从餐桌礼仪看中西方饮食文化差异(英文论文)
Abstract
The topic for the culinary culture of the Western table manners ongoing comparison, so that people better understand the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western cultures, for their own future development to make adequate preparations. In this thesis, their food culture in the West as the background, analyzing China and Britain and other Western countries tableware, seating arrangements, and cultural differences between Chinese and Western table manners of four dining atmosphere, and the Word table view, which reveals cause food culture the underlying causes of the differences. Through this study was to investigate the paper, can make people fully understand Western food culture, focusing on Cultural differences, thus enhancing people's intercultural communicative competence.
Keywords: cultural differences between Chinese and Western dining table manners
CONTENTS
CONTENTS (2)
1 Introduction (3)
2 Performance differences between Chinese and Western table manners4
2.1 Differences in time to attend , the Chinese concept of
time is a diverse people , Westerners concept of time is a single person . (4)
2.2 Differences seating arrangements (4)
2.3 Tableware differences. (5)
2.4 Differences meal etiquette (5)
3 Reasons for the difference between Chinese and Western table manners (8)
3.1 Difference between Chinese and Western food ideas .. 8
3.2 Differences between Chinese and Western food objects 8
3.3 Different ways in Qinzhou food , cutlery and etiquette
(9)
3.3 Differences in the nature of the Western diet (10)
Conclusion (11)
References (12)
1 Introduction
Differences between Chinese and Western table manners , by the Western philosophical and ideological influence of social factors, so far from the two cultures . In China , no one party , no matter what the purpose , there will be a formality. Is everyone sitting around , sharing a seat ; banquet use round table , which formally created a united, courtesy of interesting momentum. Delicacies on the table of people in the center , it is an object table of people appreciate the taste , but also a table of people 's emotional communication medium . People toast each dish to persuade each other to allow food, then good things before , reflects the mutual respect between people struggle to let virtue. Reflects the Chinese Classical Philosophy "and" ideological influence in this area for future generations , to facilitate collective emotional communication , which has been difficult to reform
This mainly pasta and Western -oriented groups , details of table manners becomes more tedious and methodical . They are used in food Dining System , personal self sweep intraday dishes, soup bowl, regardless of others , each disturbance . Westerners also let voluntarily drink , brandy, whiskey , cocktails , like what drink , drink how much to drink , the individual will be respected , reflecting ideas and more reasonable diet .In summary, the Western etiquette ten million kinds , the following are some of my table manners analysis methods.
2 Performance differences between Chinese and Western table manners
2.1 Differences in time to attend , the Chinese concept of time is a diverse people , Westerners concept of time is a single person .
Asked to do anything else, strict compliance with the schedule , which do what , so when attending dinner , this difference appears to be more prominent , in general , Chinese people are more inclined to time diversity mode ' late ' . Often after a half an hour to reach the stipulated time , the owner seems to have already mentally prepared , usually arrange some other programs during this ' waiting ' time, such as playing cards , drinking tea, chat , so that some of the ' first ' guests spend their time. For this ' late ' phenomenon both subject and object become accustomed to not see it as a kind of contempt for the host to offer or https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5618286419.html, impolite. All at a predetermined time to start activities in Western countries , it is impolite to be late , formal banquet requests arrive , who after less than ten minutes , it will be considered substandard etiquette, is the owner and other guests are not respect .
2.2 Differences seating arrangements
China 's banquet seating is usually facing south on the north face , the formation of the 'South statue North Peel ' traditional values , 'South ' in the eyes of the Chinese people Suntech is a supreme symbol of the right , status and identity . Thus , we often see some of the diners at the banquet let let pushing , red in the face , the original order of the seat just for the sake of humility , in most Chinese banquet for high weight or elderly persons seated first and sat chief , which is because the Chinese people will seniority , respect for elders row seat as standard , in China , long the dominant Confucian culture and thought, Confucianism king, father , husband , long -respect, first, to the minister , son , his wife , was humble after the young , and thus there is formed a high or low , etc. , the couple are different, the idea of seniority . Westerners will be ladies first , respect for women's banquet rows of seats standard , while the other acts as a standard banquet, when the seating arrangements , first listed in the list of guests for sex , then forms and detailed seating arrangements accordingly seat If there is a common men and women to the party , co-chaired by the man of the house shall fitted to both male and female guests of the list , usually in the form of seating arrangements : male master and mistress opposite sides about female guest of honor for the man of the house then arrange a clockwise outward .
2.3 Tableware differences.
Two different ethnic cultural influence on the choice of different dishes , Chinese people use Chopsticks and Westerners use knives and forks. Affected due to the long Chinese farming culture , like the peace and stability of life , due to the opposition of aggression . Western countries due to the impact of hunting culture, like the feisty , and willingness to take risks , Chinese people like to use round table during a meal , eat with chopsticks reflects ----- unity and gas ; while Westerners are generally good enough with square table knife and fork , then giving a sense of the brutal killing of furious .
However , with the development of economic exchanges between China and the West , the cutlery has been no clear distinction , many Westerners like to learn to use chopsticks to eat Chinese food, Chinese people also often into the restaurant and use a knife and fork .
2.4 Differences meal etiquette
Chinese dining etiquette reflects a ' make ' the spirit of party , all people will wait for the owner at the beginning , and only when the owner please meal before indicating the banquet , but the owner generally must first give the guest of honor take their food , make their first use . When a new dish up , please master, guest of honor and show respect for older people first , Western dining etiquette to convey a ' beauty ' of the spiritual quest , the whole process should not only delicious meal , but also pleasing to the eye , pleasing to the ear . First of all, not only dressed , often wearing the dress also required and requested to correct posture , and secondly, can not be issued without pleasing sound when eating , talking to each other to whisper , not loud noise . Table in the West , there are so few details are Chinese food on the table can not be understand. Such as:
1 . When using the forks , knives and forks should be drawn outside to the inside , take the left fork to the right hand and took the knife when cutting things , take the left fork holding the food , the right to food into small pieces with a knife , fork and then into the mouth . When a knife , fork and knife can not outward , should be put into a knife and fork down meal in the ' eight ' shaped , respectively, on the edge of the plate , knife and fork toward themselves, said that he would continue to eat , eat each dish , the knife and fork together on the plate, if you are talking to , you can hold in your hand without having to put down . When the knife is not available right hand fork , but the gesture should For all put down the knife and fork , knife and fork must not hand waving in the air . Nor in one hand and a knife and fork in one hand and a napkin , and do not take food in one hand and a tissue in one hand , any time, can not be the end of the knife and fork on the plate and the other end on the table.
2 . Do not sip soup when the Western table , eating chewing to shut up . Do not lick their lips or smack sound. If the soup hot, and so can be the first cooler drink , do
not blow soup. When the soup with a spoon to scoop the soup from the outside , when the soup dish soup fast finish , soup plate with his left hand to the outside slightly cocked, with a spoon to scoop net . When eating soup , the soup spoon left in the pan , spoon the point itself.
