澳大利亚和加拿大概况(带翻译)
Part One The Land and the People of the Dreaming
I. The Land
1. The natural environment of Australia
The continent of Australia lies between equatorial South East Asia and the Antarctic. It is the largest island in the world, and is also the smallest, flattest and driest continent in the world.澳大利亚大陆在东南亚和南极之间，他是世界上最大的岛屿，最小最平最干的陆地
2. The distinctive features of the land:独特的地貌
the Great Dividing Range大分水岭and the Herat Barrier Reef. 赫拉特大堡礁
2. The distinctive animals of the land:独特的动物
the platypus(鸭嘴兽), the kangaroo, the koala, the wombat(毛鼻袋熊)
II. The Peoples
1. The Peoples of the Dreaming belong to over 500 different groups or nations with different languages and cultures but they were bound together by their belief in the Dreaming.人们属于超过500的有不同语言和文化的部族或国家，但是他们因为梦里的信念而紧密联系在一起
2. The “Dreamtime”is most often used to refer to the “time before time”, or “the time of the creation of all things”, while “Dreaming”refers to an individual’s or group’s set of beliefs or spirituality.人们经常说开天辟地时期指的是”时间之始”，或者是天地万物被创造出来的那个时间点．而“梦想”是个人或组织坚定神圣的信念
3. It is based on the central principle that people who live on the continent have special responsibilities to the land --- that the land owns them and that they hold it in trust as the home of their creator.
它基于中心原则。居住在这个大陆的人对土地有特殊的责任----土地属于他们，他们持有它作为他们创造者的家
III. The Impact of Colonization。殖民的影响
1. The concept of Terra Nullius: the term is from Latin, which means a land that is owned by no one. The British declared the Australian continent Terra Nullius to justify their invasion of the indigenous people’s land 无主地的概念：这个术语来自拉丁语，意思是不属于某人的土地。英国人宣布澳大利亚的领地是无主地来为他们侵略土著人的土地辩护
2. The impact of colonization on the indigenous people殖民对土著人的影响
(1)the indigenous people were dispossessed of the land they had lived on for tens of thousands of years;土著人被剥夺他们已经居住了几万土地
(2)they were killed in violent skirmishes and massacres;他们在残忍的冲突和屠杀中被杀
(3)they contracted the diseases brought by the white settlers and as a result, their population fell drastically.他们感染定居白人带来的疾病，结果，他们的人口大幅下降
IV. The policies of segregation, exclusion and assimilation隔离，排除，同化的政策
1. By the mid-1800s the government of violence changed to policies of segregation and exclusion. 到18世纪中期，暴力政府颁布隔离和排除的政策
2. By the beginning of the 20th century the policy of protection had been replaced by the policy of assimilation.
It was founded on the belief that the white culture was progressive and superior while the indigenous culture was inferior.到20世纪初，保护政策代替了同化政策。它被认为相信白人文化是侵略的和优等的，而土著文化是次等的
3.The double loss of traditional culture and exclusion from mainstream Australian society and culture led to Aboriginal people being labeled as lazy, stupid and drunken and dirty. 来自澳大利
亚主流社会和文化传统文化和排除的双重丧失，导致土著人被冠以懒惰，愚蠢，常醉的，脏的标签
Part Two Religion in Australia Today今天澳大利亚的宗教
I. The Dreaming:
The Dreaming means that people do not own the land –the land owns the people who have responsibilities of guardianship towards it.梦想意味着人们不用拥有土地—土地拥有着人们，人们对它有守护的责任
II. Protestantism 新教
? It is the most dominant form of religion in modern Australian society. It was the religion of governing colonial class in Australia. 它是现代澳大利亚社会最主要的宗教形式
? It promotes values such as rationalism, individualism, hard work, worldly success and ascetics. 它提升理性主义，个人主义努力工作，世间的成功，禁欲的价值
? Though its values are paradoxical, they fit well with the principles of Capitalism, and support the development of capitalism.虽然它的价值观是自相矛盾的，他和资本主义的原则相适应，支持资本主义的发展
III. Cat holism 天主教
? Australian Cat holism was transported to the colony with the convicts. It has replaced the Anglicanism as the most demographic dominant religious group. 澳大利亚的天主教被罪犯传播到殖民地，他代替英国国教，成为数据统计的最主要的宗教组织
? In the second half of the19th century, the Catholics from Ireland played an important role in establishing the working class culture in Australia and in creating unionism and the political party that represented the working class. 19世纪后半期，爱尔兰来的天主教在建立澳大利亚工人阶级文化和建立一个代表工人阶级的联合的政治团体起到重要作用
IV. Fundamentalism 基要主义运动
? It is basically a commitment to conservatism. It is often found in societies that are undergoing rapid changes, where Fundamentalists want to maintain or create what were the fundamental values of an earlier culture. 他基本上是一个保守主义的一个承诺，他经常被发现在快速发展的社会里，在那基要主义运动想要维持和建立一个早期文化的基础价值观
V. Anglicanism英国国教
? It was the religion of the British colonizers as well as the convicts and free settlers. It was the dominant religion in Australia throughout the 19th and most of the 20th centuries. It has lost its demographic supremacy to Catholicism.它是英国的殖民者，罪犯和自由移民的宗教，它是澳大利亚的主要宗教，贯穿19世纪，几乎20世纪，天主教使他失去他统计数字上的至高地位VI. Secularism世俗主义
? There is a steady increase in the number of people who have no formal commitment to any religion. Most of the people do not attend church services regularly today.对任何宗教没有正式的忠诚人们在数字上有平稳的增长
? However, Australia still can be seen as a religious society, instead of a secular society, as over three quarters of the Australian population is associated with some form of religion.但是澳大利亚依然被看做是一个宗教国家，因为超过四分之三的澳大利亚人口和各种宗教的宗教有关系Part Three From Penal Colony to “Free Migration”从流放地到自由移民
I. The beginning of the penal colony 流放地的开端
? 1. The first period of the colonization of Australia, lasting from 1788 to the 1830s, was based
largely on the “unfree”labor of the convicts. 澳大利亚第一阶段的殖民，从1788持续到1830年大多数都基于罪犯中的不免费的劳力
? New South Wales, Tasmania and Queensland were established as convict colonies; Victoria and South Australia, established in 1830s, were settled as “free”, or non-convict, colonies. 新南威尔士，斯塔玛尼亚岛，昆士兰州作为罪犯殖民地被建立；维多利亚州和南澳大利亚1830年建立，作为自由或没罪犯的殖民地
? Western Australia, established in 1828 as a free colony, turned to convict labor in 1850 and became a convict colony for 19 years until 1869.西澳大利亚1828年作为自由殖民地被建立，1850年转向罪犯劳动力，是罪犯殖民地直到19年后的1869年
? Convict partnerships were not the only form of family of this era. There were also “free”families of people who came over with the transported convicts, families of soldiers or administrators of the colony or people who arrived as “free settlers”. 那个时代，罪犯的合作关系不是家庭唯一的形式，也有自由家庭的人们和（运过来的罪犯士兵的家属或殖民地的行政官一起或作为自由定居者到来的）人来这作为自由定居者
II. From convict transportation to “free” migration
? 1. By the early 1820s there was pressure from the majority of the “free’settlers in NSW to replace convict transportation with “free migration”and to establish a “free market”economy.18世纪20年代早期,有来自新南威尔士的自由定居者的压力，自由移民代替罪犯运输，并建立自由市场经济
2. The 1930s and 1840s formed the early years of the modern (non-convict) system of the Australian Political Economy.19世纪30年代和18世纪40年代建立早期澳大利亚政治经济的现代系统
3. Wakefield Scheme: 维克菲尔德方案
? It was devised by Edward Wakefield, a convict and theorist on colonization, to solve the problem of labor shortage in colonial Australia 它被爱德华维克菲尔德设计，一个殖民地的囚犯和理论家，来解决殖民的澳大利亚劳工紧缺的问题
? His proposal on the development of colonial Australia was that land should not be freely and cheaply available. 他对于殖民地的澳大利亚的发展的方案是土地不应该以便宜和便宜的价钱得到
? It should be sold at surfeit price to ensure that only men of capital could afford it. The money earned from selling land should be used to assist selected migrants to Australia. 它应该以过量的价钱被卖，来确保只有有钱的人可已支付它，从卖土地挣来的钱应该用于帮助选定的澳大利亚移居者上
