性疾病,并呈现出进展性变化。强直性脊柱炎患者中,以中青年患者的发病率较高,患者多为家庭中的主要劳动力,在发病后,出现腰背部疼痛剧烈症状,严重时造成患者无法正常工作和自主生活,对患者自身以及家庭均产生较为严重的影响。部分患者在病情严重时出现残疾,严重影响患者的预后[1]。本文对所选强直性脊柱炎患者的护理资料进行对比,总结功能锻炼护理对患者预后效果的改善作用,现报告如下。 1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料 我院2017年1月-2018年5月146例强直性脊柱炎患者,随机分为研究组和对照组,73例/组。研究组男35例,女38例,年龄28~43岁,平均年龄(39.15±3.85)岁,病程1~11年,平均病程(7.06±3.94)年。对照组男36例,女37例,年龄27~42岁,平均年龄 (39.44±2.56)岁,病程1~12年,平均病程(7.21±4.79)年。患者均存在腰痛、晨僵症状,并通过我院影像学检查确诊,并排除精神疾病、言语障碍、合并感染等疾病症状患者,排除无法自主配合实验,排除非自愿参与实验患者,两组患者基线资料均无统计学意义(P> 0.05),具有可比性。 1.2 方法 对照组利用常规护理,研究组利用功能锻炼护理,包括生活护理、心理护理、功能锻炼指导、用药指导。 生活护理:在患者治疗期间,注意保护患者的脊椎,避免脊椎过分负重,并减少患者长期弯腰,指导患者保持正确坐姿,避免脊椎紧张,叮嘱患者定期更换姿势,减少同姿势持续时间,尤其针对肥胖患者,应叮嘱患者减轻体质量,避免体重对患者关节的损伤,指导和规范患者的科学生活习惯,避免熬夜、受寒对患者病情的影响,并指导患者不可睡过软的床垫,利用去枕、低枕方式睡眠。 心理护理:患者发病时,症状明显痛苦较大,应针对患者开展心理疏导,指导患者了解疾病知识、治疗方法,帮助患者积极配合治疗的同时,增加患者对护理工作的认可和理解,提高患者的护理依从,增加患者的治疗信心。 功能锻炼指导:根据患者治疗阶段开展功能锻炼,能够改善患者的关节活动幅度,减少关节脊柱畸形的发生率,功能锻炼时间20分钟,根据患者治疗疗程开展,除指导患者开展功能锻炼外,还需在患者锻炼前为患者放松肌肉、韧带等软组织,减少患者锻炼期间产生的疼痛感和肌肉损伤,提高患者锻炼体验。 用药指导:强直性脊柱炎患者在发病后,多利用甲氨蝶呤、柳氮磺胺吡啶治疗,用药期间患者需要定期检查血象指标,避免由于用药产生不良反应,减少患者由于药物产生的肝损伤或胃肠道反应,对出现上述反应的患者,及时利用保胃、保肝治疗进行处理,护理人员可为患者进行后背、腹部的抚触,减少患者不适。并叮嘱患者不可随意停药、更换药物、药量。 1.3 疗效判定 对比两组枕墙距、胸廓扩张度、晨僵时间、疼痛评分指标差异。对比两组护理效果,包括显效、有效和无效。显效:患者晨僵消失,疼痛显著缓解;有效:患者晨僵发生率下降,疼痛改善;无效:患者晨僵、疼痛未见改善,甚至出现加重;总有效率=显效+有效/总数 *100%。 1.4 统计学分析 利用SPSS19.0统计学软件处理数据,计量资料:枕墙距、胸廓扩张度、晨僵时间、疼痛评分,均数±标准差(x±s),t检验,计数资料:总有效率,率(%),χ2检验,P<0.05差异有统计学意义。 2 结果 研究组总有效率98.63%,对照组总有效率76.71%,两组枕墙距、胸廓扩张度、晨僵时间、疼痛评分有统计学意义(P<0.05),详情见表1。 表1 两组枕墙距、胸廓扩张度、晨僵时间、疼痛评分比较(x±s)[n()] 3 讨论 强直性脊柱炎患者的临床症状,除表现为腰背部疼痛外,还同时存在骶髂关节炎、脊柱炎症以及关节周围的慢性炎症等,在利用药物治疗的同时,还需要根据患者症状、关节功能情况,为其开展功能锻炼,以减少患者在治疗过程中病情对关节功能的影响,并增加患者关节功能改善效果,国内外均明确功能锻炼对强直性脊柱炎的治疗效果[2-3]。 临床研究发现,功能锻炼效果,受患者治疗依从性、配合度以及耐受性影响,一些患者由于对疼痛耐受性差,产生治疗依从度差的问题,无法保证功能锻炼效果。患者在对自身疾病、治疗有明确认识的条件下,能够做到较好的治疗依从,如患者能够得到有效的监督和指