3 . When fish , meat and other dishes with thorns or bones , do not directly outside the spit , available Napkins Wuzui gently spit on the fork into the tray . If the disc remaining small amount of food , do not insert the bottom plate with a fork , not to eat with your fingers to help , should help small piece of bread or a fork to eat . Use
a fork to eat pasta noodles rolled up first and then into the mouth.
4 . It normally takes the bread into small pieces and then put in the mouth by hand , not holding a piece of bread to bite , but also the first time the bread into small pieces add a touch of butter or jam .
5. When chicken , chicken breasts and more Europeans and Americans as expensive. Forced to eat chicken bones should be removed first , not eaten with the fingers . Do not turn over the fish when the fish after eating upper to use a knife and fork to eat the fish bones tick off the lower fish. To cut a piece to eat a cut or not cut too large meat are cut into pieces.
6. Chinese move on the table , the table on the West static . Chinese people to eat as a matter of life music, great pomp , the momentum of excitement often breathtaking. Chinese people riding in the table , they are forever , let each other vegetables , urging people to drink , enjoy, delicacies, delicious cuisine. Such a way as to reflect the owner's banquet enthusiasm and sincere, heartfelt lively reflects the cheerful diners on the table . This " downtown" Chinese family from the refraction somehow cozy , neighborhood and Mu , people unite . Westerners go to the table is a dedicated sat quietly cutting their own dishes on the menu . You can chat with guests about the meal , but do not just talk to a few acquaintances. If the guests do not know about , you can introduce myself first . Others can not take the mouth interjected his speech . Keep the volume level of the other party can hear , and chew food do not speak, even if someone with your speech , swallowing and then have to wait for the answer . Chinese people generally follow the " derogatory several statues of people " principle, while Westerners emphasize the values of efficiency and pragmatism , in practice requires great attention to their face . Such as: When Chinese people a dinner party, put food on the table variety, at least 78 dishes, if it is a feast , the main course will be more and more expensive , the more exotic dishes will be more attentive to display the master and guest identity. The owner often say , "Today there is no good food to entertain everyone," "food done well, eat a little ," " excuse me " , " neglect your " kind of thing . The feast is generally four to five Western dishes to eat or slight residual component is not optimal . If at home , it is best eaten all the food , so the hostess will be very happy that you like her to do the dishes . Face feast , the owner would say, " We have to give everything to entertain ," the words. Westerners do not talk on the feast disgusting things , will do everything possible to employ subtle gentle word to replace generations.
7 . Phone : Basically when eating Western food will not open the phone , unless you have a very important thing, and ringtones will be very quietly , you have to have
a phone with you to say " sorry" and then got up and went to the phone . This one also applies when eating Chinese food , listen to the phone at meal time wherever people are cast aside . The Chinese people do not care about the details , and some people even put down the chopsticks phone began to talk , and some people still do not care about the length of time , even more than a half-hour chat .
8. Wine drinking . Western table last dish is often wine, red wine , such as Porto , Portugal . It is often down to the right hand side of the cup , and then passed the bottle then the person next to you . This is the female guests will get up to the living room, while leaving men drink alcohol, smoking and talking . When the ladies got up , men should stand up, to show respect , when the ladies leave the back seat . Soon men also should go to the living room and the ladies together. China , wine has become the first course , and even some people from the outset last drink , and the owner must be constantly pouring also expressed enthusiasm for the guests , and some even to a " Buzuibugui " " not drunk do not give up "purposes. Western table wine of your own people be, how much to drink down , the owner is also fully respect your choice.
3 Reasons for the difference between Chinese and Western table manners
3.1 Difference between Chinese and Western food ideas
Historically, China is one of the oldest countries in the world , with 5,000 years of a long and rich history , creating countless brilliant civilization , hidden in this culture , making Chinese food more profound. With the passage of time and geographical differences vast territory , gradually formed four Cuisine , Cuisine of four self-contained , have their own characteristics , but the common denominator is the complexity of the materials used sophisticated , complex production methods , taste a variety of dishes , amazing.
Western Europe and America , represented by its culture also has a long history . To the Middle Ages, European culture has been perfect, in the meantime , the old Western food culture has been formed. Its main features are: flour -based staple food , raw materials are also more abundant , the production method is simple compared to China , but also paid great attention to taste.
Due to the different Western philosophical thought Westerners diet heavy in science . Heavy science that emphasizes nutrition. Therefore, the Western diet with the highest standards of nutrition , eating like a biological machine to add fuel , special emphasis on the content of food nutrients, protein, fat , carbohydrates , vitamins and various inorganic elements are appropriate mix , the supply of heat is just right and these nutrients are able to fully absorb eaters , with or without other side effects. These questions are asked college cooking , and food color , smell, taste how , it is inferior requirements. That diet or in the West 's premier big country - France , although its food culture in many ways with our approximation, but an access to nutritional problems , the two sides will pull away .
Chinese flavors designed to reconcile the pursuit of delicious cooking technique , its processing and long hot frying Man Fire Attack , will make food nutrients are destroyed . Although the pursuit of delicious French cuisine also , but never forget , " nutrition" this premise, blindly seeking with delicious nutrition is they do not take . Especially modern cooking ideas emerged in the 1960s , with particular emphasis on health , diet , and thus less pursuit of light oil , emphasizes the use of fresh ingredients , emphasizing the cooking process nutrients and maintain the original flavor of the original , so basically vegetables is eaten raw. So heavy Western diet nutrition is a universal .
3.2 Differences between Chinese and Western food objects
Westerners think the food is to eat , so eats a large piece of meat, whole chickens
and other "hard food" ; while Chinese cuisine is "eat taste" . So Chinese cooking in the selected materials also show great randomness : Many Westerners as something thrown away , are excellent raw materials in China , foreign chefs can not handle things , one to cook Chinese hands on can be miraculous . Demonstration of Chinese food in broad terms with the randomness of the material .
According to a survey of Western botanists , the Chinese people have more than 600 kinds of vegetables to eat , and more than six times the West . In fact, the Chinese people 's dishes , the vegetarian is usually food, meat dishes only when the holidays or a higher standard of living , before entering the usual diet, it has always been there , " fresh vegetables ," said the fresh vegetables in the diet of the usual dominates. Chinese people plant-based dishes, and Buddhists advocate inextricably linked . Buddhism as the animals they " creatures " , while the plant is " No Hope" So , advocates vegetarianism .
Western diet characterized by the introduction of their own country , I felt more attention than China with a reasonable nutrition , there are more developed food industry, such as canned food, fast food , etc., although the taste is monotonous, but to save time , and good nutrition . Therefore their country than the Chinese people generally robust body : tall, long legs , large shoulders , well-developed muscles ; while the Chinese seem petite , short legs, narrow shoulders , yellow quality is weak. Some of the significant differences according to the characteristics of the object in the Western diet , the Chinese plant called character , Westerners called animal character.