? Part Four Australia as a Liberal Democratic Society
? I. Difference as the central value of the Australian society澳大利亚社会不同的中心价值观
? Australians understand and conduct life upon a basic commitment to difference. The emphasis is upon the principle that there are different ways if thinking and knowing about the world: there is neither absolute truth nor one single way to run the country.澳大利亚人基于基本信念来理解和指导生活，走向不同世上没有绝对的真理，也没有唯一的方式来运作国家II. The formation of Australian political system
1. The “Washminster ”form of polity: 政府制度的政界形式
? It is a mixture of the U S. Washington system of government and the British Westminster system. This means that the political structure of the government is based on a Federation of State
with a three tier system of government. 它是美国华盛顿政府系统和英国议会系统的混合，它意味着政府的政治结构基于国家联邦的三层政府系统
2. The three-tier system of the Australian government澳大利亚政府的三层系统
? The Australian federation has three tiers in its government system: at the federal level, there are the Australian Parliament and the government. 澳大利亚联邦在其政府系统里有三个层，在联邦这层，有澳大利亚议会和政府
? In the second tier are the state governments and their legislatures. In the third tier are the local government bodies at the city, town and shire levels. 第二层是州政府州政府和其立法机关；第三层是城市，镇，郡级当地政府机构
3. The advantages of the pluralist form of government 政府兼职形式的优点
1) It enables the citizens to exercise their political right to choose their own government;它使市民能够实行他们的政治权利来选择他们自己的政府
2) It secures transparency and accountability of the government;它确保政府的透明度和责任
3) It provides for an alternative government which can competently take over the state affairs should any government collapse;它提供了一个可替换的政府，能胜任的接下州内事务？
4) The citizens can exert their power through major interest groups.市民可以通过主要的兴趣团体施加他们的力量
4. The Constitutional Crisis of 1975 1975年宪法危机
? It was caused by the dismissal of the Whitlam government by the Governor-General, which was elected by people.，人民选举产生的总督免职惠特拉姆政府导致的
? When the Senate refused to pass the Supply Bill granting money for the operation of the government, Sir John Kerr, the Governor- General dismissed the Whitlam government. 当参议院拒绝批准（同意给政府钱来支持其运作的）支援法案，约翰克尔先生，总督解散惠特拉姆政府
? This dismissal was generally interpreted as a flouting of the unmodified conventions of government and caused political and popular animosity.这次免职通常被诠释为政府不可改变的习惯的嘲弄，引起了政治上的和大众的憎恶
5.Whistle-blowers: 实名举报者
They are often experts in both senior and lower levels of bureaucracies. 他们通常对高级或低级水平的官僚制度很熟练They discover in their branch of the organization some problems of corruption and inefficiency and try to expose them.，他们发现在他们组织的分支内关于腐败和低效率的一些问题，并且试着解决他们
6.The relations between Ministers and Heads of Department: 部长和部门领导的关系
? Theoretically speaking, the public servants should be under the authority of the elected ministers 理论上讲大众公仆应该比选出来的部长权利低
? The Minister is responsible for making policies, and the Head of Department is responsible for implementing the policies. 部长对指定法案有责任，并且部门领导对政策执行负责
? As the Head of Department tends to be an expert specialist who has been working in the area for a long time, 因为部门领导试图成为已经工作在一个领域很长时间的专业专家，the minister is often in danger of being influenced by the administrative expertise of the Head of Department.部长经常有被部门领导的专业的行政知识影响的危险
7. Reasons for the increase of the government role in Australian political economy before 1980s: 在19世纪80年代之前，政府在经济上角色加重的原因
? 1) the expansion of education, health and social welfare services; 教育，健康社会，社会福
利服务的扩展
? 2) the introduction of social security programmes ;社会保险方案的引进
? 3) the increase in government regulations of business and finance and the supply of labor; 政府对商业，财政，劳动力供应上规范的加大
? 4) the introduction of a more complex system of justice and law and order.更为复杂的司法，法律，命令系统的介绍
8. Political economic changes in the shift to economic rationalism在经济理性主义改变的政策经济改变
1) financial regulations;经济规范2) the privatization and corpora ionization of public service;公共服务的个人化和公司化3) the end of centralized wage fixing system;集中工资固定系统的终结4) cuts in the size of the public sector and the sale of public assets 削减公共部门的规格和公共资产的销售
Part Five From Racism to Multiculturalism 从种族主义到多元文化
I. Ethnicity and inequality 种族划分和不平等
1. In mid-19th century migrants were predominantly British, and those who benefited from assisted migration were almost all from Britain. 19世纪中期气门主要是英国人和那些从帮助移民上得到好处的人也绝大多数是来自英国
2. By the 1870s, the Chinese constituted the third largest group in Australia, after the British (including the Irish) and Germans. Chinese migrants were subjected to racism at many levels. (target of physical attacks) 到18世纪70年代，中国人构成澳大利亚第三大群体，在英国和德国之后。中国移民在很多层面上服从种族主义
3. Pacific Islanders experienced a different history of racism in Australia. 太平洋的岛民在澳大利亚经历了种族主义的一个不同的历史，They were kidnapped by the “Blackbirder’s”and sold as indentured laborers to work in the sugar industry.他们被黑奴船拐卖并作为契约劳力被卖，在制糖工厂来工作
? The Pacific Island Laborers Act of 1901 was part of institutional discrimination –the White Australia Policy. 1901年太平洋岛屿劳工法案是制度上歧视的一部分----白色的澳大利亚政策
? 4. The White Australia Policy: it was officially adopted by the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, 白色的澳大利亚政策;在1901年被澳大利亚联邦官方采用，in the Immigration Restriction Act. It was made to stop Chinese and other non-British migrants from entering and settling down in Australia.在这个殖民限制的法案里，他被制定为禁止中国和其他非英国移民来进入和定居澳大利亚
? This was mainly achieved through a dictation test in a European language. The White Australia Policy was officially abolished in 1973. 他基本上通过一个欧洲语言的听写测试。白色的澳大利亚政策在1973年被官方废止
II. Multiculturalism from 1973 1973年以后的多元文化
? 1. It was adopted in 1973. It was comprised of three areas of policy:（1）Cultural Identity, which means the right to express and share one’s cultural heritage; 它于1973年被官方废止，它包含政策的三个领域：（1）文化身份，它意味着表达和分享一个人文化遗产的权力（2）Social Justice, the right to equal treatment and opportunities; （2）社会公平，平等对待和机会的权利，（3）and Economic Efficiency, the need to maintain and develop the skills of all Australians regardless of their backgrounds.（3）经济效益，所有澳大利亚人提高和维持技术
的需要，无论是什么他们的背景
? 2. Freedom Rides 自由乘车
? In the mid-1960s, an aboriginal university student led a group of white university students to the outback of Australia to demonstrate against racial segregation.19世纪60年代中期土著大学学生带领白人学校学生来澳大利亚内地来抗议种族隔离
? Their activities helped to raise the public awareness of racism and segregation in Australian society, and demonstrated the need for social change他们的活动帮助提高澳大利亚社会公众对种族主义和隔离的关注，证明社会变革的需要
Canada
Part One The Country and its People
I. The Canadian Identity 加拿大的定义
1. With an area of nearly 10 million square kilometers, Canada is the second largest country in the world. 拥有接近1000万平方公里的土地，加拿大是世界上第二大国家，It has a population of 31.9 million, and 10 provinces and 3 territories. It was founded in 1867他拥有319万的人口，十个省和三个地区1867年被发现
2. The first clue as to what makes Canada special is the two official languages of English and French.让加拿大不同的第一个因素就是，两个官方语言：英语和法语
3. Canada is a former colony that traces its history to “the Old Country”--- Great Britain, which gave Canada its political institutions, its territory, its laws, and even its Royal family.加拿大是一个早期殖民地，他有古老国家---英国的痕迹，他给了加拿大政治体系，领土，法律甚至皇室家族
