人教版英语选修8课文原文及课文译文

人教版英语选修8课文原文及课文译文

Unit 1 Aland of diversity 第一单元一个多元文化的国土

Reading

CALIFORNIA

California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population. It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, having attracted people from all over the world. The customs and languages of the immigrants live on in their new home. This diversity of culture is not surprising when you know the history of California. NA TIVE AMERCANS

Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows. However, it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, the native people suffered greatly. Thousands were killed or forced into slavery. In addition, many died from the diseases brought by the Europeans. However, some survived these terrible times, and today there are more Native Americans living in California than in any other state.

THE SPANISH

In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain. Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century, when they fought against the native people and took their land. Two centuries later, the Spanish had settled in most parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States. Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. In 1821, the people of Mexico gained their independence from Spain. California then became part of Mexico. In 1846 the United States declared war on Mexico, and after the war won by the USA, Mexico had to give California to the USA. However, there is still a strong Spanish influence in the state. That is why today over 40 of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language. RUSSIANS

In the early 1800s, Russian hunters, who had originally gone to Alaska, began settling in California. Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco.

GOLD MINERS

In 1848, not long after the American-Mexican war, gold was discovered in California. The dream of becoming rich quickly attracted people from all over the world. The nearest, and therefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the United States. Then adventurers from Europe and Asia soon followed. In fact, few achieved their dream of becoming rich. Some died or returned home, but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship. They settled in the new towns or on farms. By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.

LATER A RRIV ALS

Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s. Today, Chinese-Americans live in all parts of California, although a large percentage have chosen to stay in the "Chinatowns" of Los Angeles and San Francisco. Other immigrants such as Italians, mainly fishermen but also wine makers, arrived in California in the late 19th century. In 1911 immigrants from Denmark established a town of their own, which today still keeps up their Danish culture. By the 1920s the film industry was well established in Hollywood, California. The industry boom attracted Europeans including many Jewish people. Today California has the second largest Jewish population in the United States.Japanese farmers began arriving in California at the beginning of the 20th century, and since the 1980s a lot more have settled there. People from Africa have been living in California since the 1800s, when they moved north from Mexico. However, even more arrived between 1942 and 1945 to work in the ship and aircraft industries.

MOST RECENT ARRIV ALS

In more recent decades, California has become home to more people from Asia, including Koreans, Cambodians, Vietnamese and Laotians. Since its beginning in the 1970s, the computer industry has attracted Indians and Pakistanis to

California.

THE FUTURE

People from different parts of the world, attracted by the climate and the lifestyle, still immigrate to California. It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.

加利福尼亚

加利福尼亚是美国的第三大州，而且是人口最多的州。加州与众不同之处在于它也是美国最具多元文化的一个州，它吸引了来自世界各地的人们。这些移民的风俗习惯以及语言在他们的新家都得以延续。当你了解了加利福尼亚的历史后，你就不会对此感到惊讶了。

美洲土著人

最早的一批人具体是在什么时候来到我们现在所知道的加利福尼亚地区的，谁也说不清楚。然而，很可能至少在15 ,000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亚了。科学家们认为，这些迁居者通过一条史前时代曾经存在的大陆桥穿越北极地区的白令海峡到达美洲。欧洲人在16世纪来到这儿后，土著人遭受了极大的苦难，成千上万的人被杀害或被迫成为奴隶。此外，欧洲人带来了疾病，使许多人染病而死，不过，还是有一些人在经历了这些恐怖时期后活下来了。今天住在加利福尼亚的美洲土著人比任何其他州的都要多。

西班牙人

在18世纪的时候，加利福尼亚是由西班牙统治的西班牙士兵最早是在1 6世纪初期来到南美洲的，他们同土著人打仗，并夺去了他们的土地。两个世纪以后，西班牙人在南美洲的大部分地区定居下来，而且还在我们现在称之为美国的西北沿海地区住下来。在首批移

居加州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他们的职责是向原住民传授天主教。1821年，墨西哥人从西班牙获得了独立-加利福尼亚于是成了墨西哥的一部分。1846年美国向墨西哥宣战，美国赢得战争胜利后，墨西哥被迫把加利福尼亚割让给美国。但是，这个州至今仍然保留着很强的西班牙的影响。这就是为什么今天还有40%的加利福尼亚人仍然把西班牙语作为第一或第二语言的缘故。

俄罗斯人

19世纪初期，一批最初到阿拉斯加的俄罗斯猎人开始在加利福尼亚定居下来。今天，住在圣弗朗西斯科（旧金山）及其周边地区的美籍俄罗斯人约有25,000人。

淘金矿工

1848年，在美国同墨西哥开战之后不久，在加利福尼亚发现了金矿。发财梦很快就吸引了世界各地的人。距离最近因而来得最早的是南美洲人和美国人。随后跟着来的有欧洲和亚洲的探险家。事实上很少有人圆了发财梦。一些人死了或回家了，但是尽管条件十分艰苦，多数人还是留在了加利福尼亚劳作谋生，并在新的城镇或农场里定居下来。到1850年加利福尼亚成为美国第31个州的时候，它已经是一个有着多种文化的社会了。

后来的移民

虽然中国移民在淘金热时期就开始到来了，但是更大批量的移民却是在1 9世纪60年代为了修建贯穿美国东西海岸的铁路而来的。今天，加利福尼亚州各地都有美籍华人，尽管有很大比例的华人还是选择住在洛杉矶和圣弗朗西斯科（旧金山）的―中国城‖里。

19世纪后期，其他国家的移民，比如意大利人来到了加利福尼亚，他们主要是渔民，也有制酒工人。1911年，丹麦的移民建立了自己的城镇，至今仍然保留着丹麦文化。20世纪20年代，电影业在加州的好莱坞建立了起来。这个行业吸引了大量的欧洲人，包括许多犹太人。今天，加利福尼亚的犹太人口在美国占第二位。日本农民是在20世纪初期开始到加利福尼亚来的，而从20世纪80年代以来就有更多的日本人在加利福尼亚定居了。非洲人从1 9世纪就在加利福尼亚住下来，他们是从墨西哥向北迁来的。然而，更多的非洲人是在1942年至1945年期间来到加利福尼亚的，当时他们是到船厂和飞机厂工作。

最近期的移民

在最近的几十年里，加利福尼亚成了更多的亚洲人的家，包括朝鲜人、柬埔寨人、越南人和老挝人。从20世纪70年代以来，计算机工业吸引了印度人和巴基斯坦人来到加州。

未来展望

世界各地的人，由于受到气候条件和生活方式的吸引，仍然在继续迁入加利福尼亚。人们认为，要不了多久，多种国籍的混合将会非常之大，以致不可能存在一种主要的种族或文化群体，而是多种族、多文化的混合体。

Using Language

Reading and writing

GEORGE’S DIARY 12TH—14TH JUNE

Monday 12th, June

Arrived early this morning by bus. Went straight to hotel to drop my luggage, shower and shave. Then went exploring. First thing was a ride on a cable car. From top of the hill got a spectacular view of San Francisco Bay and the city. Built in 1873, the cable car system was invented by Andrew Hallidie, who wanted to find a better form of transport than horse-drawn trams. Apparently he'd been shocked when he saw a terrible accident in which a tram's brakes failed, the conductor could not control the situation and the tram slipped down the hill dragging the horses with it.

Had a late lunch at Fisherman's What. This is the district where Italian fishermen first came to San Francisco in the late 19th century and began the fishing industry. Now it's a tourist area with lots of shops, sea food restaurants and bakeries. It's also the place to catch the ferry to Angel Island and other places in the Bay.

