电力专业英语阅读与翻译部分课后长句

第一章

第一节电力系统基本结构

Part 1 Basic Construction of Electric Power System

Basic Concepts of Electric Power System

电能是一种理想的能力形式，便于传输和使用，而且很清洁，对环境和大气无污染，因此自被发现以来，电能发展迅速并且利用广泛。电能的

产生、输送和消耗过程就在这一被称为电力系统的整体化系统中实现。

Electricity is an ideal energy form, which is convenient to deliver and use, and is clean without polluting our environment

and atmosphere. The generation, delivery and consumption of electricity are realized in an integrated system which is called

electric power system or power system.

一个电力系统包括三个基本部分：发电系统、输电系统和配电系统，如图1-1所示。

An electric power system consists of three principal divisions: power generation, power transmission system, and power

distribution systems, as shown in Fig.1.1

图1-1电力系统的三个基本部分

用户从电力系统取用的所有电能都是在某种形式的电厂（或者称作电站）中产生的。发电是整个电能利用过程的第一环节。

All the electricity the consumers take from the power system is generated in a power plant, or called power station, of some

kind. Power generation is the first stage of the whole progress of the utilization of electric energy.

输电系统连接发电和配电系统，并经过网络互连通向其他电力系统。配电系统在执行电压变换和开关功能的变电站将所有单个负荷接连到输电

线路。

Transmission systems are the connecting links between the

generation plants and the distribution systems and lead to other

power systems over interconnections. A distribution system connects all the individual loads to the transmission lines at the

substations which perform voltage transformation and switching functions.

地处负荷区的附近的小型电厂，通常直接连接到中压输电系统或配电系统。

Small generating plants located near the load are often connected to the subtransmission or distribution system directly.

通常，在输电系统水平上形成相邻电力系统间的互联。

Interconnection to neighboring power systems are usually formed at the transmission system level.

因而整个电力系统包括多个电源和若干层次的输电网络。这提供了高度的结构化冗余，使系统能够承受罕见的意外事故而不会中断对用户的供

电。

The overall system thus consists of multiple generating sources and several layers of transmission networks. This provides a

high degree of structural redundancy that enables the system to withstand unusual contingencies without service disruption to

the consumers.

第二节电力系统典型的网络拓扑结构

Part 2 Typical Topologies of Electric Power System

构成电力系统的设备，其布局取决于当地的负荷增长方式，并且随时可能重新调整。

The equipments which form an electric system are arranged depending on the manner in which load grows in the area and may be

rearranged from time to time.

然而，也可以采取办法对系统进行分类。以下列举三类：辐射状系统、环状系统和网状系统。

However, there are certain plans into which a particular system design may be classified. Three types are illustrated: the

radial system, the loop system and the network system.

如图1-2所示，在辐射系统中，线路从电源呈树状向外延伸。打开任一段线路都会导致一个或多个负荷停电。

In a rad ial system, as shown in Fig. 1.1, the lines form a “tree” spreading out from the power source. Opening any line

will result in interruption of power to one or more of the loads.

环状系统如图1-3所示。这样接线，即使一条线路退出运行，仍能保证给所有负荷供电。

The loop system is illustrated in Fig. 1.2. With this arrangement all loads may be served even though one line section is

removed from service.

图1-4所示的是同样的负载由网状方式供电。这样设计，保证了每个负荷有两条或多条线路为其供电。

Fig. 1.3 shows the same loads being served by a network. With

this arrangement each load has two or more circuits over which

it is fed.

通常将配电线路设计成辐射状或环状，但是大多数高压输电线路则按网状布局，主要电力系统的互联形成由多个线路段组成的网络。

Distribution circuits are commonly designed so that they may be classified as radial or loop circuit. The high-voltage

transmission lines of most power systems are arranged as networks. The interconnection of major power systems result in

networks made up many line sections.

第三节大多数电力系统的特点

Part 3 Characteristics of Most Power System

第一个完整的电力系统是直流系统。交流输电的发展，促成了交流电力系统的产生。由于下列原因，交流系统已经完全取代直流系统。

The first complete electric power system was a direct current (DC) system. The development of alternating current (AC)

transmission led to AC electric power system. The AC system had won out over the DC system for the following reasons:

（1）交流系统易于转换电压等级，因而提供了以不同电压水平进行发电、输电和用电的灵活性。

i ) V oltage levels can be easily transformed in AC systems, thus providing the flexibility for use of different voltage for

generation, transmission, and consumption.