4. Now Canada’s policy is to actively encourage immigration and assist different cultures to maintain their distinctive languages and identities, .现在加拿大的政策很活跃的鼓励移民和帮助不同文化来维持他们各自的语言和特点which means that the forging of a “Canadian”identity that applies to everyone continues to be a major challenge，这就意味着建立加拿大特征对每一个人来说都是一个主要的挑战
II. The North region 北方地区
1. Most of the inhabitants in the north are aboriginal peoples.大多数定居在北方的人是土著人
2. The traditional economy in the north was based on hunting and trapping animals for food and pelts, 北方的传统经济基于打猎和套动物来获取食物和皮毛but now oil and gas deposits are also being developed.，但现在石油和天然气的储存也被提高
III. Prairies大草原
They are called the “breadbasket”of Canada because the land is well-suited to farming, .他们被称作加拿大的古物生产地，应为土地非常适于耕种and wheat is one of the biggest agricultural crops in this area. 小麦是这一地区最主要的农业谷物，The prairies are also rich in energy resources，大草原在自然资源上也很丰富
IV. Central Canada 加拿大中心
1. Central Canada, consisting of Ontario and Quebec, 加拿大中心由安大略湖和魁北克构成are the parts of the country that were first settled in the early 1600s，是国家的一部分，与16世纪早期首先被建立
2. They are the industrial heartland of the country and are also the most densely populated provinces. 他们是这个国家工业的核心地带，也是人口最密集的省份They have the largest cities like Toronto and Montreal.，他们有最大的城市像多伦多和蒙特利尔
Part Two The Government and Politics of Canada 加拿大政府和政策
? Canada’s political system reflects the two major foreign influences on the historical development of the country: 加拿大的政策系统反应了在这个国家历史发展上的两个主要的外国影响因素，its legacy as a former colony of Britain, and the powerful influence exerted by the US.他作为以前英国的殖民地的遗物和他被美国进入的强有力的影响
? Canadians chose to found a nation based on “peace, order and good government”. 加拿大人选择建立一个基于“平等，秩序和好的政府”In other words, for Canadians, the well-being and liberty of individuals must sometimes be sacrificed for the greater good of the community.换句话说，对加拿大人，个体的安宁和自由有时必须为更好的社会牺牲
? Canadians have liked living in a society which allows a high degree of tolerance of different values and customs as long as the overall good of the community is not disturbed by them.加拿大人喜欢生活在一个允许对不同价值观和习俗高度包含力的社会，只要社会总体的好处不被他们打搅
? Structures of government政府的结构
1. Canada’s system of government is based on the British system of parliamentary democracy. 加拿大的政府系统基于英国的议会制民主系统。Canada is a monarchy. The official head of state is the Queen, but she is represented by a Governor-General加拿大是君主政体国家的官方首领是女王，但她被一个总督代表.The Canadian parliament is divided into the House of Commons and the Senate.，加拿大的议会分为平民院和参议院The members of the House of Commons (about 300 seats) are elected, ，平民院的成员是被选举出来的whereas the senators are appointed by the Governor-General, who acts upon the recommendation of the Prime minister.，而参议院的成员被总督任命，表现在对首相的建议上
2. The Party that wins the most seats in the House of Commons forms the Government, and the party leader becomes Prime Minister. 在平民院赢得多数席位的政党组成政府，并且它的部分领导变成首相The Cabinet, chosen by the Prime Minister, is made up of senior MPs from the governing party.，内阁，被首相选择，组成主要的来自政府政党的议员
Part Three The Canadian Mosaic马赛克
1. Canada is a nation of immigrants. When Canada is described as a mosaic, it means that the immigrant groups do not have to throw off their old customs, languages and traditions. 加拿大是一个移民国家，当他被描绘为马赛克时，这意味着移民群体不一定要抛弃他们过去的习俗，语言和传统。There is no particular concept of an overarching Canadian identity.没有一个首要的加拿大特点这一概念
2. Multiculturalism has caused something of a problem in that Canadians often feel they lack a “national identity”. 多文化主义已经引起一些问题，因为加拿大人经常觉得他们缺少一个“国家特点”
3. This patchwork quilt of different nationalities and communities is central to what Canada is:
a multicultural, bilingual country where efforts are made to protect, promote and celebrate the ways of the different kinds of people who live there.这个不同国家和团体拼凑的被子是加拿大的中心，一个多文化，双语言国家，一个努力保护，提高，住在这的不同种人得方式
The First Nations
1. The First Nations are the native tribes of aboriginal people who lived in Canada before the European explorers settled. 第一批国家是土著人的当地部落，他们在欧洲探险者定居在加拿大前就住在那了，They were officially referred to as “the First nations”since 1980s because they are the original inhabitants of the country.他们在19世纪80年代后被官方成为第一批国家，因为他们是这个国家最初的居民
2. The Inuit: the Inuit used to be called the Eskimo. 伊特人，过去被叫做爱斯基摩人They are
a group of aboriginal people who lived in far north, in the harsh conditions of the arctic climate by hunting seals, whales and other polar animals,他们居住在遥远的北方的土著居民，在严酷的北极气候下，靠猎杀海豹，鲸鱼，和其他极地动物
3. The Metis: they are another group of aboriginal people who emerged when French fur traders married Indian women. 他们是另一种土著人，出现在法国皮毛商人和一点女人结婚后。In appearance and lifestyle, their children inherited characteristics from both their European and aboriginal backgrounds在表现和生活状态上，他们的孩子遗传了他们欧洲和土著背景的特点
4. The aboriginal peoples are still, as a group, Canada’s poorest inhabitants, with low income, short life expectancy, high infant mortality rate, high vulnerability to diseases like TB, highest suicide rate土著人仍然，作为一个团体，加拿大最穷的居民，低收入，短的生活前景，高婴儿死亡率，对于像TB这样的疾病的高脆弱，高自杀率
III. Immigration
1. Immigration meant importing labor, and even today immigration policy is based on who the country needs to help it prosper. 移民意味着进口劳工，甚至现在的移民政策基于这个国容家需要谁，来帮助它繁荣Immigration policy has traditionally followed the demand of the changing Canadian labor market.，移民政策传统性的跟着这个改变这的国家的劳动市场的需要
2. Another characteristic is that it accepts more readily groups who will more easily fit into the Canadian society. 另一个特点是他接受更容易的团体，那些更容易适应加拿大社会的人These make Canada look hard-headed rather than humanitarian.，这个使得加拿大看起来，而不是人道
3. Immigration Act of 1976: it encouraged Asian immigration, offering passports to those with capital and/or entrepreneurial skills. 1976年移民行动：它鼓励亚洲移民，提供护照给那些有资产，或技术Would-be immigrants with more than $250000 (Cdn) to invest in businesses that will create jobs and wealth were welcomed to settle in Canada.。未来的移民带着250000加币来投资商业，这将增加就业和财富将被欢迎地来固定在加拿大
IV. French Canadians in Quebec魁北克的法裔加拿大人
1. In recent years, many French Canadians feel they should separate from the rest of Canada and become an independent state since they think that their linguistic and cultural heritage is threatened, and that they have been economically dominated by English Canada.最近几年，许多法裔加拿大觉得他们应该从加拿大其他地区分离开来，并且成为一个独立的国家，自从他们认为他们的语言和文化遗产被威胁了，并且他们在经济上已经英裔加拿大人控制了
2. Quebec is a mainly French-speaking province, where French speakers comprise 83% of the population.魁北克是主要的说法语的州，在那说法语的人组成83%的人口
Part Four The Canadian Economy大致看书（简答）
Three factors influencing Canadian economy
? Canada’s physical geography: rich natural resources, the huge size and small population;
? The US has a much more powerful economy and a larger market, so trade has naturally developed across the Can-Am border;
? Canadian federal government has constantly intervened in the development of the country’s resources and infrastructure to try to manage it, rather than allowing market force to play a role. II. The division of Canadian industries
1. Natural resources (primary industries), including agriculture, fishing, forestry and mining, accounted for 10% of Canada’s GDP (1990).