3.3 Different ways in Qinzhou food , cutlery and etiquette
Western diet is very different , these differences also have an impact on the national character . In China , no one feast , no matter what the purpose , there will be only one form , is everyone sitting around , sharing a seat ; feast use the roundtable , which formally created a united, courtesy of Fun atmosphere . Delicacies on the table of people in the center , it is both a table of people enjoy tasting the object is a table of people 's emotional communication medium . People toast each other , make each other vegetables , advised dishes in front of the good things , reflects the mutual respect between people , let 's fight virtues . Although from a health point of view, this diet has obvious shortcomings, but it is consistent with our nation "happy ," the general attitude reflects the Chinese Classical Philosophy "and" ideological influence in this area for future generations , to facilitate collective emotional communication , which has been difficult to reform .
In the cutlery , the difference would even more obvious. As we all know , the Chinese people, including some of the yellow race Asian countries , using chopsticks , spoons , eating bowl filled ; while Westerners do , it is the food on the plate , with knife and fork and cut that eating soup is a dedicated spoon. Chopsticks and forks as most representative of two things side dishes, chopsticks and forks affect something different side of life, representing two different kinds of intelligence. The famous physicist , Nobel Prize winner Dr. Li Zhengdao , in an interview with a Japanese
reporter to interview , there are some very brilliant exposition : " The Chinese nation is an excellent nation, the Chinese people as early as the Spring and Autumn period on the use of chopsticks . such a simple two things , but it is sublime exquisite use of the lever principle in physics . chopsticks is an extension of the human finger , the finger can do it almost can do , and not afraid of high temperature and cold. really very clever ! "
In the ritual , the western two more different . In ancient China, in the dining process, on a set of red tape. " Book of Rites song in mind," contains: " not full of food of rice not choose the hand , not put rice, ...... was not solid , Wu Yang rice, ...... soldier food, passengers from the front kneeling , sprinkle rice Sarkozy to grant phase who resigned as the owner of the passengers, and then off to sit , " these words to the effect mainly: when we work together to eat, not eat their own interests . If you eat with others , you must check hands clean. Do not take extra rice back into the pot , not exclusively occupied the food , do not winnow a hot meal . After dinner , guests should pack up and move the dishes on the table , to the owner , the owner followed up , guests are not working , then the guests and then sit down. Some of these rituals are also necessary in modern https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5618286419.html, manners . Feast in the West , the owner generally only one dish to the guests folder , and the rest consumed by the guests autonomy : if guests do not have hard and let people eat , nor according to the Chinese people's habit of frequently urging people to drink to guests , take their food . When eating , do not make noise , but guests should note with appreciation of the owner to prepare meals. If you talk to people , only , do not talk to your neighbor and talk with people from far away .
3.3 Differences in the nature of the Western diet
Different concepts of diet , Western diet tends to make scientific , rational, Chinese food tends art sensibility . Cooking from the diet , diet was originally designed to supply to maintain a nutritious life. The focus of Western dietary practices is just an extension of the original diet practicality ; while eating customs in China 's emphasis on flavor , put the food into a palace of art . As can be seen from both diet concept : Western diet increasingly standardized , the national diet arbitrary .
Western food culture differences are obvious , and have their own strengths. With economic globalization and the information flow becomes accelerated integration of Chinese and Western food culture will continue in the collision , complementary to each other in a fusion . Now the Chinese have begun to focus on the nutrition , health and cooking the science ; western Chinese have begun to color , smell, taste , meaning , the realm of development shaped. Western food culture will jointly develop exchanges .
Conclusion
Western table manners in different cultures is an important part of the national cultural differences between Chinese and Western , traditional Western culture is a culture of livestock and marine culture, Chinese culture is the farming culture and land , two different cultures reflect differences in the way people live , where table manners and cultural differences is one aspect of a representative of each country , the people of each region are consciously or unconsciously reveal their profound cultural background in the diet. Such as: China , followed by the form bears eat a rich sense of psychological and cultural as well as people 's awareness and understanding of things , to obtain a more profound social significance , that translate into a psychosocial adjustment, there are many scholars this unique Chinese concept of "Food" called " pan- food ' cultural tendencies , creating differences between Chinese and Western food culture and the differences between Chinese and Western culture, table manners , this difference comes from the Western way of thinking and a different philosophy of life . Chinese people pay attention to "Heaven" Westerners focus on "people -oriented" concept of the difference between the value of the formation of such a lunch to eat ideographic to matter teaser features , focusing on the type and quantity of food , with little regard for nutritional meals . Although the U.S. pursuit diet overwhelm rational .
With the acceleration of economic globalization and information exchange , Western table manners and cultural integration in the collision will continue to complement each other in a fusion . So now the Chinese have begun to focus on the nutrition , health and science of cooking , table manners also tend to civilization , science . Who does not exist between the two cultures, who advanced behind , the future of the world, will also continue to blend the two cultures , through .
Differences in social background , history and culture led to the differences between Chinese and Western table manners , table manners to some extent a reflection of a lifestyle , and habits are not formed in a short time available to it. It is actually a historical and cultural sedimentation and extension. Therefore, the cultural differences between Chinese and Western table manners are also a part of the Western tradition of cultural differences .
References
[1] Baidu Encyclopedia, table manners, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5618286419.html,/view/685669.htm
[2] Wikipedia, table manners, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5618286419.html,/wiki/ table manners
[3] Yi Zhongtian, "culture on the table."
