高三英语非谓语动词外研社知识精讲.doc

高三英语非谓语动词外研社

【本讲教育信息】

一. 教学内容：

非谓语动词

二. 教学重点：

（一）概述

非谓语动词分为三类：不定式（infinitive）、动名词（gerun D. 和分词（participle）。其特点是：

1. 不定式、动名词和分词可以做很多句子成分，但就是不能单独做谓语，这也是它们被称为“非谓语动词”的原因。

2. 它们具有各种形态：原形、主动态、被动态、进行态和完成态。

3. 不定式和动名词可以做主语、宾语、表语、补语等。但不管起什么作用，它们都具有动词的功能，但无语法上的动词性质，这一点可以通过它们不受主语的人称和数的限制体现出来。

4. 分词起形容词和副词作用，可做表语、定语、状语和复合结构中的复合宾语，但不能做主语和宾语。它也不受主语的人称和数的限制。

（二）不定式

1. 结构

不定式的主动态是to do，其否定式是not to do，被动态是to be done，进行态是to be doing，完成态是to have done。

例：Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection ______ to the nation.

A. has left

B. is to leave

C. leaves

D. is to be left

结合选项来看，全句的意思：“78岁的丹尼斯爵士已经向众人宣布他的许多收藏品将留给国家”。收藏品是“被留给国家”，因此需要一个被动式做宾语，所以答案是D. is to be left。

2. 不定式做主语

例：It is not unusual for workers in that region ________.

A. to be paid more than a month later

B. to be paid later than more a month

C. to pay later than a month more

D. to pay later more than a month

it 在句中作形式主语。而不定式to be paid more than a month是句子的逻辑主语。结合选项全句的意思是：“那个地方的工人一个多月后才得到工资是常有的事”，答案是A。

3. 不定式做补足语的用法

不定式做补足语时，如果和主语是主谓关系，就用不定式的主动式，如果是动宾关系，就用被动式；如果动作时间和谓语动词同时发生，就用不定式的一般式。如果动作时间发生在谓语动作之前，就用不定式的完成式。

（1）不定式做主语补足语

例：The ancient Egyptians are supposed ________ rockets to the moon.

A. to send

B. to be sending

C. to have sent

D. to have been sending

在本句中，send 为短暂性动词，不能用进行时态。所以B和D两项错。A和C的区别

在于不定式的时态，句首表示时间概念的ancient表明不定式动作在句子谓语动作之前，不定式要用完成式，因而答案是C。

（2）不定式做宾语补足语

有些动词和短语可用不定式做宾语补足语，构成句型：主语＋谓语动词＋宾语＋不定式。这样的动词有：advice, allow, announce, ask, assist, authorize, bear, beg, bribe, cause, command, compel, condemn, deserve, direct, drive, enable, encourage, entitle, entreat, exhort, forbid, force, get, hate, help, implore, induce, inspire, instruct, intend, invite, lead, leave, like, mean, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade, pray, prefer, press, prompt, pronounce, recommend, remind, report, request, require, summon, teach, tell, tempt, urge, want, warn, wish。

这样的短语有：call on（请求）, care for（关心）, count on（依靠，指望）, depend on（依赖、依靠）, keep on at（困扰，追问）, long for（渴望）, make out（分辨）, vote for（选举）, prevail on（说服）, rely on（信赖）, wait for（等待）。

还有一些动词和词组用不定式做宾语补足语时不带to，但在被动形式时，其宾语补足语不定式必须带to。这样的动词和词组有：feel, have, hear, let, make, notice, observe, overhear, see, watch, listen to, look at。

例：They are going to have the serviceman _______ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.

A. install

B. to install

C. to be installed

D. installed

全句的意思是：“他们准备让服务人员明天在办公室里装一台电扇”。这里是“have sb. do sth.”的句型，是主动语态，因此，have 后接不带to的不定式做宾语补足语，所以答案是A. install。

4. 不定式做宾语

大部分动词可加不定式做宾语。一些动词，特别是系动词，如appear, chance, come, fail, get, happen, manage, prove, seem, tend, turn out等，后面接不定式，形式上是宾语，实际是一种复合结构句型，除人、物做主语外，还可用it做主语，所跟to be可省略。

例：There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _______ trouble.

A. making

B. to make

C. to have made

D. having made

全句的意思是：“服务台那里有一个人，看上去很气愤，我想他是存心要找麻烦。”动词mean在本句中的意思是“打算”，相当于intend to do something，后面只能接动词不定式做宾语。所以答案是B. to make。动词mean后面接名词和动名词时，意思是“表示……的意思、意味着”，所以选项A 和 D错误。另外不定式的完成式表示该动作应在谓语动作之前发生，这和本句的意思不符合，所以选项C也不正确。

例：I’d rather read than watch te levision; the programs seem _____ all the time.

A. to get worse

B. to be getting worse

C. to have got worse

D. getting worse

动词seem后应接不定式做宾语；词组all the time的意思是“始终、一直”，相当于continuously，因此句中相应的动词一般要用进行式。全句的意思是“我宁愿看书也不愿意看电视，电视节目好像越来越差了。”可见，答案是B. to be getting worse。

5. 不定式做定语

不定式做定语时，与中心词之间在逻辑上有多种关系，其中可能是互相修饰关系。也就是：不定式修饰中心词；不定式短语末的介词与中心词组成介词短语，修饰不定式。这些动词不定式可能是及物的（带宾语），也可能是不及物的，要特别注意不要漏掉不定式短语末的介词。很多名词后可接不定式做定语，如ability, ambition, anxiety, attempt, campaign, chance, courage, decision, determination, drive（动力）, effort, force, inclination, intention, method, motive, movement, need, opportunity, pressure, reason, right（权力）, struggle, tendency, wish, anything, anyone, everything, everyone, nothing, no one, something, some one等。这类名词通常表示抽象概念，后面用动词不定式做定语，表示该名词的具体内容。在这种结构中，不能用分词形式。还要注意，如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，则不定式后要加介词，因为此时不定式与其修饰的名词实质上有动宾关系。

例：Could you find someone________？

A. for me to play tennis with

B. for me to play tennis

C. play tennis with

D. playing tennis

请你找个人来和我打网球。答案是A。

做定语的不定式也可能解释中心词的内容。请看下例：

例：The pressure ______ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.

