新目标八年级下英语语法大全

单词讲解:
1.fewer people更少的人(fewer修饰名词复数，表示否定)
2.less free time更少的空闲时间(less修饰不可数名词，表示否定)
3.in ten years 10年后(in的时间短语用于将来时，提问用How soon)
4.fall in love with…爱上…
例：When I met Mr. Xu for the first time, I fell in love with him at once
当我第一次见到许老师，我立刻爱上他
5. live alone 单独居住
6. feel lonely 感到孤独(比较：live alone/go along等)
The girl walked alone along the street, but she didn’t feel lonely那女孩独自沿着街道走，但她并不感到孤独
7. keep/feed a pet pig 养一头宠物猪
8. fly to the moon 飞上月球
9. hundreds of +复数 数百/几百(概数,类似还有thousands of; millions of)
10. the same as 和……相同
11. A be different from B A与B不同(=There is a difference/Thgere are differences between A and B)
12. wake up 醒来(wake sb. up表示 “唤醒某人”
13. get bored 变得厌倦(get/become是连系动词，后跟形容词如tired/angry/excited等)
14. go skating 去滑冰(类似还有go hiking/fishing /skating/bike riding等)
15. lots of/a lot of 许多(修饰可数名词、不可数名词都可以)
16. at the weekends 在周末
17. study at home on computers 在家通过电脑学习
18.agree with sb. 同意某人(的意见)
19.I don’t agree. = I disagree. 我不同意
20.on a piece of paper 在一张纸上(注意paper/information/news/work/homework/housework等常考到的不可数名词)
21.on vacation 度假
22.help sb with sth/help sb do sth 帮助某人做某事
23.many different kinds of goldfish 许多不同种金鱼
24.live in an apartment住在公寓里/live on the twelfth floor住在12楼
25.live at NO.332,Shanghai Street 住在上海路332号
26.as a reporter 作为一名记者
27.look smart 显得精神/看起来聪明
28.Are you kidding? 你在骗我吗
29.in the future 在将来/在未来
单词讲解:
1.fewer people更少的人(fewer修饰名词复数，表示否定)
2.less free time更少的空闲时间(less修饰不可数名词，表示否定)
3.in ten years 10年后(in的时间短语用于将来时，提问用How soon)
4.fall in love with…爱上…
例：When I met Mr. Xu for the first time, I fell in love with him at once
当我第一次见到许老师，我立刻爱上他
5. live alone 单独居住
6. feel lonely 感到孤独(比较：live alone/go along等)
The girl walked alone along the street, but she didn’t feel lonely那女孩独自沿着街道走，但她并不感到孤独
7. keep/feed a pet pig 养一头宠物猪
8. fly to the moon 飞上月球
9. hundreds of +复数 数百/几百(概数,类似还有thousands of; millions of)
10. the same as 和……相同
11. A be different from B A与B不同(=There is a difference/Thgere are differences between A and B)
12. wake up 醒来(wake sb. up表示 “唤醒某人”
13. get

bored 变得厌倦(get/become是连系动词，后跟形容词如tired/angry/excited等)
14. go skating 去滑冰(类似还有go hiking/fishing /skating/bike riding等)
15. lots of/a lot of 许多(修饰可数名词、不可数名词都可以)
16. at the weekends 在周末
17. study at home on computers 在家通过电脑学习
18.agree with sb. 同意某人(的意见)
19.I don’t agree. = I disagree. 我不同意
20.on a piece of paper 在一张纸上(注意paper/information/news/work/homework/housework等常考到的不可数名词)
21.on vacation 度假
22.help sb with sth/help sb do sth 帮助某人做某事
23.many different kinds of goldfish 许多不同种金鱼
24.live in an apartment住在公寓里/live on the twelfth floor住在12楼
25.live at NO.332,Shanghai Street 住在上海路332号
26.as a reporter 作为一名记者
27.look smart 显得精神/看起来聪明
28.Are you kidding? 你在骗我吗
29.in the future 在将来/在未来
单词讲解:
1.fewer people更少的人(fewer修饰名词复数，表示否定)
2.less free time更少的空闲时间(less修饰不可数名词，表示否定)
3.in ten years 10年后(in的时间短语用于将来时，提问用How soon)
4.fall in love with…爱上…
例：When I met Mr. Xu for the first time, I fell in love with him at once
当我第一次见到许老师，我立刻爱上他
5. live alone 单独居住
6. feel lonely 感到孤独(比较：live alone/go along等)
The girl walked alone along the street, but she didn’t feel lonely那女孩独自沿着街道走，但她并不感到孤独
7. keep/feed a pet pig 养一头宠物猪
8. fly to the moon 飞上月球
9. hundreds of +复数 数百/几百(概数,类似还有thousands of; millions of)
10. the same as 和……相同
11. A be different from B A与B不同(=There is a difference/Thgere are differences between A and B)
12. wake up 醒来(wake sb. up表示 “唤醒某人”
13. get bored 变得厌倦(get/become是连系动词，后跟形容词如tired/angry/excited等)
14. go skating 去滑冰(类似还有go hiking/fishing /skating/bike riding等)
15. lots of/a lot of 许多(修饰可数名词、不可数名词都可以)
16. at the weekends 在周末
17. study at home on computers 在家通过电脑学习
18.agree with sb. 同意某人(的意见)
19.I don’t agree. = I disagree. 我不同意
20.on a piece of paper 在一张纸上(注意paper/information/news/work/homework/housework等常考到的不可数名词)
21.on vacation 度假
22.help sb with sth/help sb do sth 帮助某人做某事
23.many different kinds of goldfish 许多不同种金鱼
24.live in an apartment住在公寓里/live on the twelfth floor住在12楼
25.live at NO.332,Shanghai Street 住在上海路332号
26.as a reporter 作为一名记者
27.look smart 显得精神/看起来聪明
28.Are you kidding? 你在骗我吗
29.in t

he future 在将来/在未来
30. no more=not …anymore 不再(强调多次发生的动作不再发生)
31. no longer=not… any longer 不再(强调状态不再发生)
32. besides(除…之外还，包括)与except =but(除…之外，不包括)
33. be able to与can能、会(be able to用于各种时态，而can只能用于一般现在时态和一般过去时态中；have to用于各种时态，而must只能用于一般现在时态)例如：?1.I have been able to/will be able to speak two languages. (不可以用can)
2. had to stay at home/ will have to (不可以用must)
34.be big and crowded 大而且拥挤
34.be in college 在上大学
35.live on a space station 住在空间站
36.dress casually 穿得很随意casual clothing 休闲服饰
37.win the next World Cup 赢得世界杯 win award 获奖
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6f1312888.html,e true 变成现实
39.take hundreds of years 花几百年的时间
40.be fun to watch 看起来有趣
41.over and over again 一次又一次
42.be in different shapes 形状不同
43.twenty years from now 今后20年