2. Manufacturing (secondary industries), including manufacturing, construction, rtansport and communications, made up 36% of GDP.
3. Service (tertiary) industries, including trade, finance, services and public administration, accounted for nearly 54% of GDP.
V. Natural resources
1. Canada is rich in natural resources: oil, gas, coal, uranium for nuclear power, and water for hydroelectricity.
V. Agriculture
1. 88% of the Canadian landmass is unsuitable for farming, and throughout the country, soil is poor, the growing season is short and the climate is harsh. Despite these, agriculture remains important to Canadian economy.
2. In recent years, Canadian agriculture has been faced with challenges. Agricultural exports have dropped sharply, and it has become cheaper in many cases to import foodstuffs rather than to produce such items domestically.
VI. Manufacturing industries
Canada is mainly an exporter of raw resources and an importer of manufactured goods. But it does have a variety of industries manufacturing products such as paper, technological equipment, automobiles, food, clothing and other goods.
Part Five Canada’s International Relations
Political geography
? Perhaps the major influence on Canada’s participation in the international system is its geography: the world’s longest coastline, vast territ ory, small population.
? Canada lies between two superpowers --- Russia and the US. Because of its military vulnerability, Canadian policy-makers have had a great interest in promoting peacr and cooperation among nations.
II. Canada-US relations
1. They are two of the most open and interconnected socieites in the world. The sovereignty of the two countries is less formal and concrete.
2. They share a long, undefended border, and they participated in the same military alliance, most notably, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
3. They also share long term interests in their economy. And to facilitate economic integration, the two countries established the North American Free Trade Agreement
III. Overseas development programs
1. Canada was a colony, and therefore, it feels that to some extent, it can empathize with the problems countries face when they try to break away from their imperial past and become independent. ( much wealth was taken to Britain)
2. Canada’s economy has been heavily based on the exp ort of raw materials like forestry products, fish, oil and grain. This means that economic well-being has been at the mercy of fluctuating world commodity prices over which Canada has little control.
3. . Canada has been very dominated by the US economy, so shares similar concerns with smaller economies which run the risk of being swallowed up by bigger ones.
4. Canadian policy-makers believe that the best way to ensure its security is to promote peace and security in the international system, so it’s no su rprise that it feels it has a special commitment to helping the Third World.
澳大利亚概况
澳大利亚概况： 首都：堪培拉Canberra 第一大城：悉尼，2：墨尔本 世界最大羊毛出口国 国家元首：英女王，和加拿大一样有总督和总理，联邦制国家 政党：工党（最大党）australian labour party和自由党liberal party， 和英国不同，澳大利亚有成文宪法 议会参照英国，上议院senate（the upper house）和下议院house of representatives（the lower house） 新西兰概况 首都：惠灵顿Wellington
第一大城：奥克兰Auckland 世界最大羔羊肉，羊肉和奶制品出口国，称为the world’s biggest farm 国家元首：英女王 政体：议会制君主立宪制 爱尔兰概况（注意不是北爱尔兰哦，不是英国的一部分呢） 首都：都柏林dublin 英国概况 英格兰面积最大 苏格兰，爱丁堡为首府 威尔士，加的夫，Cardiff为首府 北爱尔兰，贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府
伦敦，UK首都，皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保罗大教堂st paul’s cathedral在这里。威斯敏斯特westminster，伦敦市的一个行政区，也叫西敏寺，这里有议会houses of parliament，包含大钟楼big ben，白厅whitehall即英国政府，白金汉宫buckingham palace即英国皇宫，还有st james’ hall 圣詹姆斯宫。The great charter in 1215,1215年大宪章，亦称the great charter or Magna Charta,确保一些平民的政治权利与自由，保障教会不受国王的控制，改革了法律和司法，限制国王及王室官员的行为。 议会雏形，1265年，Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺开会，就是最早的议会，后来
加拿大和澳洲留学对比
