Where_do_we_go_from_here语篇修辞
Martin Luther King Speech – Where do we go from here
1.
Now, in order to answer the question, "Where do we go from here?" which is our theme, we must first honestly recognize where we are now. When the Constitution（宪法）was written, a strange formula to determine（决定）taxes and representation（代表权）declared（声明）that the Negro was 60 percent of a person. Today another curious formula seems to declare he is 50 percent of a person. Of the good things in life, the Negro has approximately（大概，约）one half those of whites. Of the bad things of life, he has twice those of whites. Thus half of all Negroes live in substandard housing. And Negroes have half the income of whites. When we view the negative（不好的）experiences of life, the Negro has a double share. There are twice as many unemployed. The rate of infant（婴儿）mortality（死亡率）among Negroes is double that of whites and there are twice as many Negroes dying in Vietnam as whites in proportion（按比例）to their size in the population.
Stylistic devices ：
Antithesis
Of the good things in life,the Negro has approximately one half those of whites. Of the bad things of life, he has twice those of whites.
Synecdoche
Today another curious formula seems to declare he is 50 percent of a person. 2.
In other spheres（领域）, the figures are equally alarming（令人震惊）. In elementary schools（小学）, Negroes lag（落后）one to three years behind whites, and their segregated（种族隔离的）schools receive substantially（低于标准的）less money per student than the white schools. One twentieth as many Negroes as whites attend college. Of employed Negroes, 75 percent hold menial jobs（琐碎的，没有技
···
术含量的工作）.
3.
This is where we are. Where do we go from here? First, we must massively（坚决）assert（维护）our dignity and worth. We must stand up amidst a system that still
oppresses（压迫）us and develop an unassailable（不可否认的，不容置疑的）and majestic（崇高的）sense of values. We must no longer be ashamed of being black. The job of arousing（唤醒）manhood within a people that have been taught for so many centuries that they are nobody is not easy.
Stylistic devices
Anaphora
we must massively assert our dignity and worth. We must stand up amidst a system that still oppresses us and develop an unassailable and majestic sense of values.We must no longer be ashamed of being black.
4.
Even semantics（语义学）have conspired（合谋）to make that which is black seem ugly（丑陋的）and degrading（卑劣的）. In Roget's Thesaurus there are 120 synonyms （同义词）for blackness and at least 60 of them are offensive（冒犯的，令人不快的）, as for example, blot（污渍）, soot（煤烟）, grim（讨厌，可憎）, devil（魔鬼）and foul （肮脏的）. And there are some 134 synonyms for whiteness and all are favorable （讨人喜欢的，褒义的）, expressed（表述）in such words as purity（纯洁）, cleanliness （洁净）, chastity（贞洁）and innocence（纯真）. A white lie is better than a black lie. The most degenerate（腐化的，为人不齿的）member of a family is a "black sheep." Ossie Davis has suggested that maybe the English language should be reconstructed（重建，重塑）so that teachers will not be forced to teach the Negro child 60 ways to despise（鄙视，贬低）himself, and thereby perpetuate(使…永久长存) his false sense of inferiority（自卑感）, and the white child 134 ways to adore（崇拜，高视）himself, and thereby perpetuate his false sense of superiority（优越感）. Stylistic devices
Personification
Even semantics have conspired to make that which is black seem ugly and degrading.
Antithesis
1.In Roget's Thesaurus there are 120 synonyms for blackness and at least 60 of them are offensive, as for example, blot, soot, grim, devil and foul. And there are some 134 synonyms for whiteness and all are favorable, expressed in such words as purity, cleanliness, chastity and innocence.
2. so that teachers will not be forced to teach the Negro child 60 ways to despise himself, and thereby perpetuate his false sense of inferiority, and the white child 134 ways to adore himself, and thereby perpetuate his false sense of superiority.
Metonymy
A white lie is better than a black lie.
Metaphor
The most degenerate member of a family is a"black sheep."
5.
