词汇学名词解释

1.Free morphemes:自由语素a morphemes that can stand alone.或者a

linguistic form that can occur as an independent word.

2.Boud morphemes:黏着语素a morphemes that must occur with at

lease one other morpheme.

3.Back-formation: 逆生法。is the method of creating words by

removing the supposed suffixes.

4.Allomorph：语素变体the phonetic variant of a morpheme in a

particular language.或者one of the variants of the same morpheme 5.conversion:转换法is the formation of new words by converting

words from one word-class to another word-class.或者Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.

6.blending 拼缀法is the formation of new words by combining pasts

of two words or word plus a part of anther word .如;smog---smoke +fog.

7.Semantic field:语义场Semantic field theory is concerned with the

vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks.

The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.

8.semantic motivation :语义理据Semantic motivation refers to

motivation based on semantic factors and it is usually provided by the figurative usage of words.

9.conceptual meaning：概念意义。the meaning given in the dictionary

and forms the core of word-meaning.

10.lexical meaning：the meaning of a word that depends on the nonlinguistic concepts it is used to express

11.affective meaning:情感意义is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.

12.semantic transfer词义迁移figures of speech

13 Metonymy 转喻It is a figure of speech by which an object or idea is described by the name of something closely related to it.

14.synecdoche.提喻A figure of speech by which a part is put for tha whole ,the whole for the part ,species for genus,the genud for the species or the name of the material for the dhing made .

15:Extra-linguistic context:语言之外的环境Extra-linguistic contex t refers not only to the actual speech situation in which a word is used but also to the entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech event is set.

16：polysemy ：一词多义Polysemy means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time.

17.Homophone :同音异义词Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.

18：homonymy：Homonyms are words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.

19.elevation:词义的升格process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.

20 . Degradation: 词义的降格i t is the process whereby words of good prigin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense

21 oxymoron. 矛盾修辞It is a compressed paradox ,formed by the conjoining of two contrasting , contradictory incongruous terms 比如：bitter-sweet memories , orderly chaos and proud humility.

00832英语词汇学1107全国试题

全国2011年7月高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30 %) 1. Grammarians insist that a word be a __________ form that can function in a sentence. ( ) A. small B. large C. fixed D. free 2. In the earliest stage of English, the written form of a word should ________ that of the oral form. ( ) A. agree with B. disagree with C. be the same as D. be different from 3. ____________consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine, mathematics, etc. ( ) A. Terminology B. Jargon C. Slang D. Argot 4. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the followings EXCEPT_________. ( ) A. fast food B. TV dinner C. Mao jackets D. Watergate 5. Reviving archaic words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, “loan”, which was prevalent in the thirteenth century, was replaced by “ __________ ” in American English. ( ) A. own B. let C. rent D. lend 6. If we say that Old English was a language of __________ endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings. ( ) A. full B. short C. long D. paralleled 00832# 英语词汇学试卷第1页共6页

词汇学相关的一些名词解释 (1)

Compounding is a process of word formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. The word formed in this way is called compound Blending is a process of word formation by which a word is created by combining parts of other words. Words formed in this way are called blends. From morphological viewpoints, there are four types of blending: Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words. Initialisms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as lettersEEC: European Economic Community Acronyms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as words:OPEC: Organisation of Petroleum Export Countries According to Leonard Bloomfield’s point of view, a word is a minimum free form, that is to say, the smallest form that may appear in isolation. There are two types of linguistic forms: one is the bound form, the other is the free form. A bound form is one which cannot occur on its own as a separate word, e.g. the various affixes: de-, -tion, -ize, etc. A free form is one which can occur as a separate word. For example, the word lovely contains the free form love and the suffix –ly. The suffix –ly in the word lovely, of course, i s not a free for m, because it cannot stand by itself. So we call it a bound form. A word is a minimum free form The morpheme can be considered as the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 1)Morphemes are commonly classified into two forms according to their character: one is free form, and the other is bound form. 2)Free morphemes自由词素are morphemes which can occur as separate words. That is to say, a free morpheme can stand alone as a word. 3)Bound morphemes粘着词素are morphemes which cannot stand alone as words. They are mainly affixes. That is to say, a bound morpheme is one that must appear with at least one other morpheme, bound or free in a word. 4)2) Morphemes may be classified into two categories according to their lexical and grammatical relationships: 5)lexical morphemes and grammatical morphemesLexical morphemes are morphemes used for the construction of new words as in compound words Grammatical morphemes are morphemes used to express grammatical relationships between a word and its context, such as plurality or past tense There are three types of words according to morphology:Simple words,Compound words,Complex words Conversion Conversion is a main type of word-formation assigning the base to a different word