Did so much exploring at Fisherman's What. Am exhausted and don't feel like doing anything else. Early bed tonight! Tuesday 13th, June

Teamed up with a couple from my hotel (Peter and Terri) and hired a car. Spent all day driving around the city. There's a fascinating drive marked out for tourists. It has blue and white signs with seagulls on them to show the way to go. It's a 79km round-trip that takes in all the famous tourist spots. Stopped many times to admire the view of the city from different angles and take photographs. Now have a really good idea of what the city's like.

In evening, went to Chinatown with Peter and Terri. Chinese immigrants settled in this area in the 1850s. The fronts of the buildings are decorated to look like old buildings in southern China. Saw some interesting temples here, a number of markets and a great many restaurants. Also art galleries and a museum containing documents, photographs and all sorts of objects about the history of Chinese immigration, but it is closed in the evening. Will go back during the day. Had a delicious meal and then walked down the hill to our hotel.

Wednesday 14th, June

In morning, took ferry to Angel Island from the port in San Francisco Bay. On the way had a good view of the Golden Gate Bridge. From 1882 to 1940 Angel Island was a famous immigration station where many Chinese people applied for right to live in USA. The cells in the station were very small, cold and damp; some did not even have light but the immigrants had nowhere else to go. Their miserable stay seemed to be punishment rather than justice and freedom to them. They wrote poems on the walls about their loneliness and mourned their former life in China. In 1940 the civil authorities reformed the system so that many more Chinese people were able to grasp the opportunity of settling in the USA. Made me very thoughtful and thankful for my life today.

乔治的日记（6月12日-14日）

6月12日星期一

清晨乘公共汽车抵达，直赴饭店，放下行李，洗澡、刮脸，即去观光。先是乘缆车，在山顶揽胜，观看旧金山湾及整个城市。缆车系统建立于1873年，是由安德鲁·哈利迪发明的，他试图找到一种比马拉的轨道车更好的交通方式。他曾经看到过一次可怕的交通事故：一辆马车刹车失灵，驾车失控，车子和马一起从山上滑了下去，很明显这让他受到了极大的震惊。

午餐是在渔人码头吃的，吃得很晚。意大利渔民在19世纪末首先来到这个地区，并且在这儿开始捕鱼业。如今这儿是一个旅游区了，很多商店、海鲜馆和面包坊。这儿也是乘渡船去天使岛和海湾其他地方的渡口。

在渔人码头看了这么多东西，我太累了，什么也不想干了。今晚要早点睡觉!

6月13日星期二

同酒店里的一对夫妻(彼得和泰莉)作伴，一起租了一辆小汽车。一整天驱车游览城市。有一种专门为旅游者选定的驾车游活动。车身上有蓝白两色相间的标记，上面有海鸥以表示要去的路线。这是一次79公里的旅行，它涵盖了所有著名的旅游景点。途中多次停车，从不同角度欣赏城市风景并摄影。现在有对城市的面貌有了一个很好的了解。

傍晚，跟彼得和泰莉一起去中国城。中国移民于19世纪50年代定居在这个地区。建筑物面前装饰得就像在中国南部地区的古建筑一样。这儿看到了一些有趣的寺庙，不少的集贸市场和大量的餐馆，还有美术馆和一个博物馆。博物馆里有关于中国移民史的文件、照片和各种各样的物品，但是晚上关门了。打算白天再来。吃了一顿可口的饭菜，然后步行下山回到酒店。

6月14日星期三

早晨，从旧金山湾的港口乘渡轮去天使岛，路上观赏了金门大桥。从1882年至1940年，天使岛成为一个著名的移民站，许多中国人在那儿申请美国居住权。移民站的房间又冷又潮湿，一些房间甚至没有光，但是移民们没有其他去处。悲惨的境遇对他们来说似乎是一种惩罚而谈不上公正和自由。他们在墙上写诗，抒发孤独的情感，痛惜以前在中国的生活。1940年民政部门改革了制度，使得更多的中国人能够得到机会定居美国。这引起我的感慨，使我对今天的生活感到欣慰。

Unit 2 Cloning 第二单元克隆

Reading

CLONING: WHERE IS IT LEADING US?

Cloning has always been with us and is here to stay. It is a way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant. It happens in plants when gardeners take cuttings from growing plants to make new ones. It also happens in animals when twins identical in sex and appearance are produced from the same original egg. The fact is that these are both examples of natural clones.

Cloning has two major uses. Firstly, gardeners use it all the time to produce commercial quantities of plants. Secondly, it is valuable for research on new plant species and for medical research on animals. Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated. It is a difficult task to undertake. Many attempts to clone mammals failed. But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough - the cloning of Dolly the sheep. The procedure works like this:

On the one hand, the whole scientific world followed the progress of the first successful clone, Dolly the sheep. The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging. Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill. Cloning scientists were cast down to find that Dolly's illnesses were more appropriate to a much older animal. Altogether Dolly lived six and a half years, half the length of the life of the original sheep. Sadly the same arbitrary fate affected other species, such as cloned mice. The questions that concerned all scientists were: "Would this be a major difficulty for all cloned animals? Would it happen forever? Could it be solved if corrections were made in their research procedure?"

On the other hand, Dolly's appearance raised a storm of objections and had a great impact on the media and public imagination. It became controversial. It suddenly opened everybody's eyes to the possibility of using cloning to cure serious illnesses and even to produce human beings.

Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research are difficult to obtain, newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clone themselves to attain their ambitions. Religious leaders also raised moral questions. Governments became nervous and more conservative. Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning, but other countries like China and the UK, continued to accumulate evidence of the abundant medical aid that cloning could provide. However, scientists still wonder whether cloning will help or harm us and where it is leading us.

克隆：它将把我们引向何方？

克隆一直与我们同在，而如今它还要持续下去。这是一种用来生产与原型完全相同的动植物的方法。当园艺师从生长着的植物上剪下枝条来培植新植物时，就会产生这种现象。这种现象也发生在动物身上，从同一个原生卵子产生性别和相貌相同的双胞胎也是克隆。实际上，这些都是自然克隆现象。

克隆技术有两大用途。第一，园艺师一直用它生产大量的供商用的植物；第二，它在对新植物物种的研究以及对动物的医学研究方面都是很有价值的。克隆植物简单，但克隆动物就比较复杂了，是一项很难完成的任务。克隆哺乳动物的多次尝试都失败了。但是，科学家的决心和耐心最终得到了回报，这就是1996年具有突破性的克隆羊―多莉‖的诞生。它的程序如下图所示：

1．母羊(A)提供一个卵细胞。

2．在卵细胞中取出细胞核。

3．卵细胞准备接受新的细胞核。

4．母羊(B)提供一个供克隆的躯干细胞。该细胞核应包含生产一头新羊所需要的全部基因。

5．取出该细胞的细胞核。

6．用电把母羊(B)的躯干细胞核和母羊(A)的卵细胞结合起来。

7．细胞分裂并生长成胚胎。

8．把胚胎植入另外一头母羊(C)体内，母羊(C)就是克隆羊的代孕者。

9．这头小羔羊就是母羊(B)所提，供的细胞核克隆而成的。

一方面，整个科学界都在关注着首例成功的克隆动物多莉羊的成长¨多莉看来是在正常地成长着，这很令人鼓舞。接着传来了多莉病重的坏消息。研究克隆的科学家发现多莉得的病更容易发生在年老的羊身上．这让他们很沮丧。多莉总共只存活了六年半，这是它的原型羊寿命的一半。可悲的是，同样无法控制的命运也在影响着其他物种，如克隆鼠。科学家的脑海里产生的问题是：―这是不是所有克隆动物的一个主要困难呢？这种现象会不会永远发生？如果改进程序，问题会不会解决？

另一方面，多莉的出生引起了一阵强烈的反对，对，对媒体和公众的想象力也产生了巨大的影响。它引起了争议，因为它突然打开了人们的眼界，看到了有可能：用克隆技术来治疗重病，甚至克隆出人类。

尽管目前供克隆研究的人体卵细胞和胚胎还很难得到，但报纸报道说，有些邪恶头目希望把自己克隆出来以实现他的野心。宗教领袖也提出了道德方面的问题。各国政府惶恐不安而且更加谨慎，有些政府开始改革司法制度，明令禁止进行克隆人类的研究。但是其他国家如中国和英国，则还在继续收集克隆技术有可能提供丰富有的医疗救助的证据。然而，科学察们仍对克隆技术有助于人类还是有害于人类，以及克隆技术将把我们引向何处困惑。

Using Language

Reading，discussing and writing

THE RETURN OF THE DINOSAURS?