[4] Ya Red, "as well as differences between Chinese and Western food culture comparison table manners," "The Border Economy and Culture", 2009 4
[5] Baidu library, "table manners and Western cultures"
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5618286419.html,/view/076092dc5022aaea998f0fd4.html
饮食礼仪英语
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and” three principles will be no detriment. 1.在当你应邀赴宴时，你对同桌进餐的人和餐桌上的谈话，大概要比对饮食要更感兴趣。因此进餐时，应该尽可能地少一些声响，少一些动作。 2.女主人一拿起餐巾时，你也就可以拿起你的餐巾，放在腿上。有时餐巾中包有一只小面包；如果是那样的话就把它取也，放在旁边的小碟上。 3.餐巾如果很大，就双叠着放在腿上；如果很小，就全部打开。千万别将餐巾别在领上或背心上，也不要在手中乱揉。可以用餐巾的一角擦去嘴上或手指上的油渍或脏物。千万别用它来擦刀叉或碗碟。 4.正餐通常从汤开始。在你座前最大的一把匙就是汤匙，它就在你的右边的盘子旁边。不要错用放在桌子中间的那把匙子，因为那可能是取蔬菜可果酱用的。 5.在女主人拿起她的匙子或叉子以前，客人不得食用任何一道菜。女主人
浅谈中西方餐桌礼仪之差异
浅谈中西方餐桌礼仪之差异 【摘要】餐桌礼仪一直都是饮食文化的重要组成部分之一，如果不能很好的了解中西方餐桌礼仪文化的差异，就不可避免地出现各种文化冲突及尴尬现象，影响中西交往的顺利进行。中西方餐桌礼仪之差异主要表现在以下几个方面：一是饮食文化方面的差异，二是餐桌用语方面的差异，三是座位排序的方式不同。中西方的饮食文化也具有较大的差异，学习和分析中西方在餐桌礼仪文化方面的差异对中西方跨文化交际具有十分重要的现实意义。 【关键词】中西方餐桌礼仪，文化差异，文化冲突 无论是在中国还是西方国家，餐桌礼仪一直都是饮食文化的重要组成部分之一，但是，由于中西方国家在思维方式、传统文化、行为方式以及生活习惯方面的不同，中西方的饮食文化也具有较大的差异，如果不能很好的了解中西方餐桌礼仪文化的差异，就不可避免地出现各种文化冲突及尴尬现象，影响中西交往的顺利进行，因此，学习和分析中西方在餐桌礼仪文化方面的差异对中西方跨文化交际具有十分重要的现实意义。 1中西方餐桌礼仪简介 中国餐桌礼仪最早出现的是食礼，这与古代的祭祀礼和祭神仪式密切相关，有相关文献记载原始社会的居民将猪肉放在石头上烤制，而后献给神仙，以表示对鬼神的敬畏和祭祀，后来随着人际交往越来越密切和社会关系越来越复杂，古人这一简单的食礼逐渐形成了吉礼、凶礼、军礼、宾礼、佳礼等“先秦五礼”，奠定了古代饮食礼制的基石。根据相关文献的记载，在周代时，中国就已经形成了一套比较完善的饮食礼仪制度，首先由主人发请柬，并按照约定时间在门外迎客，宾客到时相互问候，专门有人负责引入客厅后进行小坐，先饮茶，客人来齐后导入客席，客席其中一座位上是为首席，相对首座为二座，首座之下为三座，二座之下为四座，客人坐定之后由主人，敬酒敬菜，而客人则以礼相谢，另外在敬酒时也有讲究，应先敬长者和主宾，最后再敬主人，宴会结束后，主人引导客人进入客厅小坐，饮茶、热聊，直到辞别，这种传统的礼仪制度在我国大部分仍保留至今。 而西方餐桌礼仪文化最早起源于法国的梅罗文加王朝，发展到罗马帝国时，这种餐桌礼仪更加复杂，带有浓厚的专制味道，皇帝在餐桌中必须坐最高的椅子，
英文中西方的餐桌礼仪+练习题
十条应该遵守的西方礼仪How to behave at table in western society? 1.When helping a woman pull her chair to the table, hold it and guide it. Don't shove it against the back of her legs. 为女士拉椅子的时候，要把椅子抓住了，留个角度，让女士好走过去。别让椅子腿碰到女士的腿。 2.If you're seated at a table with eight or fewer guests, wait for everyone to be served and for the hostess to begin eating before you dig in. At a long banquet table, it's OK to start when several people are seated and served. 如果就餐人数少于等于八人，那就等所有人都坐好了，女主人开始用餐了，再开动。如果是长餐桌，那么只要有几个人入座进食了，你也就可以开始吃了。 3.All things not having to do with food should remain off the table: keys, clutch bags, cigarette packs, sunglasses, BlackBerrys. 一切和食物无关的东西都不应该出现在餐桌上，包括：钥匙、手袋、烟盒、墨镜还有手机。 4.Don't snap your napkin open or unfurl it showily like it's an Olympic flag. 不要把餐巾展开，看起来像是在展示奥林匹克会旗一样。 5.If you prefer not to have wine while dining out, don't turn your glass upside down, and don't make a big deal of saying you don't drink. Simply place your fingertips on the rim of the glass and say "Not today, thanks." 如果在用餐时你不想饮酒，不要把酒杯倒过来放，也不要很在意地宣布你不喝酒。只要轻轻地把指尖放在酒杯边缘，说一句"今天不喝，谢谢。" 6.If you're eating and want to take a sip, dab your mouth with your napkin to avoid staining the rim of the glass. 如果你在吃东西的时候，想要啜一口饮料的话，那就先拿餐巾把嘴擦干净了，以免在杯子边缘留下残迹。 7.Grabbing a bowl of salad or a saltshaker as it's being passed to someone who asked for it is the equivalent of cutting in line: greedy and rude. 7.把原本要递给别人的沙拉碗或者盐瓶从半道截下来，这基本上就等于在说：你是个既贪婪又粗鲁的人。 8.On the subject of passing: Dishes go counterclockwise, but if someone to your left asks for something, you can hand it directly to him. 8.餐桌上要传递东西的话，规则一般是逆时针传递。不过，如果坐在你左手边的人想要什么东西时，你也可以直接递给他。 9.When you excuse yourself to go to the restroom, just say "Please excuse me."
