第5章 H-O理论
Chapter 5：Factor Endowment and the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory（要素禀赋与赫克歇尔-俄林理论）From this chapter,we will learn:
factor intensity, factor abundance(endowment)
（要素密集度，要素丰裕度）
Heckscher-Ohlin theorem（赫克歇尔-俄林定理）
factor-price equalization (H-O-S) theorem
要素价格均等（赫-俄-萨）定理
the Leontief paradox and it’s explanations
里昂惕夫之谜及其解释
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5.2 Assumptions of the Theory（理论的假设）
1. two nations, two commodities （X and Y）, two factors（L and K）
2. both nations use the same technology
3. commodity X is labor intensive, Y is capital intensive
4. constant returns to scale
5. incomplete specialization
6. taste are equal in both nations
7. perfect competition in both commodities and factor markets
8. perfect internal factor mobility, no international factor mobility
9. no transportation costs, tariffs, or other obstructions
10. resources are fully employed
11. international trade is balanced
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5.3 factor intensity, factor abundance, and the shape of the production frontier （要素密集度、要素充裕度和生产可能性曲线的形状）
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5.3A factor intensity
factor intensity :the ratio of labor and capital used in the production of a commodity.
要素密集度:指生产某种产品所投入的两种生产要素的比例。
(K/L)X ：the capital-labor ratio of commodity X,
(K/L)Y ：the capital-labor ratio of commodity Y,
If (K/L)X< (K/L)Y
we say that X is L-intensive ，Y is K-intensive.
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in
in in
in
在A国，商品Y的资本/劳动比率（K/L）为1，商品X的这一比率为1/4。从原点出发的射的斜率反映了这个值。在B国，Y的K/L=4，X的K/L=1。两国Y都是资本密集型，X都是劳动密型。
B国两种产品的资本/劳动比率都高于A国，因为B国资本相对价格（r/w）低。
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5.3B factor abundance (endowments) factor abundance：要素丰裕度也称要素禀赋，是指一国所拥有的两种生产要素的相对比例。
Two ways to define factor abundance：?definition in terms of physical units
实物单位定义法
?definition in terms of relative factor prices 相对要素价格定义法
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Definition in terms of physical units
实物单位定义法
the total amount of capital is TK，the total amount of labor is TL，factor abundance is TK/TL.
factor abundance of nation 1 is (TK/TL)1，
factor abundance of nation 2 is (TK/TL)2，
if (TK/TL)1< (TK/TL)2
we say that nation 1 is labor abundant,
nation 2 is capital abundant.
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Definition in terms of factor prices
要素价格定义法
the price of labor time is the wage rate (w)，the price of capital is the interest rate (r)，factor abundance can be described as r/w.
factor abundance of nation 1 is (r/w)1，
factor abundance of nation 2 is (r/w)2,
if (r/w)1> (r/w)2,
we say that nation 1 is labor abundant,
nation 2 is capital abundant.
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5.4Factor Endowment and the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory（要素禀赋与赫克歇尔-俄林理论）
创立者：
赫克歇尔：瑞典著名经济学家，最早提出了一国的生产
要素拥有状况影响比较优势的观点。
俄林：瑞典著名经济学家，系统提出了要素禀赋理论。
完善者：
萨缪尔森：美国著名经济学家。
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5.4A the Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem
（赫克歇尔-俄林定理）
A nation will export the commodity whose production requires the intensive use of the nation’s relatively abundant and cheap factor and import the commodity whose production requires the intensive use of the nation’s relatively scarce and expensive factor.
In short,the relatively labor-rich nation exports the relatively labor-intensive commodity and imports the relatively capital-intensive commodity.
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5.4A the Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem
（赫克歇尔-俄林定理）
在国际贸易中，一国的比较优势是由其要素丰裕度决定的。一国应生产和出口较密集地使用其较丰裕的生产要素的产品，进口较密集地使用其较稀缺的生产要素的产品。
简而言之，劳动相对丰裕的国家应当出口劳动密集型产品，进口资本密集型产品。
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Question:
普格罗文亚国拥有20个单位的劳动力和3个单位的资本，温特兰德国拥有80个单位的劳动力和7个单位的资本，普国是劳动力丰裕型的吗？普国是资本丰裕型的吗？如果小麦是资本密集型产品，而布匹是劳动密集型产品，根据H-O理论，普国与温国之间的贸易模式是怎样的？
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5.5 Factor-price equalization and income
distribution（要素价格均等与收入分配）
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5.5 A Factor-price equalization theorem
International trade will bring about equalization in the relative and absolute returns to homogeneous factors across nations.
(international trade is a substitute for the international mobility of factors)
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5.5 A Factor-price equalization theorem
自由贸易不仅会使两国商品的相对价格和绝对价格均等化，而且会使同质生产要素的相对价格和绝对价格均等化，以致两国所有的工人都能获得同样的工资率，所有的资本（土地）都能获得同样的利润率（租金），而不管两国的生产要素的供给和需求模式如何。
（国际贸易是国际要素流动的替代品）
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