A. to compete

B. competing

C. to be competed

D. having competed

结合选项看，全句的意思是：“竞争的压力使美国人精力充沛，但也使他们的精神始终处于紧张状态。”名词pressure后应加不定式做定语，说明“pressure”的内容。因此本题答案是A. to compete。选项B. competing是现在分词；D. having competed是现在分词的完成式，都不符合语法规定。选项C. to be competed中的compete是不及物动词，不能用被动语态，所以这三个选项都不正确。

介词＋关系代词＋不定式可以做定语用，这种用法是一种正式的表达法。我们看下面这个例子：

例：You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from ____ to suspend your tent.

A. there

B. them

C. which

D. where

全句的意思是：“你将需要两棵相距约10英尺的树来挂你的帐篷”。

本句中只有which是关系代词，因此答案是C。

6. 不定式做状语

例：_____ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master’s degree.

A. To become

B. Become

C. One becomes

D. On becoming

答案是A. To become。

7. 介词后的不定式

介词后接不定式只见于少数场合：but后面通常接带to的不定式，包括do nothing but，can not but，can not help but，have no choice but等等。

例：That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but ____ the police.

A. called in

B. calling in

C. call in

D. to call in

在本句中have no choice but后要接带to的不定式，意思是“只能……别无选择”。全句意思：“那件事事关重大，我别无选择，只好请警察来”。答案是D. to call in。

（三）动名词

1. 动名词，顾名思义，具有双重作用：它既有动词的作用（后面可加自己的宾语），又有名词的作用（可以做句子的主语、宾语等）。

2. 动名词做宾语

（1）有些动词只能接动名词做宾语，而不能接不定式。这是考试中常见的考点。请大家务必多练多用多读多说，尽量培养语感，这比单纯死记硬背这些枯燥的词汇要容易得多。

这些动词是：acknowledge, advice, admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, allow, bear, can’t help, cease, commence, complete, confess, delay, deny, discourage, detest, dread, endure, enjoy, envy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, figure, finish, imagine, involve, justify, keep, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, quit, recall, repent, require, resent, resume, risk, save等等。

例：Mark often attempts to escape ____ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.

A. having been fined

B. to have been fined

C. to be fined

D. being fined

动词escape后接动名词，不能接不定式，所以先排除了B和C。全句的意思是：“每当马克违反交通规则时，他常常企图逃避罚款”。fine是及物动词，在这里要用被动语态；而且，句子讲的是经常性动作，应当用一般时态，因此，答案是D。

例：People appreciate ____ with him because he has a good sense of humor.

A. to work

B. to have worked

C. working

D. having working

全句的意思是：因为他很有幽默感，所以大家喜欢和他一起工作。根据句意，动名词动作与句子谓语动作并无时间上的先后，必须用动名词的一般时态。答案是C。

（2）凡是动词＋介词、名词＋介词或形容词＋介词形成的词组，都要求接动名词做宾语，因为所有介词后的动词都要使用动名词形式。

例：He gives people the impression _______ all his life abroad.

A. of having spend

B. to have spent

C. of being spent

D. to spent

全句的意思是“他给人的印象是他的一生都在国外度过”。这是名词＋介词＋动名词（短语）的形式。答案是A。也就是说，“名词＋of＋动名词”结构表示特指的、具体的、单一的、所属的机会或习惯，而名词接不定式形式只表示有某种机会或习惯，指客观现实。

（3）满足句型“it is ＋名词或形容词＋动名词”和句型“动词＋ it ＋形容词或名词＋动名词”的形容词和名词有：good, no good, nuisance, no use, senseless, use, useless, waste, worthwhile。

例：Do you think it worthwhile investing a large sum of money in this project?（你认为向该项目大量投资值得吗？）

（4）有些动词后既可加不定式，也可加动名词，但用法不同，意义也不同。注意remember, forget, stop, regret, go on, afford, attempt, try等单词的用法。

例如：afford

a. can （not）afford / be （not）able to afford ＋ to do：经受得/不起，负担得/不起。后面一般加表示时间、金钱方面的内容。

例：We can’t afford to buy this house because we won’t make the ends meet.（我们买不起这房子，因为我们将入不敷出。

b. afford ＋ doing：提供

例：The bill is a measure necessary to afford protecting labor.（这条法案是提供劳工保护的必要措施。）

deserve, need, require, want

这几个词的共同特点是：它们后面既可加不定式，也可加动名词，意义相同。但是，表示被动时，动名词依然使用主动形式，不定式则变成被动形式。其中，这几个词后面加动名词的格式是常考项目之一。

例：Your hair wants ______. You’d better have it done tomorrow.

A. cut

B. to cut

C. cutting

D. being cut

本题的want等于need，是一种口语的习惯用法，后面接动名词主动形式表被动。此时，动名词和主语之间是动宾关系。本句的意思是：“你的头发该理了，最好明天就去理。”因此，本题答案是C. cutting。选项A. 的cut是过去分词，可以用在want后面，但只能做宾语补足语。选项B. to cut是动词不定式的主动形式，与want连用时表示谓语动词主体的一种愿望，放在本句中显然意思不通。头发怎么会有什么愿望呢？ D. being cut与语法规定不相符，因为使用动名词时要求用主动形式。所以这三个选项都不是正确答案。

注意 bear的用法与这几个词类似，但表示被动时，它后面加动名词时的形式与上述几个词不同。

例：①She can’t bear being looked down upon by others.