The possibility of cloning fierce and extinct wild animals has always excited film makers. And they are not the only ones! The popularity of films such as Jurassic Park, in which a scientist clones several kinds of extinct dinosaurs, proves how the idea struck a mixture of fear and excitement into people's hearts. But in fact we are a long way from being able to clone extinct animals. Scientists are still experimenting with cloning mammals. This is because the cloning of mammals is still a new science and its story only began seriously in the 1950s as this list shows:

1950s cloning of frogs 1996 first clone of a mammal: Dolly the sheep

1970s research using the embryos of mice 2000 cow gave birth to a bison

1979 work on embryos of sheep and mice 2001 China's first cloned twin calves

1981 first experimental clones of mice 2002 first cloned cats

1983 first experimental clones of cows 2005 first cloned dog

…

From time to time people suggest that extinct animals like dinosaurs, can possibly be brought back to life through cloning. Unfortunately, with what we know now, this is either impossible or unsuitable. There are many reasons.

◎ The initial requirement is that you need perfect DNA (which gives information for how cellsare to grow).

◎All efforts of cloning an animal will be in vain if there is not enough diversity in the group to overcome illnesses. Diversity in a group meanshaving animals with their genes arranged in different ways. The advantage is that if there is a new illness some of these animals may die,but others will survive and pass on the ability to resist that disease to the next generation. The great drawback to cloning a group ofanimals is that they would all have the same arrangement of genes and so might die of the same illness. Then none of them would be left tocontinue the species.

◎ It would be unfair to clone any extinct animals if they were to live in a zoo. A suitable habitat would be needed for them to lead a natural life.

Based on what we know now, you cannot clone animals that have been extinct longer than 10,000 years. Actually, dinosaurs disappeared 65,000,000 years ago. So the chance of dinosaurs ever returning to the earth is merely a dream.

恐龙的回归？

克隆凶猛和灭绝的野生动物的可能性一直使电影制片商感到兴奋。然而他们并不是唯一对此感到兴奋的人。在《侏罗纪公园》这部影片中，有一位科学家克隆了好几种不同的绝种恐龙。类似这样的电影很受欢迎，证明了这一想法使人们感到既兴奋又恐惧。但事实上，想要克隆绝种动物，我们还要很长的路程要走。科学家们现在还在进行克隆哺乳动物实验，这是因为克隆哺乳动物仍然还是一门新的科学，它是从20世纪50年代才开始进行认真研究的，如下表所示：

20世纪50年代:克隆青蛙1996年:首次克隆哺乳动物（多利羊）

20世纪70年代:用老鼠胚胎进行研究2000年:母牛生野牛

1979年:对羊和老鼠的胚胎进行研究2001年:中国首次克隆出双胞胎小牛

1981年:首次对老鼠进行试验性研究2002年:首次克隆猫

1983年:首次对母牛进行试验性研究2005年:首次克隆狗

不时地会有人提议，克隆技术将有可能使地球上已经消失的动物（如恐龙）复活。不幸的是，据我们现在所知这是不可能的，也是不合适的。其原因有很多：

◎首先要求你有完好的，以提供有关细胞将如何生长的信息。

◎如果某个动物群体没有足够的多样性以战胜疾病，那么克隆这种动物的所有努力都将是无用的。群体的多样性是指这群动物的基因要以不同的方式排列。其优点是，如果发生了某种新的疾病，这类动物中的一些可能会死去，而另外一些却能存活下来，并且把这种免疫力传给下一代。经过克隆的动物群体的最大缺点是：它们的基因排列有可能完全相同，因而它们有可能会死于同一种疾病，这样它们也可能一个也留不下来传种接代了。

◎你如果克隆出任何绝种动物，而它们必须生活在动物园里那是不公平的。它们需要适当的栖息地过正常的野生生活。

就我们现在所知，你不可能克隆那些已经绝种了一万年以上的动物。事实上恐龙在6，500万年以前就已经消失了，所以说恐龙回归地球的可能性仅仅是个梦想罢了！

Unit 3 Inventors and inventions 第三单元发明家及其发明

Reading

THE PROBLEM OF THE SHRIKES

When I called up my mother in the countryside on the telephone she was very upset. "There are some snakes in our courtyard," she told me. "Snakes come near the house now and then, and they seem to have made their home here, not far from the walnut tree. Can you get rid of them please?" I felt very proud. Here was a chance for .me to distinguish myself by inventing something merciful that would catch snakes but not harm them. I knew my parents would not like me to hurt these living creatures!

The first thing I did was to see if there were any products that might help me, but there only seemed to be powders designed to kill snakes. A new approach was clearly needed. I set about researching the habits of snakes to find the easiest way to trap them. Luckily these reptiles are small and that made the solution easier.

Prepared with some research findings, I decided on three possible approaches: firstly, removing their habitat; secondly, attracting them into a trap using male or female perfume or food; and thirdly cooling them so that they would become sleepy and could be easily caught. I decided to use the last one. I bought an ice-cream maker which was made of stainless steel. Between the outside and the inside walls of the bowl there is some jelly, which freezes when cooled. I put the bowl into the fridge and waited for 24 hours. At the same time I prepared some ice-cubes.

The next morning I got up early before the sun was hot. I placed the frozen bowl over the snakes' habitat and the ice-cubes on top of the bowl to keep it cool. Finally I covered the whole thing with a large bucket. Then I waited. After two hours I removed the bucket and the bowl. The snakes were less active but they were still too fast for me. They abruptly disappeared into a convenient hole in the wall. So I had to adjust my plan.

For the second attempt I froze the bowl and the ice-cubes again but placed them over the snakes' habitat in the evening, as the temperature was starting to cool. Then as before, I covered the bowl with the bucket and left everything overnight. Early the next morning I returned to see the result. This time with great caution I bent down to examine the snakes and I found them very sleepy. But once picked up, they tried to bite me. As they were poisonous snakes, I clearly needed to improve my design again.

My third attempt repeated the second procedure. The next morning I carried in my hand a small net used for catching fish. This was in the expectation that the snakes would bite again. But monitored carefully, the snakes proved to be no trouble and all went according to plan. I collected the passive snakes and the next day we merrily released them all back into the wild.