浅谈中西餐桌礼仪差异
中西文化历来是世界文化的两大派系。而饮食文化在其中占有非常重要的地位，餐桌礼仪文化又是构成饮食文化的一个重要角色。每一个国家，每一个地区的人民都在饮食中自觉不自觉地透露着自身深刻的文化背景。当我们进入21世纪，就要不可避免的参与跨国文化交际，饮食文化正是国际文化交流中非语言交流的重要部分。世界之大，各地文化风俗、人文地理都不相同，而我们通过分析中西方餐桌礼仪文化的差异，能提高外语学习者对西方文化、语言的了解，以便交际。 1、餐桌礼仪方面的差异 座位安排、餐具、进餐方式等都直接反映了当地人的社会生产模式与文化取向。现代社会礼仪无处不在，用餐不单是满足基本生理需要，也是一种社交经验。而中西方在餐桌礼仪方面的要求也有许多差别，同时了解中西方餐桌礼仪能有效避免失礼于人。 1.1就餐气氛的差异 西方人的饮食讲究是一人一份的分餐制。西方人一上餐桌就会静静的享受自己的盘中餐，即使要分享食物，也会用小盘分好，各自食用。进餐时与客人交谈的音量保持对方能听见的程度即可。咀嚼食物时不要说话，即使有人与你讲话也要等咽下食物之后再回答。而中国人则相反，一坐上餐桌，往往会滔滔不绝，互相夹菜，互相劝酒，以显出彼此的热情与关心。这种闹从某种程度上反应了人们内心的愉悦，温馨和睦，一团和气。中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静就从根本上反映出了其文化的差异。 1.2座位排序的差异 中西方人在正式宴会上都讲究座位的安排。在中餐餐桌上常用圆桌，一般情况下，坐北朝南或者正对门厅的座位为上座，两边为偏座。通常是让年长者、位高权重者或主宾坐上座，男女主人或陪客者坐下座，与上座相对，其余客人则按重要程度做偏座。在中国，长期占统治地位的是儒家文化与思想，所以长幼有序，男尊女卑作为了排座的标准。总之，在中国，左为尊，右为次;上为尊，下为次;中为尊，偏为次。而在西方正相反，右为尊，左为次。西方餐桌常用长桌，男女主人分别坐两端，客人位于两旁。以男女主人的右手为上，按男女主宾和一般客人的次序安排座位。在安排上将尊重女性、女士优先作为排座标准。 1.3餐具的差异 西方人用餐习惯使用刀叉，中国人用筷子。这两种不同的餐具不仅带来了进食习惯的差异，还影响了东西方人的生活观念。西方国家由于受狩猎文化的影响，喜欢争强好胜，乐于冒险。在他们看来，食物是人们暴力之下的产物，金属的刀叉代表着一种进攻，一种强硬。
中西餐桌礼仪中的文化差异
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浅谈中西方餐桌礼仪差异
浅谈中西方餐桌礼仪差异 摘要：中国的餐桌礼仪源远流长。随着中国对外开放程度的逐渐深入，西方社会的文化越来越多的映入我们的眼帘。由于我们所面对的是来自陌生的文化和国家，思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式与我们迥然不同的人，在与之交往的过程中不可避免的会出现文化冲突的现象，严重影响了交往的顺利进行。餐桌礼仪在交际当中占了重要的地位。学习和运用正确的餐桌礼仪，已不仅仅是自身形象的需要，更是提高双效益、提升竞争力的需要。因此了解国外尤其是西方餐桌礼仪，有重要的现实意义。 关键词：中西方；餐桌礼仪；比较；差异 On the differences of dining-table etiquette between China and western countries Abstract: The dining-table etiquette of China has a long history. With the development of opening policy in China, more and more western culture coming into our eyes. Due to we face the people who come from different countries. They have different thought, life habit, behavior and strange culture with us, when we associate with them, we can't avoid conflicting from the culture. It seriously influences the association with us. Dining-table etiquette is very important, and understanding western dining-table etiquette has great importance of reality. Key words: western people and Chinese, dining-table etiquette, comparative, difference
浅谈西餐餐桌礼仪
浅谈西餐餐桌礼仪 1、座位安排 1.女士优先。在排定西餐座次时，主位请女主人就座，而男主人位居第二位。 2.以右为尊。在排定座次时，以右为尊。 3.面门为上。面对正门者为上座，背对正门者为下座。 4.交叉排列。男女交叉排列，生人与熟人交叉排列。. 5.美国餐桌礼仪从入座，拿取餐巾、开动、取用餐具、离席，皆有自成一套的规矩，而其中座次与餐具安排，主人会于餐前准备妥当，无需费心。但应熟悉餐具使用顺序及位置功能，以免拿错。 6.女主人宣布晚宴就绪后，男主人引领着客人依次入座，而女主人则走在最后面。有些细心的主人尚会在餐桌上放置姓名卡，以表示座次，若没有此项安排，则其原则如下 7.座次安排以男女分隔而坐为原则。男主客优先入坐，其位置在女主人右边，而女主客则在男主人右边。其他夫妇则以对角方式而坐。男女夫妇分坐显示出美式宴会之开放与活泼，期望借由宴席上座次的安排，增进彼此间之熟稔，并使用餐话题多样化，气氛和乐。 8.入坐原则系客先入坐，长者较年轻者先入坐，已婚较未婚先入坐，陌生人较熟识客人或家人先入坐。 2、餐具的摆设 1.大致上，摆在中央的称为摆饰盘，用来装一般料理。
2.餐巾一般是置于装饰盘的上面或左。 3.盘子旁边摆刀、叉、汤匙等。依用餐顺序：前菜、汤、料理、鱼类、肉类、视所需由外而内取用。 4.左手边是面包盘和奶油刀，装饰盘对面则放咖啡或吃点心所用的小汤匙和刀叉。 5.餐具之取用系由外而内。但有一例外，即当沙拉与主菜同时上桌时，沙拉所需使用之刀叉乃放在最靠餐盘的位置，即主菜刀叉的内侧。沙拉盘则在主菜所用之刀叉之左方。(主菜叉子位置在餐盘左方、餐盘右方为主菜刀子)。 6.如没有沙拉盘摆于桌面，则沙拉用之刀叉会随沙拉上桌一并送上。另一例外，即吃蚝(oyster)所用之叉子在餐盘右方餐具的最外侧，汤匙的位置在所有刀子的’右方，最外者为喝汤用，介于刀及汤匙间之小匙，则为吃甜点(dessert)之用。而甜点叉则在餐盘最左方。但平常为避免混淆，则会将吃甜点所需之餐具置于餐盘上方，以示区别。 7.坐定后必须注意女主人的暗示。当女主人打开餐巾，放在膝上表示开动，女主人将餐巾取下放在桌上则表示餐宴完毕。即使已填满肚子，也应继续进餐，到餐会结束。餐巾正确的位置应放在膝上，而非夹在衣领或衣带间。用完餐巾应稀松放在餐盘之左方，如餐盘已移走，则放在正中央，切勿将之揉成一团。餐巾的用途乃揩嘴之手，尤其是喝饮料前最好能揩一下嘴，以免杯子尽是油渍。餐巾不可用来当桌布，擦去桌巾的污渍。如不小心弄脏了桌巾，应向主人道歉。 8.餐具取用由外而内，切用时或以法式之左手拿叉，右
中西礼仪差异论文
浅谈中西方礼仪差异 摘要：礼仪，是整个社会文明的基础，是社会文明最直接最全面的表现方式。中国是礼仪之邦，有着灿烂的五千年文化华夏文明，在世界上影响深远。但在近200多年，随着西方国家的崛起，西方主导着世界，现今国际通行的礼仪基本上是西方礼仪。随着改革开放的推进，跨国交际日益增多，因中西方礼仪有着较大的差异，在交际中有可能会因不同的文化背景、生活方式而产生各种问题，怎样才能尽量避免这些中外交际的隔阂呢？我们就得学习、解读中西方不同的礼仪，才能顺利地进行中外交流。中西方礼仪的差异归根结底是中西方文化的差异。中西方礼仪的差异表现与交际语言不同、交往的方式不同、餐桌礼仪的不同与服装礼仪的不同。 关键词：中西方差异礼仪文化交际语言服装 引言： 随着我国改革开放的步伐日益加快，跨国交际日益增多，中西方礼仪文化的差异更是越发显露，我们有必要了解这些礼仪的差异。由于各国的历史与文化底蕴不同，各国的礼仪也有不少差异。特别是中西方之间，礼仪上的差别很大，因为不了解这些差异而引起的误会和笑话并不少见。近代有一则比较有名的故事，就是因为不熟知中西文化的差异而闹出了笑话。李鸿章曾应俾斯麦之邀前往赴宴，由于不懂西餐礼仪，把一碗吃水果后洗手的水喝了。当时俾斯麦不了解中国的虚实，为了不使李鸿章丢丑，他也将洗手水一饮而尽，见此情景，其