44.本单元目标句型：
1. What do you think life will be like in 1000 years?
2. There will be fewer trees、more buildings and less pollution in the future.
?fewer、 less表示否定之意，分别修饰可数名词和不可数名词；more二者都可以修饰.
3. Will kids go to school? No, they won’t/Yes, they will.
4. Predicting the future can be difficult.
5. I need to look smart for my job interview.
6. I will be able to dress more casually.
7. I think I’ll go to Hong Kong on vacation, and one day I might even visit Australia.
8. What will teenagers do for fun twenty years from now?
9. That may not seem possible now, but computers, space rockets and even electric toothbrushes seemed impossible a hundred years ago.
语法讲解:? ?一般将来时
表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态.本时态标志词：
1.含tomorrow; next短语； 2.in+段时间 ； 3.how soon；4.by+将来时间；
5.by the time sb.do… 6.祈使句句型中：or/and sb. will do
7.在时间/条件状语从句中, 如果从句用一般现在时, 主句用将来时 8.another day
比较be going to 与will:
be going to 表示近期、眼下就要发生的事情，will 表示的将来时间则较远一些.
如： He is going to write a letter tonight. He will write a book one day.
2. be going to 表示根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情，will表示客观上将来势必发生的事情.
He is seriously ill. He is going to die. He will be twenty years old.
3. be going to 含有“计划，准备”的意思，而 will 则没有这个意思，如：
She is going to lend us her book. He will be here in half an hour.
4.在有条件从句的主句中，一般不用 be going to, 而多用will, 如：
If any beasts comes at you, I'll stay with you and help you.
掌握了它们的这些不同，你

就能很好的区分be going to与will了.
一般将来时常见的标志词
1.含tomorrow; next短语； 2.in+段时间 ；
3.how soon； 4. by+将来时间；
5.祈使句句型中：or/and sb.??will do??
例Be quick, or you will be late=If you don’t be quick, you will be late
6.在时间/条件状语从句中, 如果从句用一般现在时, 主句用将来时(另见Unit 5)
知识点：
1． 形容词，副词的比较等级考查热点透视：
a) 表示A与B在程度上相同时， “as+形容词或副词的原级+as”结构.表示A不如B时，可用“not as/so+形容词或副词的原级+as”结构.
b)表示A比B在程度上“更…..”时，可用“形容词或副词的比较级+than”结构
c)表示三者或三者以上的比较，其中一个在程度上“最…..”时，常用“the+形容词或副词的最高级”结构，后面可带“of/in的短语”来说明比较的范围.(注意：副词的最高级在句中常省略“the”.)
d)在形容词或副词的比较级前，可以用“a little, even, far, much,still”的等词语来修饰，以加强语气.
e)表示“越来越….”时，常用“形容词或副词的比较级+and+形容词或副词的比较级”结构，但要注意，对于多音节和部分双音节形容词，副词而言，若要表达此意时，要用“more and more+形容词或副词的原级“结构.
f)在表示“其中最….之一“的含义时，常使用 “one of+the+形容词最高级形式+名词复数”结构，其中的定冠词the不可以省略.
g)如果强调“两者中比较…的(一个)”的意思时，可使用“the+形容词比较级+其它”结构.
h)表示“越….越….”, 可使用“the+形容词或副词的比较级，the+形容词或副词的比较级”结构.
2 .一般将来时
一般将来时的构成：由助动词shall或will加动词原形构成，shall用于第一人称.在口语中，will在名词或代词后常简略为’ll， will not常简略为won’t.这个时态的肯定，否定和疑问结构可表示如下：
肯定句 否定句 疑问句
I (We)shall(will) go.
You(He, She, They) will go. I(We)shall(will) not go.
You(He, She, They)will not go. Shall I(we) go?
Will you (he, she, they) go?
用”be going to +动词原形”也可表示将来时，表示将要发生的事，打算或决定要做的事.
b)一般将来时的用法：1)表示将要发生的动作或情况；2) 不以人的意志为转移，肯定要发生的事情.The day after tomorrow will be National Day.后天是国庆日.
3. in/after:in是指以现在时间为起点的“在一段时间以后”.也可以表示“在将来多少时间之内”，句子中的谓语动词要用一般将来时态；after常指以过去时间为起点的“一段时间之后”，所以它与过去时态连用.当after指某个特定的未来时刻或日期之后，或指以将来某一时间为起点的若干时间之后时，它可以与将来

时态连用.
4.more, less, fewer的用法区别：more为many, much的比较级，意为“更多”，可修饰可数与不可数名词.Less是little的比较级，意为“更好，较少”，修饰不可数名词.Fewer是few的比较级，意为“更少”，修饰可数名词复数.
【注意】few, little表示否定“几乎没有”.a few, a little表示肯定“一点，几个”.
5.would like sth意思为“想要某物“； would like to do意思为”想要做某事“.回答would like句型的一般疑问句时，其肯定回答为 “Yes, please.”;否定回答“No, thanks”或 “I’d like /love to, but….”
6. Such作形容词，意思是“如此的”“这样的”，修饰各种名词.
Such这样的.如It is such bad weather.天气如此恶劣.
Such常和as搭配，表示一种类别.如We enjoy such a voice as hers.我们喜欢像她那样的嗓子.
Such常和表示结果的that从句搭配，表示“如此….以至于…”如
??It was such a hot day that we all had to stay at home.
Such…that…和so…that…都可用来引出一个结果状语从句.由于such是形容词，所以that从句前有一个受such修饰的名词；而so 是副词，用以修饰形容词或副词，因此that从句前一般不出现名词.如
They are such kind-hearted teachers that people in the village all respect them.
The exam was so difficult that many students failed to pass it.
a) 如果名词是可数名词的单数形式，such和so的位置不同：
such+a/an+形容词+单数名词
so+形容词+a/an+单数名词
b) 如果名词是不可数名词或名词复数，只可用such,不能用so.:
such+形容词+不可数名词或复数名词
c) 如果被修饰的不可数名词被much, little, 或复数名词被many, few等表示量的形容词修饰时，用so，不用such.
d) 当little表示“年纪小的”时，可用such+little+名词.
7．be able to 为“能，会”，表示能力，在这个意义上与can的意思相同，一般情况下两者可以互换，但can只有现在式和过去式(could)而be able to则用于更多的时态，主要体现在be的变化.两者在用法上有一些差异：can (could)表示主观能力不表示意愿，它的将来时用will be able to而 be able to表示主观意愿强调克服困难做某事.

