practice+paper
Practice 01
1.Throughout the original thirteen colonies, one source of labor was what were
known as ?Indentured Servants.‘
遍及最初的十三个殖民地，劳动力的一种来源就是人们熟知的―契约佣工‖。
2.They wanted to get married, but there was not enough time for the banns, and
neither of them had birth certificate.
他们想要结婚，但是没有足够的时间派发结婚预告，而且两人都没有出生证明。
3．The young girl thumbed her way to the passing cars.
这个年轻的女孩竖起拇指请求搭便车。
4．New Growth Theory is based on work by Stanford economist Paul Romer（保罗·罗默）and others who have attempted to deal with the causes of long-term growth, something that traditional economic models have had difficulty with.
新经济增长理论以斯坦福经济学家保罗.罗默和其他成员的工作成果为基础。他们致力于解决引起经济长期增长的原因，这是传统的经济模式难以解决的。5．I framed the words in my mind: ―Pardon me, but have I done something to offend you?‖
我在心里默念着这几句话，―请原谅，我做了什么冒犯你的事吗？‖6．Through the airport, into the cab and then into the client‘s office, Pyles struggled while the men forged ahead.
穿过机场，坐上出租车，再到进入委托人办公室，Pyles一路挣扎着，而那些人却加速前进。
7. American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson.
美国教育很大程度上归功于托马斯杰弗逊
8. We recognize that China's long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth.
我们意识到中国的长期现代化计划应该而且必须强调经济的增长。
9.This political story of 1996 is that this same party, within the space of six weeks, then became totally, shockingly intellectually deranged.
1996年的这个政治谎言是关于同一个政党，在六周内这个政党彻底地，令人震惊地失去了理智。
10. She is intelligent, ambitious and hard-working. She is also good at solving problems.
她很聪明，有抱负，工作也很努力, 并且擅长解决问题。
1.3翻译的过程
语义分析与翻译
Being an invalid, Joseph Sedley contented himself with a bottle of claret, 红葡萄酒besides his madeira at dinner, and he managed a couple of plates full of strawberries and cream, and twenty-four little rout cakes, that were lying neglected in a plate near him.
(Vanity Fair, Chapter III)
Joseph Sedley因为病着，所以吃饭的时候除了喝马德拉白酒之外又喝一瓶红酒，还吃了满满两碟子奶油草莓。他手边一个盘子里有二十四个小油酥饼，别人都不吃，因此也归他受用。
Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message，first in terms of meaning and secondly in term s of style．
Practice 02
Theoretically, the public, no matter what their genders are, should be given equal rights to be educated. However, if universities accept equal numbers of male and female students in every subject, the practice will undoubtedly breach the primary educational principle of developing a person by respecting his forte, and more seriously cause the great waste of social resources.
It is known that gender disparities are always impassable barriers for us to get through in eliminating the so-called educational sexism. Simply speaking, men are always better than their counterparts in physique and logical thinking, while women‘s advantages are usually seen in language acquisition. Therefore, in order to make one develop quickly and naturally, universities should first know one‘s characteristics and then give him/her suggestions in choosing appropriate subjects. In this regard, the role of an educator ought to be an adviser instead of the arbitrary parent who first standardizes a yardstick and then irrationally abides by the yardstick at the cost of disrespecting children‘s own attributes.
Besides, the misconduct of enrolling male and female students evenly in every subject will further waste social resources. Let us imagine what will happen if universities invest a lot of money, energy and time in training those who dislike their majors. Firstly, the situation may not be so terrible while freshmen are getting accustomed to new surroundings. Whereas, universities will find themselves in a vicious circle soon by observing that these freshmen, after transient periods, are gradually becoming antipathetic to the curricula which are not to their tastes at all. Obviously, the situation implies that all the previous efforts of universities are fruitless because they have applied the well-organized educational systems to the gifted but not suitable objects. And the happening of this phenomenon is directly caused by the universities‘ pr actice of accepting the same number of male and female students in every subject.
翻译要点：
1. 被动语态的处理。（第一段第一句）
2. 定语从句的处理。（第二段最后一句）
3. 定冠词―the‖的用法对翻译的启发。例如第一段第三行中的―the practice‖指的是什么，如何翻译？
Practice 03
system. Central banks were no longer required to support their own currencies.