他文武百官只能忍笑奉陪。由此可见，了解中西礼仪差异是很有必要的。往大处来说，一个国家无论是在政治上，还是在经济贸易中，了解对方国家的礼仪习惯，将有利于各国之间的交往。从小处来讲，一个人了解对方的礼仪民间习惯，是对对方的尊重，容易给对方留下一个好印象，以便交往的顺利进行。 一．礼仪差异的原因——文化差异 1.中西方礼仪差异的背景 西方的历史只有短短200年，而它的人民是从各个地方移民而来的，众多不同民族和种族都融合在一起。他们信奉的誓言是：“只要我们能够梦想的我们就一定能够实现！”这是西方精神，是在英雄主义和献身精神的基础上建立起来的，以它短短200年的历史，创造了人类史上的灿烂文明，它所创造的生产力，比过去一切世代创造的全部生产力还要多，这就是西方的魅力。造成中西方礼仪差异的根本原因，是中西方文化环境的不同，使得各国的人民有着完全不同的道德标准体系和价值观。 2.中西方观念的差异 东方文化崇尚集体和团体精神,人们的倚赖性较强。而西方文化崇尚独立和个性自由。比如,中国人讲究修身,齐家,治国,平天下,人品是至关重要的，而这种人品是建立在关心国家,热爱集体,家庭和睦,人际关系和谐的基础之上。如果只考虑个人的利益,你的人品则大大的折扣。而在西方人们法制观念较强。在此前提下,他们崇尚个人自
浅析中西方餐桌礼仪差异 中西文化差异
浅析中西餐桌礼仪差异及中西文化差异 以下是中国和西方国家餐桌礼仪差异的介绍，希望能对你有所帮助！ 餐桌礼仪是饮食文化的重要组成部分。由于中西文化、思维方式、生活习惯和行为的不同，文化冲突在与西方的交流过程中不可避免地会发生，严重影响交流的顺利进行。餐桌礼仪在交流中起着重要的作用。学习和分析中西餐桌礼仪的差异对中西跨文化交流具有重要意义。 (一)饮食文化的差异 中国一直是礼仪之邦，有自己独特的饮食观。孔子在《礼记》年说，“饮食男女，一个人怎么能保持自己的伟大愿望？”孔子的人生观:人的一生离不开两大事件:饮食和男女。因此，中国人非常重视饮食。招待客人时，中国主人通常非常重视餐桌上通常非常精致珍贵的菜肴，并注意肉和蔬菜的搭配和颜色搭配。在地位高或文化水平高的家庭，甚至菜肴的命名也有特殊的意义。另一方面，西方国家更重视时间，以效率为原则，所以快餐店很受欢迎。即使招待客人，主人的准备也和中国的大不相同。主菜可能是一些稀有蔬菜。 (二)表格语言差异
当邀请客人吃饭时，也有很大的不同。在中国，即使餐桌上的盘子里摆满了漂亮的东西，主人也会说“盘子很少，接待不好，每个人都被邀请来照看它们”；西方国家的主人会漫不经心地说“随便吃点蔬菜”，这是非常自然和随意的。与此同时，中国主人会不时给客人的碗里添上新的菜，通常客人的碗里满是菜，但这在西方是非常不礼貌的行为，主人的菜会让客人觉得自己的愿望没有得到尊重。餐桌上的气氛与西方完全不同。中国人非常活泼，所以他们经常在餐桌上大声说话。虽然气氛和谐融洽，但西方人对此却很无知。西方餐桌礼仪强调礼仪和修养。整个用餐过程应该非常安静优雅。 (3)不同的座位安排 中西双方都非常重视宴会期间的座位安排。在中国传统思想中，八仙桌非常受欢迎。在宴会中，老人或主人，以及德高望重的人坐在主席，其他客人将依次就座。虽然西方国家习惯于用长桌子招待客人，但主人会坐在桌子的两端，而客人会坐得井井有条。这种差异反映了中西思想的差异。中国人喜欢幸福和完美的感觉，所以他们选择圆桌会议。在餐桌造型上，西方人崇尚自我，张扬个性，符合西方特色。 (4)餐具排列和使用的差异 筷子是中餐中最重要的餐具。使用时，筷子必须在吃饭前整齐地放在饭碗的右侧，饭后整齐地垂直放在饭碗的中间。无论食物是否留在筷
中西方餐桌礼仪差异英语
With the development of global economy, cross-culture communication has become more and more frequent, and the differences between Chinese and western culture have become more obvious, especially the differences of table manners. Arrangement of seat in China In China, people used to use the number of the tables to define the size of banquet. In small banquets which have two tables, the table on the left or farther to the portal is the top table. At bigger banquets that have three or more tables, the rules are much more complicated. Generally, seats that closer to the top table take precedence. For example, on the wedding party, family members of the bride or the leaderships are arranged to the table that closest to the top table. Hosts show their reverences to the guests by arranging seats by this way. Seats at one table also have different meanings. In Chinese table manner, the seat opposite to the door is the honor seat, which is for chief guests or elders; the seats beside are the second honor seat which are for other guests; the seats that opposite to the honor seat are the inferior seat. Inferior seats are for the host and hostess. So before the banquet, hosts should first invite the chief
英美文化：10条不可不知的西方餐桌礼仪(双语)
英美文化：10条不可不知的西方餐桌礼仪(双语) 1. When helping a woman pull her chair to the table, hold it and guide it. Don’t shove it against the back of her legs. 1.为女士拉椅子的时候，要把椅子抓住了，留个角度，让女士好走过去。别让椅子腿碰到女士的腿。 2. If you’re seated at a table with eight or fewer guests, wa it for everyone to be served and for the hostess to begin eating before you dig in. At a long banquet table, it’s OK to start when several people are seated and served. 2.如果就餐人数少于等于八人，那就等所有人都坐好了，女主人开始用餐了，再开动。如果是长餐桌，那么只要有几个人入座进食了，你也就可以开始吃了。 3. All things not having to do with food should remain off the table: keys, clutch bags, cigarette packs, sunglasses, BlackBerrys. 3.一切和食物无关的东西都不应该出现在餐桌上，包括：钥匙、手袋、烟盒、墨镜还有手机。 4. Don’t snap your napkin open or unfurl it showily like it’s an Olympic flag. 4.