unit 2 What should I do?
单词讲解:
1.too loud 太大声
2.out of style 过时的
3.in style 流行的
4.call sb up=ring sb.up=call/ring/phone sb. 给…..打电话
5.enough money 足够的钱(enough修饰名词时不必后置)
6.busy enough 够忙 (enough修饰形容词或副词时必须后置)
7.a ticket to/for a ball game 一张球赛的门票
注意：the key to the lock/the key(answer)r to the question)/the solution to the problem .此处几个短语不能用of表示所有格
8.?talk about 谈论
9.?on the phone 用电话
10.pay for 付款
11.spend…on +sth.=spend...( in) doing

sth. 在…花钱
12.It takes sb. sometime to do sth. 某人做某事花…的时间
13.borrow …from 从….借( 借进来)
14.lend…to 把…借给(借出去)
15.You can keep the book for a week 你可以借这本书一周(不用borrow或lend)
16.buy sth for sb 为……买东西
17.tell sb to do /not to do sth.sth 告诉某人做某事
18.want sb. to do sth.=would like sb. to do 想某人做某事
19.find out 发现；查清楚；弄明白
20.play one’s stereo 放录象
21.fail the test=not pass the test 考试不及格
22.fail in (doing) sth… 在...上失败,变弱
23.succeed in (doing) sth 在...方面成功
24.write sb a letter/write to sb. 给某人写信
25.surprise sb. 使某人吃惊(类似有：surprise/interest/please/amaze+某人)
26.to one’s surprise 使某人吃惊的是…..
27.to one’s joy 使某人高兴的是…..
28.look for a part-time job 找一份兼职的工作(不一定有结果)
29.get/find a part-time job 找到一份兼职的工作(有结果)
30.ask sb. for… 寻求/向某人要某物
31.have a bake sale 卖烧烤
32.argue with sb = have an argument with sb. 与某人争吵
33.have a fight with sb.=fight with 与某人打架
34.drop off 离去；散去；逐渐减少;死去
35.prepare for…=get ready for… 为…做准备
36.after-school clubs(activities) 课外俱乐部(活动)
? be/get used to doing 习惯做某事
? used to do 过去经常/常常做某事
? be used for doing=be used to do sth. 被用于做某事
37.fill… up 填补；装满… be full of装满
38.return sth. to sb.=give sth. back to sb. 把某物归还给某人
39.get on /along well with 与…相处很好
40.all kinds of 各种各样
41.as much as possible=as much as you can 尽可能多
42.take part in=join in 参加(某种活动/集会)
43.a bit =a little 一点儿(当修饰形容词或比较级时)
44.a bit of =a little 一点儿/一些(当修饰不可数名词时)
45.be angry with… 生…的气
46.by oneself=on one’s own 某人自己/独自地
47.on the one hand 一方面
48.on the other hand 另一方面
49.I find/feel/think it difficult to do... 我发现/感到/认为做某事很难.
50.see/hear/watch sb. doing sth. 看到/听见/注视某人正在做…
51.not…until 直到…才(谓语动词一般是非延续动词)
52.表示某人情绪有关的形容词用法:
be/become+??upset/tired/excited/interested/worried/surprised/amazed/annoyed
说明：当主语是某人时，注意后面的形容词一般是-ed结尾的单词，而当主语是某物时或修饰名词时，注意后面形容词一般是-ing结尾单词.)
例如:I was surprised/interested/amazed when I heard the surprising/interesting/amazing news.
53??radio advice program 电台提建议的节目
54??be o

riginal 新颖的
55. leave something somewhere 把某物忘在某处
56 sports clothes 运动服
57. the same age as=as old as 和--- 年龄一样
58. the tired children 疲惫不堪的孩子
59. complain about (doing sth) 抱怨、、、
60.take their children from activity to activity?带着孩子参加一个接一个的活动
61.try to do sth,??尽量干某事??try doing sth? ?试着干某事
62.be under too much pressure 压力太大
63.a mother of three 三个孩子的妈妈
64.take part in after-school clubs 参加课后俱乐部
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6f1312888.html,pepition starts from a very young age 竞争从很小年纪就开始了
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6f1312888.html,pare…with 和---比较
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6f1312888.html,anized activities 有组织的活动
本单元目标句型：
1. What’s wrong(with you)?/What’s the matter?
2. What should I do? 我该怎么办? ?
3. You could write him a letter. 你可以给他写封信 .You should say sorry to him.你应该给他道歉.
4. They shouldn’t argue. 他们不应该争吵.
5. Why don’t you talk to him about it?
=Why not talk to him about it?=You should/could talk to him about it.
=What/How about talking to him about it.=You’d better talk to him about it.
6.The parents try to fit as much as possible into their kids lives.
7.Activities include sports, language learning, music and math classes.
Thirty people, including six children (six children included), went to visit the factory.
8.People shouldn’t push their children so hard.? ?
9.Parents are trying to plan their kids’ lives for them. When these kids are adults, they might find t difficult to plan things for themselves.
知识点：
1..loud是形容词,loud-louder-loudest意思是“响亮的”；作副词时，常与talk, sing, laugh 等词连用，如speak loud; loudly “大声地”带有喧闹的意味，常用来修饰shout, cry, call, knock等动词，通常没有比较级和最高级，作状语；aloud 副词，出声地，大声地，仅指发出声音(以使能被听得见).
2．Enough为形容词，意思是“足够的”；enough +n.修饰名词enough money; adj/adv+enough修饰形容词或副词；enough to do 足够做某事
3．present, gift礼物：gift带有一定的感情色彩，通常指昂贵的“礼物”，强调送礼人的诚意，有时有“捐赠”之意，多用于正式场合；present指为表达情谊，
敬意或出于礼节，在某特定时刻或场合赠送的“礼物”，此礼物价值不一定高.make sb a present of把…作为礼物送给
4．borrow, lend: borrow“借入，借给”即说话人向他人借东西borrow sth from sb.; lend-lent-lent“借出，借给”即说话人把自己的东西借给他人lend sb sth= lend sth to sb
5 except，besides除…之外: except除了…都，besides强调“除了…之外还有…”在no one, nobody, nothing等词后加介词but也表示“除了”.
6．find out, find, look for: find out“找出，发现，查明”