在咨询过程当中，总会碰到学生问我：去澳洲好呢还是去加拿大好呢？本人搜集了一些信息将加拿大和澳洲留学对比： 两国概况 首先介绍一下两个国家的概况吧，还是能说明一些问题的。澳洲人口2000万，国土面积770万平方公里，2008国内生产总值1,015,217（millionsof USD，下同）总量排名世界14；人均生产总值47,498 USD，排名世界11；加拿大人口2700万，国土面积997.61万平方公里，2008年国内生产总值1,400,091 USD，排名世界11；人均生产总值42,031USD，排名世界17。数字上看加拿大都要略逊一筹，而且差距有进一步拉大趋势。 两国经济 从经济上看，两个国家制造业都不是很发达，重工业基本都没有，强项都是农业和类似矿石这样的出口加工业，两国都是世界上排名前列的农业出口国，但是作为发达国家，两国的70%以上gdp来自于服务业，也就是高附加值的第三产业。事实上，世界上只有很少的国家重视制造业，而且越来越少。刚刚过去的经济危机，对两国经济都有影响，但是显然加拿大受影响更大，因为加拿大大部分出口都是出口美国。澳大利亚则幸运的躲过了经济危机，是发达国家中唯一一个避免经济衰退（技术上讲连续两个季度gdp下降被定义为衰退），也是第一个开始退出经济刺激政策的发达国家。（这里要称赞一下澳大利亚的联邦储备银行应付得当，事实上很多金融学家都认为澳大利亚的金融体系才是世界上最好的） 两国政治 国际政治上看两国都是英联邦成员国，加拿大是七国集团的成员，虽然排最后，不过也很值得骄傲。但是在各自区域上来看，加拿大只能唯美国马首是瞻，澳洲在自己的区域则是无可争议的老大，在亚太范围有更强的影响力，东南亚国家高官一半以上出自澳大利亚的教育体系。 两国气候 气候上澳洲在南半球，加拿大在北半球，差异很大，至于哪里更好，自然是各有所好，就我个人感觉，澳洲比加拿大最好的一点就是气候了。温哥华的气候基本上和中国东北差不多，夏天要比哈尔滨凉快，冬天户外要冷一点，但是只要待在室内，你是不会感到冷的，但还是不适合大多数中国人生存。这还是加拿大工人气候最好的温哥华。澳大利亚就不用多说了，作为世界上久负盛名的旅游胜地，冬天有几天会冷，夏天有几天会热，剩下的330的多天简直就像是度假。两国自然环境都很好，很适合人类生存，澳大利亚更是平均寿命排名世界第二的国家，加拿大排名世界第五，第一是日本（其实澳洲很多人死于酗酒吸毒，如果减去这些人，应该可以超过日本。） 两国教育 教育上不太好比较，加拿大毕竟是在北美，应该要好一些，不过有两个资料可以参考，一个是泰晤士报的世界大学排名，澳洲有8个大学排名世界前100，加拿大只有4个。造成这种局面的原因很难说，不过个人感觉可能是因为澳洲学校的海外学生数量要强于加拿大，所以造成在国际声望好一些，另外加拿大不少优秀的学者都被
英语国家概况-澳大利亚篇中英翻译
第三十章澳大利亚经济 Chapter 30 The Economy Ⅰ.工业 Manufacturing Industry 澳大利亚的制造业以制砖开始。86%的制造业为小企业。 Manufacturing in Australia began with the making of bricks. It is estimated that 86% of all manufacturing firms are small businesses. 在世界的总格局中，澳大利亚的制造业是独特的。它的特点包括下面几点: In a world context Australian manufacturing is unique. Its features include the following: 1)效率低Inefficiency 澳大利亚的市场有限，它在地理上与外界的隔绝以及很高的关税壁垒是影响澳大利亚工业效率的几个因素。 Australia's limited local market, its geographical isolation and high levels of tariff protection are the factors that affect the efficiency of Australian manufacturing. 效率最低并且最受保护的工业是汽车、纺织、服装和制鞋工业。 The industries that are most inefficient and most highly protected are automobile, textiles, clothing and footwear industries. 2)高度集中Concentration 在过去20年里，大的联合企业在澳大利亚经济中一直起中心作用。 Over the last 20 years large conglomerates have been given a central role in the Australian economy. 整个钢铁工业由一个公司控制，这就是布洛肯·希尔专卖有限公司。 The entire steel industry is in the hands of one company, the Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited (BHP). 3)外国投资Foreign investment 澳大利亚的制造业在很大程度上依靠外国投资。外资公司比他们的澳大利亚同行获利多。 Australian manufacturing relies heavily on foreign investment. Companies that are foreign-owned tend to be more profitable than their Australian counterparts. Ⅱ.农业 Agriculture 200年前，澳大利亚是一个没有农业的大陆。今天，农业却是这个国家的最大的和最多样化的行业。澳大利亚是世界上粮食和天然纤维的主要生产国之一。 200 years ago Australia was a land without agriculture. Today, agriculture is the nation's largest and most diverse industry. Australia is one of the world's leading
英语国家概况名词解释——加拿大澳大利亚
英语国家概况名词解释——加拿大澳大利亚 加拿大部分 treaty of Paris in 1763---the seven years’war ended with the signing of the treaty of Paris in the treaty of Paris, new France with its 65,000settlers was ceded割让 to Britain. Constitutional act of 1791---Britain divided the old province of Quebec into two parts, lower Canada(modern Canada) and upper Canada(modern Ontario),each with its own legislature.立法机构。 Act of union in 1840---联合法案recommended that the two Canadas be united in one province. FTA and NAFTA---it stands for the Canada-united states free trade agreement signed by the two countries, which came into effect in 1989. Canadian Shield加拿大地盾---The Canadian Shield covers almost half of Canada. It is a semicircular半圆的 band of rocky
加拿大与澳大利亚对比
[原创]最适合中国人移民的国家，热门pk结果 [原创]最适合中国人移民的国家，热门pk结果 28225 次点击 51 个回复 wulinxiaoxia于2010-1-23 14:31:28 发布在凯迪社区>猫眼看人 我想目前中国人上广泛认为适合移民国家主要有四个：北美的美国和加拿大；大洋洲的澳大利亚和新西兰。其中美国和新西兰因为各自都有很严重的劣势（前者要求太高，后者经济不够发达）目前中国移民大多集中在澳大利亚和加拿大。本人拿了国内大学学士去了加拿大ubc读硕士，毕业后申请美国的学校未果，经过多方考虑移民去了悉尼，我想我还是有资格比较一下这两个国家的。 首先介绍一下两个国家的概况吧，还是能说明一些问题的。澳洲人口2000万，国土面积770万平方公里，2008国内生产总值1,015,217 （millions of USD，下同）总量排名世界14；人均生产总值47,498 USD，排名世界11；加拿大人口2700万，国土面积997.61万平方公里，2008
年国内生产总值1,400,091 USD，排名世界11；人均生产总值42,031USD，排名世界17。数字上看加拿大都要略逊一筹，而且差距有进一步拉大趋势，（更权威的世界银行资料, Data refer to the year 2008. [1], World Development Indicators database, World Bank, October 8, 2009. Note: Per capita values were obtained by dividing the Total GDP data by the Population data.）也可以去wiki百科查询，地址https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5d13688642.html,/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_ capita。 从经济上看，两个国家制造业都不是很发达，重工业基本都没有，强项都是农业和类似矿石这样的出口加工业，两国都是世界上排名前列的农业出口国，但是作为发达国家，两国的70%以上gdp来自于服务业，也就是高附加值的第三产业。事实上，世界上只有很少的国家重视制造业，而且越来越少（补充，上次没有介绍失业率方面的数据。加拿大2008年12月失业率是8.6%,澳大利亚2008年12月失业率是5.5。不要小看这3%的差距，这在经济领域是非常大的差距，这也是为什么目前很多加拿大人来澳洲找工作的原因。关于失业率的数字，可以去google搜索。）刚刚过去的经济危机，对两国经济都有影响，但是显然加拿大受影响更大，因为加拿大大部分出口都是出口美国。澳大利亚则幸运的躲过了经济危机，是发达国家中唯一一个避免经济衰退（技术上讲连续两个季度gdp下降被定义为衰退），也是第一个开始退出经济刺激政策的发达国家。（这里要称赞一下澳大利