（2）与直流电机相比，交流电机要更加简单和便宜。

ii) AC electric machines are much simpler or cheaper than DC electric machines.

电力系统的大小和结构组成可能不同。然而，它们有相同的基本特点

Electric power systems vary in size and structural components. However, they all have the same basic characteristics:

（1）电力系统都是由基本运行在恒定电压的三相交流系统构成。发电和输电设备都是三相元件。工业负荷总是三相负载；单

相居民负荷和商业

在各相之间均匀分配，以有效地构成平衡的三相系统。

i) Are comprised of three-phase AC systems operating essentially at constant voltage. Generation and transmission facilities

use three-phase equipment. Industrial loads are invariably three-phase; single-phase residential and commercial loads are

distributed equally among the phases so as to effectively form a balanced three-phase system.

（2）都使用同步电机发电。ii) Use synchronous machines for generation of electricity.

（3）经过相当远距离的传输为大面积的用户供电。这要求输电系统的子系统运行在不同的电压水平。

iii) Transmit power over significant distances to consumer spread over a wide area.

This requires a transmission system comprising subsystems operating at different voltage levels.

第四节电力系统的发展

完成有用工作的能源的开发是工业发展的关键，而工业发展时各地生活水平不断提高所必需的。电力系统是在应对该挑战中扮演重要角色的转

换和运输能量的工具之一。按照某些标准，该产业是世界上最大的产业。

Development of source of energy to accomplish useful work is the key to industrial progress which is essential to the

continual improvement in the standard of living of people everywhere. The electric power system is one of the tools for

converting and transporting energy which is playing an important role in meeting this challenge. The industry, by some

standards, is the largest in the world.

19世纪70年代后期弧光灯用于灯塔和街道照明，标志着电能商业应用的开始。

The commercial use of electricity began in the late 1870s when arc lamps were used for lighthouse illumination and street

lighting.

第一个完整的电力系统在纽约建成，于1882年9月开始运行。这是一个直流系统。这是即将发展成世界上最大的产业之一的，电力行业的开端。

The first complete electric power system was built in New York City which began operation in September 1882. This was a DC

system. This was the beginning of what would develop into one of the largest industries in the world.

交流系统的发展于1885年始于美国。1890年，美国第一条交流输电路投运。最初的输电线路是单相的。随着多相系统的发展，交流系统显得更

加具有吸引力。之后，交流输电尤其是三相交流输电逐渐取代了直流系统。

The development of AC systems began in the US in 1885. The first AC transmission line in the US was put into operation in

1890. The first transmission lines were single-phase. With the

development of poly-phase systems, the AC system became even

more attractive. Thereafter, the transmission of electric energy by alternating current, especially three-phase alternating

current, gradually replaced DC system.

交流输电的早期，运行电压级迅速提高。例如，在美国，1890年首条交流线路运行在3.3kV。1907年电压升到100kV,1913年升到150 kV，1923年

220 kV，1926年244 kV，1936年达到287 kV。1953年出现了第一条345 kV线路。1965年第一条500 kV线路投运。四年后即1969年，首条765 kV

投运。

In the early days of AC power transmission, the operating voltage increase rapidly. For instant, in the United States, in

1890 the first line was operated at 3.3kV. V oltage rose to 100kV at 1907, 150kV in 1913, 220kV in 1923, 244kV in 1926, and

287kV in 1936. In 1953 came the first 345kV line. The first 500kV line was operating in 1965. Four years later in 1969 the

first 765kV line was placed in operation.

由于电力系统起始于孤立系统并且只是逐渐地扩展到覆盖全国，所以直到1917年，电力系统通常以独立单元形式运行。鉴于大批量的供电需求

以及日益增长的可靠性要求，引起了相邻系统的互联。互联已经发展到这样的程度，功率在不同电力公司的系统之间交换已经成为惯例。

Until 1917, electric systems were usually operated as individual units because they started as isolated systems and spread

out only gradually to cover the whole country. The demand for large blocks of power and increased reliability suggested the

interconnection of neighboring systems. Interconnection has increased to the point where power is exchanged between the

systems of different companies as a matter of routine.