Pressed by my friends and relations, I decided to seize the opportunity to get recognition formy successful idea by sending my invention to the patent office. Only after you have had thatrecognition can you say that you are truly an inventor. The criteria are so strict that it is difficult to get new ideas accepted unless they are truly novel. In addition, no invention will get a patent if it is:

◎a discovery

◎a scientific idea or mathematical model

◎literature or art

◎a game or a business

◎a computer programme

◎a new animal or plant variety

Nor will you receive a patent until a search has been made to find out that your product reallyis different from everyone else's. There are a large number of patent examiners, too, whose only job is to examine whether your claim is valid or not. If it passes all the tests, your application for a patent will be published 18 months from the date you apply. So I have filled in the form and filed my patent application with the Patent Office. Now it's a matter of waiting and hoping. You'll know if I succeed by the size of my bank balance! Wish me luck!

蛇的困扰

我给住在乡下的母亲打电话的时候，她感到很心烦。―我们院子里有几条蛇，‖她告诉我说，―蛇时不时地爬到屋子旁边来，似乎是在屋子附近离胡桃树不远的地方安家了。你能不能把它们赶走？‖我感到很自豪。这回我有机会来表现一下自己了。我要发明某种仁慈的东西，既可以把蛇捉住，而又不会伤害它们。我知道我的父母是不会让我伤害这些生物的。

我所做的第一件事就是看看有没有现成的任何产品能帮助我。但是，看来只有一种毒蛇的药粉。很明显，我得找一种新的方法了。于是我就着手研究蛇的习性，以便能用最容易的方法来捉住他们。好在这些爬行动物都很小，问题比较容易解决。

经过一番研究准备之后，我决定采用三种可能的方法：第一，铲除蛇的栖息地；第二，用男人或女人的香水或食物把它们引进陷阱；第三，降低它们的体温，使它们困乏，这样就很容易把它们捉住。我决定采用最后一种方法。我买了一个制冰淇淋的不锈钢碗。在碗的内壁和外壁都抹上果冻，这些果冻冷却后会冻结。我把这个碗放进冰箱，冷冻了24个小时。与此同时，我还准备了一些冰块儿。

第二天造成太阳光还不太热，我就起床了。我把冰冻的碗放在蛇窝的上方，再把小冰快放在碗上，以使碗保持冷却状态。最后再用一个大桶把碗罩住。于是我就等着。过了两个小时我才把桶和碗一起拿开。蛇肯定不像以前那样活跃了，但是对于我来说，他们行动还是太快了，突然一下子就消失在墙壁附近的洞里去了。于是我只得调整我的计划。

第二次试验我用的还是冻结的碗和冰块儿，但是这次我是在夜晚气温开始变凉的时候把它们放在蛇窝的上方，然后像以前那样用桶把碗罩住，通宵放在那儿。第二天一早我就去看结果。这一次我小心翼翼地蹲下去检查的时候，发现蛇都是睡意浓浓的。但是一把它们提起来，它们就要咬我。因为它们都是毒蛇，所以很显然我还得改进我的捕蛇方案。

第三次试验重复了上一次的程序，不过第二天早晨我的手里拿了一个捕鱼用的小网。这是因为我预料蛇还全再咬人。但是经过仔细监视，证明这些蛇是制造不了麻烦的，一切都按计划进行着。我把这些温顺的蛇收集起来，第二天就愉快地把他们全都释放到野外去了。

由于朋友和亲戚的敦促，我决定把我这次的发明运到专利局去，请他们对我这次成功的思路给予认可。只有你得到这种承认，你才可以说你是一个真正的发明者二（评定）专利标准非常严格，除非新的想法真是新颖的，否则很难被接受。此外，你的想法如果属于下列情况，那么你也不可能得到专利：

◎一种发现

◎一种科学理论或数学模式

◎文学或艺术

◎一场游戏或一笔交易

◎一个电脑程序

◎一种新的动植物物种

你的产品要经过仔细调查，证明它确实是与众不同的，你才能获得专利。专利局还有一大批审查人员，他们的唯一职责就是审查你的专利申请是否有效。如果通过了所有这些审查，你申请的专利就会在你提出申请的18个月之后公布出来。于是，我填了表，向专利局提交了申请书。现在就是等，待和期盼了。将来你看看我的银行结余金额就会知道我是否成功了祝我好运吧。

Using Language

Reading

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL

Alexander Graham Bell was born in 1847 in Scotland, but when he was young his family moved to Boston, USA. His mother was almost entirely deaf, so Alexander became interested in helping deaf people communicate and in deaf education. This interest led him to invent the microphone. He found that by pressing his lips against his mother's forehead, he could make his mother understand what he was saying.

He believed that one should always be curious and his most famous saying was:"Leave the beaten track occasionally and dive into the woods. Every time you do you will be certain to find something that you have never seen before. Follow it up, explore all around it, and before you know it, you will have something worth thinking about to occupy your mind. All really big discoveries are the result of thought."

It was this exploring around problems and his dynamic spirit that led to his most famous invention - the telephone in 1876. Bell never set out to invent the telephone and what he was trying to design was a multiple telegraph. This original telegraph sent a message over distances using Morse code (a series of dots tapped out along a wire in a particular order). But only one message could go at a time. Bell wanted to improve it so that it could send several messages at the same time. He designed a machine that would separate different sound waves and allow different conversations to be held at the same time. But he found the problem difficult to solve. One day as he was experimenting with one end of a straw joined to a deaf man's ear drum and the other to a piece of smoked glass, Bell noticed that when he spoke into the ear, the straw drew sound waves on the glass. Suddenly he had a flash of inspiration. If sound waves could be reproduced in a moving electrical current, they could be sent along a wire. In searching to improve the telegraph,Bell had invented the first telephone!

Bell was fully aware of the importance of his invention and wrote to his father:"The day is coming when telegraph wires will be laid on to houses just like water or gas – and friends will talk to each other without leaving home."

The patent was given in 1876, but it was not until five days later that Bell sent his first telephone message to his assistant Watson. The words have now become famous:"Mr Watson - come here - I want to see you."

Alexander Graham Bell was not a man to rest and he interested himself in many other areas of invention. He experimented with helicopter designs and flying machines. While searching for a kite strong enough to carry a man into the air, Bell experimented putting triangles together and discovered the tetrahedron shape. Being very stable, it has proved invaluable in the design of bridges.

Bell was an inventor all his life. He made his first invention at eleven and his last at seventy- five. Although he is most often associated with the invention of the telephone, he was indeed a continuing searcher after practical solutions to improve the quality of everybody's life.

亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔

亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔1847年出生于苏格兰。但在他还小的时候，他家就搬到了美国的波士顿。他的母亲几乎全聋了，因此他有志于帮助聋人交流，并从事聋人教育事业。这一爱好促使他发明了麦克风。他发现他把嘴唇放在母亲的额头上，并以一定的方式来移动额骨，就可以使她听懂他所说的话。

他认为一个人应该总是有好奇心理。他最有名的一句话是：―偶尔离开平路去寻求困境。每次当你这样做的时候，你一定会发现你从未见过的东西。跟踪下去，不断探索，不知不觉中，你就会发现某种值得思考的东西盘踞着你的头脑。"所有真正伟大的发现都是思考的结果。‖

正是这种对问题的探索和富有活力的精神造就了他那最著名的发明——1876年的电话。贝尔并非一开始就想要发明电话的，他本来想设计的东西是多路电报。这种原始的电报是在一段距离中用莫尔斯电码传递信息（莫尔斯电码是通过电线发出的以特定的次序敲击出的一连串点划），. 但是这样只能一次发一个信息。贝尔想改进电报通讯方式，以便同时能发出好几个信息。他设计了一种机器，以使声波分成不同的音调，从而有可能在同一时间里进行不同的通话。但是他发现这个问题很难解决。有一天做实验，他把一根干草的一端和一个聋子的耳鼓膜连接起来，另一端连接一块被烟熏过的玻璃。贝尔发现，当他对着耳朵说话的时候，这根干草就把声波画在被烟熏过的玻璃上。突然间他灵机一动，灵感来了。如果声波能够以连续运动的电波形式复制的话，那么声波就可以沿着导线传送出去了。在探求改进电报的过程中，贝尔发明了第一台电话机！