澳大利亚基本国情概况
澳大利亚基本国情概况 澳大利亚联邦(The Commonwealth of Australia)，简称澳大利亚，其最早居民为土著人。1770年英国航海家詹姆斯·库克抵澳东海岸，宣布英国占有这片土地。1788年1月26日英国流放到澳大利亚的第一批犯人抵悉尼湾，英开始在澳建立殖民地，后来这一天被定为澳大利亚国庆日。1900年7月，英议会通过“澳大利亚联邦宪法”和“不列颠自治领条例”。 1901年1月1日，澳各殖民区改为州，成立澳大利亚联邦。1931年成为英联邦内的独立国家。 1986年，英议会通过“与澳大利亚关系法”，澳大利亚获得完全立法权和司法终审权。 一、基本国情 （一）自然状况 1、地理位置 澳大利亚位于南太平洋和印度洋之间，具体位置在南纬10度41'和43度39'之间。由澳大利亚大陆、塔斯马尼亚岛等岛屿和海外领土组成。东濒太平洋的珊瑚海和塔斯曼海，北、西、南三面临印度洋及其边缘海。海岸线长36,735公里。澳大利亚的国土面积为769.2万平方公里，居世界第六位，仅次于俄罗斯、加拿大、中国、美国和巴西。其陆地面积为768.24万平方公里，是世界上唯一独占一片大陆的国家，南北距离约3,700公里，东西约4,000公里。它东临南太平洋，西临印度洋，东南隔塔斯曼海与新西兰为邻，北部隔帝汶海和托雷斯海峡与东帝汶、印度尼西亚和巴布亚新几内亚相望。 澳大利亚虽四面临海，虽四面环水，但沙漠和半沙漠却占全国面积的35%。全国分为东部山地、中部平原和西部高原3个地区。全国最高峰科修斯科山海拨2230米，最长河流墨尔本河长3490里。中部的埃尔湖是澳大利亚的最低点，湖面低于海平面12米。在东部沿海有全世界最大的珊瑚礁──大堡礁。85%的澳大利亚人住在离海岸线50公里以内的地区，主要集中在首都堪培拉和澳洲的两大城市悉尼、墨尔本。城市集中在沿海，农村则在相对偏内陆一点。 2、气候特征 澳大利亚三分之一的地区处于南回归线以北，属于热带，而其余地区则属温带。澳大利亚春季为9月至11月，夏季为12月至2月，秋季为3月至5月，冬季为6月至8月。由于受亚热带高气压和东南信风的影响，加之全国35％的沙漠地带，澳气候比较干燥。北部年平均气温约摄氏27度，南部年平均气温约摄氏14度。澳西部和中部因沙漠气候，年平均降雨量不足250毫米；北部半岛和沿海地区属于热带草原气候，年平均降雨量为750—2,000
澳大利亚vs加拿大
我想目前中国人上广泛认为适合移民国家主要有四个：北美的美国和加拿大；大洋洲的澳大利亚和新西兰。其中美国和新西兰因为各自都有很严重的劣势(前者要求太高，后者经济不够发达)目前中国移民大多集中在澳大利亚和加拿大。本人拿了国内大学学士去了加拿大ubc读硕士，毕业后申请美国的学校未果，经过多方考虑移民去了悉尼，我想我还是有资格比较一下这两个国家的。 首先介绍一下两个国家的概况吧，还是能说明一些问题的。澳洲人口2000万，国土面积770万平方公里，2004年人均收入21,650，世界排名19；加拿大人口2700万，国土面积997.61万平方公里，2004年人均收入23,930，排名世界18。数字上看加拿大都要略胜一筹，不过差距都很小，基本是一个档次。(2007年CIA数据，澳洲排世界16，43,798美元；加拿大排18，43,478美元，还是不分上下，但是澳洲已经超过加拿大。数据连接自美国中央情报局年鉴，The World Factbook, provided by theCentralIntelligence Agency, as of October 2, 2008.) 从经济上看，两个国家制造业都不是很发达，重工业基本都没有，强项都是农业和类似矿石这样的出口加工业，两国都是世界上排名前列的农业出口国，澳洲更是世界最大的羊肉出口国(但澳洲人很少吃羊肉)。(补充，上次没有介绍失业率方面的数据。加拿大2008年12月失业率是6.6%,澳大利亚2008年12月失业率是4.4%。不要小看这2%的差距，这在经济领域是非常大的差距，这也是为什么目前很多加拿大人来澳洲找工作的原因。关于失业率的数字，可以去google搜索。) 评价：加拿大略胜(现在可以改成澳大利亚大胜) 国际政治上看两国都是英联邦成员国，加拿大是七国集团的成员，虽然排最后，不过也很值得骄傲。但是在各自区域上来看，加拿大只能唯美国马首是瞻，澳洲在自己的区域则是无可争议的老大， 评价：打成平手。 气候上澳洲在南半球，加拿大在北半球，差异很大，至于哪里更好，自然是各有所好，就我个人感觉，澳洲比加拿大最好的一点就是气候了。我在温哥华呆了一年半，那里的气候基本上和中国东北差不多(我本科是在哈尔滨念的)，夏天要比哈尔滨凉快，冬天户外要冷一点，但是只要待在室内，你是不会感到冷的，但还是不适合大多数中国人生存。澳洲就不用多说了，冬天有几天会冷，夏天有几天会热，剩下的330的多天简直就像是度假。 评价：澳洲大胜 教育上不太好比较，我本来以为加拿大毕竟是在北美，应该要好一些(当初就是冲着北美去的)，不过有两个资料可以参考，一个是泰晤士报的世界大学排名，澳洲有7个大学排名前五十，加拿大只有3个。另外一个是香港人心中留学的选择地，第一就是澳洲，超过10%的香港人都选择去澳洲留学，英国排名第二，加拿大落后美国排第四。造成这种局面的原因很难说，不过个人感觉可能是因为澳洲学校的海外学生数量要强于加拿大，所以造成在
澳大利亚国家简介
澳大利亚国家简介 澳大利亚是最古老的大陆之一，其面积为7,682,300平方公里。大陆基岩已经历了三十多亿年的侵独。澳大利亚位于印度洋和太平洋之间，它是唯一一个领土覆盖整个大陆的国家。其面积是继俄罗斯、加拿大、中国、美国、巴西之后的第六大国。澳大利亚近三分之一的大陆位于热带地区，其余的位于温带地区。最冷的地区位于塔斯马尼亚的高原地区和东南大陆的边缘地带。其年平均气温从最北部的27℃到最南部的13℃。每年的12月到2月为澳大利亚的夏季，3月到5月为秋季，6月到8月为冬季，9月到11月为春季。澳大利亚的地理区域多种多样，每个地区都有极美丽和与众不同的地形。其北部有广阔的平原和雨林；东南部有雪原；中部有沙漠；而东部、东南和西南部却有肥沃的耕地。澳大利亚有大面积的干旱或半沙漠地区，约有三分之一的土地不适合任何形式的农、牧业活动。尽管如此，澳大利亚的羊毛产量为世界之冠，而且还是世界上主要的产矿国。 澳大利亚是英联邦国家，官方语言为英语。地处南太平洋，四面环海，国土面积为768万平方公里，共有6个州及2个特别行政区。澳大利亚为移民国家，总人口1980万，来自140多个国家和地区。其中约70%的人口信奉基督教。澳大利亚拥有丰富的地上和地下资源，自然环境优美宜人，人口密度低，物价水平适中，是富有活力和颇具影响力的发达国家。 澳大利亚的气候 澳大利亚以蓝天白云、温和的气候和丰富多彩的户外活动方式闻名世界，到澳大利亚学习和生活的人们均可享受惬意和舒适的自然环境。 澳大利亚地处温带或热带区，12月到2月为夏季，3月到5月为秋季，6月到8月为冬季，9月到11月为春季。全年平均气温（摄氏度）见下表： 各州名称 冬季温度 夏季温度 新南威尔士州 悉尼 8-20 17-28
澳大利亚各洲概况
澳大利亚各洲概况 2006-6-3 13:20 澳大利亚首都行政区 Australia Captial Territory（ACT） 这里有大家非常熟悉的澳大利亚首都-堪培拉（Canberra）。它位于新南威尔士州内，海拔550米，总面积为2432平方公里，人口约30万，距悉尼约300公里。 堪培拉是于1824年由Joshua John Moore首先发现并定名的。1901年澳大利亚成立联邦政府，同时选择堪培拉为首都。堪培拉是澳大利亚唯一经过完善都市规划的现代化城市。整个城市由Walter Burley Griffin规划设计，他将都市建筑鱼自然景观融合为一体，创作了一座宁静、祥和、优美却由不是其庄重的现代化城市。 堪培拉的气温，在夏季有时可达40°C ，但一般夏季平均气温为27°C ；冬季有清爽晴朗的好天气，平均气温为11°C ，但最冷的7月，清晨有是气温可以降到0°C 左右。 堪培拉有两所著名的大学：澳大利亚国立大学和堪培拉大学。这两所大学均是学术鼎盛，享誉国际。 新南威尔士州： 新南威尔士州位于东南沿海，东临太平洋，南与维多利亚州接界，西邻南澳大利亚州，北界昆士兰州。由北昆士兰绵延而下的分水岭，把它分为沿海平原与中央内陆区，总面积80多万平方公里，人口580多万，是澳大利亚人口最多的一个州。 它现在是全澳大利亚工业最发达的地区。农业、畜牧业。制造业和充足的能源原料及高度发展的服务业是新州的经济基础。新南威尔士州的海岸线长达1455公里，拥有美丽的港湾和沙滩。内陆部分包括中部高原地区和大分界岭山脉。 新南威尔士州是1788年英国船长Arthur Phillip首先发现并带来第一批殖民者定居于此。早期的移民主要居住在悉尼西方约30公里的Parramatta区。直到1857年Barhurst 发现了黄金，需独移民菜纷纷移居到西部。而到了金矿开采尽，人们开始从事是商业于农业活动，于是成为了今天的农业社区。 首府悉尼（Sydney）坐落于闻名世界的悉尼港湾，人口约360万，是澳大利亚最大且最古老的城市。 悉尼由很好的交通网，除公共巴士、火车外，由渡船连接商业中心于邻近的市郊，由地下铁路连接城市中心与郊区，新近还有单轨铁路往返与Darling Harbour与市区。
有趣的对比：英美加澳文化差异
