管理会计课件 CVP
The Break-Even Point
Managerial Accounting
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
The break-even point is the point in the volume of activity where the organization’s revenues and expenses are equal.
Sales $ 250,000 Less: variable expenses 150,000 Contribution margin 100,000 Less: fixed expenses 100,000 Net income $ -
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Contribution-Margin Approach
Consider the following information developed by the accountant at Curl, Inc.:
Sales (500 surf boards) Less: variable expenses Contribution margin Less: fixed expenses Net income Total $250,000 150,000 $100,000 80,000 $ 20,000 Per Unit $ 500 300 $ 200 Percent 100% 60% 40%
Contribution-Margin Approach
Fixed expenses Break-even point = Unit contribution margin (in units)
S ales (500 su rr fb o ar d s) S ales (500 su f b o ar d s) L ess: var iab le exp en ses L ess: var iab le exp en ses C o n tr ib u tio n m ar g in C o n tr ib u tio n m ar g in L ess: fixed exp en ses L ess: fixed exp en ses N et in co m ee N et in co m T o tal T o tal $$ 250,000 250,000 150,000 150,000 $$ 100,000 100,000 80,000 80,000 $$ 20,000 20,000 P er U n it P er U n it $$ 500 500 300 300 $$ 200 200 P er cen tt P er cen 100% 100% 60% 60% 40% 40%
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$80,000 $200
= 400 surf boards
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Contribution Margin Ratio
Calculate the break-even point in sales dollars rather than units by using the contribution margin ratio.
Contribution Margin Ratio
Total Sales (400 surf boards) $200,000 Less: variable expenses 120,000 Contribution margin $ 80,000 Less: fixed expenses 80,000 Net income $ Per Unit $ 500 300 $ 200 Percent 100% 60% 40%
Contribution margin Sales Fixed expense CM Ratio =
= CM Ratio
Break-even point (in sales dollars)
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$80,000 = $200,000 sales 40%
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Target Net Profit
We can determine the number of surfboards that Curl must sell to earn a profit of $100,000 using the contribution margin approach.
Fixed expenses + Target profit Unit contribution margin = Units sold to earn the target profit
Applying CVP Analysis
Safety Margin
? The difference between budgeted sales revenue and break-even sales revenue. ? The amount by which sales can drop before losses begin to be incurred.
$80,000 + $100,000 $200
= 900 surf boards
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Safety Margin
Curl, Inc. has a break-even point of $200,000. If actual sales are $250,000, the safety margin is $50,000 or 100 surf boards.
Break-even sales 400 units $ 200,000 120,000 80,000 80,000 $ Actual sales 500 units $ 250,000 150,000 100,000 80,000 $ 20,000
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Example---Amy’s Boards
Amy Laura is opening a snowboard rental store. She rents snowboards for skiing on a weeks long. Laura can buy a snowboard and boots for $550, rent them for a season, and sell them for $250 at the end of the season. The store rent is $7200 per year. During the offseason, Laura sublets the store for $1600. Salaries, advertising, and office expenses are $26000 per year. On average, 80 percent of the boards in any given week are rented. After each rental, the board must be resurfaced and the boots deodorized. Labor （not include in the $26000）and material to prepare the board and boots to be relented cost $7.
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Sales Less: variable expenses Contribution margin Less: fixed expenses Net income
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Amy’s Boards
If Laura Purchases boards then: Purchase price = $550 Office expenses = 26000 Rent = 7200-1600= $5600 Resale price = $250 Revenue per rental = $75 Variable cost per rental= $7 She expects to rent 80% of the boards a week
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Solution
1.Break even Revenue (75*.8Q)*20=48121.2 VC (7*.8Q)20 + Q* 300= 16521.2 CM 31600 Fixed Costs -31600 Profit 0 Quantity = 40.1
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Solution (con’t)
2. Quantity = 50 boards Revenue (75*.8*50)*20= VC (7*.8*50)20 + 50*300= CM Fixed Costs Profit 3. Utilization Rate Revenue (75*U*50)*20= VC (7*U*50)20 + 50*300= CM Fixed Costs Profit Utilization Rate=68.53%
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CVP analysis
60000 20600 39400 -31600 7800 51397 19797 31600 -31600 0
Cm = selling price (p) – variable costs (vc) = sales revenue – variable costs Profit = cm – fixed costs (fc) Break Even Point: BE= fc / (p-vc) BEp = fc / (1-vc/p) or a/(1-b/p) Cmr=cm/p BEp = fc/cmr=a/cmr
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Break Even Point Analysis
Revenue
Example
? Problem 8-38 ? Problem 8-43
P
BEP
Profit Costs
Profit
a
Loss
MS
Q
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8-38
Health Style, Inc. 1. 2. CMR=cm/p=6000000/8000000=75% BEP=a/CMR=3000000/75%=4000000 3. MS=8000000-4000000=4000000 4. OL=tcm /net income=6000000/3000000=2 5. BEP($)=(a+ profit)/CMR =(3000000+4500000)/75%=10000000
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6. Sales Revenue -- VC CM FC Net Income Amount 8000000 2000000 6000000 3000000 3000000 Percent 100 25 75 37.5 37.5
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