（她无法容忍被人瞧不起。）

②She can’t bear to be looked down upon by others.（她无法容忍被人瞧不起。）

③She can’t bear looking down upon others.（她无法容忍瞧不起别人（的行为）。）

此时，例句①被动形式中的动名词要用being looked down，以免与例句③的主动形式相混淆。

dislike, dread, hate, like, love, prefer

这些词加动名词时，表示喜欢或讨厌一般性、习惯性或发生过的某事、某物；加不定式时，表示喜欢或讨厌的、偶然一次的、打算做的某事、某物。

prefer的用法稍微复杂一点，它后面加不定式还是加动名词通常是由它的固定结构或习惯用法决定的。常见的结构是：would prefer ＋ to do（更想做某事）; prefer doing A to doing B（比起做B来说，更喜欢做A。特别注意：这里的比较使用的不是than，而是to）。forget, neglect, regret, remember

这几个词的共同特点是：它们后面加不定式时，表示记得、忘记、遗憾、忽略要做或应该做的事，总之是还没有做的事；而加动名词时，表示记得、忘记、遗憾、忽略所做的事，也就是已经发生了、已经做了的事。例：If I had remembered ______ the window, the thief would not have got in.

A. to close

B. closing

C. to have closed

D. having closed

本句的意思是：“我要是记得把窗子关起来的话，小偷就进不来了。”remember后接动名词表示记得过去曾做过某事，接不定式则表示记得要做某事。本句说的是：“记得把窗子关起来”。因此A. to close是答案。有些考生误选了C. to have closed。注意remember 后面不能用动词不定式的完成式。至于选项B. closing，因为这里“关窗子”这件事“我”并没有做，所以是不对的。

例：Mr. Johnson preferred _____ heavier work to do.

A. to be given

B. to be giving

C. to have given

D. having given

prefer后面的动名词或动词不定式的动作主体就是句子的主语。动词give一般要有双宾语，而句子里并无give的间接宾语（给谁），因此全句意思应是：“约翰逊先生宁可有（被给予）更重的活干”。可见，答案是A. to be given。

stop to do表示停止前文说的那件事，去做另一件事。

stop doing表示停止做正在做的一件事。

例：The professor asked us to stop to discuss.（教授让我们停下来，开始讨论。言外之意是，我们正在做的事不是讨论，而是，例如阅读一篇材料，然后教授让我们停止阅读，开始讨论。）

The professor asked us to stop discussing.（教授让我们停止讨论。言外之意是我们正在做的事是讨论。）

从某种程度上说，stop 和continue的用法很相似。

3. 动词出现在介词后面时，大多数情况下是以动名词而不是以不定式的形式出现，要特别注意：admit to（承认），approach to（方法），contribute to（起作用），confess to （承认），resort to（求助于），reconcile to（顺从于），revert to（重新开始），submit to（忍受），swear to（断言），take to （开始从事），be used to（习惯于），look forward to（盼望），oppose to （反对），以上短语中的to都是介词而不是不定式符号。

例：The match was cancelled because most of the members ______ a match without a standard court.

A. objected to having

B. were objected to have

C. objected to have

D. were objected to having

结合选项，全句意思是：“比赛取消了，因为大多数人反对在没有一个标准球场的情况下举行比赛”。object在这里是不及物动词，后面的to是介词，接名词或动名词做宾语。因此，答案是A。object 也可以做及物动词，但后接宾语从句，表示“提出……作为反对的理由”。

例：The traditional approach _______with complex problem is to break them down into smaller, more easily managed problems.

A. to dealing

B. in dealing

C. dealing

D. to deal

解决复杂问题的传统方法是把它们分解为更小的、更容易处理的问题。答案是A。

4. 动名词做主语、表语、补语等

由于不定式也可以做主语、表语、补语，那么，什么时候用动名词，什么时候用不定式呢？是不是也有什么规律可遵循呢？答案是，没有。如果说有，也只不过是一些习惯用法。例如：Seeing is believing.（眼见为实）人们习惯上就用动名词来做主语和表语，而不是因为什么语法限制和规定。

5. 惯用句型

be busy doing sth., be no good doing sth., spend some time/money doing sth., have difficulty （in）doing sth., have a hard time （in）doing sth., have trouble / difficulty （in）doing sth.都是惯用句型，其中动名词不能换成to的不定式。

例：Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _______ for her examination.

A. to prepare

B. to be prepared

C. preparing

D. being prepared

结合选项来看，全句的意思是：“琼昨晚没有时间去听音乐会，因为她忙于准备考试”，所以答案是D. being prepared。

6. 动名词短语之前可以由一个物主代词或名词所有格来表示它的逻辑主语。

例：________ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.

A. The girl was educated

B. The girl educated

C. The girl’s being educated

D. The girl to be educated

全句意思是：让孩子在简朴的生活环境中接受教育是她父母所希望的。答案是C。

例：Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used ______ late for his lecture.

A. to have students

B. for students’ being

C. for students to be

D. to student’s being

尽管教授很准时，但他对学生迟到已经习惯了。答案是D。

当这一结构不处于句首时，逻辑主语用名词的普通格式或代词宾语更自然些。

（四）现在分词（present participle）和过去分词（past participle）。

1. 结构和用法

（1）现在分词的结构就是在它的后面加词尾ing，过去分词的词尾是ed。2）两种分词都具有形容词和副词的作用，在句中可以做定语、表语、补语和独立结构（状语）等。

a. 分词作表语

例：When I caught him _______ I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.

A. cheating

B. cheat

C. to cheat

D. to be cheating

catch做“发觉”讲的时候，后面应该接“名词＋分词”，表示“发觉某人正在做什么”。因此答案是A. cheating。全句的意思是：“当我发觉他欺骗我时，我不再在他那里买东西，而开始和另一家商店打交道。”

b. 分词做定语

例：As early as 1647, Ohio made a decision that free, tax supported schools must be established in every town ______ 50 households or more.