2.Floating policy is of great importance for export trade; it is, in fact, a convenient
method of insuring goods where a number of similar export transactions are intended, e.g. where the insured has to supply an overseas importer under an exclusive sale agreement or maintains sales representatives or subsidiary companies abroad.
3.The underwriter realizes this and certainly does not set out to make life difficult for
his agency colleagues. However, he has a job to do. Part of that job is to ensure that people who attempt to buy policies because they expect to ?die‘ soon do not succeed in fooling him and his company.
4.The home of your dreams awaits you behind this door. Whether your taste be a
country manor estate or a penthouse in the sky, you will find the following pages filled with the world‘s most elegant residences.
5.Meanwhile individual schools are taking measures to redress the imbalance between
teaching and research.
6.His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after take –off.
7.Modern aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a very large lift force in
order to sustain the aircraft.
8.As early as his second film, Chaplin had developed his own manner of acting, the
one that was to become world famous.
9.At the same time, another kind of paper was developed, made from silk.
10.Photographers return and the photos are quickly developed.
11.Some married people who are not satisfied with their family may resort to the
internet to develop an extramarital affair.
12.And thirdly, computer g ames help develop children‘s interest in computers.
system. Central banks were no longer required to support their own currencies.
在这种情况下，世界各国又恢复浮动汇率就不足为奇了。各国中央银行也就无须维持本币的汇价了。
2.Floating policy is of great importance for export trade; it is, in fact, a convenient
method of insuring goods where a number of similar export transactions are intended, e.g. where the insured has to supply an overseas importer under an exclusive sale agreement or maintains sales representatives or subsidiary companies abroad.
统保单对出口贸易至关重要。它实际上是货物保险中的一种便利的办法，特别适合于分不同的时间出口的一批类似货物，如，当被保险方根据独家代理协议书向国外的进口方供货，或在国外委任了销售代表，设立分支机构时用之。3.The underwriter realizes this and certainly does not set out to make life difficult for
his agency colleagues. However, he has a job to do. Part of that job is to ensure that people who attempt to buy policies because they expect to ?die‘ soon do not succeed in fooling him and his company.
核保人认识到这一点，当然不会给他的代理同事出难题，但是他又有工作要做，其中部分工作是，确保那些因预期很快―死亡‖而想方设法去购买保单的人其欺骗自己和公司的企图不能得逞。
4.The home of your dreams awaits you behind this door. Whether your taste be a
country manor estate or a penthouse in the sky, you will find the following pages filled with the world‘s most elegant resid ences.
打开门，恭候您的就是梦寐以求的家。无论您企盼的是一座乡间宅第，抑或是一间摩天大楼的顶屋，翻开下面几页就可以看到世界上最高雅的住宅供您选择。
5.Meanwhile individual schools are taking measures to redress the imbalance between
teaching and research.
与此同时，各学校正采取措施纠正教学与科研不平衡的状况。
6.His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after take –off.
他的飞机在起飞后只飞行了七英里就发生了机械故障。
7.Modern aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a very large lift force in
order to sustain the aircraft.
现代的飞机很重，机翼必须产生很大的升力才能保持在空中飞行。
8.As early as his second film, Chaplin had developed his own manner of acting, the
one that was to become world famous.
早在他演第二部电影时，卓别林就已形成了他自己的表演风格，这就是他后来闻名于世的那种表演风格。
9.At the same time, another kind of paper was developed, made from silk.
与此同时还研制出另一种纸，就是用丝制的帛。
10.Photographers return and the photos are quickly developed.
摄影记者回来了，很快把照片冲洗好了。
11.Some married people who are not satisfied with their family may resort to the
internet to develop an extramarital affair.
一些对家庭不满意的已婚男女也会借助互联网去搞婚外恋。
12.And thirdly, computer games help develop children‘s interest in computers.