不要把餐巾展开，看起来像是在展示奥林匹克会旗一样。 5. If you prefer not to have wine while dining out, don’t turn your glass upside down, and don’t make a big deal of saying you don’t drink. Simply place your fingertips on the rim of the glass and say “Not today, thanks.” 5.如果在用餐时你不想饮酒，不要把酒杯倒过来放，也不要很在意地宣布你不喝酒。只要轻轻地把指尖放在酒杯边缘，说一句“今天不喝，谢谢。” 6. If you’re eating and want to take a sip, dab your mouth with your napkin to avoid staining the rim of the glass. 6.如果你在吃东西的时候，想要啜一口饮料的话，那就先拿餐巾把嘴擦干净了，以免在杯子边缘留下残迹。 7.Grabbing a bow l of salad or a saltshaker as it’s being passed to someone who asked for it is the equivalent of cutting in line: greedy and rude. 7.把原本要递给别人的沙拉碗或者盐瓶从半道截下来，这基本上就等于在说：你是个既贪婪又粗鲁的人。 8. On the subject of passing: Dishes go counterclockwise, but if someone to your left asks for something, you can hand it directly to him. 8.餐桌上要传递东西的话，规则一般是逆时针传递。不过，如果坐在你左手边的人想要什么东西时，你也可以直接递给他。 9. When you excuse yourself to go to the restroom, just say “Please excuse me.” 9.想去洗手间的时候，只要说“失陪一下”就可以了。 10. When out with friends or family — even at a fancy restaurant —it’s OK to ask for your leftovers to be wrapped. But don’t do it at a business lunch or dinner. 10.和朋友家人一起外出用餐，即使是到很高级的餐馆，也可以要求把吃剩下的食物打包带走。不过，如果是在商务宴会上，就不要这么做了。
中西方餐桌礼仪差异论文
中西方餐桌礼仪差异 摘要：餐桌礼仪在交际中占着重要的地位。学习和运用正确的餐桌礼仪，已不仅仅是自身形象的需要，更是提高双效益、提升竞争力的需要，因此笔者认为很有必要学习其深层次的原因，并采取一定的措施来培养跨文化交际的能力，避免文化冲突。 关键词：中西方餐桌礼仪差异原因 ⅰ. introduction entering the 21st century, intercultural communication has become an indispensable content of people’s life. due to the regional differences, different nationalities and countries has formed there own culture. the table manners are an important part of intercultural communication. understand the differences between chinese and occidental table etiquette and its origin, for foreign language learners, not only increase the understanding of the target language culture, but also can improve the success rate of intercultural communication, avoid misunderstandings and communication barriers by inappropriate behavior. ⅱ.the differences between china and occidental table etiquette 2.1 brief introduction of china table etiquette it is documented that china’s food etiquette has formed
浅谈中国餐桌礼仪
浅谈中国餐桌礼仪 餐桌礼仪在中国传统文化中占有一个重要的地位，它也是一种的社交手段，在用餐过程中，人的修养礼仪可由言行举止变现出来。正确的餐桌礼仪不仅显得优雅大方，更能给人以良好的印象。然而，在中西融合的今天，许多中餐礼仪却常常被人忽视，导致尴尬的场面发生，因此，掌握一些餐桌礼仪在社交生活中显得尤为重要。下面是小编精心整理的浅谈中国餐桌礼仪，希望能给大家带来帮助! 自古以来，中国人对饮食一直很重视，古有俗语民以食为天，中国饮食文化可以说是源远流长的。另一方面，作为东方礼仪之邦，餐桌礼仪是中国数千年传统文化的反映。据有关史料记载，至少在周代，我国饮食礼仪就已经初步形成，经过不断地发展变化，逐渐形成体系，并对西方餐桌文化产生一定影响。饮食所以合欢也。中国人享受集体聚餐或饮宴的热闹氛围。餐桌，是考验一个人修养的重要场所，吃，是中国人协调人际关系的一种方式。在中国，人们最重要的社交活动既是请客吃饭，而且名目繁多，某些成功人士一天中花的时间最多的就是吃饭，一个长期不能参加应酬的人可能就被社会淘汰了或者成为无用之人。大家同夹一盘菜，共饮一碗汤的群享模式触发了欢乐气氛，举杯提箸之间协调人际关系。但是在正式的中餐宴席中还是有很多讲究的。 一、入座 客齐后导客入席，以左为上，视为首席，相对首座为二座，首座之下为三座，二座之下为四座。先请客人入座上席，再请长者入座客人旁，依次入座，最后自己坐在离门最近处的座位上。若是圆桌，则正对大门的为主客，主客左右手边的位置，则以离主客的距离来看，越靠近主客位置越尊，相同距离则左侧尊于右侧。
若为八仙桌，如果有正对大门的座位，则正对大门一侧的右位为主客。如果不正对大门，则面东的一侧右席为首席。如果带孩子，在自己坐定后就把孩子安排在自己身旁。入座时，要从椅子左边进入，坐下以后要坐端正身子，不要低头，使餐桌与身体的距离保持在10～20公分。入座后，脚应放在自己座位附近，不可随意伸出，以免影响他人。坐姿要端正，勿以手托腮或将双肘放于桌上。注意事项： ① 主人必须注意不可将客人安排在接近上菜的位置。 ② 入座后不要动筷子，更不要弄出什么响声来，也不要起身走动，如果有什么事情，要向主人打个招呼。动筷子前，要向主人或掌勺者表示赞赏其手艺高超、安排周到、热情邀请等。 ③ 如果是较大的宴会，一般都设主席，客人不可贸然入座，入座是应注意桌上座位卡是否与自己的相对应。 ④ 入席时如果有主人或招待人员，那么应遵从其安排。 二、进餐 1、上菜 中餐上菜的顺序为：开胃菜热菜炒菜大菜汤菜炒饭面点水果。 开胃菜通常是四种冷菜，有时种类可多达十种，上菜时，可将其先行上桌。有时冷菜之后，可接着上四种热菜，但热菜多数被省略。 当客人落坐开始就餐后，餐厅员工即可通知厨房作好出菜准备，待到冷菜 剩下1/3左右时，餐厅员工即可送上第一道热菜。当前一道菜快吃完时，餐厅员工就要将下一道菜送上，不能一次送得过多，使宴席上放不下，更不能使桌上出现菜肴空缺的情况，让客人在桌旁干坐，这既容易使客人感到尴尬，也容易使
论文 中西方餐桌礼仪英文版