A. having

B. to have

C. to have had

D. having had 全句的意思是：“早在1647年Ohio州就做出决定，拥有50或50户以上家庭的每一个镇，都必须建立免费的由税收维持的学校。”句中in every town having 50 households or more 相当于in every town which has 50 households or more。答案是A。

c. 分词作补语

例：After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys _______ to go to school.

A. to be encouraged C. being encouraged

B. been encouraged D. be encouraged

全句的意思是：“阿拉伯国家赢得独立后，特别重视扩大教育，不但鼓励男孩子入学，也鼓励女孩入学。”介词with可引出分词独立结构，表示一种陪衬性动作或补充说明。所以，答案是C. being encouraged。选项A. to be encouraged是动词不定式，for her to do是动词不定式短语，常做目的状语，不能引出陪衬性动作。选项B. been encouraged和D. be encouraged这两种形式都不能与with构成分词独立结构做补语。

d. 分词作状语

现在分词作状语表示主动，过去分词（短语）作状语表示被动，要注意这两者的区别。

例：______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall of the edge of the earth.

A. Having believed

B. Believing

C. Believed

D. Being believed

结合选项看，全句的意思是：“许多人认为地球是扁的，因此害怕哥伦布会从地球的边缘掉下去”。相信这是一个主动行为，因此，需要一个表示主动的分词。所以选项C. Believed 和 D. Being believed被排除。而A. Having believed强调分词所表示的主动动作是从过去开始的，一直延续到现在，至于完成了没有，并不关心。也就是说，该主动动作与过去和现在都有联系，因此也不合题意。所以答案是B。

例：If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint

as if I were the one ________.

A. to correct

B. correcting

C. having corrected

D. being corrected

结合选项来看，全句的意思是：“如果我去更正别人的看法，我会尽可能用幽默和自我克制的态度去做，就像是我被别人更正一样”。这里要求填入一个表示“正在被人更正”的意思的选项，答案是D。

having been done和having done的道理是一样的，只不过前者的分词动作是主动动作，后者的分词动作是被动动作。即，如果要表达的被动动作是从过去开始的，一直延续到现在，则必须用完成式表示，而过去分词没有完成形式，所以使用having been done。

例：There seemed little hope that the explorer, ________ in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.

A. to be deserted

B. having deserted

C. to have been deserted

D. having been deserted

答案是D. having been deserted。这是现在分词的完成式（被动态）在句中做状语，具有原因和时间意义。

2. 注意事项

（1）不及物动词的过去分词有两种形式：

A. 单独使用时没有被动意义，只表示完成的或静态的动作和状态。做定语时，一般位于所修饰的词前面。

例：departed friends 分离的朋友 faded flowers 凋零的花

B. 与介词连用时，可以表示被动，做后置定语。因为在主动语态里，不及物动词与介词连用时意味着可以接宾语。同样道理，在分词表达形式中，不及物动词分词所修饰的词就是刚才我们谈到的宾语，对于宾语来说，这个动作就是一个被动动作了。

（2）有一些可以做表语的现在分词和过去分词的用法是固定的。

例如：amazing, amazed, amusing, amused, convincing, confusing, confused, disappointing, disappointed, encouraging, encouraged, exciting, excited, contented, inviting, missing, misunderstanding, inexperienced等。

这些分词没有严格意义上的被动、静态、动态、已完成或正在进行这样的含义。它们源自动词，有动词的用法。以最常见的interesting和interested为例。若对某事/某人感兴趣，就用be interested in sth. /sb.的结构，主语一般都是人；如果某事或某人本身让别人感到有意思，让人感兴趣的话，就用sth. /sb. is interesting的结构。

【模拟试题】

一. 听力选择。

略。

二. 单项填空：

1. Nowadays with the development of science, more new technology _______ to the fields of IT.

A. has introduced

B. is being introduced

C. is introducing

D. was introduced

2. The company was willing to provide us with what we needed, _______ made us excited.

A. what

B. it

C. which

D. that

3.The second-hand car Amy bought last month is almost new; ________ it is in excellent condition.

A. besides

B. though

C. instead

D. yet

4. In Changsha, although there is a good public transport system, ________ private car is still becoming ________ popular means of transportation.

A. 不填; the

B. the; a

C. the; the

D. a; 不填

5. -- How beautiful the dress looks on you! Don’t you want ________, Madam?

-- Well, please show me ________.

A. one; other

B. it; other

C. it; another

D. one; the other

6. --There were not many people in the concert yesterday.

-- Pop music isn’t ________.

A. to everyone’s taste

B. to everyone’s joy

C. to someone’s measure

D. to anyone’s surprise

7. -- Shall I help you carry your travel case to the train, Granny?

-- Oh, no, my boy. It is ________ heavy. Thank you anyway.

A. so

B. not much

C. rather

D. not that

8. --Hi, Nancy, I didn’t know you had come ba ck. So have you graduated from college?

--Yes. I ________ French for four years in Nanjing.

A. have studied

B. had studied

C. studied

D. am studying

9. _____ we admit that there are still some problems about NMET, we don’t mean that it is of no use.

A. Until

B. While

C. As

D. Unless

10. I should prefer _______ to be no discussion of my private affairs.

A. it

B. that

C. what

D. there

11. Mr. Frank asked me a question ________ I could go with him to ________ he called the Treasure House the next week.

A. that; which

B. whether; that

C. whether; what

D. that; where

12. The teacher _______ that his students have difficulty in English grammar , decided to give them some further drilling

A. knowing

B. know

C. to know

D. being known

13. -- ________ he have been chosen as captain of our school football team? -- Yes, he ________. Can’t you see he’s wearing an armband （袖标)？

A. Can; can

B. Must; must have

C. Can; must have

D. Must; must

14. —Could you meet me at the station?

—I’d like to , but I Shanghai when you return.