第三，电子游戏有助于培养儿童对电脑的兴趣。
Practice 04
The Future of International Trade
国际贸易的未来
In spite of the difficulties of predicting future trends in world trade, we can specify some important factors.尽管预测世界贸易的未来发展趋势很难，我们仍可以指定一些重要的因素
Although feeding the world‘s population will be a major problem, the world is probably not headed for disaster.虽然养活全世界的人会是一个重大问题，但是世界可能也不会因此而走向灾难。First, the world‘s arable acreage can be expanded greatly.首先，全世界的可耕地面积可以大大地扩张Second, the distribution of food and the yield of food per acre can be improved.其次，食品分配可以更加合理，单位面积产量也可以提高Third, population growth can be controlled. 第三，人口增长可以控制Historical evidence shows that birth and death rates level off as countries move into the industrial stage.历史证据表明当各个国家进入工业进程以后，出生率和死亡率都会趋于稳定。
If population growth continues at its present pace, the future balance between food demand and supply may become dependent on new dietary patterns.如果人口持续以目前的速度增长，那么将来食品的供求平衡可能会依赖于新的饮食方式。Reduced consumption of meat, increased use of new high-protein food made from soybeans, and development of ocean resources for food are some alternatives that must be considered.减少肉类的消费量，增加由大豆制成的新的高蛋白食品的使用，开发海洋资源制作食品是一些必须考虑的可选方案。
Growth of trade will depend greatly on availability of energy sources. 贸易的增长将会极大地依靠能源的可用性。There may still be a trillion barrels of oil in the Middle East. 也许中东地区仍然有着上万桶石油，But the oil crisis of 1974 has led to renewed interest in coal and to a search for alternative sources of energy.但是1974年的石油危机已经重新引起了人们对煤炭的兴趣和对可替代能源的探索。Solar, geothermal, and nuclear energy will play a large role in the years to come.太阳能，地热能和核能将会在今后扮演重要的角色。
In future trade the key development is the relationship between the industrialized
and the developing nations. 在未来的贸易中，主要的发展将是工业化国家和发展中国家的关系。Third World countries export their mineral deposits and tropical agricultural products,第三世界国家出口他们的矿床和热带农产品，这给他们带来渴望得到的外汇which bring them desired foreign exchange. Tourism has also been responsible for the rapid development of some developing nations.旅游业也对一些发展中国家的迅速发展作出贡献。Many Third World nations with high unemployment and low wages have seen an emigration of workers to the developed nations.许多有着高失业率和低收入的第三世界国家的工人都移民到发达国家Western Europe has received millions of such workers from Mediterranean countries.西欧已经接收了成千上万像这样来自地中海国家的工人The developing nations profit when these workers bring their savings and their acquired technical skills back home.当这些工人带着他们的积蓄和获得的专门技能回家时，这些发展中国家就会获利Many developing nations benefit when Western nations establish manufacturing in their countries to take advantage of cheap labour.西方国家在发展中国家建立制造业以利用其廉价的劳动力，许多发展中国家也就因此获利。International monetary cooperation will have a significant impact on future trade.国际货币合作会对未来的贸易产生重大影响If the IMF countries are not able to agree upon a new international monetary order in the years to come, 如果国际货币基金组织成员国在未来的几年里不能达成一项新的国际货币秩序，international trade may become too risky for some companies to get involved in.开展国际贸易对一些公司来说可能就太过冒险了。In the IMF is unable to create sufficient international liquidity reserves in the future, 如果将来国际货币基金组织不能引起足够的国际流动储备there may not be enough liquidity to sustain growth in trade.也许就会缺少足够的流通性来为维持贸易增长
翻译要点：
1.英语时态表达什么意义，如何在译文中表示出来？第一段第一句中的―will be
important‖如何翻译？
2.英汉语言中语态使用频率有何不同，如何处理？见第二段。
3.共轭现象。第二段第三句中两个并列主语和一个谓语动词搭配（can be
improved），在译文中如何处理？需要用到什么样的翻译技巧？
4.第三段第二句―new high-protein food made from soybeans‖如何翻译？由此可
见，英语定语和汉语定语有什么不同？
5.专业术语如何处理？最后一段―liquidity reserve‖怎么翻译？
Practice 05
How to Avoid Foolish Opinions
A good way of ridding yourself of certain kinds of dogmatism is to become aware of opinions held in social circles different from your own. When I was young, I lived much outside my own country—in France, Germany, Italy and the United States.