多指通过调查，询问，打听，研究之后搞清楚，弄明白或指找出较难找到的，无形的抽象的东西；find“找到，发现”通常指找到或发现有形的东西也可指偶然发现某物的某种情况，强调找的结果；look for“寻找”强调动作.
7．talk about谈到，谈论；talk of谈到，说到；have a talk with与..谈谈，做报告；talk to sb对…谈话；talk with sb与…交谈；talk to sb和talk with sb 均表示“和某人谈话”，“讲话”.talk to sb比较常用，侧重一方谈，一方听；talk with sb侧重双方交谈；talk about sb则表示“谈论某人”
8．miss 和lose:miss意思为“发现丢失”“觉得不在”；lose意思为“丢失”“失去”.在本质上，miss是一种主观感觉，而lose是一种客观结果.
9．be used to doing习惯于做某事；used to do过去常常，暗含与现在明显的不同，只用于过去时；be used to do是use的被动语态，意思是….被用来做某事.
10．own 与 have: own强调的是拥有，占有某物为自己的财产，但所占有的东西目前不一定是由人使用，强调所有权；have为普通动词，表示的所有关系.own +n. egWho owns the dog? ；own +宾语+宾补 eg. He owns himself wrong.；own+从句eg. He owns that he is wrong. ；of one’s own完全属于某人自己的；on one’s own独立地，自愿地；with one’s own ears亲耳
11. attend, join, take part in: attend“出席，参加，上学”attend school 上学，attend meeting出席会议；take part in 参加，是指参与某项活动 take an active part in积极参加；join 参加，当join用于加入某个团体或组织，成为其中的一员，后面直接跟名词，当join表示参加某项活动时后面跟介词in .
unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived?
单词讲解:
1.in front of 在……的前面(外部) in the front of 在……的前面(内部)
2.in the library 在图书馆
3.get out of/get into 出……之外/进入
4.sleep late 睡懒觉 sleep well 睡得好 get to sleep=fall asleep 睡着
5.walk down/along 沿……走
6.take off (飞机)起飞；脱下(衣帽)
7.on Sunday evening 在星期日晚上
? 注意:(特指某日如星期、假日、某月某日或某个特定的上、下午、晚上用on)
8.in the tree在树上 on the tree在树上
9.take photos 照相
10.at the train station 在火车站
11.run away 跑开，逃跑
12.as+adj原形 as 和…一样…
? ?例如： She is (not) as beautiful as her sister.? ?I can run as fast as he(him)
13.buy/draw/make sth. for sb. 为某人买/画/制作
14.walk home 走回家
15.in history 在历史上
16.for example 例如
17.in the city of 在……市
18.on the playground 在操场上
19.ten minutes ago 十分钟前
20.take place 发生(强调必然性)
21.happen to sth./sb. 发生(强调偶然性)
? ?例如

：What has happened to you?=What’s the matter with you?=What’s wrong with you?
22.of course=sure=certainly 当然? ?
23.all over the world=around the world 遍及全世界
24.outside/inside the station 在车站外/内
25.next to 相邻，紧贴
26.close to 接近于；在附近
27.be ill in hospital/bed 生病住院/在床
28.hear about/of 听说(间接听到)
29.in silence 沉默不语 keep silent 保持沉默
30.an unusual experience 一次不寻常的经历
31.have fun doing sth 干某事有乐趣 have difficult time doing sth干某事有困难
32.have meaning to 对—有意义? ?
33.become the first Chinese astronaut in space 成为中国第一个太空宇航员
34.a national hero 一个民族英雄
35. be famous all over the world 全世界出名? ?
36. for the first time??第一次

本单元目标句型:
What were you doing when I arrived/at that time/at 8:00 last night/from 9:00 to 10:00 yesterday?
1.I was doing sth. When+一般过去时的时间状语从句...
2.How about... / What about...?
3.While sth./sb. was doing sth., I was doing sth....
4.当不明飞行物着陆时，你正在干啥？What were you doing when the UFO landed?
5.当妈妈正在做饭时，我在看电视.While my mother was cooking ,I was watching TV.
6.I was walking down the street when a UFO landed right in front of me.
7.You can image how strange it was.? ?
8.I followed to see where it was going.
9.Isn’t that amazing!??
10. She didn’t thinking about looking outside the station.
11.I was so tired this morning. It was difficult to get out of the bed.
12.Liu Xiang won the gold medal at the 2004 Olympics.
13.Beijng was made host to the 2008 Olympics.
14.People often remember what they were doing when they heard the news of important events in history.
15. This was one of the most important events in modern American history.
16.Even the most everyday activities can seem important.
17.Our teacher asked us to stop what we were doing and listen.
18.However, in more recent times, most Americans remember what they were doing when the World Trade Center??in New York was destroyed by terrorists.
19.Not all events in history are as terrible as this, of course.
20. His flight around the Earth lasted about 22 hours.
本单元语法讲解
过去进行时(Past Progressive Tense)
句型 S + was/were +V-ing…
例A：She was doing her homework at 8:30 yesterday evening.
(昨天傍晚八点半她正在做家庭作业.)
例B：We were having supper at that time.
(那个时候我们正在吃晚饭.)
When I got up this morning, Mother was preparing breakfast in the kitchen.
(今天早上我起床时妈妈正在厨房里准备早餐.—“Mother….”是主句，“when…，”是副词从句.)
常用于修饰过去进行时的时间副词：过去的某一定点时刻(at + 过去的时刻)，then (= at that time)(那时，当时)，all + 时间，“When…/While…/A

s…”等副词从句，etc.
知识点：
1．过去进行时
a) 过去进行时由“was/were+动词ing形式”构成.以动词work为列，其肯定式，否定式，疑问式以及简略答语见下表：
肯定式：I/He/She/It was working.??We/You/ They were working.
否定式：I/He/She/It was not working. We/You/They were not working.
疑问式和简略答语：Was I working? Yes, you were.
Was he working? No, he wasn’t.
【注意】was not常简略为wasn’t; were not常简略为weren’t
b) 过去进行时的用法：过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作.这一特定的过去时间，除有上，下文暗示以外，一般用时间状语来表示
2. not …until直到…才.表示动作在某时之前尚未开始，直到此时动作才开始.not…until可以用after或when来代替，但主句谓语动词要用肯定形式.Until为连词时后接时间状语从句，until作介词时，后面接表示时间的名词.Until 用于肯定句多表示动作或状态一直延续到until所表示的时间为止，意思为“直到…” from..till…中till往往表示不太具体的时间.From …to…或from…until常用来表示具体的时间.
3． find it…to do，it在此句中为形式宾语代表动词不定式，动词不定式为真正的宾语，常用于这种用法的动词有find, feel, think, make等.
4． “疑问词+不定式“结构相当于一个名词性从句，常常可用同等成分的从句代替.改写时，只需在疑问词后面加一个适当的主语(这个主语一般与主句的主语一致)，并将不定式改成适当形式的谓语即可.如，Where to go is still a question.= Where we should go is still a question.
5． when 与while:when连接的状语从句是个特殊句型，“前一个分句(谓语动词用过去进行时)+when(作并列连词，意思为“这时，突然”)+后一个分句(谓语动词用一般过去时)”表示在前一个动作正在进行的过程中突然发生了后一个动作， when强调动作的突然性，when后面的动词为非延续性动词；while表示“在….过程中”，强调在一段时间内，所以while引导的从句中的谓语动词必须为延续性动词.在状语从句中，若从句放在句首时，应用逗号与主句隔开.
6． 感叹句的构成：What +a/an+形容词+单数名词+主语+谓语！What a good book it is!
What+形容词+复数可数名词+主语+谓语！What easy questions they are!
What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语！What cold weather it is!
How+形容词+主语+be动词！How nice the watch is!
How +副词+主语+谓语！How hard they are working!
8.take place, happen“发生”：take place指“发生事先计划或预想到的事物”；happen指“一切客观事情或情况的偶然或未能预见地发生”.两者都是不及物动词或短语，后面不能跟宾语，也不能用于被动语态；happen的意

