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构词法之派生词

构词法之派生词——否定词缀

一、前缀"in-, im-, il-, ir-"可放在一些形容词前表否定

1. 作为否定词缀"in-"通常放在以"a, c, d, e, f, i, n, o, p, s, t, v"为首字母的形容词前,例如:

articulate →inarticulate(不善于表达的)

considerate →inconsiderate(不体谅别人的)

credible →incredible(难以置信的)

discreet →indiscreet(不慎重的)

exact →inexact(不准确的)

frequent →infrequent(不常发生的)

2. 作为否定词缀"im-"通常只放在以"m, p"为首字母的形容词前,例如:

mature →immature(不成熟的)

measurable →immeasurable(不可估量的)

partial →impartial(不偏不倚的)

patient →impatient(不耐烦的)

3. 作为否定词缀"il-"通常只放在以"l"为首字母的形容词前,例如:

legal →illegal(不合法的)

legible →illegible(无法辨识的)

4. 作为否定词缀"ir-"通常只放在以"r"为首字母的形容词前,例如:

relevant →irrelevant(不相关的)

reverent →irreverent(不恭的)

二、前缀"un-"也可放在一些形容词前表否定作为否定词缀"un-"通常放在以"k, l, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, y"等为首字母的形容词前,例如:

wise →unwise(不明智的)

forgettable →unforgettable(难忘的)

"un-"也可放在一些动词前构成该动词的反义词,例如:

dress(穿衣服)→undress(脱衣服)

tie(系,捆,束)→untie(松开,解开)

三、前缀"dis-"可放在一些形容词和动词前构成与该词含义相反的新词

loyal →disloyal(不忠诚的)

pleased →displeased(不高兴的)

like →dislike(不喜欢)

appear →disappear(消失)

四、前缀"mis-"可放在一些动词前表示"错误地……,糟糕地……"

understand →misunderstand(误解)

use →misuse(滥用)

lead →mislead(误导)

五、后缀"-less"可放在一些动词和名词后构成形容词,表示"没有……,不能……"

pity →pitiless(无情的)

home →homeless(无家可归的)

tire →tireless(不知疲倦的)

reck→reckless(不计后果的)

提示:具体哪个单词用哪个否定词缀,正如本文所述,有一定规律可循,但这些又不是绝对的规律,很多单词都需要我们分别记忆。所以对否定词缀的掌握,多看、多练是十分必要的。

考考你

用下列句子前括号里单词的适当形式填空。

1. (fear) John gave the chairman his honest opinion, _____ of the result.

2. (end) I’m fed up with your ____ complaining.

3. (close) The lifting of the curtain ____ a beautiful winter scene.

4. (appoint) My parents were _____ with me because I failed the exam.

5. (spell) The book contains quite a few _____ words; the proof- reader really should have been more careful.

6. (understand) Don’t ____ his si-lence for lack of interest; actually he is very interested in the subject we are discussing now.

7. (load) The American ship arrived at the port yesterday, and workers are _____ its contents in the harbor now.

8. (certain) I had a long talk with him yesterday, but I’m still _____ about his intention.

9. (regular) That young mother does not like _____ working hours.

10. (proper) Joking with other persons at this official celebration is _____ behavior for such a serious occasion.

参考答案

1. fearless 句意：约翰不惧后果，如实地向主席说出了自己的看法。

2. endless 句意：我对你无休止的抱怨厌倦透了。

3. disclosed 句意：卷起窗帘后，一幅美丽的冬景展现在眼前。

4. disappointed 句意：父母对我考试失利很失望。

5. misspelt 句意：这本书中有很多拼错了的单词，校对员真应该再仔细些。

6. misunderstand 句意：不要错把他的沉默当成不感兴趣，实际上他对我们目前正在讨论的问题很感兴趣。

7. unloading 句意：这艘美国船是昨天抵达港口的，现在工人们正在卸船上的货物。

8. uncertain 句意：昨天我跟他谈了很久，但我现在仍不确定他的意图。

9. irregular 句意：那位年轻母亲不喜欢没有规律的工作时间。

10. improper 句意：在这样的官方庆典上与别人开玩笑，对于这种严肃的场合来说是很不合适的行为.

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1. Abbreviation/ Shortening（缩略法）is a process of word formation by which the syllables of words are abbreviated or shortened. 1) Clipping (截短法) Clipped words are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. Apocope/ Back clipping （截除词尾） Aphaeresis/ Front clipping （截除词首） Front and back clipping（截除首尾） Syncope/Middle clipping（截除词腰） 2) Initialism（首字母缩略法） Initialisms are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. 3) Acronym（首字母拼音法）is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special phrases and technical terms. Acronyms are pronounced as words. 4) Blending（拼缀法）is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed in this way are called blends (拼缀词)，or telescope words(混成词)/ portmanteau words (行囊词). A large majority of blends are nouns. Head + head: Head + tail: Head + word: Word + head: Word + tail: 2. Back Formation (逆生法) is a process of word formation by removing the supposed suffixes. It is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. 1) By Removing Noun Suffixes By removing the assumed quasi-derivational suffixes of singular nouns: -or, -er, -ar, -tion, -sion, -ance, -ence, etc. By removing the assumed quasi-derivational suffixes of compound nouns: -er, -tion, -sion, -ship, -ist, etc. 2) By Removing Adjective Suffixes By removing the assumed quasi-derivational suffixes of adjectives: -ous, -ish, -some, -y. By removing the assumed quasi-past participle suffixes of adjectives: -ed, -en, etc. By removing the assumed quasi-past present suffixes of nouns, compound nouns, adjectives and adverbs: -ing. Words back formed from proper names (name of people, places and brands). 3. Onomatopoeia ( 拟声法) is the process of word-formation by imitating or suggesting the source of the sound that it describes. Words formed in this way are called onomatopoeic words/ imitative words/ echo words. Primary Onomatopoeia (基本拟声词): the likeness between sound and meaning Words imitating sounds made by people: Words imitating sounds made by animals: Words imitate sounds in nature or in technology: Words imitating sounds made by other objects: Secondary Onomatopoeia (次要拟声词): the association between sound and certain symbolic meaning: Phonaesthemes (联觉音组) by J.R. Firth (弗斯) sk-, sl-, bl-, fl-, sn-, qu-, -ump, -ash, -ush… Sound Reduplication (语音重叠法): the formation of compound words by repeating the same element with little or no change.Words made in this way are known as reduplicatives. e.g.: tick-tick, hubble-bubble, dingdong…