Different Table Manners between China and the West 不同的国家和民族由于地区差异形成了不同的文化。而不同国家的社会生活方式则形成了不同的饮食文化及餐桌礼仪。饮食文化及餐桌礼仪是非语言文化的重要组成部分。作为一名外语学习者，了解中西方饮食文化及餐桌礼仪方面的差异及其渊源是必要且必须的。因为这不仅仅可以增加对所学语言文化的认识，更加有助于提高跨文化交际的成功率，以此避免由不合适的行为或方式所形成的误解。 本文第一部分分别对中西方餐桌礼仪做简要概括。第二部分为本文核心，从餐具，座次，点餐及用餐氛围四个方面具体介绍中西方餐桌礼仪的差异。第三部分从地理因素，价值观，及传统习俗入手，讲述形成中西方餐桌礼仪差异的缘由。以此三个部分展现餐桌礼仪文化在中西方文化交流中占据重要地位。 Different countries and nations have different cultures as a result of regional differences. The social lifestyle of different countries form different diet culture and table manners, which are an important part of non language culture. As a foreign language learner, it is necessary to learn the differences between Chinese and Western food culture and table manners. Because it can not only increase the comprehension of the language culture, but also help to improve the success rate of intercultural communication, so as to avoid the misunderstanding caused by inproper behavior or manner. The first part of this paper gives a brief summary of Chinese and western table manners. The second part is the core of this paper, descriping specificly the difference between chinese and western table manner from four aspects that are tableware, seat arrangement, serving order and dining atmosphere. The third part from the geographical factors, values, and traditional customs introduces the reasons that the differences between Chinese and western table manners from the geographical factors, values, and traditional customs. The purpose of this paper shows that table manner
西餐餐桌礼仪英语
西餐餐桌礼仪英语 Final approval draft on November 22, 2020
西餐餐桌礼仪英语 1)Assoonasthehostesspicksuphernapkin(餐巾),pickyoursupandlayitonyourlap.Sometimesarollofbreadiswrap pedinit;ifso,tokeitourandputitonyoursideplate. 2)TheSoupCourse Dinnerusuallybeginswithsoup.Thelargestspoonatyourplaceisthesoupspoon.Itwillbebesideyourplateattheri ght-handside. 3)TheFishCourse Ifthereisafishcourse,itwillprobablyfollowthesoup.Theremaybeaspecialforkforthefish,oritmaybesimilart othemeatfork.Oftenitissmaller. 4)TheMeatCourse ThemainCourseisusuallyservedbythehosthimself,especiallyifitisafowl(鸡禽)oraroastwhichneedtobecarved. Hewilloftenaskeachguestwhatpieceheprefers,anditisquitepropertostateyourpreferenceastoleanorfat,dark(红肉)orlight(白肉).
浅析中西方餐桌礼仪差异 中西文化差异
浅析中西方餐桌礼仪差异中西文化差异 下面给大家介绍下中西方国家餐桌礼仪的差异,希望可以帮到您哦! 餐桌礼仪是饮食文化的一个重要组成部分。由于中西方国家的文化,思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式迥然不同,在与西方交往的过程中不可避免的会出现文化冲突的现象,严重的影响了交往的顺利进行。餐桌礼仪在交际中占了很重要的地位。学习和分析中西方餐桌礼仪的差异对中西方跨文化交际具有重要的意义。 (一)饮食文化的差异 中国一直以来就是礼仪之邦,对于饮食也有自己独到的见解。孔子在《礼记》里讲“饮食男女,人之大欲存焉。”孔子对于人生的看法:凡是人的生命,不离两件大事:饮食、男女。因此中国人对饮食十分重视。在宴请宾客时,中国主人通常予以非常高的重视,餐桌上的菜品一般都是非常精致珍贵的,而且讲究荤素搭配,色彩搭配,在身份地位或者文化水平比较高的家庭,甚至连菜的取名也有特殊的含义。而西方国家则更珍惜时间,做事以效率为原则,所以快餐店大行其道。就算是宴请宾客,主人的准备野与中国有着很大的区别。主菜很可能就是几道数量不多但是比较珍贵的蔬菜。 (二)餐桌用语差异 在请客人用餐时也有很大的差异,在中国,即使餐桌上的菜琳琅满目,主人也会说“菜很少,招待不周,还请大家多担待“;而西方国家的主人则会很随便的说“help yourself to some vegetables”,显得很自然随意。同时中国的主人会不时往客人的碗里添布新菜,经常客人的碗被主人夹的菜装得满满的,但是在西方这是非常不礼貌的行为,主人的布菜会让客人觉得自己的意愿没有受到尊重。餐桌上的气氛中西方也是完全不同的,中国人讲究热闹,所以经常在餐桌上高声谈话,其气氛虽说是其乐融融十分和谐,但在西方人看来却是十分没有教养的表现。西方的餐桌礼仪讲究礼仪和素养,整个就餐过程应该是十分安静的,举止也十分优雅。(三)座位排序不同 中西方都对宴请活动过程中的座位排序极为重视,中国人在传统的思想中,对八仙桌极为喜爱。在宴请中,年纪大的长者或是主人,以及德高望重的人坐到主要位置,其他客人会按顺序入座;而西方国家在宴请客人中,习惯用长桌,主人会坐在桌子的两端,而客人则按照次序入座,这种差异反映了中西方思想方面的差异,中国人喜欢幸福圆满的感觉,所以选择圆形的桌子。在桌子形状的采用中,可以看出西方人主张的是自我,个性张扬,符合西方的特质。 (四)餐具陈设和使用的不同 筷子是中餐最重要的餐具。在使用当中,用餐前筷子一定要整齐地放在饭碗的右侧,用餐后一定要整齐地竖向放在饭碗的正中。不论筷子上是否残留着食物,都不要去舔;和人交谈时,要暂时放下筷子;不要把筷子竖直插放在食物上面;不能用筷子剔牙’挠痒或夹取食物以外的东西。勺子主要是用来喝汤的,有时也可以用来取形状比较小的菜。用勺子取食物时,不要过满,免得溢出来弄脏餐桌或自己的衣服。用勺子取食物后,要立即食用或放在自己的碟子里,如果取用的食物太烫,可以先放到自己的碗里等凉了再吃,千万不要用嘴去吹,也不要把勺子塞进嘴里,或反复吮吸。 西方餐具摆放时托盘居中,左叉右刀,刀尖向上,刀口向内,盘前横匙,主食靠左,餐具靠右,其余用具酌情摆放。酒杯的数量与酒的种类相等,摆法是从左到右,依次摆烈性酒杯,葡萄酒杯,香槟酒杯,啤酒杯。西餐中餐巾放在盘子里,如果在宾客尚未落坐前需要往盘子里放某种物品时,餐巾就放在盘子旁边。餐具的取用应由外而内,切用时可以使用法式方式,即左手拿叉右手拿刀,边切边用;也可用英美式,即右手拿刀,左手拿叉,切好后再改用右手拿叉取用&一般用右手拿汤匙和杯子用餐具把食物送到嘴里,而不要把盘碗端起来。使用刀叉进餐时,刀用来切割食物,叉用来送食物入口。使用刀时,刀刃不可向外,而且不可将刀叉的一端放在盘子上,