义很广泛，而take place 仅用于历史上的事件，集会等，是先行布置而后发生或举行的事件，它不用于地震等自然界的现象.
happen to do 巧遇 sth happens to sb某人遭遇某事
9．不定代词all, both, each,every与not连用时，只表示部分否定，在否定句中用and连接两个宾语，表语，定语，状语时，只表示部分否定，并且否定 and后面的部分；如用or连接句中两个部分，则表示全部否定.如，She isn’t a bright
and beautiful girl.她并不是一个既聪明又漂亮的女孩.(部分否定) She isn’t a bright or beautiful girl.她是一个既不聪明又不漂亮的女孩.(全部否定).

◆unit 4 He said I was hard-working.
单词讲解:
1.every Saturday 每周六
2.first of all 首先
3.both……and…… 两者都(谓语动词要注意对称原则)
4.?neither….nor 两者都不(谓语动词要注意就近和对称原则)
5.most of… 绝大多数
6.an exciting week 令人兴奋的一周
7.agree on something 同意某人的计划；对….取得 一致意见
8.agree to do sth. 答应/同意做…
9.pass on (to) 传递
10.be supposed to do sth. 被期望或被要求做... ...
11.be mad at …… 对……疯狂/生气
12.do better in=be better at 在......方面做得更好
13.be in good health 身体健康
14.report card 成绩单
15.sound /feel /smell /taste /look 是连系动词，一般只能跟adj.做表语
16.sound like/feel like/smell like/taste like/look like
听起来像…/感觉像…/闻起来像…/尝起来像…/看起来像…+sb./sth.
17.get… over 克服；恢复；原谅
18.open up 打开/展开/开发/揭露
19.care for 照料；照顾；意愿；计较
20.have a(surprise) party for sb. 为某人举行一次(惊喜)聚会
21.end-of-year exam=final exam 期末考试
22.not----anymore 不再
23.do a home project 做作业
24.be surprised\happy\excited to do sth 做某事感到惊讶、高兴、激动
25.be \get nervous 感到紧张
26.have a very hard time with.. 在---日子不好过
27.an disappointing result 令人失望的结果
28.take\ leave a message 捎(留)个口信
29.have a big fight
30.it is a good idea for sb. to do sth
31.to teach in China’s rural areas
32.feel lucky
33.people who need help 需要帮助的人
34.something we can do for them 我们能为他们做的事
35.there is no difference between…and.. 在..和..之间没有区别
36.Groups and the work they do
Groups? The work they do
Greenpeace? Cares for ‘Mother Earth”
Doctors Without Borders Helps sick people in poor countries
UNICEF? Helps children in poor countries
WWF? Cares for wild animals in danger
37.the Hope Project 希望工程
38.fortunately
本单元目标句型：
转述他人话语:What did sb. say? He said I …She said she…They said…
1.许老师告诉

我徐梦蝶会说二种语言.Mr. Xu told me that XuMengdie could speak three languages.
2.许老师说地球绕着太阳转.Mr. Xu said (that)the earth turns around the sun.
3.许老师告诉我他将去北京.She told me he would go to Beijing the next day.
4.许老师说欧洋正在做作业Mr. Xu said OuYang was doing his homework at that time.
5.许老师说王硕研勤奋.Mr. Xu said Wang Shuoyan was hard-working.
6.在英语上，与听相比，我更擅长于读.In English, I’m better at reading than listening.
7.情况怎样？? ?How’s it going?? ?
8.她不想再当我最好的朋友了.She didn’t want to be my best friend anymore.
9.I said it would start a bad habit , and that she would do her own work.
10.That’s about all the news I have now. Mum and Dad send their love.
11.She said helping others changed her life.
12.Teaching high school students in a poor mountain village in Gansu Province may not like fun to you.
13.The Peking University graduate first went there as an volunteer on a one-year program.
14.Life in the mountains was a new experience for Lang Lei. Her village was 2,000metere above the sea level, and at first the thin air made her feel sick.
15.Young people today need to experience different things
16.Some of the students may not be able to go to senior high school or collage.
17.I can open up my students’ eyes to the outside world and give them a good start in life.
18.She said she likes being a good influence in the children’s lives.
19.She now works as a math teacher at a high school in the city of Pingliang, Gansu Province.
20.You are at B’s house working on a homework project.
21.You were supposed to meet at the bus stop this morning to return it, but A didn’t come to the bus stop.
22.A calls you with a message for C. Pass on the message, and then give C’s answer to A.
23.What are some things that happen on soap operas?
本单元语法讲解
直接引语和间接引语
(一)直接引述别人的原话，叫做直接引语；用自己话转述别人的话，叫做间接引语.间接引语一般构成宾语从句.直接引语必须放在引号内，间接引语则不用引号.直接引语改为间接引语时，除将引语部分变成宾语从句外，还必须对直接引语中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等进行改变.??
1. 时态的变化：直接引语变为间接引语时，通常受转述动词said，asked等的影响而使用过去化的时态，即把原来的时态向过去推，也就是一般现在时变一般过去时，现在进行时变为过去进行时等. 例如：
Tom said to me,“My brother is doing his homework.”
→Tom said to me that his brother was doing his homework.
2. 人称代词、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等等的变化；根据意义进行相应的变化. 如：
She asked Jack,“Where have you been?”She asked Jack where he had been.
He said,“These books are mine.” He