I found this very profitable in diminishing the intensity of insular prejudice. If you cannot travel, seek out people with whom you disagree, and read a newspaper seem mad, perverse, and wicked, remind yourself that you seem so to them.
For those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different bias. This has one advantage, and only one, as compared with actual conversation with opponents; this one advantage is that the method is not subject to the same limitations of time and space. I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue, and short of this, I have frequently found myself growing less dogmatic and cocksure through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent.
Be very wary of opinions that flatter your self-esteem. Both men and women, nine times out of ten, are firmly convinced of the superior excellence of their own sex. There is abundant evidence on both sides. If you are a man, you can point out that most poets and men of science are male; if you are a woman, you can retort that so are most criminals. The question is inherently insoluble, but self-esteem conceals this from most people. We are all, whatever part of the world we come from, persuaded that our own nation is superior to all others. Seeing that each nation has its characteristic merits and demerits, we adjust our standard of values so as to make out that the merits possessed by our nation are the really important ones, while its demerits are comparatively trivial. Here, again, the rational man will admit that the question is one to which there is no demonstrably right answer. It is more difficult to deal with the self-esteem of man as man, because we cannot argue out the matter with some non-human mind. The only way I know of dealing with this general human conceit is to remind ourselves that man is a brief episode in the life of a small planet in a little corner of the universe, and that for aught we know, other parts of the cosmos may contain beings as superior to ourselves as we are to jelly-fish.
翻译要点：
1.语法分析在翻译中的作用。（第一段最后一句如何理解，如何分析？）
2.注意原文中代词的翻译，试比较：代词在汉语和英语中使用频率有什么不同？
3.字典里的意义和译文中所要表达的意义有什么不同？试分析―deal with‖的翻
译。（最后一段倒数第二句）
Practice 06
旧梦重温（冰心）
王一地同志从1957年就当了中国少年儿童出版社的编辑，我们在多次―儿童文学‖的聚会中早就认识了。如今，能为他这本散文集子作序，我觉得很荣幸。
我必须承认，我的时间和精力似乎越来越少了。一地同志送来了他的部分稿子，我不能仔细欣赏，但我却充分感觉到他的文字的魅力。如《海乡风情》写出了他对童年生活的眷恋，《心上的河流》写出了他对小河流水的深情，这使我忆起了我所热爱的无边的大海。
他在国内旅游去过的地方，除了井冈山之外，都是我没有到过的！如丝绸之路上的阿克苏，青藏公路上的唐古拉、昆仑等，这又使我十分羡慕。这几年来，我因为行动不便，整天过着―井蛙‖的无聊生活，读了这游记，绚丽生动得如经其境，给了我很大的快乐。
他到过的国外的地方，我在半个世纪以前就到过了，如伦敦、巴黎、罗马、佛罗伦萨等欧洲城市。虽然时代不同，我想历史古迹总该是依旧吧。如同旧梦重温一般，我回忆起1936年在伦敦的3个星期，在昼夜看不到日月星三光的浓雾中，参观了大英博物馆、敏纳斯特教堂——访问了一些英国的朋友。使我喜欢的就是在这个国家里到处都是绿茵茵的，比解放前的北京看去要舒服多了。
翻译要点：
1.词汇翻译：专有名词的翻译
a.书名、文章名的翻译方法是什么？
b.原文中出现的中国和外国的地名人名如何翻译？翻译策略是一样的么？
2.语法问题：译文时态的一致性。
3.语序的处理。
Practice 07
Egypt, wrote the Greek historian Hecataeus (郝卡泰奥斯), is the gift of the Nile. No other country is so dependent on a single lifeline. Egypt‘s very soil was born in the Nile‘s annual flood; with the flood came the life-giving mud that made Egypt the granary of the ancient world. And as rain fell in the Ethiopian highlands and the snows melted in the Mountains of the Moon, the river was everlastingly renewed.
In the gathering dusk Ahmed(阿郝迈德) and his five companions had invited
me to join them. Their galabias and turbans (袍子和头巾) stained by the sweat and dirt of a long day‘s work, they sat in front of a wayside shop, enjoying three of the best things in life along the Nile—tea, conversation, and the water pipe(1). At the edge of a nearby canal, donkeys laden with freshly harvested alfalfa (苜蓿) waited for their masters to lead them home, braying a fretful counterpoint (2) to the steady thud (3)of an irrigation pump.