第二章发电

第一节发电概述

Electric Power Generation

Part 1 About Power Generation

发电是电能应用的第一步。电力系统用同步电机产生电能，换句话说，同步发电机是电力系统中电能的只要来源。作为由涡轮机驱动的交流发

电机，同步电机是将机械能转化为电能的设备，其功率范围高达1500MW。原动机将一次能源转化为机械能，随后由发电机转化为电能。

Power generation is the first stage of electric energy application. Power system use synchronous machines for generation of

electricity, in other words, synchronous generators form the principle source of electric energy in power systems. The

synchronous machine as an AC generator driven by a turbine is the device which converts mechanical energy to electrical

energy, in powers ranging up to 1500MW. Prime movers convert the primary sources of energy to mechanical energy that is, in

turn, converted to electrical energy by synchronous generator.

在将一台发电机接到无穷大母线或与另一台发电机并联之前，必须使其同步。当满足下列所有条件时，称为发电机同步: Before connecting a generator to an infinite bus (or in parallel with another generator), it must be synchronized. A

generator is said to be synchronized when it meets all the following conditions:

(1) 发电机频率与系统频率相等。

(2) 发电机电压幅值与系统电压幅值相等。

(3) 发电机电压与系统电压同相。

(4) 发电机相序与系统相序相同。

i) The generator frequency is equal to the system frequency.

ii) The generator voltage is equal to the system voltage.

iii) The generator voltage is in phase with the system voltage.

iv) The phase sequence of the generator is the same as that of the system.

第二节水电

Part 2 Hydropower Generati

利用流动的水来生产电能称为水力发电或水电。水力发电或水电是一种很重要的能源。依靠与同步发电机相连接的水轮机，水电站将移动的水

的能量转换为电能。

When flowing water is captured and turned into electricity, it is called hydroelectric power or hydropower. Hydropower power,

also called water power, is a type of important common power source. Hydropower generating stations convert the energy of

moving water into electrical energy by means of a hydraulic turbine coupled to a synchronous generator.

水电优于其他能源但面临独特的环境问题挑战。

Hydropower offers advantages over other energy sources but faces unique environmental challenges.

优点：水电由水供给，因此是清洁的燃料源。水电不会污染空气。水电是本土能源，许多国家都能生产。水电靠的是太阳控制的水循环，因而

是一种可再生能源。水电一般可满足需求，工程师可以根据需要去控制流过水轮机的水量来产生电能。

Advantages: Hydropower is fueled by water, so it’s a clean fuel source. Hydropower doesn’t pollute the air. Hydropower is a

domestic source of energy, produced in the many countries. Hydropower relies on the water cycle, which is driven by the sun,

thus it’s a renewable power s ource. Hydropower is generally available as needed; engineers can control the flow of water

through the turbines to produce electricity on demand.

除了清洁的电能之外，水电厂还提供其他效益。这些效益可

能包括：广泛的休闲娱乐机会、供水及洪水控制。

Hydropower plants provide benefits in addition to clean electricity. These benefits may include a variety of recreational

opportunities, water supply and flood control.\

缺点：水电会影响水质及水流。水电厂会导致水中的氧气溶解度降低---（这是）一个对岸边生存环境有害的问题。维持水电设施的水流最小，

对岸边生存环境的存续也是不利的。水电厂会受干旱影响。没水时不能发电。新的水电设施影响当地环境，并且可能与土地的其他用途冲突。

其他可选用途可能比发电更有价值。

Disadvantages: Hydropower can impact water quality and flow. Hydropower plants can cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the

water, a problem that is harmful to riverbank habitats. Maintaining minimum flows of water downstream of a hydropower

installation is also critical for the survival of riverbank habitats. Hydropower plants can be impacted by drought. When

water is not available, the hyd ropower plants can’t produce electricity. New hydropower facilities impact the local

environment and may compete with other uses for the land. Those alternative uses may be more highly valued than electricity

generation.