心理学自名词解释题

心理学名词解释集 【认知】是指人们获得知识或应用知识的过程，或信息加工的过程。这是人最基本的心理过程。它包括感觉、知觉、记忆、想象、思维和语言等。人脑接受外界输入的信息，经过头脑的加工处理，转换成内在的心理活动，再进而支配人的行为，这个过程就是信息加工的过程，也就是认知过程。 【艾森克的“三因素模型”】艾森克的“三因素模型”是人格的现代特质理论。其主要观点有：三因素包括外倾性，表现为内外倾的差异；神经质，表现为情绪稳定性的差异；精神质，表现为孤独、冷酷、敌视、怪异等偏于负面的人格特质。四层次由下到上依次为“特殊反应水平”，日常观察到的反应，属于误差因子；“习惯反应水平”，是由反复进行的日常反应形成的，属于特殊因子；“特质层”，由习惯反应形成，属于群因子；“类型层”，由特质构成，属于一般因子。各种人格特质可用一个人格维度图表示。 【场依存性】所谓场，就是环境，心理学家把外界环境描述为一个场，简单说场依存性是指一个人独立性的程度。美国心理学家赫尔曼?威特金（Herman?Witkin）认为有些人知觉时较多地受他所看到的环境信息的影响，有些人则较多地受身体内部线索的影响。他把个体较多地依赖自己所处的周围环境的外在参照，以环境的刺激交往中定义知识、信息称作场依存性。 【爬梯实验】美国心理学家格塞尔认为：先天的成熟和后天的学习是决定儿童心理发展的两个基本因素，在这两个因素中，他更强调成熟的作用。他让双生子中的一个从生后48周起每天爬十分钟楼梯，连续6周；而让另一个从生后53周起作同样的爬梯训练。后者在两周以后爬楼梯的水平就赶上前者。格塞尔认为，这一实验充分说明成熟有更重要的作用。 【感觉编码】我们的神经系统不能直接加工外界输入的物理能量和化学能量，这些能量必须经过感官的换能作用，才能转化为神经系统能够接受的神经能或神经冲动。这个过程就是我们说得感觉编码。 ［内隐记忆］是不能进入心灵意识，但可以在行为上表现出来的记忆．其中最重要的一种内隐记忆是程序性记忆，也即＂如何做＂这一类程序或技能知识．另一种内隐记忆出现与＂启动效应＂的研究之中，即：前面接触的相同或类似信息，促进某个具体信息的加工． 【表象】指当事物不在面前时，人们在头脑中出现的关于事物的形象。它具有直观性、概括性和可操作性。 【语言】是一种社会现象。是人类通过高度结构化的声音组合，通过书写符号、手势等构成的一种符号系统，同时又是一种运用这种符号系统来交流的行为。 【图示】是知识的心理组织形式。它说明了一组信息在头脑中最一般的排列或可以预期的排列方式。 【语言表征】是语言材料所负载的信息在头脑中的存在方式。 【动机】是由一种目标或对象所引导、激发和维持的个体活动的内在心理或内在动力。动机是一种心理过程，而不是心理活动的结果。 【驱力】是指个体由生理需要所引起的一种紧张状态，它能激发和驱动个体行为以满足需要，消除紧张，从而恢复机体的平衡状态。 【诱因】是指能满足个体需要的刺激物，它具有激发和诱使个体朝向目标的作用。 【意识】是有意识的支配调节行为，通过克服困难，以实现预定目标的心理过程。 【意识行动】受意识支配的行动。 【冲突】由于在意识行动中人们常常具有两个以上的目标，而这些目标不可能同时实现，因而引起拉意识行动中的目标冲突或动机斗争。 【挫折】指个体的意志行为受到无法克服的干扰或阻碍，预定目标不能实现是所产生的一种紧张状态和情绪反应，也就是俗话说的碰钉子。 默许心向反应 acquiescence response set 在问卷调查中，被试没有看清题目而不假思索的作出“是”的反应倾向。 适应 adaption 在一系列连续的刺激后神经反应性的降低。 上瘾 addiction 依赖药物，当停止服药时，会导致症状复发。 后像 afterimages 当视觉刺激消失后仍残留的视感觉。 注意 attention 通常指从大量刺激中选择某一刺激进行进一步加工。 唤醒 arousal 生理上的觉醒阶段，它包括交感神经系统的激活和身体的活动准备。 供选假设 alternative hypothesis 观察者开始提出的假设，通常认为变量间有差异或相关。 虚无假设 null hypothesis 观察者提出的要放弃的假设，通常认为变量间无差异或不相关。 分析内省 analytical introspection 一种自我报告的方法，被试主要报告他们的个人经验的特定方面。 语法缺失 agrammatism 由于脑损伤而导致造句困难、遗漏重要词语和词尾的症状。 称名失能症 anomia 由脑损伤而导致对物体和物体图片无法命名的病症。 游动效应 autokinetic effect 一种知觉错觉，静止的光点看起来会动的现象。 自动加工 automatic process 加工过程非常快，无须心理能量，不受意识控制，不能避免的加工。 自主神经系统（ANS） autonomic nervous system 神经系统中控制身体内活动（如心跳）的部分，它通过肌肉和腺体起作用。 行为遗传学 behaviour genetics 关于遗传对行为影响的研究，以研究双生子和领养子为主。 行为疗法 behaviour therapy 以行为主义理论为基础的临床治疗方法。 患者中心疗法 client-centred therapy 由罗杰斯发展的心理治疗方法，此方法多采用鼓励的方法以促进患者的个人发展。 认知疗法 cognitive therapy 以改变非理性思想和信念为基础的临床治疗方法。 领悟疗法 insight-oriented therapies 强调治疗着重于患者对自己问题本质的了解。 心理动力学 psychodynamic 包括所有强调无意识冲突和早期经历的治疗方法。 行为顺从 behavioural compliance 尽管态度或信念与别人不一致，但仍屈从于别人的行为方式。