1) a pipe used for smoking, consisting of a long tube and a container of water
2) [uncountable] the combination of two or more tunes played together so that they sound like one tune
3) the low sound made by a heavy object hitting something else；a dull/hard/heavy thud
All this suggested ancient harmonies. Yet the Nile has been changed by modern man in ways not yet fully understood. In 1971 engineers and workers completed the Aswan High Dam, nearly 600 miles upriver from Cairo toward the Sudanese frontier. It is the greatest public work to be undertaken in Egypt since the Pyramids. The devastating floods and droughts that imposed a recurrent tax of suffering on the fellahin (农民) no longer occur. Egyptian agriculture has been transformed, and industry is benefiting from power generated by the dam.
Tombs and temples of ancient Egypt follow the Nile well into Sudan. Driving southward from Cairo into the valley, I entered a landscape that owed little to the present era. For the next 1800 miles the thin blue ribbon of the Nile, flowing slowly north, unwound over brown soil and green fields, some only a few yards wide, others broad as an Iowa cornfield. At the edge of the fields, rising in dramatic hills or stretching flat to the horizon, lay the brown barren deserts.
注：这四段并非连续的段落。
翻译要点：
1.背景知识对翻译的帮助。
2.英语词语的形态变化：第二段―gathering dusk‖如何翻译？―-ing‖有意义吗？
3.语序调整：第四段第二句如何翻译？
Practice 08
Scotland
As you linger on the mountain pass to admire the rugged reflection of Beinn and Lochain in the waters of Loch Restil, spare a thought for the weary sheep drovers who used to pause here for breath after the long steep climb from Loch Fyne. ―Rest and Be thankful‖ is the name o f this spot, a title coined by the soldiers who built the first road here 250 years ago. Since then its wild beauty had thrilled generations of crofter and passing travelers. And now you.
Of course your journey through Scotland may not take you this way, but wherever you go you‘re in for a treat. You might linger in the Boarders to explore the dignified ruins of once-powerful abbeys or fish for plump salmon in the Tweed. Or follow in the footsteps of Rob Roy and Walter Scott through the Trossachs to soak up ―the scenery of a fairy dream‖, as Scott described it. Perhaps you‘ll potter around colourful fishing villages in the Kingdom of Fife and tee off on the legendary Old Course in St Andrews. Or venture into Speyside to tickle your tastebuds on the malt whisky trail.
If it‘s drama you are after, you‘ll head for the Highlands, a vast swathe of untamed wilderness fringed by mile upon mile of fretted coastline dotted with islands. Land and sea collide to create spectacular perspectives, which change with the seasons and within the space of a day. One moment you‘re gazing upon rocky mountain peaks, shimmering sea lochs and desolate moors. The next they retreat into a mysterious world of mist and cloud, where the legendary ghosts that inhabit lochside castles seem as credible as the deer you saw gazing on the moors before they vanished from view.
Whichever part of Scotland takes you fancy, history is never far away. You feel it in the brooding presence of Glencoe, evocative of that treacherous night in 1692 when Campell soldiers slaughtered MacDonalds as they slept. You touch it when you hike through the hills and stumble across the ruins of a deserted shieling. You see it in the weatherworn stones of turreted castles. You hear it in rousing Border ballads and haunting Hebridean melodies.
Nowhere is it more pervasive than in Scotland‘s dramatic capital city. Stroll through the cobbled streets of the medieval Old Town and remember the monarchs, religious zealots and literary giants who walked this way before you. Visit the castle and uncover 1,000 years of Scotland‘s tumultuous past. Have a pint in Deacon Brodie‘s Tavern and learn about the devious Edinburgh citizen who inspired Robert Louis Stevenson‘s tale of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.
Practice 09
People with selective IgA deficiency are asymptomatic, or have increased frequency of infections, particularly in the respiratory and digestive system, for example, sinusitis and urinary tract infections. These infections are generally mild and would not usually lead to an in-depth workup except when unusually frequent. When suspected, the diagnosis can be confirmed by laboratory measurement of IgA level in the blood. Patients have an increased susceptibility to pneumonia and recurrent
episodes of other respiratory infections and a higher risk of development autoimmune diseases in middle age.