said that those books were his.
(二)直接引语改为间接引语时，都使用陈述语序，但是因为原句的句式不同，所以变成间接引语时所用的连词会有所不同.
1.陈述句的间接引语：陈述句由直接引语变间接引语，由that引导，可以省略.
“I want the blue one.” he told us. “我想要兰色的.” 他说.
→He told us that he wanted the blue one. 他说他想要兰色的.
She said to me, “You can’t do anything now.” 她对我说：“此刻你无法做任何事情.”
? ?→She told me that I couldn’t do anything then. 她对我说那时我无法做任何事.
2. 疑问句的间接引语
直接引语如果是疑问句，变成间接引语后，叫做间接疑问句.间接疑问句为陈述语序，句末用句号，动词时态等的变化与间接陈述句相同.引述动词常用ask, wonder, want to know等间接疑问句一般有三种：
(1)．一般疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时， 由whether或if 引导. 如：
“Has he ever worked in Shanghai?”Jim asked. “他在上海工作过吗？”吉姆问.
→Jim asked whether/if he had ever worked in Shanghai.吉姆问他是否在上海工作过.
“Can you tell me the way to the hospital?” The old man asked.
那个老人问：“你能告诉我去医院的路吗？
→The old man asked whether I could tell him the way to the hospital.
那老人问我是否能告诉他去医院路.
(2). 特殊疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时，仍由原来的疑问词引导. 如：
“Which room do you live in?” He asked. “ 你住哪个房间？”他问我.
→He asked me which room I lived in. 他问我住哪个房间.
“What do you think of the film?” She asked. 她问“你怎么看这部电影？”
→She asked her friend what she thought of the film .她问她朋友怎么看这部电影.
(3). 选择疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时，由whether/if …or引导. 如：
“Is it your bike or Tom’s? Mum asked. 妈妈问:这是你的自行车还是汤姆的？”
→Mum asked whether/if it was my bike or Tom’s.妈妈问这是我的自行车还是汤姆的.
“Does your sister like blue dresses or green ones?” Kate asked.
? ?“你妹妹喜欢兰色的裙子还是绿色的？”凯特问.
→Kate asked whether/if my sister liked blue dresses or green ones.
? ?凯特问我妹妹喜欢兰色裙子还是绿色的.
3. 祈使句的间接引语当祈使句变为间接引语时，间接祈使句的引述动词常用tell，ask，order，beg，request，order等，而把直接祈使句变成带to的不定式短语. 如：
Jack said, “Please come to my house tomorrow, Mary. ” 杰克说：“玛丽，明天请到我家来.”
Jack asked Mary to go to his house the next day. 杰克请玛丽第二天到他家去.
The teacher said to the students, ”Stop talking.” 老师对学生们说：“

不要讲话了.”
The teacher told the students to stop talking. 老师让学生们不要说话了.
“Don’t touch anything.” He said. “不要碰任何东西.”他说.
He told us not to touch anything. 他对我们说不要碰任何东西.
4. 动词时态和代词等的变动
(1)某些代词，限定词，表示时间或地点的副词和个别动词在间接引语中的变化规则:
直接引语 间接引语
today that day
now then, at that moment
yesterday the day before yesterday two days before
omorrow the next day / the following day
the day after tomorrow two days after, / in two days
next week/ month etc the next week/month etc
last week/ month etc the week / month etc. before
here there
this that
these those
come go
bring take
(2). 如果引述动词为现在时形式，则间接引语中的动词时态，代词，限定词和表示时间或地点的副词不用变化.而如果引述动词是过去时，以上内容就要有相应变化.变化情况如下： 现在时间推移到过去的时间(注意:如果直接引语是表示客观规律的,那么时态仍然用一般现在时
一般现在时 →一般过去时；
现在进行时 →过去进行时；
一般将来时 →过去将来时；
现在完成时 →过去完成时；

知识点：
1． 在称述句中直接引语和间接引语的转换：
a) 直接引语：说话人直接引用别人的原话.
b) 间接引语：说话人用自己的话把别人的意思转述出来.
c) 直接引语一般前后要加引号；间接引语不用引号.
d) 规则：1)人称变化：从句中的第一人称多改为第三人称；第二人称根据情况改为第一或第三人称；第三人称不变.2)时态变化：如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，直接引语变为间接引语时从句的谓语动词在时态方面要做以下变化：
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 一般过去时(客观真理除外)
一般将来时 过去将来时
现在进行时 过去进行时
如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，直接引语变为间接引语时，从句的动词时态保持不变；直接引语如果是客观真理变为间接引语时，时态保持不变.3)其他指示代词，时间状语，地点状语和动词等的变化.直接引语中的一些指示代词，时间状语和地点状语须作相应的变化：
直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 this这 these这些 that那 those那些
时间状语 now现在 then那时
today 今天 that day 那天
tonight??今晚 that night那天晚上
this week 这星期 that week那个星期
yesterday 昨天 the day before前一天
last week 上星期 the week before前一个星期
ago以前 before 以前
tomorrow明天 the next/following day第二天

next week 下星期 the next week 第二个星期
地点状语 here 这里 there??那里
动词 come来 go 去
【注意】1)直接引语中的时间状语根据实际情况转述为间接引语时，有时不需要改变，如tomorrow.如果转述的动作发生在当天，无需改变；如果转述的动作不在当天，则需将tomorrow变为the next day.
2.habit, practice, custom: habit指“个人由于自然条件，社会环境，爱好或经常接触而导致可以为常的行为或特性”；practice语气比habit弱，指“个人或大家都习惯了的做法或工作与生活的方式.”；custom指“经过一段时期在某人，地区或社会中形成的传统习惯或风俗.”
3．bring, take, carry: bring指“从别处把东西或人带来”“拿来”，表示将人或物带到或拿到说话者所在的位置的这个动作；take指“把东西带走或拿走”，表示将人或物拿开或带离说话者所在的位置的这个动作； carry指“随身携带(不说明方向)有时含有 “负担”的意思.
4．Surprise用法：1)surprise作名词，表示“惊奇，诧异”；2)surprise作几物动词(后接某人作宾语)表示“使…惊奇”；surprise的过去分词作表语，表示“感到惊奇”；to one’s surprise表示“使…吃惊的是”；be surprised at sth/sb表示“对…感到惊奇”.
5．however 与 but:两者均可作“但是，然而”，而且都引出并列分句.从语义上看，but所表示的是非常明显的对比，转折的意味较however要强；从语法上看，but是并列连词，而however却是连接副词；从语序上看，but总是位于所引出的分句前，而however却可位于句首，句中和句末，但是译成汉语时一定要把它放在分句之首；从标点符号上看，but之后一般不使用逗号，而however则必须用逗号分开.However当连词用时，“无论以何种方式，不管怎样”，引导让步状语从句.
6．first, at first与first of all：1)first可以做副词，意思是“首先，第一次，最初地”，指第一次做某事或首先做某事，first还可以用作形容词，意思是“第一的，最初的，主要的，一流的”，first作名词，意思是“首要，第一，最初”2)at first的意思是“起初，当初”，指刚刚开始做某事的时候，暗示后来的情况有所改变3)first of all的意思是“第一，最初，首先”，同first的用法相同，但语气上比first要强，常常用来加强语气.
7．true, real: true意思为“真的”“真正的”，强调与实际相符，而不是杜撰的，它与real相对.与to连用，意思是“忠实的”，true用作名词，与定冠词the连用，表示“真实，真理”等；real无此意.Real是形容词，强调客观存在的“真实”“实在”，不是想象的.
8．above, on,over:三者都有“在…上”之意.1)on表示两者上下紧贴在一起2)ove

r表示一种直接的垂直概念，但没有上下紧贴的意思，反义词为under.3)above既不表示垂直的上下概念，也无相互紧贴的意思，反义词是below.