强直性脊柱炎

大偻(强直性脊柱炎)诊疗方案 一、诊断 (一)疾病诊断 1.中医诊断标准:参照《实用中医风湿病学》(王承德、沈丕安、胡荫奇主编,人民卫生出版社,2009年)、中华中医药学会发布的《中医内科常见病诊疗指南》(ZYYXH/T50~135-2008)。 凡症见腰骶、胯疼痛,僵直不舒,继而沿脊柱由下而上渐及胸椎、颈椎(少数可见由上而下者),或见生理弯度消失、僵硬如柱,俯仰不能;或见腰弯、背突、颈重、肩随、形体羸;或见关节肿痛、屈伸不利等临床表现,甚还可见“尻以代踵,脊以代头”之征象,均可诊为大偻。 2.西医诊断标准:参照1984年美国风湿病学会修订的纽约标准。 (1)临床标准 ①腰痛、僵3个月以上,活动改善,休息无改善。 ②腰椎额状面和矢状面活动受限。 ③胸廓活动度低于相应年龄、性别的正常人(<5cm)。 (2)放射学标准:双侧骶髂关节炎≥2级或单侧骶髂关节炎3--4级。 (3)分级 ①肯定强直性脊柱炎:符合放射学标准和至少1项临床标准; ②可能强直性脊柱炎:符合3项临床标准或符合放射学标准而不具备任何临床标准(应除外其他原因所致骶髂关节炎)。 (二)证候诊断 1.肾虚督寒证:腰骶、脊背、臀疼痛,僵硬不舒,牵及膝腿痛或酸软无力,畏寒喜暖,得热则舒,俯仰受限,活动不利,甚则腰脊僵直或后凸变形,行走坐卧不能,或见男子阴囊寒冷,女子白带寒滑,舌暗红,苔薄白或白厚,脉多沉弦或沉弦细。 2.肾虚湿热证:腰骶、脊背、臀酸痛、沉重、僵硬不适、身热不扬、绵绵不解、汗出心烦、口苦黏腻或口干不欲饮,或见脘闷纳呆、大便溏软,或黏滞不爽,小便黄赤或伴见关节红肿灼热焮痛,或有积液,屈伸活动受限,舌质偏红,苔腻或黄腻或垢腻,脉沉滑、弦滑或弦细数。 二、治疗方案 (一)辨证选择口服中药汤剂、中成药 1.肾虚督寒证

