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文献网络计算机网络外文文献英文文献外文翻译探讨搜索引擎爬虫

文献网络计算机网络外文文献英文文献外文翻译探讨搜索引擎爬虫
文献网络计算机网络外文文献英文文献外文翻译探讨搜索引擎爬虫

英文文献翻译

中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离,该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好,但是其需要消耗大量的时间,并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时,这些问题显得更加突出。近年来,几种制备系统已经进行了改进,能将分离时间减少到1-3h,并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥(使用薄层色谱分析进行分析)。在这些方法中,在我们的实验室中,媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近,我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术,可用于反应产物的常规提纯,我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等(ΔR f≥),而且构建这个系统花费非常低,并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础,专门针对快速分离,介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的,优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本,放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内,使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间(r)和峰宽(w,w/2)的比率进行测定的(Figure 1),结果如图2-4所示,图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。

外文翻译 - 英文

The smart grid Smart grid is the grid intelligent (electric power), also known as the "grid" 2.0, it is based on the integration, high-speed bidirectional communication network, on the basis of through the use of advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipme nt technology, the advanced control method, and the application of advanced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly and use the security target, its main features include self-healing, incentives and include user, against attacks, provide meet user requirements of power quality in the 21st century, allow all sorts of different power generation in the form of access, start the electric power market and asset optimizatio n run efficiently. The U.S. department of energy (doe) "the Grid of 2030" : a fully automated power transmission network, able to monitor and control each user and power Grid nodes, guarantee from power plants to end users among all the nodes in the whole process of transmission and distribution of information and energy bi-directional flow. China iot alliance between colleges: smart grid is made up of many parts, can be divided into:intelligent substation, intelligent power distribution network, intelli gent watt-hourmeter,intelligent interactive terminals, intelligent scheduling, smart appliances, intelligent building electricity, smart city power grid, smart power generation system, the new type of energy storage system.Now a part of it to do a simple i ntroduction. European technology BBS: an integration of all users connected to the power grid all the behavior of the power transmission network, to provide sustained and effective economic and security of power. Chinese academy of sciences, institute of electrical: smart grid is including all kinds of power generation equipment, power transmission and distribution network, power equipment and storage equipment, on the basis of the physical power grid will be modern advanced sensor measurement technology, network technology, communication

毕设开题报告-及开题报告分析

开题报告如何写 注意点 1.一、对指导教师下达的课题任务的学习与理解 这部分主要是阐述做本课题的重要意义 2.二、阅读文献资料进行调研的综述 这部分就是对课题相关的研究的综述落脚于本课题解决了那些关键问题 3.三、根据任务书的任务及文件调研结果,初步拟定执行实施的方案(含具体进度计划) 这部分重点写具体实现的技术路线方案的具体实施方法和步骤了,具体进度计划只是附在后面的东西不是重点