有趣的对比：英国，美国，加拿大和澳洲的文化差异 以英语为官方语言的四个国家，英国，加拿大，澳洲和美国。他们都是西方国家，也是富有的国家，但是它们之间在文化上也有不同，这里特转译了从网上浏览到的文化对比。除了我的注解，都是别人写的，所以希望没有冒犯任何人。 澳洲人：相信要寻觅伙伴。 英国人：相信要寻找属于自己一个俱乐部的人。 美国人：相信要寻找能自立的人。 加拿大人：相信是政府的责任。 澳洲人：出国时不喜欢被认为是英国人。 加拿大人：出国被认为美国人会愤怒。 美国人：出国的话鼓励别人把自己误认为加拿大人。 英国人：出国时认为被误为他人是不可思议的。 加拿大人：可承受刺骨的寒冬并以此为傲。 英国人：可承受难以忍受的又湿又阴郁的冬天，并以此为傲。 美国人：两样都没有，所以无所谓。 澳洲人：不懂什么是狂风暴雨的天气。 美国人：喝很淡的啤酒。 加拿大人：喝强烈的啤酒。 英国人：喝温啤酒。 澳洲人：只要是酒，都喝。 美国人：似乎认为贫穷和失败是道德上有疑点（这在经济危机的今天，不太属实） 加拿大人：似乎认为富有和成功是在道德上有可疑处（加拿大不鼓励致富，很高的税）
英国人：似乎认为富有，贫穷，成功和失败都是靠继承得来的。 澳洲人：喝过几杯啤酒后，这些都不重要。 美国人：花很多时间粘在傻瓜盒子（电视机）前。 加拿大人：不在傻瓜盒子前看那么多电视，只是因为他们没有那么多频道。 英国人：交税，为的是看四个频道。 澳洲人：把自己不看的劣质节目出口到英国，那里每个人都喜欢看。 美国人：持续含糊不清地唠叨橄榄球，棒球和篮球。 英国人：持续含糊不清地唠叨板球，足球和橄榄球戏。 加拿大人：持续唠叨冰球，冰球，还有怎样赢了美国二次棒球。 澳洲：持续唠叨他们每次都能击败Poms.（这个词翻不出来，也许是指英国人） 澳洲人：对啤酒具有极端的爱国主义情操。（不是指啤酒牌子，是指对啤酒的爱好） 美国人：挥舞国旗，唱国歌，沉迷于爱国主义的情操到盲目，看不到其他东西。 加拿大人：唱国歌时不能同意国歌的歌词，不管是用法语还是英语。（加拿大官方语言是英语和法语，对国歌歌词有争论） 英国人：不唱，宁愿让铜管乐队来演奏国歌。 英国人：为他们以前的公民成就骄傲。 美国人：以他们今天的公民成就骄傲。 加拿大：孩子气的叙说那些有成就的美国人曾经是加拿大人。 澳洲人：支吾他们过去的公民曾是被放遂的英国人，但是几杯啤酒下肚，什么都不重要了。
澳大利亚和加拿大概况(带翻译)
Part One The Land and the People of the Dreaming I. The Land 1. The natural environment of Australia The continent of Australia lies between equatorial South East Asia and the Antarctic. It is the largest island in the world, and is also the smallest, flattest and driest continent in the world.澳大利亚大陆在东南亚和南极之间，他是世界上最大的岛屿，最小最平最干的陆地 2. The distinctive features of the land:独特的地貌 the Great Dividing Range大分水岭and the Herat Barrier Reef. 赫拉特大堡礁 2. The distinctive animals of the land:独特的动物 the platypus(鸭嘴兽), the kangaroo, the koala, the wombat(毛鼻袋熊) II. The Peoples 1. The Peoples of the Dreaming belong to over 500 different groups or nations with different languages and cultures but they were bound together by their belief in the Dreaming.人们属于超过500的有不同语言和文化的部族或国家，但是他们因为梦里的信念而紧密联系在一起 2. The “Dreamtime”is most often used to refer to the “time before time”, or “the time of the creation of all things”, while “Dreaming”refers to an individual’s or group’s set of beliefs or spirituality.人们经常说开天辟地时期指的是”时间之始”，或者是天地万物被创造出来的那个时间点．而“梦想”是个人或组织坚定神圣的信念 3. It is based on the central principle that people who live on the continent have special responsibilities to the land --- that the land owns them and that they hold it in trust as the home of their creator. 它基于中心原则。居住在这个大陆的人对土地有特殊的责任----土地属于他们，他们持有它作为他们创造者的家 III. The Impact of Colonization。殖民的影响 1. The concept of Terra Nullius: the term is from Latin, which means a land that is owned by no one. The British declared the Australian continent Terra Nullius to justify their invasion of the indigenous people’s land 无主地的概念：这个术语来自拉丁语，意思是不属于某人的土地。英国人宣布澳大利亚的领地是无主地来为他们侵略土著人的土地辩护 2. The impact of colonization on the indigenous people殖民对土著人的影响 (1)the indigenous people were dispossessed of the land they had lived on for tens of thousands of years;土著人被剥夺他们已经居住了几万土地 (2)they were killed in violent skirmishes and massacres;他们在残忍的冲突和屠杀中被杀 (3)they contracted the diseases brought by the white settlers and as a result, their population fell drastically.他们感染定居白人带来的疾病，结果，他们的人口大幅下降 IV. The policies of segregation, exclusion and assimilation隔离，排除，同化的政策 1. By the mid-1800s the government of violence changed to policies of segregation and exclusion. 到18世纪中期，暴力政府颁布隔离和排除的政策 2. By the beginning of the 20th century the policy of protection had been replaced by the policy of assimilation. It was founded on the belief that the white culture was progressive and superior while the indigenous culture was inferior.到20世纪初，保护政策代替了同化政策。它被认为相信白人文化是侵略的和优等的，而土著文化是次等的 3.The double loss of traditional culture and exclusion from mainstream Australian society and culture led to Aboriginal people being labeled as lazy, stupid and drunken and dirty. 来自澳大利
澳大利亚体育发展分析
澳大利亚体育发展分析 一、澳大利亚体育发展历程 （一）基本概况 澳大利亚人口只有2100万，但在体育上却有着上佳的表现，也是为数不多，参加了每一届奥运会的国家之一。最好成绩是1956年在墨尔本奥运会上，澳大利亚以13枚金牌，22枚银铜牌的成绩赢得了世界的掌声，荣登排行榜第三名。在2000年悉尼奥运会上，澳大利亚队以58枚奖牌的成绩获得第四名。在2004年雅典奥运会上澳大利亚再次刷新自己的记录，获得49枚奖牌，其中17枚金牌和16枚银牌，在奖牌榜上再次排名第四，令世人刮目相看。 （二）发展阶段 1、低潮时期 1976年蒙特利尔奥运会，澳大利亚代表团一枚金牌未得，这一消息令整个国家陷入沮丧的深渊。但澳大利亚人在沮丧中觉醒，１９８１年果断地决定，要建立一个大型的、体育设施一流的澳大利亚运动院校。澳大利亚体育委员会发言人霍克解释当年的这个决定说：“我们当时意识到了问题的重要性，所以我们卷起袖子迎难而上。” 2、持续稳步发展阶段 这是一个为体育而疯狂的国度，他们的人口还不足2200万，却在雅典收入17金，平均而言，差不多每100万人就能产生一位奥运会冠军。这一数据远远超过处于金牌榜第一集团的三个国家。拥有13.8亿人口的中国平均5000万人才产生一位冠军，拥有近3亿人口的美国也只是每1000万人才产生一位奥运冠军，而拥有1.5亿人口的俄罗斯目前在金牌总数上仅仅比澳大利亚多出1枚。至于排在澳大利亚之后的诸强，前十名之内国家的人口至少都要超出三四倍。由此可见，澳大利亚的运动员成才率几乎是所有国家中最高的。 （三）显著成就 1、成立了下列重要体育机构：澳大利亚体委、澳大利亚体联、澳大利亚体育学院、澳大利亚体育反兴奋剂总署、澳大利亚统计局体育部、澳大利亚教练理事会、娱乐业职业培训理事会、各州体育学院、重点运动项目公司等 2、实施了下列全国性制度和计划：全国教练员资格认定制度、“澳大利亚人体育”大众健身计划、“澳大利亚体育国际交流”计划、“澳大利亚运动医学”计划、“体育产业培训工程”、“体育娱乐培训工程”、“残疾人体育计划”、“体育自愿者计划”、备战2000年奥运会“奥林匹克运动员计划”、“体育发展计划”