英语词汇学考试重点整理

Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by

词汇学 名词解释(部分)

Types of meaning Types of lexical changes 1.Elevation:词义升格 Definition: words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance Some words early in their history signify something quite low or humble, but change as time goes by to designate something agreeable or pleasant. For example: nice: ignorant---foolish---delightful, pleasant Marshal: a keeper of horses---a high ranking army officer So elevation refers that the meaning of word changes from the neutral/negative to positive. 2.Old English:It refers to the English starting from 450 to 1100 AD. The old English is made up of different sources of languages spoken then –that of Anglo-Saxons, that of Celts, and that of Jutes, with a lot of Latin elements used for common peopl e’s life. 3.Bound morpheme: It is the smallest unit of grammar, a unit which cannot occur as separate words. They have no independent semantic meaning; instead, they have: Attached meaning E.g. un-kind, hope-ful Grammatical meaning E.g. cat-s, slow-ly, walk-ing, call-ed For an exact example, in the word “careful”, care is free morpheme, “-ful” is a bound morpheme. 4.Hyponymy: Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion, or to say, the relationship between general lexical items and specific lexical items. That is to say, when X is a kind of Y, the lower term X is the“hyponym”, and the upper term Y is the “superordinate”. For example, “fiction”is the superordinate of “novel”, “novelette”and “short story”, which are the hyponyms of “fiction”. Knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness, and concreteness in expression.

完全版英语词汇学名词解释_共6页

第一章word 1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 第三章formation 1 1. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 2. Allomorph --- Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are know as allomorphs. 3. Free morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes which are independent of other morphemes. 4. Bound Morphemes --- They are morphemes which cannot occur as separate words. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 7. Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as inflectional morphemes. 8. Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word. 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12. Stem --- a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 第四章formation 2 1. Affixation --- affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. 2. Prefixation --- is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Suffixation--- is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. 3. Compounding（Compositon）-- is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. 4. Conversion-- is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. 5. Blending-- is the formation of new words by combined by parts of two words or a word plus a plus a part of another word. 6. Clipping- is the formation of new words by shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remain instead.

心理学题库基本名词解释(总汇)1

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《词汇学》名词解释总汇

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社会心理学名词解释20题

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