英语构词法练习

英语构词法练习文件排版存档编号：[UYTR-OUPT28-KBNTL98-UYNN208]

课程名称：英语词汇学课程代码：056261 资源类型：英语词汇学自主学习词汇记忆与词汇测试构词法练习训练指要构词法是英语学习的一个重点，也是近年来常考的项目。特别是在词语辨析的综合运用中，对词汇掌握的要求越来越高。检测构词法，在阅读理解中，已不把这种词汇看作生词，而是把这类词的理解看作学生通过对构词法知识的学习，应该具备的一种能力。如有的生词，只要其词根是学生们该掌握的或熟悉的，只是加上了前缀或后缀，再者或是合成词等，命题人就认为不必再注出汉语注释。所以我们在学习英语词汇的时候一定要灵活学习和掌握，随时准备应付所出现的情况。 Ⅰ.单项填空 man was________ enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job. A. care B. careful C. careless D. carelessness soldier died for saving the child，so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai. B. dead C. died D. death child looked________ at his brother who was badly wounded.

A. sadly B. sadness C. sadly is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a ________. A. chemistry B. chemical C. chemist D. physician three- ________chair isn’t suitable for a young child. He may fall off. A. egging B. legged C. legs D. leged became the________ railway engineer in the world. A. lead B. leader C. leading D. leadership the teacher praised him for working out the math problem，Jack looked________ about at his classmates. A. proud B. proudly C. pride D. pridely everyone’s ________，the girl finished the job quite well. A. satisfied B. satisfactory C. satisfying D. satisfaction 9.—What are you doing here？ —Oh，my teacher asked me to write a passage about ________in English. —You can write________ passage in English？ words；a 600-words ；a 600-words words；a 600-word words；a 600-words one should enter the spot without the________ of the police. A. permit B. permission C. permitting D. permittence must come with us to the police head is waiting for you. A. headquarters B. headline C. headmaster D. headache that animal escape was no accident；you did it ________.

(完整word版)英语构词法练习题基础篇.docx

英语构词法练习题一、基础练习 A: 名词后加“y”变成形容词 sun---_________( rain ---________( health ---________( luck ---__________( B: 名词后加“-ful” )wind ---__________()cloud---__________() )snow ---__________()fun---__________() )noise ---__________()salt---__________() )sleep ---__________()sand---__________() -less“”变成形容词 care ---__________()__________() use---__________()__________() colour---__________() _________() help---__________() __________() hope ---__________()__________() harm---__________() __________() success---________()wonder---_______()peace---__________() sleep ---__________()home---__________()value---__________() C:名词后加“-ern ”变成形容词 east---______()west ---_______()south---_______() north---__________() D:名词后加“-al”变成形容词 person---__________()education---__________()tradition---__________() medicine---__________()music ---__________()nature---__________() E:名词后加“-ly”变成形容词 friend---___________() love---___________() week---__________() F:名词后加“--ous”变成形容词 danger---___________() mystery---___________() fame---__________() G:名词后加“-en”变成形容词 wool---___________() wood---___________() gold---__________() H:名词转化为形容词的不规则变化 energy---___________() athlete---___________() hunger---___________() pride---___________()death---___________()science---___________() knowledge---___________() anger---___________() Africa---___________() America---___________()Asia---___________() Australia---___________() I:动词变名词 ① work---________( 工作者 ) sing---________( 歌手 ) teach---_________( 教师 ) drive---_________( 司机 ) write---________( 作家 ) dance---_________( 舞蹈家 )win---_________( 获胜者 ) run---___________( 赛跑者 ) swim---_________( 游泳者 )act---_________( 演员 ) collect---__________( 收藏家 ) direct---___________( 主管 ) visit---_________( 参观者 ) invent---_________( 发明家 ) translate---_______ _(翻译家 ) ②educate---___________( 教育 ) describe---___________( 描述 ) predict---___________( 预言 ) collect---___________( 收藏 ) invent---___________( 发明 ) build---___________( 建筑物 ) ③mean---___________( 意思 ) meet---___________( 会议 ) cross---___________( 路口 ) turn---___________( 转弯处 ) decide---___________( 决定 ) die---___________( 死亡 ) ④fly---___________( 飞行 ) know---___________( 知识 ) please---___________( 高兴 ) pronounce---___________( 发音 ) mix---___________( 混合物 ) J：形容词的两种形式—ing/— ed