强直性脊柱炎的康复锻炼

强直性脊柱炎的康复锻炼 强直性脊柱炎的畸变具有一定的规律性,即逐渐由腰椎、胸椎、颈椎到骶髂关节、髋关节的屈曲畸形,因此,预防矫正的原则是在全面而均衡提高身体素质的基础上或同时,增强相应伸肌群的张力和力量,以期对抗脊柱及关节的病变,从而保持机体平衡。 保持未受累锥体和关节的活动功能,维持正确的生理姿势,防止脊柱、关节畸形的发生; (1)加大脊柱及四肢关节的活动度和灵活性,预防或延缓畸形的发生; (2)增强腰背肌、肩带肌等肌肉的力量,发挥肌肉关节的代偿功能,改善受累关节的活动,缓解病情;防止或减轻肢体因废用导致肌肉萎缩,维持骨密度和强度,防止骨质疏松 (3)充分发挥膈肌和肋间肌对胸廓呼吸功能的代偿作用,同时加强训练胸式呼吸可防止和改善肋椎关节的活动功能; (4)培养患者科学锻炼的意识,调动患者治疗疾病的积极性,增强患者对疾病康复的信心。 运动项目选择 鉴于该疾病的病变特点,常用的运动项目应包括:保持正确的体位和姿势;身体局部功能锻炼;低强度有氧运动;全面身体素质训练等。 方法介绍 保持正确的体位和生理姿势 患者在日常生活、工作及学习中时刻注意保持正确的姿势和体位,纠正不良习惯对于预防畸形非常重要。站立及行走时尽量抬头、挺胸、收腹,必要时可训练背靠墙站立,以保持良好的身体姿态;坐位宜使用直背硬靠椅,上身挺直收腹,尽可能向后靠紧椅背,髋、膝屈曲90度,避免坐矮板凳或沙发,以免弯腰时间过久;卧位要求睡硬板床,定期定时仰卧位,病人需卧硬板床。应尽量采用仰卧位或俯卧位,避免侧卧位,特别是屈腿侧卧位,即避免颈、胸椎前屈体位。疼痛严重病人,由于屈曲位可以减轻疼痛,常使脊柱处于屈曲位,可导致脊柱驼背畸形。低枕头有利于防止胸段脊柱后凸畸形发生,对于颈椎受累患者,更应该应用低枕头来防止颈椎的反弓畸形。枕头的高度以能保持颈椎的正常前弓度而又不至增加上胸椎后突为度。一般10cm高即可,枕头尽量放在颈中段,枕部尽量少枕枕头。每天还应利用自身重力于晨起、睡前早晚各取一次俯卧位,时间10-20分钟,不宜过长,以免影响呼吸,急性发作期患者大多需要卧床休息,对此尤其需要注意;看书,读报、写字时,视线应与书报保持平行高度,避免颈椎过久后仰或前倾。以上患者不论作何选择,都不可长时间地采用同一种体位和姿势,应适当变换体位,并与散步、身体活动交替进行,以维持脊柱的正常生理曲度,防止因不良的姿势和体位加速加重畸形的形成。而脊柱生理曲度已经消失或已有强直者,除注意上述种种外,还可于平卧位时背部垫置一枕,以防或延缓脊柱后凸畸形的形成。 2胸廓运动和深呼吸运动为防止病变上行到达胸部使呼吸受限,胸廓运动及深呼吸运动以最大限度扩张胸廓十分必要。二者往往同时进行。 方法:

强直性脊柱炎的早中晚分期

强直性脊柱炎的早中晚分期 (一)、早期强直性脊柱炎的症状: 1、青少年有慢性泛发性或持续性背腰痛,棘突有压痛;或有散在性 压痛,晨起后背腰部僵痛,后仰时背腰部痛重,活动后好转;久站或行走易疲倦,时有绞锁痛,伴血沉增高者。 2、青少年坐骨神经痛,反复发作或左右轮换痛;同时有背腰疼痛或 僵硬感者,骶髋关节X线片有轻微改变者。 3、青少年除背痛外,还有臀部、髋、大腿内外侧、膝、肩、胸锁关 节,颈部或肋间神经痛者,伴有血沉增高,骶髋关节X线片有改变者。 4、持续性背痛伴有周围型类风湿关节炎,骶髋关节X线片有改变者。 5、骶髋关节X线片无改变,脊柱关节突出亦无改变,但背腰僵痛持 续半年以上者,若血沉增高者。 6、单侧骶髋关节有明显X线片改变者,伴有背腰僵痛,血沉增高者。(二)、中期强直性脊柱炎的症状: 颈、背、腰、髋、膝、肩、胸锁关节,肋间神经,骶髋关节疼痛,活动受限,伴轻度强直。X线片显示:骶髋关节面破坏,关节边缘模糊,间隙变窄,有囊性变,部分有轻微硬化。 (三)、晚期强直性脊柱炎的症状:颈、背、腰、髋部强直,或驼背畸型。X片显示:骶髋关节融合或固定,脊柱融合或成竹节状。 强直性脊柱炎治疗的新进展 强直性脊柱炎(简称强脊炎)是一种慢性进行性炎性疾病,主要侵犯骶髂关节、脊柱骨突、脊柱旁软组织及外周关节,多发于15-30岁的青少年男子(男比女多11倍)。早期表现为腰部僵硬、酸 痛、沉困,以夜间、清晨疼痛明显,久坐久站后加重,活动后减轻。有些病人还伴有髋、膝、踝关节肿痛,臀部、腹股沟疼痛,颈背部沉痛、足跟痛、低热、乏力、虹膜睫状体炎等。由于本病起病进展缓慢,开始时的腰痛为间歇性,全身症状较轻,数月或数年后才发展为持续性,所以早期的强直性脊柱炎患者常被忽视或误诊。随着病情的进一