英语国家概况 英国&澳大利亚部分Terms
Terms 1. Magna Carta Magna Carta (Latin for "Great Charter", literally "Great Paper"). In 1215, King John was forced by a group of feudal Barons (男爵，贵族) and the church to grant them a charter of liberty and political rights. Magna Carta placed some limits on the king’s ability to abuse his royal power. The Magna Carta is regarded as the foundation of the British Constitutionalism（立宪制度）and it provides the basic principles（基本原则）for the protection of individual rights in both Britain and the United States. 2. The Hundred Years’ War The Hundred Years’War was a series of wars fought between England and France over trade, Territory（领土）, security（安全）and the throne（王权）. The Hundred Years’ War promoted the concept of English Nationalism（民族主义）and the development of the textile industry because it reduced the export of English wool （羊毛）. The war raised the social position of the bourgeois（资产阶级）class. All these factors contributed to the decline of feudalism（封建制度）in England. 3. The Wars of the Roses玫瑰战争 Between 1455 and 1485 a series of battles were fought between the two branches of the Plantagenet family, the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and the House of York, symbolized by the white rose, ended with the failure of the House of York. 4. Black Death Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly（致命的）bubonic plague（黑死病）, an epidemic disease(流行病) spread by rat fleas（鼠疫跳蚤）. It was a fierce and widespread outbreak of plague(瘟疫) that ravaged（毁坏）the whole of Europe in the 14th century. It hit England first in 1349 with subsequent waves between 1360 and 1375 . The plague killed perhaps up to one-third of the British population. As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labour. 5. The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization(机械化) of industry and the consequences in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize. The Industrial Revolution in Britain first began in the textile （纺织）industry.
英语国家概况(澳大利亚)
Some General Facts Names of the Country The Commonwealth of Australia Down Under The Lucky Country The Sunburned Country Oz The Land of Wonder The Land of Plenty The Land of the Long Weekend Origins of the Country’s Nickname Excerpt from “Down Under” On a hippie trail, head full of zombie I met a strange lady, she made me nervous She took me in and gave me breakfast and she said,"Do you come from a land down under? Where women glow and men plunder? Can't you hear, can't you hear the thunder? You better run, you better take cover." Christian Shephard：
Australia is called "Down Under" because it's as close as you can get to Hell without getting burned. Origins of the Country’s Nickname Making of the Country Six States ◆New South Wales (Sydney) ◆Queensland (Brisbane) ◆South Australia (Adelaide) ◆Western Australia (Perth) ◆Victoria (Melbourne) ◆Tasmania (Hobart) Two Territories ◆Australian Capital Territory ◆Northern Territory (Darwin) Political Figures of the Country Head of state: Sovereign（最高统治者）Queen Elizabeth II Governor-General: Michael Jeffery Head of government: Prime Minister Kevin Michael Rudd
英美国家概况(下)学期复习2
选择题 1、The modern American economy progressed from colonial economy to farming economy，and eventually ，to industrial economy。 现代美国经济进展从殖民地经济到农场经济，终于，工业经济 2、Chartered companies were NOT granted the diplomatic authority by the British King or Queen。特许公司不是发放外交权力被英国王或女王。 3、President Johnson tried to build a “Great Society”by introducing various programs like the following except Unemployment Pension。 约翰逊总统希图建造一个“大社会”由介绍各个的方案喜欢下面除失业养老金。 4、The following statements are all true except Agribusinesses maintain a balanced pattern between agricultural imports and exports. 下面声明是所有真只是农业综合企业保持一个平衡模式在农业之间进口和出口。 5，American Motors is not one of the three giants in the American automobile industry。美国汽车不是之一三个巨人在美国汽车业 6，At present，U.S. exports account for 10% of the world’s total. 目前，u。s。出口说明10原因%的世界的总。 7,higher education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard university。更高现行美国教育体制首先哈佛大学的创建