大多数现有水力资源储量已完全开发。例如，在美国，水电在全部电力中所占的比例不到20%，并且，因为大多数可用的水电资源已被开发，该

百分数还会下降。

The hydraulic resources of most modern connotations are already fully developed. For instance, in the United States, water

power accounts for less than 20% of the total and that percentage will drop because most of the available sources of water

power have been developed.

第三节火电（热电）

Part 3 Thermal Generation

热电厂利用煤、石油或天然气这类化石燃料燃烧产生的热量产成电能。大多数电站的额定值在200-1500MW之间，以实现大型设施的高效率和经

济性。这样的电站必须重视其高度复杂性和庞大的尺寸。

Thermal generating stations produce electricity from the heat released by the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil,

or natural gas. Most stations have ratings between 200 MW and 1500 MW so as to attain the high efficiency and economy of a

large installation. Such a station has to be seen to appreciate its enormous complexity and size.

热电厂通常位于河流或湖泊附近，这是因为需要大量的冷却水在蒸汽从汽轮机排除时将其冷凝。

Thermal stations are usually located near a river or lake because large quantities of cooling water are needed to condense

the steam as it exhausts from the turbines.

由于涡轮机自身所固有的低效率，热电厂的效率一般都很低。

The efficiency of thermal generating stations is always low because of the inherent efficiency of the turbines.

目前大部分电力是在蒸汽轮机电厂产生的。在蒸汽轮机电厂应用最为广泛的是煤。20世纪70年代初期，很多电厂转向石油，但面对石油价格的

持续上涨及降低依赖进口石油的必要性，在所有可能的地方都出现了从石油到煤的回归。蒸汽轮机被用来在系统峰荷时进行小幅短时调节。

Now most of the electric power is generated in steam-turbine plants. Coal is the most widely used fuel for the steam plants.

Many plants converted to oil in the early 1970s, but in the fact of the continuous escalation in the price of oil and the

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必修二 Unit1 IN SEARCH OF THE AMBER ROOM寻找琥珀厅Frederick William I, the King of Prussia, could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history. This gift was the Amber Room, which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it. The amber which was selected had a beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey. The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days. It was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels, which took the country's best artists about ten years to make. 弗雷德里克?威廉?我,普鲁士国王,从未想像过这恩赐与俄罗斯人会令人惊喜的历史。这个礼物,琥珀屋的,赐给这个名字,因为好几吨的琥珀被用来制造它。琥珀被选有一个美丽的黄棕色的颜色就像蜂蜜。房间的设计是别致的流行的日子。这也是一种珍惜用金子来装饰和珠宝,将国家的最好的艺术家们大约10年了。 In fact, the room was not made to be a gift. It was designed for the palace of Frederick I. However, the next King of Prussia, Frederick William I, to whom the amber room belonged, decided not to keep it. In 1716 he gave it to Peter the Great. In return, the Czar sent him a troop of his best soldiers. So the Amber Room became part of the Czar's winter palace in St Petersburg. About four metres long, the room served as a small reception hall for important visitors. 事实上,这个房间没有是作为礼物送人的。它是设计出用于弗雷德里克的宫殿。然而,普鲁士的下一任国王弗雷德里克威廉?我、就是琥珀属于,决定不去保持它。在1716他给了彼得最重要的东西。作为回报,沙皇送给他一群他最好的士兵。所以琥珀房成了沙皇的一部分在圣彼得堡冬宫。大约四米长,房间作为一个小接待大厅为重要的游客。 Later, Catherine II had the Amber Room moved to a palace outside St Petersburg where she spent her summers. She told her artists to add more details to it. In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. Almost six hundred candles lit the room, and its mirrors and pictures shone like gold. Sadly, although the Amber Room was considered one of the wonders of the world, it is now missing. 后来,凯瑟琳二世琥珀屋的搬到一座宫殿外面圣彼得堡她在她的夏天。她告

《科技英语阅读教程》陈勇版课文翻译(可编辑修改word版)