教育研究方法文献综述_0

---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 教育研究方法文献综述 文献综述报告结构 1、引言: 简要描述研究问题的性质,并进一步陈述研究问题(为什么研究) 2、综述的主体: 简要报告其他人的发现与观点。 通常将相关的研究放在一起讨论,并用小标题进行分类;详细介绍主要的研究工作,略提相对次要的研究策略: 时间、流派、代表人物 3、总结: 给出已有知识与观点的全貌 4、结论: 5、参考文献: 引用过的文献、其他索引(格式引言家庭是知识、价值观、态度、角色和习惯代代相传主要的传播体。 通过与家庭系统的互动, 子女形成自己的人格、思维模型和行为方即、家庭是人生最初始和最荃础的教育环境。 有研究表明, 家庭环境对青少年的健康发展、学业成绩有着重要影响。 那么到底家庭中的哪些因素对子女的学业成绩产生影响,家庭因素又是如何影响子女的学业成就的呢?一系列的研究表明:家庭因素中对子女学业成就产生影响的因素有很多,如家庭环境、父母文化教育程度、父母教养方式、家庭结构、家庭社会经济地位等等。 1,与家庭的社会经济地位相联系的各种客观因素,如家 1 / 17

庭的社会经济地位、家庭的破裂、家长的文化程度及职业类别等;(柳敏峰,徐长江,王黎华. 家庭因素对中学生学业成绩影响的调查研究,[J]. 教育测量与评价, 1674- 1536( 2010) 03- 0043- 04.)1) 家长的文化程度、文化程度越高,采用情感温暖、理解的教养方式越多,采用拒绝、否认的教养方式则相对较少。 从而使孩子增强了信心,培养了学习的兴趣,从而促进了学业成绩的提高。 采用《父母教养方式评价量表》以及《家庭教育状况调查表》对德州三中学生进行了关于家长教养方式的调查和统计显示家长的文化程度差别较大且对学生的学业成绩有显著的影响。 (【2】刘新宇德州三中学生学业成绩与家庭教育状况的相关性研究【J】山东师范大学教育硕士学位论文 2009)家长的职业 2) 职业为专业技术人员和企事业干部的家长,其子女学业成绩优秀的较多,而工人和个体劳动者的子女相对学业成绩优秀的较少。 经分析,专业技术人员和企事业干部一般都具有良好的文化素养,有属于自己的比较理想的事业和职业,对个人的发展也看得很重,他们会通过自己的努力来实现个人的价值,他们有自己的生活目标、兴趣爱好,关注自身的情绪体验。 他们多采取民主的教养方式,在精神层面会把自己和孩子视为相互独立的两个主体,尊重孩子的感受和发展。 身为工人和个体劳动者的学生父母一般从事体力甚至重体力劳动,还有的为了生计外出打工,一般无自己满意的事业,很难实