A. will have left

B. was leaving

C. will leave

D. have left

15. I failed again in the examination and only then ____ how much time I had wasted.

A. I realized

B. I had realized

C. did I realize

D. had I realized

三. 完形填空

Travel in most of Europe is easy. An agreement between the 15 European Union countries in 1995 means that citizens from most European countries can travel across borders without needing a visa.

Each of the 12 countries that has ___16___ its own currency（货币）to accept the euro has its own ___17___. So how have these countries been able to ___18___ ? And how has each country prepared for the birth of this new currency? Firstly, many people in Europe, ___19___ in west Europe, speak English. The European Convention on Human Rights says that all people have a ___20___ to learn and use their traditional language.

But at the European Central Bank in Frankfurt, Germany, the official language for all ___21___ is English. And every European country requires students to study English for many years at ___22___. Other languages may be offered, too. But English is a ___23___.

“If I meet someone, I try Spanish. Then I try ___24___. And if it’s not ___25___, I say ‘Hello’. That’ s the signal, and we communicate no matter what country we come from.” Said Maria Ortega, a ski instructor in the Pyrenees, ___26___ French and Spanish are mainly used.

Each country has its own ___27___ culture. Though the French may be famous for their 1,000 types of cheese and the Greeks are known to ___28___ olive oil on everything, most people in Europe like ___29___ strong coffee on their breakfast table. Another drink is held ___30___ throughout the continent. Europe’s vineyards （葡萄园）may be famous, but the real drink of Europe is ___31___. Europeans consume tons of it.

Football, of course, also helps to ___32___ all of Europe. Many fans are obsessed （着迷）with ___33___ and with international stars. David Beckham, o f England’ s Manchester United, is a hero to Europeans in the same ___34___ that Michael Jordan is to ___35___.

16. A. given up B. ended up C. agreed with D. started with

17. A. money B. right C. border D. culture

18. A. meet B. unite C. travel D. accept

19. A. specially B. generally C. particularly D. normally

20. A. chance B. right C. wish D. place

21. A. states B. people C. business D. customers

22. A. school B. work C. home D. table

23. A. subject B. tool C. need D. must

24. A. English B. French C. German D. Greek

25. A. listening B. spoken C. working D. heard

26. A. as B. where C. since D. whose

27. A. food B. art C. drink D. life

28. A. add B. spread C. spend D. put

29. A. a kind of B. a lot of C. a cup of D. a taste of

30. A. in common B. in general C. in need D. in special

31. A. beer B. wine C. coffee D. soup

32. A. attract B. tie C. play D. watch

33. A. opera B. bread C. music D. football

34. A. position B. level C. way D. game

35. A. basketballers B. British C. athletes D. Americans

四. 阅读理解

A

Beginning college is exciting: new ideas to explore, new challenges to be met and many decisions to be made; your future begins here.

However, you will find college life is different from your previous school environment. Many of us can be easily overwhelmed by the details of running a well-balanced life. While some of us may have the know-how, I guess there are more of us who can benefit from learning about the experiences of others who have walked the college halls before you.

The following you may find of use about life on campus:

?Plan well. There are so many new things to do at a new colle ge or university. Give yourself time to make new friends and became familiar with the campus, but don’t forget why you are there. Give some time for social activities and manage your time wisely.

?If you don’t have a “system” for planning your time now （like a day timer a computer data book）. get one. Most of all, don’t depend on your memory.

?Don’t miss the guidelines. The restrictions, rules and regulations of all kinds can usually be found in your student’s handbook. Consider them well-balanced food for thought. What dates are important? What pieces of paper need to be handed in? What can / can’t you do in your student residence（住处）? Who has the right for what? What do you need to complete to graduate?

?Write the word “STUDY” on the walls of our bedroom a nd bathroom, and maybe it will help to write it on a piece of paper and stick it on the telephone, TV and the kitchen table. Consider this — you are paying thousands of dollars for your course. You pay every time you have to repeat or replace a course.

?Bu ild your identity. This is the time for you to decide what to do and what not to do. Take as much time as you need to explore new ideas. Do not be afraid of the beyond. This is learning to make good choices.

36. What is the main purpose of the passage?

A. To offer advice on college life.

B. To explain why college life is exciting.

C. To describe the importance of college life.

D. To persuade you to go to college.

37. According to the passage, why is it exciting to begin college life?

A. Because you will have more freedom at college.

B. Because you will no longer be afraid of the beyond

C. Because you prepare for your future career and life there.

D. Because professors there will provide you with many new ideas.

38. The underlined word “know-how” refers to _____.

A. An understanding of how things are going at college

B. Practical knowledge about how to behave and what to do at college

C. College halls where rules and regulations are presented

D. An environment completely different from the one you’re used to

39. According to the passage, college students _______.

A. needn’t learn from those who went to college before them

B. spend as much time as possible on social activities

C. should know what they have fight for on campus

D. are supposed to repeat or replace at least one course

B

The government of Norway is planning to build an unusual storage center on an island in the Arctic Ocean. The place would be large enough to hold about two million seeds. The goal is to present all crops known to scientists. The British magazine New Scientist published details of the plan last month. The structure will be designed to protect the world’s food supply against nuclear war, climate change and other possible threats. It will be built in a mountain on the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen. The mountain is less than one thousand kilometers from the North Pole, the northernmost position on earth.

An international group called the Global Crop Diversity Trust is working on the project. The director of the group, Cary Fowler, spoke to New Scientist. He said the project would let the world rebuild agriculture if, in his word, “the worst came to the worst”. Norway is expected to start work next year. The project is expected to cost three million dollars. Workers will drill deep in the side of a sandstone mountain. Temperatures in the area never rise above 0oC. The seeds will be protected behind concrete walls a meter thick and high-security door.