南京邮电大学通达学院毕业设计(论文)开题报告

文献[5] 基于信息数据分析的微博研究综述[J];研究微博信息数据的分析,在这类研究中,大多数以微博消息传播的三大构件---微博消息、用户、用户关系为研究对象。以微博消息传播和微博成员组织为主要研究内容,目的在于发祥微博中用户、消息传博、热点话题、用户关系网络等的规律。基于微博信息数据分析的研究近年来在国内外都取得了很多成果,掌握了微博中的大量特征。该文献从微博消息传播三大构件的角度,对当前基于信息数据分析的微博研究进行系统梳理,提出微博信息传播三大构件的概念,归纳了此类研究的主要研究内容及方法。 对于大多用户提出的与主题或领域相关的查询需求,传统的通用搜索引擎往往不能提供令人满意的结果网页。为了克服通用搜索引擎的以上不足,提出了面向主题的聚焦爬虫的研究。文献[6]综述了聚焦爬虫技术的研究。其中介绍并分析了聚焦爬虫中的关键技术:抓取目标定义与描述,网页分析算法和网页分析策略,并根据网络拓扑、网页数据内容、用户行为等方面将各种网页分析算法做了分类和比较。聚焦爬虫能够克服通用爬虫的不足之处。 文献[7]首先介绍了网络爬虫工作原理,传统网络爬虫的实现过程,并对网络爬虫中使用的关键技术进行了研究,包括网页搜索策略、URL去重算法、网页分析技术、更新策略等。然后针对微博的特点和Ajax技术的实现方法,指出传统网络爬虫的不足,以及信息抓取的技术难点,深入分析了现有的基于Ajax的网络爬虫的最新技术——通过模拟浏览器行为,触发JavaScript事件(如click, onmouseo ver等),解析JavaScript脚本,动态更新网页DOM树,抽取网页中的有效信息。最后,详细论述了面向SNS网络爬虫系统的设计方案,整体构架,以及各功能模块的具体实现。面向微博的网络爬虫系统的实现是以新浪微博作为抓取的目标网站。结合新浪微博网页的特点,通过模拟用户行为,解析JavaSc ript,建立DOM树来获取网页动态信息,并按照一定的规则提取出网页中的URL和有效信息,并将有效信息存入数据库。本系统成功的实现了基于Ajax技术的网页信息的提取。 文献[8]引入网页页面分析技术和主题相关性分析技术,解决各大网站微博相继提供了抓取微博的API,这些API都有访问次数的限制,无法满足获取大量微博数据的要求,同时抓取的数据往往很杂乱的问题。展开基于主题的微博网页爬虫的研究与设计。本文的主要工作有研究分析网页页面分析技术,根据微博页面特点选择微博页面信息获取方法;重点描述基于“剪枝”的广度优先搜索策略的思考以及设计的详细过程,着重解决URL的去重、URL地址集合动态变化等问题;研究分析短文本主题抽取技术以及多关键匹配技术,确定微博主题相关性分析的设计方案;最后设计实现基于主题的微博网页爬虫的原型系统,实时抓取和存储微博数据。本文研究的核心问题是,根据微博数据的特点设计一种基于“剪枝”的广度优先搜索策略,并将其应用到微博爬虫中;同时使用微博页面分析技术使得爬虫不受微博平台API限制,从而让用户尽可能准确地抓取主题相关的微博数据。通过多次反复实验获取原型系统实验结果,将实验结果同基于API微博爬虫和基于网页微博爬虫的抓取效果进行对比分析得出结论:本文提出的爬行策略能够抓取主题相关的微博数据,虽然在效率上有所降低,但在抓取的微博数据具有较好的主题相关性。这实验结果证明本论文研究的实现方案是可行的。 文献[9]阐述了基于ajax的web应用程序的爬虫和用户界面状态改变的动态分析的过程和思路。文献[10]对于全球社交网络Twitter,设计并实现了,一个爬虫系统,从另一个角度阐明了Python在编写爬虫这个方面的强大和快速。仅仅用少量的代码就能实现爬虫系统,并且再强大的社交网站也可

计算机网络安全文献综述

计算机网络安全综述学生姓名:李嘉伟 学号:11209080279 院系:信息工程学院指导教师姓名:夏峰二零一三年十月

[摘要] 随着计算机网络技术的快速发展,网络安全日益成为人们关注的焦点。本文分析了影响网络安全的主要因素及攻击的主要方式,从管理和技术两方面就加强计算机网络安全提出了针对性的建议。 [关键词] 计算机网络;安全;管理;技术;加密;防火墙 一.引言 计算机网络是一个开放和自由的空间,但公开化的网络平台为非法入侵者提供了可乘之机,黑客和反黑客、破坏和反破坏的斗争愈演愈烈,不仅影响了网络稳定运行和用户的正常使用,造成重大经济损失,而且还可能威胁到国家安全。如何更有效地保护重要的信息数据、提高计算机网络的安全性已经成为影响一个国家的政治、经济、军事和人民生活的重大关键问题。本文通过深入分析网络安全面临的挑战及攻击的主要方式,从管理和技术两方面就加强计算机网络安全提出针对性建议。