贝尔完全懂得这项发明的重要性，他写信告诉他的父亲说：―这样的一天即将到来。到那时，电报线将会铺到各家各户，就像水和煤气通到各家各户一样。朋友之间不必离开家就可以彼此通话了。‖

这项专利是1876年发布的，但是贝尔是在五天以后才跟他的助手华生通了第一次电话。他说的话现在已成为

名言了。―华生先生——到这儿来——我想见你。‖

亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔是个闲不住的人，他对许多其他领域的发明都感兴趣。他试验直升飞机和飞行器。他寻找一种强度足以把人带上天空的风筝，与此同时，他又试着把三角形拼装在一起，因而发现了四面体。这种四面体非常稳定，被证明是在桥梁设计中的无价之宝。

贝尔的一生都在发明创造。他11岁时就有了第一项发明，而他的最后一项发明则是在他75岁高龄的时候。虽然人们常把他与电话的发明联系在一起，但是他的确是一位永不停息的探索家，不断寻求着改善人们生活质量的途径。

Unit 4 Pygmalion 第四单元皮格马利翁

Reading

PYGMALION

MAIN CHARACTERS:

Eliza Doolittle (E): a poor flower girl who is ambitious to improve herself

Professor Higgins (H): an expert in phonetics, convinced that the quality of a person's English decides his/her position in society

Colonel Pickering (CP): an officer in the army and later a friend of Higgins' who sets him a task

Act One FATEFUL MEETINGS

11 :15 pm in London, England in 1914 outside a theatre. It is pouring with rain and cab whistles are blowing in all directions. A man is hiding from the rain listening to people's language and watching their reactions. While watching, he makes notes. Nearby a flower girl wearing dark garments and a woollen scarf is also sheltering from the rain. A gentleman (G) passes and hesitates for a moment.

E: Come over’ere, cap’in, and buy me flowers off a poor girl.

G: I'm sorry but I haven't any change.

E: I can giv’ou change, cap’in.

G: (surprised) For a pound? I'm afraid I've got nothing less.

E: (hopefully) Oah! Oh, do buy a flower off me, Captain. Take this for three pence. (holds up some dead flowers)

G: (uncomfortably) Now don't be troublesome, there's a good girl. (looks in his wallet and sounds more friendly) But, wait, here's some small change. Will that be of any use to you? It's raining heavily now, isn't it? (leaves)

E: (disappointed at the outcome, but thinking it is better than nothing) Thank you, sir. (sees a man taking notes and feels worried) Hey! I ain’t done nothing wrong by speaking to that gentleman. I've a right to sell flowers, I have. I ain’t no thie f. I'm an honest girl I am! (begins to cry)

H: (kindly) There! There! Who's hurting you, you silly girl? What do you take me for? (gives her a handkerchief)

E: I thought maybe you was a policeman in disguise.

H: Do I look like a policeman?

E: (still worried) Then why did 'ou take down my words for? How do I know whether 'ou took me down right? 'ou just show me what 'ou've wrote about me!

H: Here you are. (hands over the paper covered in writing)

E: What's that? That ain't proper writing. I can't read that. (pushes it back at him)

H: I can. (reads imitating Eliza) "Come over' ere, cap'in, and buy me flowers off a poor girl." (in his own voice) There you are and you were born

in Lisson Grove if I'm not mistaken.

E: (looking confused) What if I was? What's it to you?

CP: (has been watching the girl and now speaks to Higgins) That's quite brilliant! How did you do that, may I ask?

H: Simply phonetics studied and classified from people's own speech. That's my profession and also my hobby. You can place a man by just a few remarks. I can place any spoken conversation within six miles, and even within two streets in London sometimes.

CP: Let me congratulate you! But is there an income to be made in that?

H: Yes, indeed. Quite a good one. This is the age of the newly rich. People begin their working life in a poor neighbourhood

of London with 80 pounds a year and end in a rich one with 100 thousand. But they betray themselves every time they open their mouths. Now once taught by me, she'd become an upper class lady ...

CP: Is that so? Extraordinary!

H: (rudely) Look at this girl with her terrible English: the English that will condemn her to the gutter to the end of her days. But, sir, (proudly) once educated to speak properly, that girl could pass herself off in three months as a duchess at an ambassador's garden party. Perhaps I could even find her a place as a lady's maid or a shop assistant, which requires better English.

E: What's that you say? A shop assistant? Now that's sommat I want, that is!

H: (ignores her) Can you believe that?

CP: Of course! I study many Indian dialects myself and ...

H: Do you indeed? Do you know Colonel Pickering?

CP: Indeed I do, for that is me. Who are you?

H: I'm Henry Higgins and I was going to India to meet you.

CP: And I came to England to make your acquaintance!

E: What about me? How'll you help me?

H: Oh, take that. (carelessly throws a handful of money into her basket) We must have a celebration, my dear man. (leave together)

E: (looking at the collected money in amazement) Well, I never. A whole pound! A fortune! That'll help me, indeed it will. Tomorrow I'll find you, Henry Higgins. Just you wait and see! All that talk of (imitates him) "authentic English" ... (in her own voice) I'll see whether you can get that for me ... (goes out)

皮格马利翁

主要人物：

伊菜扎·杜利特尔（伊）：穷苦的卖花姑娘，立志要改善自己的生活

希金斯教授（希）：语音学专家，坚信一个人的英语水平决定这个人的社会地位

皮克林上校（皮）：陆军军官，后来成了希金斯教授的朋友，并给他安排了一项任务

* *

第一幕决定性的会面

1914年的某日晚上11点15分，在英国伦敦某剧场夕。正下着倾盆大雨，四处响着出租车的鸣笛声。有一位男士在躲雨，边听人们谈话边观察着人们的反应。他一边观察，一边作记录。附近一个穿着黑色衣裙围着羊毛围巾的卖花姑娘也在躲雨。这时有位先生（先）从这儿路过，他迟疑了片刻。

* * *

伊：长官，过这边来呀，买我这个苦命的孩子一束花吧！

先：对不起，我没有零钱，

伊：长官，我可以给你找零钱呀。

先：（惊奇地）一个英镑你找得开吗？没有再小的钱了。

伊：（带有希望的神色）啊！好啦，从我这买一束吧。拿这一束，只要三个便士o（举起一些已经枯萎的花）

先：（不舒服地）现在别烦我，好姑娘。（在他的口袋里找什么，这时语气好些了）等一等，这儿有几个零钱。这点钱对你有用吗？雨下大了，不是吗？（说完就走了）

伊：（对先生付的钱表现出失望的样子，但是有总比没有好）先生，谢谢了。（看到有人在记什么，感到担心）嗨，我跟那位先生讲话，又没做错什么事。我有权卖花吧，我有权嘛！我不是小偷，我是个老实姑娘，老老实实的！（开始哭起来）