unit5 If you go to the party, you’ll have a great time.
单词讲解:
1. at the party 在晚会上
2. ask sb. to do sth. 请某人做某事
3. stay at home 呆在家
4. half the class/students 一半学生
5. get injured 受伤
6. have a great time =have a wonderful\good time 玩得高兴
7. take …away 运走，取走 put away 收起来，放好
8. all the time=always 一直，始终
9. make a living (by doing sth) 谋生
10.?in order to do sth… 为了做某事
11.?have a party 举行聚会
12.?go to college 上大学
13.?be famous for… 因……而著称 be famous as… 作为…而出名
14.?make money =earn money 挣钱
15.?in fact 事实上
16.?laugh at… 嘲笑
17.?too much太多(修饰不可数名词)too many太多(修饰可数名词复数)much too+形容词/副词 太…
18.?get exercise 锻炼 注意(exercise当“锻炼”是不可数名词；而当“操”“练习”是可数名词)
19.?travel around the world 周游世界
20.?work hard 努力工作
21.?wear jeans 穿牛仔裤
22.?let ... in 允许……进入，嵌入??keep…out??不允许..进入
23.get an education 获得教育
24.take… away 拿开，拿走
25.study for the test 准备考试
26.make some food 准备食物??make dumplings 做水饺? ?make the bed 整理床铺
27.half the class 一半的学生
28.the rules for school parties 学校派对的规则
29.children’s hospital 儿童医院
30.join the Lions 加入狮队
31.give money to schools and charities 给学校和慈善组织捐钱
32.become a professional soccer player 成为一个职业的足球运动员
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6f1312888.html,anize the games for the class party 为班级派对准备游戏
34.play sports for a living 靠体育运动为生
本单元目标句型：
1. If you do, you’ll… 2. I’m going to … 3. You should…
4. Don’t you want to …? 5. Don’t you think ….?
①如果李老师去参加晚会，我们将会玩得非常高兴. If Ms Li goes to the party, we’ll have a great time.
②如果你穿牛仔裤去晚会，李老师将不会让你进入.If you wear jeans to the party, Ms Li won’t let you in.
6.For many young people, becoming a professional athlete might seem like a dream job.
7.If you become a professional athlete, you will be able to make a living doing something you love.
8.However, professional athletes can also have many problems.
9.If you are famous, people will watch you all the time and follow you everywhere. This can make life difficult.
10. If you become rich, you will have a difficult time knowing who your real friends are.
11.In fact, many famous people complain that they are not happy.
本单

元语法讲解
if 引导的条件状语从句.If是连词，所连接的句子 叫条件状语 从句，表示假设或条件，意思是 “ 如果…的话”，用法如下：
1、表示假设，表示将会发生和可能发生的事，或进行提醒警告.句子结构如下： If +句子(一般现在时)，+主句(主语will/may/can) +动词)
a. If you finish your homework , you can go out and??play.
b. If I have enough money next year , I will go to travel .
2.??表示真实条件、客观真理、自然现象、定理定义 .? ?民 间谚语等，句型是：
??If + 句子 (一般现在时 )，+ 主句 (??一般现在时).
例： If you study hard ,you are sure to succeed .
If you put ice in a warm place ,it turns into water .
If a glass falls on the floor, it usually breaks
If you cook a banana, it becomes very soft .
If a plant don’t get enough light ,it grows very tall and thin.

知识点：
1． If引导的条件状语从句：1)构成：if引导的条件状语从句表示“如果…”.构成形式为“主句+一般将来时时态+if从句+一般现在时态”，或“If从句+一般现在时态，主句+一般将来时态”.2)用法：表示假设或条件
2． half 与half of的用法：1)half the class中的“half”为形容词，意思“一半的，半个的”2) “half of+代词/the+名词”中的half为名词，意思为“一半，半个”.当该结构在句子作主语时，谓语动词必须和该词组中的代词或名词保持数的一致.即当代词或名词为单数时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式；若所接名词或代词为复数，则谓语动词用复数形式.
3. all the time与always: all the time是个副词性的短语，意思为“一直”“始终”，表示某一特定阶段开始一直到结束，不表示频度，多置于句末.除此，all the time还有“不断”的意思；always为表示频度的副词，意思为“总是”，表示动作的反复，状态的继续，中间没有间断，其反义词为never.它与进行时态连用时，常翻译成“总是”,“老是”，带有赞美，厌烦，不满等感情色彩.
4．Enough的用法：1)enough to do sth表示“足够…可以做…”2)enough也可以用“for+宾语+to do sth的结构”3)enough修饰名词时前面不用冠词4)当主语是代词时，enough可以作表语.当主语是名词时，enough不能做表语.
5．Choose的用法：1)choose+名词 意思为“选择…”；2)choose+between/from从…中选择；3)choose to do选择做某事
6．Exercise的用法：1)运动，锻炼，是不可数名词2)体操，练习，是可数名词.3)动词，使….运动
7．wear, put on, have on, dress: wear“穿着”“戴着”，表示状态，是延续性动词，一般现在时表示经常状态，现在进行时表示暂时状态；put on“穿上”“戴上”，表示动作，是非延续性动词；have on“穿着”“戴着