The magazine report says the collection will represent the products of ten thousand years of farming. Most of the seeds at first will come from collections at seed banks in Africa, Asia and Latin America. To last a long time, seeds need to be kept in very low temperatures. Workers will not be present al the time. But they plan to replace the air inside the storage space each winter. Winter temperatures on the island are about eighteen degrees below 0oC. The cold weather would protect the seeds even if the air could not be replaced.

Mr. Fowler says the proposed structure will be the world’s most secure gene bank. He says the plant seeds would only be used when all other seeds are gone for some reason. Norway first proposed the idea in the 1980s. But security concerns delayed the plan. At that time, the Soviet Union was meeting in Rome of the Food and Agriculture Organization.

40. The project is meant to ______.

A. increase the world’s food output in the future

B. carry out some scientific experiments on plant genes

C. protect crop seeds from dying out in case of possible disasters

D. build an exhibition centre of the world’s plant seeds

41. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the above passage?

A. The government of Norway will perform the project alone.

B. Seeds to be collected there were produced ten thousands years ago.

C. Spitsbergen is chosen because it is free of the threat unclear war forever.

D. Temperature is a major consideration when choosing the storage place.

42. We can infer from the text that _______.

A. People will get newly-developed seeds from the center every year.

B. The storage center will greatly promote world agriculture

C. Norway had meant to build the storage centre about 20 years before.

D. There haven’t been any seed storage centres in the world before.

43. What is probably the best title of the passage?

A. The Best Place to Store Seeds

B. Noah’s Ark（诺亚方舟）of Plant Seeds in Plan

C. Concerns of World Food Supply

D. A New Way to Feed the World

试题答案

一、听力选择。

略。

二、单项填空。

1~5 BCABC 6~10 ADCBD 11~15 CACAC

三. 完形填空

16~20 ADBCB 21~25 CADBC

26~30 BADCA 31~35 ABDCD

四. 阅读理解

36. A. 作者意图题。作者一一列举了大学生活当中应该注意的事项，很明显是在建议当今的大学生要有目的，要有规划，更要充实，不要虚度大学生活。

37. C. 事实细节题。从第一段可知，伴随着大学生活的开始，新思想开始出现，新挑战开始面临，新未来开始萌芽，故C项最符合题意。

38. B. 词义推断题。综合第二段判断，作者指的some of us这类人属于已经很好地吸收了前人的大学经验的人，因此他们肯定知道自己该做些什么，不该做什么，也正是对know-how的解释。

39. C. 推理判断题。综合前两段可知，大学生应该知道在校园里要为什么而奋斗。A项与原文的意思相反，B项太片面了，D项加了“at least”太绝对化，均与题意不符。40. C. 事实细节题。第一段中提到：该建筑是为保护世界粮食免受核战争、气候变迁及其它可能性威胁而设计的。

41. D. 事实细节题。第三段中提到：为储存长点时间，种子需要在极低的温度下储藏。

42. C. 推理判断题。最后一段提到：挪威最早是在八十年代提出这个议案的。迄今已有二十年左右的历史了。

43. B. 主旨概括题。文章主要讲述了如何通过建立“种子储存中心”来储存农作物的种子，故B项最合适。

【英语】高考英语非谓语动词真题汇编(含答案)

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上海地区2006 年高三英语非谓语动词 1. I wouldn ' t advise _______ there by bus, because it is too cowed. A. and go B. to go C. to going D. going 2. They found a ___ old woman ___ on the ground when the door was broken open. A. dying, lying B. dead, lied C. death, laying D. died, lain 3. Jack was a lazy boy. I often caught him _____ in class. A. sleeping B. slept C. to sleep D. sleep 4. His words left me ____ what he was driving at. A. to wonder B. wondering C. wondered D. wonder 5. I feel like ____ a long walk. Would you like _____ with me? A. taking, going B. taking, to go C. to take, to go D. to take, going 6. The teacher forbade _____ our seats. A. us to leave B. us leaving C. to leave D. to leaving 7. He finished his homework and then went on __ me. A. helping B. to helping C. with helping D. to help 8. You had better get a doctor ___ your bad tooth. A. pull out B. to pull out C. pulled put D. pulling out 9. I haven ' t got a chair ______ . Will you make room for me? A. to sit B. to sit in C. for sitting D. sitting on 10. By the way, when did you get your bedroom ___ ? A. to paint B. painted C. painting D. to be painted 11.I ' m afraid your suggestion can 't help _____ the service of their shop. A. improving B. in improving C. improve D. for improving

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高三英语复习 非谓语动词考点总结归纳讲义

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考点一：非谓语作主语。 1. 在很多情况下没有明显的不同. Seeing is believing.=To see is to believe. 2. 不定式做主语表示某一次具体的,特定的或有待实现的动作, 而动名词则表示通常的情况. eg:To tell him the truth would be the best. / Painting is an art. 动词不定式（短语）作主语时，另一种形式是在句首用先行代词it作形式主语，而将动词不定式（短语）移到谓语之后作真正主语。用于这种形式是一些特定形容词，动词和名词 1)形容词作表语It is adj/n.(for sb.) to do sth. （常见的形容词是：necessary,important,possible等） It is adj./n.(of sb.) to do sth. (常见的形容词是clever,stupid,foolish,wise,cruel等) 2)常见的动词有：require, cost, amuse, delight, annoy等 eg: It takes much time to do sth./ It didn’t occur to me to ask him to help me. 3)一些名词作表语 eg: It seems a pity to waste them./It is a great pleasure to do this./It is a good idea to think this way 动名词做主语时常用的句型有： It is nice doing sth./It’s foolish doing sth./It is useless doing that/It’s a waste of time doing this. /It’s worth one’s while doing sth./ It’s no good (use) doing that. It’s an awful job doing this. /It’s fun doing this. There is/ was no sense in doing/no point in doing 考点二：非谓语动词作宾语详细见5+3 P70-72页 补充:1.begin和start在下列三种情况下, 通常跟不定式, 不跟动名词 1) 当begin和start的主语是无生命之物时. eg: Snow began to melt. 2) 当begin和start用于进行时时. eg: He is beginning to study English. 3) 当begin和start后面跟着一些表示心理状态的词时. eg: I began to believe his story. 2. be afraid to do 不敢去做…… be afraid of doing 害怕发生某事