希：（友善地）好啦，好啦！谁伤害你了，傻姑娘？你把我当成什么人了？（递给她一条手帕）

伊：我还以为你是一个便衣警察呢。

希：我像警察吗？

伊：（仍在担心）那你为啥要把我说的话记下来呢？我怎么知道你是不是写对了呢？那你把你写的关于我的东西给我看看。

希：你看吧！（把写满字的纸递给她）

伊：这是什么呀？不像规规矩矩的字，我看不懂。（把纸退回给他）

希：我懂。（模仿伊的声音读）长官，过这边来呀，买我这个苦命孩子一束花吧！（改用自己的声音）好了吧，你呀，

如果我没有弄错的话，你出生在里森格罗佛：

伊：（困惑不解的）如果我是又怎样呢？跟你有什么关系呢？

皮：（本来是一直望着这个姑娘的，这时跟希金斯说话了）太棒了！请问你是怎么知道的呢？

希：对人的发音进行研究、分类，如此而已。这是我的专业，也是我的业余爱好。你可以根据几句话判定是哪个地方的人。我可以根据任何谈话来判定他们是哪个地方的人，差距不过六英里，有时候在伦敦甚至不超过两个街区呢。皮：恭喜你了！不过，你这样做有收入吗？

希：当然有哆，还挺高呢。这是个致富的年代人们从伦敦的穷人区开始工作，年收入才80英镑，最后到了富人区工作，年收入就是10万英镑了，但是他们一张嘴就会露出马脚（暴露自己的身份）。如今如果让我一教，她就会变成一个上层阶级的淑女……

皮：是吗？那太妙了！

希：（粗鲁地）你瞧这个姑娘，英语说得那样糟糕，使她注定要在贫民窟里待上一辈子。不过，先生，（高傲地）要是一旦有人教她把英语说好了，她就可以在三个月以内冒充公爵夫人出席大使主办的花园晚会了。说不定我还可以给她找份工作，当一名贵夫人的侍女或商店的店员。这些工作都要求英语说得好呢。

伊：你说啥来着？店员？这正是我想要做的，真的！

希：（不理睬她）你相信我说的话吗？

皮：当然相信。我自己就学了好多种印度方言，而且……

希：真的吗？那你认不认得皮克林上校呢？

皮：当然认得，皮克林就是我。那么请问您是谁？

希：我是亨利·希金斯。我还打算要去印度见你呢：

皮：我也正是到英国来找你的！

伊：我呢？你们怎么帮助我呢？

希：啊，拿去吧！（漫不经心地朝她的篮子里扔去一把钱）好老兄，我们该美美地庆祝一番了。（一道离去）

伊：（惊奇地看着收集起来的钱）啊，我还从来没有见过！整整一个英镑呢！一笔财富呀！这的确给我帮大忙了，真的。明天我一定去找你，亨利·希金斯。等着瞧吧！你那口（模仿他的声音）―真正的英语‖……（用自己的声音）我倒要看看你能不能帮我找到……（离去）

Using Language

Reading and acting

Act Two, Scene 1

MAKING THE BET

It is 11am in Henry Higgins' house the next day. Henry Higgins and Colonel Pickering are sitting deep in conversation. H: Do you want to hear any more sounds?

CP: No, thank you. I rather fancied myself because I can pronounce twenty-four distinct vowel sounds; but your one hundred and thirty beat me. I can't distinguish most of them.

H: (laughing) Well, that comes with practice.

There is a knock and Mrs Pearce (MP), the housekeeper, comes in with cookies, a teapot, some cream and two cups.

MP: (hesitating) A young girl is asking to see you.

H: A young girl! What does she want?

MP: Well, she's quite a common kind of girl with dirty nails.I thought perhaps you wanted her to talk into your machines. H: Why? Has she got an interesting accent? We'll see.Show her in, Mrs Pearce.

MP: (only half resigned to it) Very well, sir. (goes downstairs)

H: This is a bit of luck. I'll show you how I make records on wax disks ...

MP: (returning) This is the young girl, sir. (Eliza comes into the room shyly following Mrs Pearce. She is dirty and wearing a shabby dress. She curtsies to the two men.)

H: (disappointed) Why! I've got this girl in my records. She's the one we saw the other day. She's no use at all. Take her away.

CP: (gently to Eliza) What do you-want, young lady?

E: (upset) I wanna be a lady in a flower shop 'stead o' selling flowers in the street. But they won't take me 'less I speak better.

So here I am, ready to pay him. I'm not asking for any favours - and he treats me like dirt.

H: How much?

E: (happier) Now yer talking. A lady friend of mine gets French lessons for two shillings an hour from a real Frenchman. You wouldn't have the face to ask me for the same for teaching me as yer would for French. So I won't give yer more than a shilling.

H: (ignoring Eliza and speaking to Pickering) If you think of how much money this girl has - why, it's the best offer I've had! (to Eliza) But if I teach you, I'll be worse than a father.

CP: I say, Higgins. Do you remember what you said last night? I'll say you're the greatest teacher alive if you can pass her off as a lady. I'll be the referee for this little bet and pay for the lessons too ...

E: (gratefully) Oh, yer real good, yer are. Thank you, Colonel.

H: Oh, she is so deliciously low. (compromises) OK, I'll teach you. (to Mrs Pearce) But she'll need to be cleaned first. Take her away, Mrs Pearce. Wash her and burn her horrible clothes. We'll buy her new ones. What's your name, girl?

E: I'm Eliza Doolittle and I'm clean. My clothes went to the laundry when I washed last week.

MP: Well, Mr Higgins has a bathtub of his own and he has a bath every morning. If these two gentlemen teach you, you'll have to do the same. They won't like the smell of you otherwise.

E: (sobbing) I can't. I dursn't. It ain't natural and it'd kill me. I've never had a bath in my life; not over my whole body, neither below my waist nor taking my vest off. I'd never have come if I'd known about this disgusting thing you want me to do ...

H: Once more, take her away, Mrs Pearce, immediately. (Outside Eliza is still weeping with Mrs Pearce) You see the problem, Pickering. It'll be how to teach her grammar, not just pronunciation. She's in need of both.

CP: And there's another problem, Higgins. What are we going to do once the experiment is over?

H: (heartily) Throw her back.

CP: But you cannot overlook that! She'll be changed and she has feelings too. We must be practical, mustn't we?

H: Well, we'll deal with that later. First, we must plan the best way to teach her.

CP: How about beginning with the alphabet. That's usually considered very effective ... (fades out as they go offstage together)

第二幕第一场

打赌

第二天上午11点，在亨利·希金斯家。亨利同皮克林上校正坐着深切地交谈。

希：你还想不想听听更多的发音呢？

皮：不听了，谢谢。我本来还很自负的，因为我能清晰地发出24个元音来。而你发出了130个元音，其中多数我都分辨不清。你赢我了。

希：（笑起来）这都是练习的结果。

敲门声起，皮尔斯夫人（管）带着甜点、茶壶、奶酒和两个杯子进来。

管：（犹豫地）一个年轻姑娘求见你。

希：年轻姑娘！她想要什么？

管：哦，很普通的一个年轻姑娘，手指甲脏兮兮的。我本来还以为你是要她来对着机器讲话的呢。

希：怎么啦？她的口音很有趣吗？咱们来看看吧。皮尔斯夫人，带她进来。

管：（半听不听地）好吧，先生。（随即向楼下走去）

希：还真是运气，我让你看看我是怎样在唱片上录音的。

管：（返回来）先生，这就是那个年轻姑娘。（伊莱扎跟在皮尔斯夫人后边羞怯地走进房来。她穿着破旧的衣服，还脏兮兮的。进来就朝两位先生行屈膝礼。

希：（失望地）好啦，我已经给这个年轻姑娘做过记录了。她就是那天我们见到过的那个，现在根本没有用了，带她走吧！

皮：（温和地）年轻姑娘，你想要干什么？

伊：（不安地）我想在花店里当卖花姑娘，不想到街上去卖花了。但是他们不会要我，除非我讲话讲得好些，所以我来了，准备付给他钱。我并不是求他帮忙——可他把我当下贱人看待。