强直性脊柱炎运动疗法临床应用现状

万方数据

万方数据

万方数据

强直性脊柱炎患者血清和骶髂关节中结缔组织生长因子的表达 (正文见第170页) 图1正常骶髂关节组织与AS患者骶髂关节组织的CTGF免疫组织化学染色结果(×400)A为正常骶髂关节组织,图中未见血管翳和炎症细胞,CTGF阳性细胞(箭头所示)较少;B为AS患者骶髂关节组织,图中见血管翳炎症细胞,CTGF阳性细胞(箭头所示)较多 ■槲月眦¨'捌∥■%¨¨”屑”#t∥∥0∥∥0∥∥o张∥0∥∥0∥∥0∥∥o∥∥0聊/0∥∥0∥∥0∥∥0∥∥0∥∥t∥∥0∥∥0∥∥0∥∥o#∥0∥∥彩#月饼∥t%*t∥∥1%#t帮∥0埘,tW∥■∥∥0∥∥o∥∥■∥∥0∥∥0∥∥o∥∥0∥∥■∥∥0∥∥0∥∥勃∥月№聊t#柳1f上接第189页) [16][17][18][19] BIGOTJ,LOEUILLED,CHARY?VALCKENAEREI, eta1.Determinationofthebestdiagnosticcriteriaofsac— roiliitiswithMRI[J].JRadiol,1999,80(12): 1649—1657. SONGIH,HILGERTE,BRANDTHC.Inflammatory lesionsonmagneticresonanceimaginginthespineand sacroiliacjoints[J].ArthritisRheum,2008,58(sup— p1):519. BARALIAKOSX,LANDEWER,HERMANNKG,et a1.Inflammationinankylosingspondylitis:asystematic descriptionoftheextentandfrequencyofacutespinal changesusingmagneticresonanceimaging[J].Ann RheumDis,2005,64(5):730-734. WEBERU.HODLERJ.LAMBERTRGW.Sensitivity andspecificityofspinalinflammatorylesionsassessedby wholebodyMRIinpatientswithspondyloanhritisandre— cent=onsetinflammatorybackain[J].ArthritisRheum, 2009,61(7):900-908. [20]BENNETFAN,REHMANA,HENSOREM,etal: ThefattyRomanuslesion:anon-inflammatoryspinalMRI lesionspecificforaxialspondyloarthropathy[J].Ann RheumDis,2010,69(5):891-894. [21]ROSTOMS,DOUGADOSM,GOSSECL.Newtoolstor diagnosing5pondyloarthropathy[J].JointBoneSpine, 2010,77(2):108一114. [22]GUGLIELMIG,SCALZOG,CASCAVtELAA,eta1. Imagingofthesacroiliacjointinvolvementinseronegative spondylarthropathies[J].ClinRheumatol,2009,28 (9):1007—1019. (收稿日期:201i-01—22;编辑:洪悦民) o●、)o●oo●●o◆oo●oo●oo●no●oo●c]1●、◆1●)“◆、●11●、]一●c1]●Ⅲ◆¨◆【’o●tw)●t‘、●’o●L,o●Ⅲ’●cL,●)o●()(’●、)。’◆00●00●oo◆tlf)●oo●n、●t、o●00●oo◆oo●oo◆、o●00◆oo●oo●oo◆t)o●b’●1◆o(上接第210页) [18]TAYLOR-PILIAERE,HASKELLWL,WATERSC[22]HANA,ROBINSONV,JUDDM,eta1.TaichiforM,eta1.Changeinperceivedpsychosocialstatusfollow-treatingrheumatoidarthritis[J].CochraneDatabaseSyst inga12-weekTaiChiexerciseprogramme[J].JAdvRev,2004,CD004849. Nurs,2006,54(3):313—329.[23]SONGR,LEEE0,LAMP,eta1.Effectsoftaichiex一[19]LIJX,HONGY,CHANKM.Taichi:physiologicalerciseonpain,balance,musclestrength,andperceivedcharacteristicsandbeneficialeffectsonhealth[J].BrJdifficultiesinphysicalfunctioninginolderwomenwithos-Sports’Med,2001,35(3):148—156.teoarthritis:arandomizedclinicaltrial[J].JRheumatol,[20]VERHAGENAP,IMMINKM,VANDERMEULENA,2003,30(9):2039-2044. eta1.TheefficacyofTaiChiChuaninolderadults:asys一[24]KARAPOLATH,EYIGORS,ZOGHIM,eta1.Are tematicreview[J].FamPract,2004,21(1):107一swimmingoraerobicexercisebetterthanconventionalex- 113.erciseinankylosingspondylitis Pa!ients?arandomized[21]WANGC,COLLETJP,LAUJ.TheeffectofTaiChicontrolledstudy[J].EurJPhysRehabilMed,2009,onhealthoutcomesinpatientswithchronicconditions:a45(4):449-457. systematicreview[J].ArchInternMed.2004,164(收稿日期:2011-01—12;编辑:李苏玲) (5):493—501. 万方数据