二.正文 1.影响网络安全的主要因素[1] 计算机网络安全是指“为数据处理系统建立和采取的技术和管理的安全保护,保护计算机硬件、软件数据不因偶然和恶意的原因而遭到破坏、更改和泄漏”。计算机网络所面临的威胁是多方面的,既包括对网络中信息的威胁,也包括对网络中设备的威胁,但归结起来,主要有三点:一是人为的无意失误。如操作员安全配置不当造成系统存在安全漏洞,用户安全意识不强,口令选择不慎,将自己的帐号随意转借他人或与别人共享等都会给网络安全带来威胁。二是人为的恶意攻击。这也是目前计算机网络所面临的最大威胁,比如敌手的攻击和计算机犯罪都属于这种情况,此类攻击又可以分为两种:一种是主动攻击,它以各种方式有选择地破坏信息的有效性和完整性;另一类是被动攻击,它是在不影响网络正常工作的情况下,进行截获、窃取、破译以获得重要机密信息。这两种攻击均可对计算机网络造成极大的危害,并导致机密数据的泄漏。三是网络软件的漏洞和“后门”。任何一款软件都或多或少存在漏洞,这些缺陷和漏洞恰恰就是黑客进行攻击的首选目标。绝大部分网络入侵事件都是因为安全措施不完善,没有及时补上系统漏洞造成的。此外,软件公司的编程人员为便于维护而设置的软件“后门”也是不容忽视的巨大威胁,一旦“后门”洞开,别人就能随意进入系统,后果不堪设想。

计算机网络-外文文献-外文翻译-英文文献-新技术的计算机网络

New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.

外文翻译computerprogram英文.doc

Computer Program 1 Introduction Computer Program, set of instructions that directs a computer to perform someprocessing function or combination of functions. For the instructions to be carried out, a computer must execute a program, that is, the computer reads the program, and then follow the steps encoded in the program in a precise order until completion. A program can be executed many different times, with each execution yielding a potentially different result depending upon the options and data that the user gives the computer. Programs fall into two major classes: application programs and operating systems. An application program is one that carries out somefunction directly for a user, such as word processing or game-playing. An operating system is a program that manages the computer and the various resources and devices connected to it, such as RAM,hard drives, monitors, keyboards, printers, and modems,so that they maybe used by other programs. Examples of operating systems are DOS, Windows 95, OS\2, and UNIX. 2 Program Development Software designers create new programs by using special applications programs, often called utility programs or development programs. A programmer uses another type of program called a text editor to write the new program in a special notation called a programming language. With the text editor, the programmer creates a text file, which is an ordered list of instructions, also called the program source file. The individual instructions that make up the program source file are called source code. At this point, a special applications program translates the source code into machine language, or object code— a format that the operating system

机械设计外文翻译(中英文)

机械设计理论 机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域,主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思,还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。 进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性,还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉,机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处,只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而,应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前,必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。 应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面,应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如,即使将一个小数点的位置放错,也会使正确的设计变成错误的。 一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法,而且愿意承担一定的风险,当新的方法不适用时,就使用原来的方法。因此,设计人员必须要有耐心,因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计,要求屏弃许多陈旧的,为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规,这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法,在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理,将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。 新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生,只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后,才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此,一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时,也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是,如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法,就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。 在设计的初始阶段,应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性,不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法,也会在设计的早期,即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样,才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常,要提出几套设计方案,然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中,采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。

网络爬虫外文翻译

外文资料 ABSTRACT Crawling the web is deceptively simple: the basic algorithm is (a)Fetch a page (b) Parse it to extract all linked URLs (c) For all the URLs not seen before, repeat (a)–(c). However, the size of the web (estimated at over 4 billion pages) and its rate of change (estimated at 7% per week) move this plan from a trivial programming exercise to a serious algorithmic and system design challenge. Indeed, these two factors alone imply that for a reasonably fresh and complete crawl of the web, step (a) must be executed about a thousand times per second, and thus the membership test (c) must be done well over ten thousand times per second against a set too large to store in main memory. This requires a distributed architecture, which further complicates the membership test. A crucial way to speed up the test is to cache, that is, to store in main memory a (dynamic) subset of the “seen” URLs. The main goal of this paper is to carefully investigate several URL caching techniques for web crawling. We consider both practical algorithms: random replacement, static cache, LRU, and CLOCK, and theoretical limits: clairvoyant caching and infinite cache. We performed about 1,800 simulations using these algorithms with various cache sizes, using actual log data extracted from a massive 33 day web crawl that issued over one billion HTTP requests. Our main conclusion is that caching is very effective – in our setup, a cache of roughly 50,000 entries can achieve a hit rate of almost 80%. Interestingly, this cache size falls at a critical point: a substantially smaller cache is much less effective while a substantially larger cache brings little additional benefit. We conjecture that such critical points are inherent to our problem and venture an explanation for this phenomenon. 1. INTRODUCTION A recent Pew Foundation study [31] states that “Search eng ines have become an indispensable utility for Internet users” and estimates that as of mid-2002, slightly

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