”，表示状态可以与wear互换；dress“穿上”“穿着”，既表示状态，也表示动作，既可以作及物动词，也可以作不及物动词.Dress作及物动词，表示“给自己或别人穿(衣服)”，宾语是人，常用被动语态.dress oneself给..穿衣服.dress up化装
8．a lot, a lot of与lots of三者都有“许多，很多”的意思.a lot of, lots of一般用于肯定句，后接可数名词复数或不可数名词；a lot作名词时=a lot of thins,作副词，修饰动词或形容词，副词比较级
◆unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells?
单词讲解:
1.raise money for 筹钱
2.collect stamps 集邮
3.run out of… 用尽
4.by the way 顺便说一下
5.on the way to.. 在…的路上
6.be interested in 对…感兴趣
7.more than=over 超过
8.fly kites 放风筝
9.start class 开始上课
10.start a snow globe collector’s club 开办雪球仪收集者俱乐部
11.the most common(unusual, interesting) hobby??最普通的爱好
12.listen to music videos 听音乐碟片
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6f1312888.html,anize a talent show to raise money for charity 为慈善机构捐钱而举办的才艺展示
14.extra English lessons 额外的英语课
15.have problems with the language 语言方面有问题
16.the capital of Heilongjiang Province 黑龙江的省会
17.an interesting city with a colorful history 一个有着丰富多彩历史文化的有趣的城市
18.three and a half years =three years and a half 三年半
19.a pair of skates/shoes/glasses/trousers/jeans 一双滑冰鞋/一双鞋/一副眼镜/一条裤子/牛仔裤
How much is a pair of skates/shoes/glasses/trousers/jeans?
= How much does a(this) pair of skates/shoes/glasses/trousers/jeans cost?
How much are the skates/shoes/glasses/trousers/jeans?
= How much do the skates/shoes/glasses/trousers/jeans cost?
本单元目标句型：
1. How long have you been skating? 你滑冰有多长时间了？
2. I’ve been skating since nine o’clock./since I was four years old.
我从九点一直滑到现在/我从四岁一直滑到现在.
3. I’ve been skating for five hours. 我一直滑了五小时 .
4. The more I learn about Chinese history, the more I enjoy living in China.
我对中国的历史了解得越多， 我就越喜欢住在中国.
5. Was this your first skating marathon???No, I skated in a marathon last year.
6. When did you get your first pair of skates?
7. Alison was the first one to start and has been skating for the whole five hours.
Alison是第一个开始并且已经滑了整整5个小时.
8.I’m talking to you from the Hilltop School Skating Marathon.
9. For every hour they skate, each student raises ten yuan for charity.
每滑一个小时，每位学生可为慈善事业筹集10元钱.
10. Thanks for sending me the snow globe of the monster. In fact I think it’s probably my favorite.
谢谢你送我的怪物雪球仪

.事实上，我想它可能是我的最爱.
11. My mom says I have to stop, because we’ve run out of room to store them.
妈妈说我必须停止了，因为我们已经没有地方来存放他们了.
12. The first one I ever got was a birthday cake snow globe on my twelfth birthday.
我得到的第一个雪球仪是我十二岁生日得到的生日蛋糕雪球仪.
13. I particularly love globes with animals. If you know anyone else who collects them, please tell me.
??我特别喜欢动物雪球仪.如果你知道其他人收集他们的话，请告诉我们.
14. By the way, what’s your hobby?
15. I’m interested in the job as a writer.
16. The school newspaper needs a writer. We will give you different topics to choose from. To get the job, please answer these four questions.
校报需要一个撰稿人.我们会给你一些不同的话题来选择.要得到这份工作，请回答这样四个问题.
17. How many Chinese dynasties can you think of? 你能想起多少中国朝代？
18. Can you think of famous characters from the history of other countries? Make a list.
从其他国家历史中，你能记起一些著名人物吗？列个表.
19. In fact, the first Jews probably came to Kaifeng more than a thousand years ago and were welcomed by the Song Emperor.
事实上，第一批犹太人可能在一千多年前就来到开封而且受到宋朝皇帝的欢迎.
20. There is some European influence in the city, and some of the old buildings in Harbin are in Russian style.这个城市有欧洲文化的影响，而且哈尔滨的一些老建筑还是俄罗斯风格的.
21. For a foreigner like me, the more I learn about Chinese culture, the more I enjoy living in China.
对于一个像我一样的外国人来说，我对中国文化了解越多，我就越喜欢住在中国.
22. And although I live quite far from Beijing, I’m certain I will be here for the Olympic Games in 2008.
尽管我住得离北京很远，但我相信2008年奥运会我一定在这儿.

本单元语法讲解
现在完成进行时：表示从过去某时开始到现在这一段时间里一直在延续的动作.
现在完成进行式结构：have / has +been+ doing/
1．I have been writing the letter since then.从那时起我一直在写这封信.(动作从过去一直持续到现在还在继续)
2．I have been collecting stamps for ten years.自从10年前我就收集邮票了(动作从过去一直现在还在收集).
3． How long have you been living here?你在这儿已经住了多长时间了.(“居住”动作从过去一直现在还在继续)
现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别：
1现在完成进行时比现在完成时更强调动作的延续性：
2如果没有时间强调，现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行，现在完成时则表示动作已经结束，
3现在完成进行时一般不适用于表状态的动词，而现在完成时则可：
知识点：
1．现在完成时的意义：1)表示

过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果.常用的时间状语有already, yet,ever, never, just等2)表示从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，常常和表示一段时间的状语连用.常见的表示一段时间的状语有：for+一段时间，since+时间点.2)构成形式：助动词have/has+动词的过去分词3)a.It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时.
b.This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.
注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用.即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的.
2.怎样区别现在完成时和现在完成进行时现在让我们来比较一下现在完成时和现在完成进行时.在比较这两个时态时，关键在于对现在完成进行时的基本概念是否理解，因为对于现在完成时我们已经有了一个基本的理解了.
现在完成进行时是一兼有现在完成时和现在进行时二者基本特点的时态.由于它有现在完成时的特点，所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响.由于它有现在进行时的特点，所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性、临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感情色彩.
现在就现在完成进行时的这些特点和现在完成时作一简单的比较：
(1)现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所表示的结果是直接的，而后者所表示的则是最后的结果.
(2)现在完成进行时有时有延续性，现在完成时往往没有.如：
Mr. Smith has been living in London since 1978．(a)
Mr. Smith has lived in London since 1979．(b)
(a)句有“史密斯先生在伦敦久居”的含义，(b)句则没有.
(3)但现在完成进行时并不总是具有临时的性质，如：
My moth! er has been teaching English for twenty years．(a)
My mother has taught English for twenty years.(b)
(a)句在此并无临时性质，但较口语化.(b)句则较为正式.又，(a)句表示动作现在仍在继续．并将延续下去，(b)句的动作是否延续下去，须由上下文决定，但在一般情况下都是延续下去的.
(4)现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复，现在完成时则常常不带重复性.如： Have you been meeting her lately？(a)
Have you met her lately？(b)
(a)句有“经常相会”之意，(b)句则没有.(b)句如与often，every day等时间状语连用，当然也表示动作在重复.
(5)现在完成进行时比较生动，有时含有明显的感情色彩，而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影响或结果，平铺直叙，没有什么感情色彩可言.如：
What have you been doing？(a)
What have you done？(b)
(a)句表示惊异.(b)句只是一个问题.
下面还有一例，颇为有趣:
Who's