高三英语高考非谓语动词专题

非谓语动词专练100题 1. The great hall was crowded with many people, _____ many children _____on their parents’ laps. A. including; seated B. including; seating C. included; sat D. included; sitting 2. It’s said that the Olympic Games _____ in Beiji ng in 2008 will cover more events than any other Olympics did. A. holding B. to be held C. held D. to be holding 3. _____ for a long time, most of the crops in this area died from lacking water. A. Being no rain B. There was no rain C. To be no rain D. There being no rain 4. Yesterday a street-beggar bought a lottery ticket purposelessly, _____ him a millionaire overnight. A. making B. makes C. to make D. made 5. In the face of the big fire in October in California, many people in the fire-stricken areas moved out _____. A. to escape burning B. to escape being burned C. escaping burned D. escaping from burning 6. Taking this medicine, if _____, will of course do good to his health. A. continued B. to continue C. continues D. continuing 7. The little boy still needs the _____ 20 dollars to do with some things _____. A. remaining; remained to be settled B. remaining; remaining to be settled C. remained; remained to settle D. remained; remaining to settle 8. _____ his age, the little boy read quite well. A. Considering B. Considered C. Consider D. Having considered 9. _____ from the appearance, it is very peaceful; but in fact, a war will break out soon. A. Judged B. Judging C. Having judged D. To judge 10. —Tom enjoys _____ basketball on Sunday afternoons, doesn’t he? — Yes, he does. But what his sister enjoys _____. A. to play; dancing B. playing; to dance C. to play; to dance D. playing; is to dance 11. His letter, _____ to the wrong number, reached me late. A. having been addressed B. to have addressed C. to have been addressed D. being addressed 12. The Space Shuttle Columbia broke into pieces over Texas as it returned to the earth on February 1, 2003, _____ all seven astronauts aboard. A. having killed B. killing C. being killed D. killed 13. There are lots of places of interest _____ in our city. A. needs repairing B. needing repaired C. needed repairing D. needing to be repaired 14. — What caused the party to be put off? — _____ the invitations. A. Tom delayed sending B. Tom’s delaying sending C. Tom delaying to send D. Tom delayed to send 15. I was afraid _____ to my customers because I was afraid _____ them. A. of talking back; to lose B. of talking back; of losing C. to talk back; to lose D. to talk back; of losing 16. Standing on the top of the hill, I would not do anything but _____ the flowing of the smog

非谓语动词知识点总结

非谓语动词就是不能作句子谓语而具有其他语法功能的动词。 主语/表语： 不定式和ing分词均能作主语，二者有何区别？ 1.表示某一具体的动作时，多用不定式；表示比较抽象的一般行为倾向的，多用动名词。 2.动名词作主语时通常位于句首；不定式作主语时常置于句末，用it作形式主语放在句首。 1) Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here. 2) It is not very good for you to smoke so much. Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. 若主语和表语都是非谓语动词, 应保持形式上的一致。

宾语： 1. 有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，如： …… manage, promise, pretend, plan, offer, agree, ask, dare, choose, fail, help(帮助)，want(想要) , refuse等。 决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。 主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。 2. 有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语，如： ……practise, appreciate, dislike, excuse, forgive, keep, resist, risk, deny, advise, fancy, complete, forbid, permit, allow, stand, refer to, give up, lead to, take to, set about, get down to, object to, succeed in, have difficulty in... 考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。 避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。 禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。 3.有些动词如begin, start; love, like, hate, prefer后既可以跟不定式又可以跟ing分词作宾语，意义上无多大区别(但ing分词一般表示经常性的行为；不定式表示具体的行为)。 4.有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词作宾语，但意义上有明显差别。go on (stop/remember/regret)to do/doing can’t help to do / doing try to do/ doing mean to do（打算）/ doing（意味）be used to do / doing ( get used to doing)(used to do) 5.动词need, require, want作“需要”，deserve作“应受，应得”，主动表被动 定语： 不定式、ing 分词和过去分词都可以作定语，主要区别在于它们的时态意义和语态意义。 分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区别是：现在分词表示主动、进行之意；过去分词表示被动与完成；而不定式表示在谓语动词表示的动作之后即将发生的动作。 不定式用来修饰序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定词的中心词，表主动关系。 E.g.: The car to be bought is for his sister. / He was the best man to do the job. The houses being built are for the teachers. Developing countries/ developed countries 补语： 1.能接带to的不定式作宾语补足语和主语补足语的动词有：ask, advise, tell, force, get, allow, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, intend,expect, encourage, persuade, permit, request,order, warn, cause等。 Think, consider, believe, suppose, feel等后常用“to be....”作补语。 E.g.: You are not allowed to smoke here. People considered him to be a great leader. 2.使役动词，感官动词接不带to 的不定式作宾语补足语。常见的使役动词有make, let, have等；感官动词有see, hear, watch, observe, notice, feel以及look at, listen to等。 ◆“吾看三室两厅一感觉”---5看（look at, see, watch, notice, observe）3使（make,