希：你给多少钱？

伊：（比较高兴地）啊，你发话了。我的一位女朋友跟一个真正的法国人学法文，每小时两先令。你总不会好意思

要我付跟法语同样多的钱吧。所以我最多给你一个先令。

希：（不理睬伊莱扎，而跟皮克林说）要是你想到这个年轻姑娘身上能有多少钱，那么，这就是我能得到的最高薪俸了！（对伊莱扎说）不过，要是我来教你，我会比当爸爸的还要严格。

皮：喂，希金斯。你还记得昨天晚上你说过的话吗？如果你能使她冒充一位贵夫人，那么我说你就是一位最了不起的教师了。我会为这个小赌当裁判，而且课时费由我来付。

伊：（感激地）啊！你真好，真好。谢谢你，上校。

希：哦，她真是粗俗得可爱！（提出折衷办法）好吧，我教你。（对皮尔斯夫人说）不过，她得先把自己洗干净了。把她带下去，皮尔斯夫人。给她洗一洗，把那身可怕的脏衣服全部烧掉。我们给她买新的。姑娘，你叫什么名字？伊：我叫伊莱扎·杜立特尔。我是干净的，上个礼拜才洗过澡。

管：希金斯先生有自己的浴缸。他每天早晨都要洗澡。如果你要这两位先生教你，你就得照着办。另外，他们不想闻到你身上的那股气味。

伊：（哭泣）我不能，我不敢。这太别扭了，会要我的命的。我这一生从来没有在浴缸里洗澡过，特别是全身浸泡，冲洗腰部以下或者把我的背心拿走我也算是不会洗的。要是我知道你要我做这样的丑事，我是绝不会来的。

希：我再说一遍，把她带走，皮尔斯夫人，立刻带走。（伊莱扎跟皮尔斯夫人出去了，还在哭泣）皮克林，你看到麻烦了吧。不仅仅是语音问题，还得教语法呢。这两个方面她都需要。

皮：希金斯，还有一个问题。一旦试验完成了，我们准备做什么呢？

希：（兴奋地）把她扔回去。

皮：你可不能小看这个问题了！她是会变的，她也是有感情的。我们必须实际一些，难道不是吗？

希：这个以后再谈吧。首先咱们得制定一个最好的教学计划。

皮：先从字母教起，怎么样？通常认为那是最有效的……（两人一道朝台下走去，声音逐渐减弱）

Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors Appendices 第五单元拜见祖先

Reading

A VISIT TO THE ZHOUKOUDIAIN CA VES

A group of students (S) from England has come to the Zhoukoudian caves for a visit. An archaeologist (A) is showing them round.

A: Welcome to the Zhoukoudian caves here in China. It is a great pleasure to meet you students from England, who are interested in archaeology. You must be aware that it's here that we found evidence of some of the earliest people who lived in this part of the world. We've been excavating here for many years and ...

S1: I'm sorry to interrupt you but how could they live here? There are only rocks and trees.

A: Good question. You are an acute observer. We have found human and animal bones in those caves higher up the hill as well as tools and other objects. So we think it is reasonable to assume they lived in these caves, regardless of the cold.

S2: How did they keep warm? They couldn't have mats, blankets or quilts like we do. It must have been very uncomfortable.

A: We've discovered fireplaces in the centre of the caves where they made fires. That would have kept them warm, cooked the food and scared wild beasts away as well. We have been excavating layers of ash almost six metres thick, which suggests that they might have kept the fire burning all winter. We haven't found any doors but we think they might have hung animal skins at the cave mouth to keep out the cold during the freezing winter.

S3: What wild animals were there all that time ago?

A: Well, we've been finding the bones of tigers and bears in the caves, and we think these were their most dangerous enemies. Now what do you think this tells us about the life of these early people? (shows picture of a sewing needle)

S2.: Gosh! That's a needle. Goodness, does that mean they repaired things?

A: What else do you think it might have been used for?

S4: Let me look at it. It's at most three centimetres long. Ah yes, it seems to be made of bone. I wonder how they made the hole for the ...

S2: (interrupting) Do you mean that they made their own clothes? Where did they get the material?

A: They didn't have material like we have today. Can you guess what they used?

Sl: Wow! Did they wear clothes made entirely of animal skins? How did they prepare them? I'm sure they were quite heavy

to cut and sew together.

A: Our evidence suggests that they did wear clothes made from animal skins. We continue discovering tools that were sharpeners for other tools. It seems that they used the sharpened stone tools to cut up animals and remove their skin. Then smaller scrapers were probably used to remove the fat and meat from the skin. After that they would rub an ample amount of salt onto the skin to make it soft. Finally, they would cut it and sew the pieces together. Quite a difficult and messy task! Now look at this. (shows a necklace)

S2:Why, it's a primitive necklace. Did early people really care about their appearance like we do? It's lovely!

A:Yes, and so well preserved. What do you think it's made of?.

S4:Let me see. Oh, I think some of the beads are made of animal bones but others are made of shells.

A:How clever you are! One bone is actually an animal tooth and the shells are from the seaside. Can you identify any other bones?

S1:This one looks very much like a fish bone. Is that reasonable?

A:Yes, indeed, as the botanical analyses have shown us, all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake. Probably there were fish in it.

S3:But a lake is not the sea. We are miles from the sea, so how did the seashells get here?

A:Perhaps there was trade between early peoples or they travelled to the seaside on their journeys. We know that they moved around, following the herds of animals. They didn't grow their own crops, but picked fruit when it ripened and hunted animals. That's why they are called hunters and gatherers. Now, why don't we go and visit the caves?

周口店洞穴参观记

一群英国学生（学）来到周口店洞穴参观。有一位考古学家（考）正领着他们参观。

考：欢迎到中国来参观周口店洞穴。很高兴见到你们这些从英国来的对考古学感兴趣的学生。你们想必都很清楚，正是在这个地方，我们找到了世界上居住在这个地方最早人类的证据。我们在这儿进行的挖掘工作已经很多年了，而且……

学1：

对不起，打断一下你的讲话，请问他们是怎么住在这个地方的呢？这儿只有石头和树木。考：问得好。你是个敏锐的观察者，在高山上的那些洞穴里我们找到了人骨和兽骨，还有工具和其他物品因此，我们有理由认为他们不顾严寒，就住在这些洞穴里。

学2：那他们是怎样取暖的呢？他们不可能像我们现在这样有垫子、毯子和被子。想必是很不舒服的了。

考：我们发现在洞穴中央有生火用的地炉。他们用地炉里的火来取暖、做饭，还可以用火来吓跑野兽。我们一直在挖掘一层层的积灰，几乎有六米厚，这意味着他们可能整个冬天都在烧火。我们还没有找到门，但我们认为在天寒地冻的冬季他们可能是用兽皮挂在洞口来防寒的。

学3：在那以前有些什么野兽吗？考：嗯，我们在洞里发现了老虎和熊的骨头。我们认为这些野兽对他们来讲是最危险的敌人了。现在，你们看这个东西能告诉我们有关早期人类生活的什么情况呢？（指着一张有针线的照片让大家看）