重点词汇
Selective IgA deficiency
选择性IgA缺乏症，IgA是immunoglobulin A（免疫球蛋白）的缩写。asymptomatic 无（临床）症状的
respiratory and digestive system 呼吸和消化系统
sinusitis 鼻窦炎urinary tract infection 尿路感染
workup （病人的）诊断检查susceptibility 易受感染性
pneumonia 肺炎episode （某疾病的）发作期
autoimmune 自身免疫的，自体免疫的
译文分析：
无锡是南方江苏省的一个小城，位于南京和上海之间。早在6000年前，就有一个原始部落在此定居。现在的无锡始建于公元前二世纪。当时在城西南的锡山开采出了锡矿，锡发现以后，人们就把这个地方成为―有锡‖。天长日久，锡矿挖完了，―有锡‖便改成了―无锡‖。
Wuxi is a small city in Jiangsu Province of the South, situated between Nanjing and Shanghai. As early as 6,000 years ago, there had been a primitive tribe settled there. Today‘s Wuxi began to be built in the second century B.C. At that time tin ore was excavated from Xishan southwest of the city. After the discovery of tin, people started to call this place ―Youxi‖. As time passed by, the tin mine ran out and ―Youxi‖ was changed to ―Wuxi‖.
译文二：
Wuxi is a small city in South China‘s Jiangsu Pr ovince, located mid-way between Nanjing and Shanghai. Established as early as 6,000 years ago by a primitive clan tribe, the present city was first built in the second century B.C. when tin was mined form a hill in the southwest named Xishan. After the tin was discovered there, the place began to be called Youxi, literally ―has tin‖, and with the passage of time, the tine was mined out and the name was changed to Wuxi, meaning ―no tin‖.
Practice 10
Chapter One
The one opened the door with a latch-key and went in, followed by a young fellow who awkwardly removed his cap. He wore rough clothes that smacked of the sea, and he was manifestly out of place in the spacious hall in which he found himself. He did not know what to do with his cap, and was stuffing it into his coat pocket when the other took it from his. The act was done quietly and naturally, and the awkward young fellow appreciated it. ―He understands,‖ was his thought, ―He‘ll see me through all
right.‖
He walked at the other‘s heels with a swing to his shoulders, and his legs spread unwittingly, as if the level floors were tilting up and sinking down to the heave and lunge of the sea. The wide rooms seemed too narrow for his rolling gait, and to himself he was in terror lest his broad shoulders should collide with the doorways or sweep the bric-a-brac from the low mantel. He recoiled from side to side between the various objects and multiplied the hazards that in reality lodged only in his mind. Between a grand piano and a centre-table piled high with books was space for a half a dozen to walk abreast, yet he essayed it with trepidation. His heavy arms hung loosely at his sides. He did not know what to do with those arms and hands, and when, to his excited vision, one arm seemed liable to brush against the books on the table, he lurched away like a frightened horse, barely missing the piano stool. He watched the easy walk of the other in front of him, and for the first time realized that his walk was different from that of other men. He experienced a momentary pang of shame that he should walk so uncouthly. The sweat burst through the skin of his forehead in tiny beads, and he paused and mopped his bronzed face with his handkerchief.
―Hold on, Arthur, my boy,‖ he said, attempting to mask his anxiety wi th facetious utterance. ―This is too much all at once for yours truly. Give me a chance to get my nerve. You know I didn‘t want to come, an‘ I guess your fam‘ly ain‘t hankerin‘ to see me neither. ‖
―That‘s all right.‖ was the reassuring answer. ―You mustn‘t be frightened at us. We‘re just homely people—Hello, there‘s a letter for me.‖
翻译要点：
1.了解原文的背景知识对翻译有帮助吗？这篇原文选自Jack London 的Martin
Eden一书，请翻译前查阅有关的背景材料。
2.代词的翻译。汉语和英语代词的使用频率是一样的吗？第一段的代词如何理
解，如何翻译？
3.定冠词―the‖具有指示作用，起到衔接的功能，翻译中如何处理？见第一段。
4.文化与翻译：原文中的center table指的是什么？
5.原文作者通过哪些手段塑造―he‖的？