高中英语非谓语动词

语法复习十二：非谓语动词（一）——动词不定式 动词不定式、分词(现在分词，过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v + ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用，因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语，也就不受人称和数的限定，因为不是谓语，也就没有时态和语态，但这些词仍能表示动作和状态，所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系，因此也有表示主、被动的形式，同时也有自己的宾语和状语，一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语，分词短语，动名词短语)。非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非谓语动词形式多样，应用广泛，且在句中起着很活跃的作用，也是语法项目中的重点和难点，学好非谓语动词，才能正确进行口语和书 it 所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。）We are to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children.我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的are to set up整个结构为句中谓语，主语为we，同时也是动词不定式to set up所表示的动作的逻辑主语，即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作是由we产生的）。 （3）作宾语：①作及物动词的宾语，如：She wishes to be a musician.；②作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid,

pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等，如：I am determined to give up smoking.；③动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：Can you give us some advice on what to do next? （4）作宾语补足语，如：Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street. （5）动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，须先用it作形式宾语，而将该动词不定式后置，如：I don’t think it right to do it that way. （6）作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the best way to help him? 和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way，不定式后面的介词，习惯上可以省去，如：The old man is looking for a quiet place to live. （7）作状语：动词不定式可以作下列的状语：①目的状语：Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 为了强调不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加in order to或so as to（以便或为了），但应注意in order to位于句首或句中均可，而so as to不能位于句首，如：She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English. 将表示目的的不定式置于句首，也可强调目的的作用，如：To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. ②结果状语：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。③too + 形容词或副词+ 动词不定式，表示“足能…”的结果，如：You are old enough to take care of yourself now. 3、复合结构不定式：由for + 名词（或代词宾格）+ 动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语，这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语，如：It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等，如：It is very kind of you to help him every day. 4、疑问词+ 动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem. 5、动词不定式的否定式：动词不定式的否定式是由not + 动词不定式构成，如：It’s wrong of you not to attend the meeting. 6、动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：（1）一般式：动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，但在多数情况下，是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，如：We decided to plant more trees this spring.（其后），They often watch us play table tennis.（同时）；（2）完成式：动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，如：I am sorryto have kept you waiting.

【英语】高三英语非谓语动词专题训练答案及解析

【英语】高三英语非谓语动词专题训练答案及解析 一、单项选择非谓语动词 1．（北京）_________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience A．Travel B．Traveling C．Having traveled D．Traveled 【答案】B 【解析】考查动名词。句意：沿着丝绸之路旅行是一次既有趣又有益的经历。“____ along the old Silk Road”做主语，要用动名词，故B选项正确。 点睛：动名词是动词-ing形式的一种，兼有动词和名词特征。在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语。 2．The girl is so grateful whenever she remembers my brother and me ____ her from the icy water. A．to have saved B．to save C．saving D．saved 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：这个女孩是有感恩之心的，无论何时她都记得我和我弟弟把她从冰水里救出的情形。固定短语：remember sb. doing sth记得某人做过某事。故C选项正确。 3．He got up late and hurried to his office, _______ the breakfast untouched. A．left B．to leave C．leaving D．having left 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：他起晚了，没有吃早饭就匆忙赶往办公室。he与leave是主谓关系，即他让......处于某种状态，应该用现在分词表伴随状况，排除A、B；“hurried”和“leaving”两个动作是同时发生的，当两个动作有时间先后关系时，需要使用现在分词的完成式，排除D；leave the breakfast untouched没有动早餐，故选C。 4．Several years ago they found in England a tomb of a man ____ from around 2,300 B．C．A．dated B．dating C．dates D．to date 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：几年前，他们在英格兰发现了一个可追溯至公元前2300年左右的

非谓语动词知识点总结

非谓语动词就是不能作句子谓语而具有其他语法功能的动词 I非谓语动词有哪些不冋的形式？— 不定式除一般式.完成式以外还有一进行式 主语/表语： 不定式和ing分词均能作主语，二者有何区别？ 1.表示某一具体的动作时，多用不定式；表示比较抽象的一般行为倾向的，多用动名词。 2.动名词作主语时通常位于句首；不定式作主语时常置于句末」it作形式主语放在句首。 1）Smok ing is prohibited 禁止）here. 2）It is not very good for you to smoke so much. -See ing is believ ing. *-To see is to believe. 若主语和表语都是非谓语动词，应保持形式上的一致。 { no use/good 1 not stoy t, - 0 +Sill.

of little usc/good useless

宾语： 1.有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，如： ... man age, promise, prete nd, pla n, ofer, agree, ask, dare, choose, fail, he帮助）,want（想要）,refuse等。 决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。 主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。 2.有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语，如： ... practise, appreciate, dislike, excuse, forgive, keep, resist, risk, deny, advise, fancy, complete, forbid, permit, allow, sta nd, refer to, give up, lead to, take to, set about, get dow n to, object to, succeed in, have difficulty in … 考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。 避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。 禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。 3.有些动词如begin, start; love, like, hate, prefer后既可以跟不定式又可以跟ing分词作宾语，意义上无多大区别（但ing分词一般表示经常性的行为；不定式表示具体的行为）。 4.有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词作宾语，但意义上有明显差别。 go on （stop/remember/regret）to do/do ing can' t help to do / doing try to do/ doing mean to do （打算）/ doing （意味）be used to do / doing （get used to doing）（used to do） 5.动词need, require, want作“需要”，deserve作“应受，应得”，主动表被动定语： 不定式、ing分词和过去分词都可以作定语，主要区别在于它们的时态意义和语态意义。 分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区别是：现在分词表示主动、进行之意；过去分词表示被动与完成；而不定式表示在谓语动词表示的动作之后即将发生的动作。 不定式用来修饰序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定词的中心词，表主动关系。 E.g.: The car to be bought is for his sister. / He was the best man to do the job. The houses being built are for the teachers. Develop ing coun tries/ developed coun tries 补语： 1.能接带to的不定式作宾语补足语和主语补足语的动词有：ask, advise, tell, force, get, allow, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, i nten d,expect, en courage, persuade, permit, request,order, warn, caus等0 Think, consider, believe, suppose, fee等后常用“ to be....”作补语。 E.g.: You are not allowed to smoke here. People con sidered him to be a great leader. 2.使役动词，感官动词接不带to的不定式作宾语补足 语。常见的使役动词有 make, let, have等；感官动词有see, hear, watch, observe, notice, fee以及look at, listen to 等。

高中英语非谓语动词用法详解及练习(含答案详解)

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