强直性脊柱炎患者的锻炼方法

强直性脊柱炎患者的锻炼方法 字号: 小中大| 打印发布:2008-10-21 作者:快乐来源: 原创查看: 3次强直性脊柱炎患者的锻炼方法 强直性脊柱炎病变主要位于骶髂关节和脊椎关节突关节等处,常见症状为腰背僵硬和疼痛。晚期可发生脊柱强直、畸形,病情不能逆转。整个病程中脊柱、胸廓及外周关节可产生程度不同的活动受限,整体活动能力也可能下降。康复评定主要是对于疼痛、脊柱活动度、胸廓活动度、四肢关节活动度、肌力等进行评定。 以下的锻炼方法,病人可以从中选择几节,一般一天锻炼1-2次,每个动作重复8-10次。 (1)肢体运动:可作俯卧撑、斜撑,下肢前屈后伸,扩胸运动及游泳等。游泳既有利于四肢运动,又有助于增加肺功能和使脊柱保持生理曲度,是最适合的全身运动。但本病患者严禁跳水,以免造成颈椎和颈脊髓损伤。 (2)颈椎运动:头颈部可作向前、向后、向左、向右转动,以及头部旋转运动,以保持颈椎的正常活动度。 (3)腰椎运动:每天作腰部运动、前屈、后仰、侧弯和左右旋转躯体,使腰部脊柱保持正常的活动度。 (4)深呼吸:每天早晨、工作休息时间及睡前均应常规作深呼吸运动。深呼吸可以维持胸廓最大的活动度,保持良好呼吸功能。 (5)距墙角一米处,两手分别撑在两侧墙上,与肩平齐,吸气时身体前倾,腰部前挺,脚跟不要抬起,呼气时还原。 (6)两脚分开与肩宽,两手叉腰,抬头挺胸,目视前方,做胸式呼吸。 (7)体位向前,吸气时两上肢伸直经体侧上举;呼气时双腿伸直,上体前屈,手触地面。 (8)双手高举抓单杠悬吊,用自身重量进行牵引,也可以行引体向上,吸气时上,呼气时还原。 除此以外,太极拳的大云手有助于增加脊柱的旋转活动;背伸肌锻炼有助于预防驼背畸形。 添加到搜藏 已解决 有谁能告诉我长期治疗强直性脊柱炎的比较有效的中药配方吗?我老弟要考高考了,但15岁时被诊断为那个病 悬赏分:0 - 提问时间2007-10-3 11:57

教育研究方法综述

教育研究方法综述 陈易美(学号:312045110005) 教育研究方法是按照某种途径,有组织、有计划地、系统地进行教育研究和构建教育理论的方式,是以教育现象为对象、以科学方法为手段,遵循一定的研究程序,以获得教育科学规律性知识为目标的一整套系统研究过程。当今世界对教育越来越重视,同时对教育研究方法的探究也是不断深入,下面就对当今世界的一些教育研究方法做个简单的综述。 第一,了解一下教育研究方法的历史、现状和发展趋势。教育研究的科学化历程,经历了直觉观察时期、分析为主的方法论时期、形成独立学科时期、现代教育与现代教育研究方法的变革时期四个时期。现状:第一,群众性(而缺乏专业性)。第二,行政参与并领导教育研究(官本位思想)。第三,研究方法上倾向理论思辨研究,实证研究较少(研究中的急功近利)。第四,没有教育研究的质量控制体系。(科学的评价机制与有效的转化机制)。随着科学技术以及教育的不断发展,教育研究方法发展趋势主要体现于:理论更具有构造性、清晰性和预见性;研究方法的统一性和多元性;教育研究方法的借鉴移植各门科学的研究方法;关注教育科学研究的价值标准以及更有操作性。 第二,要知道.教育研究方法的基本类型:(1)理论方法(归纳、演绎、类比;分类、比较、分析、综合、概括):是对复杂的教育问题的性质和相互关系,从理论上加以分析和综合,抽象和概括,以发现其内在规律或一般性结论。(2)实证方法(观察、问卷、访谈、测量):是通过问卷、调查、访谈、观察以及测验等手段搜集资料以验证假设或回答有关现时研究的问题。(3)实验研究方法(真实验、准实验)主要目的在于:根据一定的假设在教育活动中创造能验证实验假设的系统和环境,主动控制研究对象,排除无关因素的干扰,从而探索事物的因果联系。(4)历史研究方法(文献法、内容分析法):涉及对过去发生事件的了解和解释。历史研究的目的在于通过对以往事件的原因、结果或趋向的研究,有助于解释目前事件和预测未来事件。 第三,在教育研究中要学会选题与设计。首先,要学会选题。选题要新颖,要把研究课题的选择放在总结和发展过去有关科学领域的实践成果和理论思想的主要遗产的基础上,没有这个基础,任何新发展,新突破都是不可能的。如何衡量选定课题有无意义及意义的大小,主要是看两个基本方面。一是所选择的研究课题是否符合社会发展、教育事业发展的需要,是否有利于提高教育质量,促进青少年全面发展。二是所选择的研究课题是根据教育科学本身发展的需要,为检验、修正、创新和发展教育理论,建立科学的教育理论体系的需要。问题提出有一定的科学理论依据和事实依据。问题表述必须具体明确。问题研究要有可行性。 其次,课题研究的设计方面,要先进行.教育研究假设,对问题的答案、两个或多个变量之间关系或某些现象的性质的推测或提议。判断其是否正确,叫检验假

相关文档
相关文档 最新文档