核电与核辐射 1986 年4 月26 日，切尔诺贝利核电站的一个反应堆发生爆炸，将相当于400 颗广岛原子弹的放射性尘降物散布到整个北半球。在此之前，科学家对辐射对植物和野生动物的影响 几乎一无所知。这场灾难创造了一个活生生的实验室，尤其是在这个被称为禁区的1100 平方英里的区域。 1994 年，德州理工大学生物学教授罗纳德·切瑟和罗伯特·贝克是首批获准完全进入该区域的美国科学家之一。“我们抓了一群田鼠，它们看起来和野草一样健康。我们对此非 常着迷。”贝克回忆说。当Baker 和Chesser 对田鼠的DNA 进行测序时，他们没有发现 异常的突变率。他们还注意到狼、猞猁和其他曾经稀有的物种在这片区域游荡，仿佛这里 是原子野生动物保护区。2003 年由一组联合国机构建立的切尔诺贝利论坛发表了声明一份关于灾难20 周年的报告证实了这一观点，称“环境条件对该地区的生物群落产生了积极 影响”，将其转变为“一个独特的生物多样性保护区”。 五年前，贝克和切塞尔在这片区域搜寻田鼠。Mousseau 到切尔诺贝利去数鸟，发现了与之相矛盾的证据。穆萨乌是南卡罗莱纳大学的生物学教授，他的合作者安德斯·佩普·穆 勒现在是巴黎南方大学生态、系统学和进化实验室的研究主任。他们发现该地区家燕的数 量要少得多，而那些存活下来的家燕则遭受着寿命缩短、(雄性)生育能力下降、大脑变小、肿瘤、部分白化病(一种基因突变)以及白内障发病率更高的痛苦。在过去13 年发表的60 多篇论文中，Mousseau 和Moller 指出，暴露在低水平辐射下对该区域的整个生物圈产生 了负面影响，从微生物到哺乳动物，从昆虫到鸟类。 包括贝克在内的批评人士对穆萨和穆勒持批评态度。贝克在2006 年与切塞尔合著的《美国科学家》(American Scientist)文章中指出，该区域“实际上已成为一个保护区”，穆萨和穆勒的“令人难以置信的结论只得到了间接证据的支持”。 我们所知道的关于电离辐射对健康影响的几乎所有信息都来自于一项正在进行的对原子弹幸存者的研究，该研究被称为寿命研究，简称LSS。辐射暴露的安全标准基于LSS。然而，LSS 留下了关于低剂量辐射影响的大问题没有得到解答。大多数科学家都同意，没有所谓 的“安全”辐射剂量，无论剂量有多小。小剂量是我们最不了解的。LSS 并没有告诉我们多 少低于100 毫西弗(mSv)的剂量。例如，引起基因突变需要多少辐射，这些突变是可遗传 的吗?辐射诱发的疾病(如癌症)的机制和遗传生物标记物是什么? 三重危机2011年 3月福岛第一核电站创建另一个生活摩梭实验室和穆勒可以研究低 剂量的辐射,复制他们的切尔诺贝利核事故研究和允许他们“更高的信心,影响我们看到有关辐射,而不是其他因素,“摩梭说。福岛310平方英里的隔离区比切尔诺贝利小，但在其他方面 是一样的。这两个区域都包括被遗弃的农田、森林和城市地区，在这些地区，辐射水平在 短距离内变化数量级。而且几乎可以肯定，他们进入福岛的速度比科学家进入苏联控制的 切尔诺贝利的速度还要快。简而言之，福岛事件提供了一个解决争议的机会。 福岛核事故发生后的几个月里，穆萨乌和莫勒就开始在这座正在冒烟的核电站以西受污染的山林里清点鸟类数量，但他们无法进入这个区域，亲眼看看家燕的情况。最后，在2013 年6 月，穆萨乌是首批获准完全进入福岛禁区的科学家之一。 对辐射的敏感度在生物和同一物种的个体之间有很大的差异，这是重要的原因之一，不要从蝴蝶推断到家燕或从田鼠推断到人类。蝴蝶对辐射特别敏感，Mousseau 说。2012年8 月，在线期刊《科学报告》(Scientific Report)发表了一篇论文，研究福岛核泄漏对淡草蓝 蝶的影响。冲绳县琉球大学的生物学教授大木若二(Joji Otaki)透露，在这种不雅行为发生两个月后，在福岛附近采集的蝴蝶出现了翅膀、腿和眼睛畸形的情况。Mousseau 和Moller 对切尔诺贝利和福岛昆虫的调查显示，蝴蝶作为一个群体数量急剧下降。但御宅族