学2：哎呀，那是一根针！天哪，难道他们还会修补东西吗？

考：除此之外，你认为还可能派别的什么用场吗？

学4：让我看看。这个东西最多三厘米长，看起来像是用骨头做的。我不知道他们是怎样做成针眼的……

学2：（插话）你是不是说他们自己做衣服穿？他们又是从哪里得到衣料的呢？

考：他们没有像我们今天穿的这种衣料。你能猜出他们用的是什么吗？

学1：哇，他们穿的衣服全都是用兽皮做的吗？他们那些衣服是怎样做成的？我确信它们裁剪并缝起来又厚又重。考：我们有证据表明，他们的确穿的是用兽皮制的衣服。我们不断发现一些磨削其他工具用的工具。看样子他们可能是用磨尖的石器来切割野兽并剥皮，再用小一些的刮子把皮上的脂肪和肉去掉。然后，他们可能在兽皮上擦上大量的盐，使皮变柔软。最后进行剪裁，缝起来就成了。确实是既难又脏的活！现在来看看这个吧。（指着一串项链）考：你真聪明！有块骨头实际上是野兽的牙齿，贝壳是从海边捡来的。你还认得别的骨头吗？

学1：这根很像鱼骨头，对吗？

考：很对。植物学的分析结果明确地告诉我们，这儿四周曾经是一个很．大的浅水湖。毫无疑问，当时湖里是有鱼的。

学3：不过，湖并不是海呀，我们离海还远着呢¨眷客，更壳又是怎么来的呢？

考：早期人类之间也许有贸易来往，或者他们也可能旅行到海边去。我们知道，他们跟着兽群四处走。他们并不种

植谷物，而是在野果熟了的时候采摘它们并捕杀野兽来充饥。这就是他们被称之为猎人和采摘者的缘故。现在，咱们去参观洞穴好吗？

Using Language

Reading and speaking

THE FEAST: 18,000 BC

Worried about the preparations for her feast, Lala quickly turned for home with her collection of nuts, melons and other fruit. It was the custom of family groups to separate and then gather again at different sites for reunions as they followed the animal herds across the grasslands. A wrinkle appeared on her forehead. If only it could be just like last year! At that time she had been so happy when Dahu chose her as the future mother of his children. He was the best toolmaker in the group and it was a great honour for her to be chosen. She remembered the blood pulsing through her veins. She had felt so proud as the group shouted loudly to applaud his choice. If only she had looked ahead and planned better this year! Then she wouldn't have been feeling so worried now.

Having heard wolves howling in the forest, Lala accelerated her walk up the path to the caves fearing that there might be wild beasts lying in wait for her. She had no man with his spear to protect her. She had almost reached her destination when a delicious smell arrested her progress and she stopped. So the men had brought home the meat for the feast! The smell of cooking meat filled the air surrounding her, and her senses became dizzy with hunger. She could see her mother and the older children preparing the deer and pig meat over the fire. Her aunts were making clothes with animal skins. Abruptly she sat down, only to be scooped up by her laughing, shouting sister, Luna. Lala smiled with relief. It was good to have her family around her.

Just then a tall man came up behind her. He had a large, square face, with strongly pronounced eyebrows and cheekbones. Over his shoulder he carried several fish and some pieces of wood under his arm. Lala smiled and handed some stone scrapers over to Dahu, who smiled and went outside the cave to begin his task.

First he looked carefully at the scrapers and then went to a corner of the cave and pulled out some more tools. They were in a pile with other sharp arrowheads and stone axe-heads. He chose one large stone and began to use it like a hammer striking the edge of the scraper that needed sharpening. Now and then Dahu would stop, look at it and try it against his hand before continuing his task. He stopped when he felt the scrapers were sharp enough to cut up the meat and scrape the fish. As he passed them to Lala, the first of the guests from the neighbouring caves began to arrive for dinner. Lala's spirits rose. Yes, it was going to be just as wonderful as last year! She smiled to herself gaily and went out of the cave to welcome her friends and neighbours.

公元前一万八千年的一次盛宴

拉拉担心她这次盛宴的准备工作，所以赶紧把坚果、甜瓜和其他水果收集起来就快步回家了。由于在草原上放牧，家族成员先分散开，然后在不同的地方相聚，这是他们的一个习俗。她的额头出现了一道皱纹。要是能像去年那样就好了！当大胡选拉拉作未来孩子的母亲时，她觉得很高兴。他是这个家族中最好的工匠，被他选中对拉拉来说是莫大的荣幸。.她记得那时热血澎湃。当族人为他的选择欢呼鼓掌的时候，拉拉觉得非常自豪。她今年要是早有预见，计划得更好些就好了！那么她就不会这么担心了。

听见狼群在森林里嚎叫，拉拉加快了回洞穴的步伐，担心会有野兽在等着她。她身边没有男人拿着矛来保护她。快到目的地的时候，一阵香气扑鼻，她不往前走了，停了下来。因此那个男人把肉带回了家用来设宴！肉的香味笼罩着她，使她因饥饿而头昏眼花。她看到母亲和大一些的孩子在烧烤鹿肉和猪肉，她姨妈在用兽皮做衣服。突然间她坐了下去，但又被她那又笑又叫的妹妹卢娜一把搂了起来，拉拉宽慰地笑了，跟家人在一起实在是太好啦！

就在这时候，她身后出来了一位高个子男人。他有一张宽大的方脸，眉毛很重，颧骨突出，肩上扛着几条大鱼，腋下夹着一些木头。拉拉对大胡微笑着，递给他一些石头做的刮子。大胡也笑着，走出洞外，开始工作。

他先朝这些石刮子瞧了瞧，然后走到洞穴的一个角落，拖出来更多的工具。这些工具同其它一些锐利的箭头和石斧头堆放在一起。他选了一个大块石头，用它做锤子敲打一个需要磨快的石刮子边沿。他时不时地停下来看看，在手上试一试，然后再继续工作。当他觉得石刮子够快，可以切肉刮鱼鳞了，他才停下来，他把石刮子递给拉拉，这时候，第一批邻近洞穴的客人就开始到来吃饭了。拉拉情绪高涨起来。是的，今年的盛宴一定会跟去年一样热闹！她高兴地自己笑着，走出洞外，去欢迎她的朋友和邻居。

英语选修六课文翻译

人教版英语选修六课文翻译 Unit 1 A Short History Western Painting 西方绘画艺术简史 西方艺术风格变化较大，而中国艺术风格变化较小。人们的生活方式和信仰影响了艺术。中国和欧洲不同，生活方式在长时间里相似。西方艺术丰富多彩，仅凭一篇短短的课文难以描述全面。所以，本篇课文仅描述了从公元5世纪开始的几种主要风格。 中世纪（公元5 世纪到15 世纪） 在中世纪，画家的主要任务是表现宗教主题。艺术家们并没有把兴趣放在呈现人和自然的真实面貌上，而是着力于体现对上帝的爱戴和敬重。因此，这段时期的绘画充满着宗教的信条。到13 世纪时，情况已经开始发生变化，像乔托这样的画家以比较现实的风格来画宗教场景。 文艺复兴时期(15 世纪到16 世纪) 在文艺复兴时期，新的思想和价值观取代了中世纪的那一套，人们开始更关心人而不是宗教。画家们回到了罗马、希腊的艺术理论上。他们尽力地画出人和自然的真实面貌。富人们想为自己的宫殿和豪宅收藏艺术品，他们高价聘请著名艺术家来为自己画画，画自己的房屋和其他财物，画他们的活动，画他们的成就。在这个阶段，最重要的发现之一是如何用透视法来画出事物的形象。在1428 年，马萨乔成为第一个在绘画中使用透视方法的人，当人们第一次看到他的画

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