The tendency to ignore the Negro's contribution to American life and to strip him of his personhood（人格）, is as old as the earliest history books and as contemporary（当代的，同时代的）as the morning's newspaper. To upset this cultural homicide（谋杀，灭杀）, the Negro must rise up with an affirmation of his own Olympian（崇高的）manhood. Any movement for the Negro's freedom that overlooks（忽视）this necessity is only waiting to be buried（埋葬）. As long as the mind is enslaved（束缚）, the body can never be free. Psychological freedom, a firm sense of self-esteem, is the most powerful weapon against the long night of physical slavery.No Lincolnian Emancipation Proclamation（解放宣言）or Johnsonian Civil Rights Bill can totally bring this kind of freedom. The Negro will only be free when he reaches down to the inner depths of his own being and signs with the pen and ink of assertive（肯定的，自信的）manhood his own Emancipation Proclamation. And, with a spirit straining（努力，尽力）toward true self-esteem（自我尊严感）, the Negro must boldly（大胆的）throw off the manacles （手铐脚镣，枷锁）of self-abnegation（自暴自弃，自我放弃）and say to himself and to the world, "I am somebody. I am a person. I am a man with dignity and honor. I have a rich and noble history. How painful and exploited that history has been. Yes, I was a slave through my foreparents （祖先）and I am not ashamed of that. I'm ashamed of the people who were so sinful（可耻的）to make me a slave." Yes, we must stand up and say, "I'm black and I'm beautiful," and this self-affirmation is the black man's need, made compelling（迫切的）by the white man's crimes against him. ··the first task
stylistic devices
Simile
The tendency to ignore the Negro's contribution to American life and to strip him of his personhood,is as old as the earliest history books and as contemporary as the morning's newspaper.
Personification
Any movement for the Negro's freedom that overlooks this necessity is only waiting to be buried.
Metaphor
1. Psychological freedom, a firm sense of self-esteem, is the most powerful weapon against the long night of physical slavery.
2. The Negro will only be free when he reaches down to the inner depths of his own being and signs with the pen and ink of assertive manhood his own Emancipation Proclamation.
3. And, with a spirit straining toward true self-esteem, the Negro must boldly throw off the manacles of self-abnegation and say to himself and to the world,
Antithesis/Parallelism
I am somebody.I am a person. I am a man with dignity and honor. Transferred Epithet
I have a rich and noble history.
6.
Another basic challenge is to discover how to organize our strength in terms of economic and political power. No one can deny（否认，不承认）that the Negro is in dire（极其严重的）need of this kind of legitimate(合法的) power. Indeed（甚至，其实）, one of the great problems that the Negro confronts is his lack of power. From old plantations of the South to newer ghettos of the North, the Negro has been confined（局限于）to a life of voicelessness and powerlessness. Stripped（剥削）of the right to make decisions concerning his life and destiny（命运，天命）he has been subject（受---支配，影响）to the authoritarian（独裁，专制）and sometimes whimsical（异想天开的，匪夷所思的）decisions of this white power structure. The plantation and ghetto were created by those who had power，both to confine those who had no power and to perpetuate their powerlessness. The problem of
transforming the ghetto, therefore, is a problem of power---confrontation of the forces of power demanding change and the forces of power dedicated（献于---专于---）to the preserving（保护，维持）of the status（身份，地位）quo. Now power properly（正确的，适当的）understood is nothing but the ability to achieve purpose. It is the strength required to bring about social, political and economic change. Walter Reuther defined power one day. He said, "Power is the ability of a labor union like the U.A.W. to make the most powerful corporation in the world, General Motors, say 'Yes' when it wants to say 'No.' That's power."
Stylistic devices
End rhyme
the Negro has been confined to a life of voicelessness and powerlessness.
7.
Now a lot of us are preachers, and all of us have our moral convictions（信仰，信念）and concerns, and so often have problems with power. There is nothing wrong with power if power is used correctly. You see, what happened is that some of our philosophers got off base. And one of the great problems of history is that the concepts of love and power have usually been contrasted as opposites（对立）- polar （极大的）opposites---so that love is identified with a resignation（听任，顺从）of power, and power with a denial （否定，否认）of love.
Stylistic devices
Chiasmus [kai'?zm?s]
love is identified with a resignation of power, and power with a denial of love. 8.
It was this misinterpretation（误解）that caused Nietzsche, who was a philosopher of the will to power, to reject（拒绝）the Christian concept of love（基督教的爱的概念）. It was this same misinterpretation which induced（导致，引起）Christian theologians（基督神学研究者）to reject the Nietzschean philosophy of the will to power in the name of the Christian idea of love. Now, we've got to get this thing right. What is needed is a realization that power without love is reckless（鲁莽的，失控）and abusive（腐败的，滥用）, and love without power is sentimental（感情至上的，柔情，善感）and anemic（无力的，贫乏）. {Power at its best is love implementing（贯彻实施）the demands of justice, and justice at its best is
power correcting everything that stands against love.最佳的权利是实现平等的仁爱，最理想的平等是纠正任何阻碍仁爱实现的权利。} And this is what we must see as we move on. What has happened is that we have had it wrong and confused（混淆）in our own country, and this has led Negro Americans in the past to seek their goals through power devoid of（缺乏）love and conscience（是非观念）.
Stylistic devices
Personification/ antithesis/chiasmus
Power at its best is love implementing the demands of justice, and justice at its best is power correcting everything that stands against love.
9.
This is leading a few extremists（极端分子）today to advocate for Negroes the same destructive(有破坏力的)and conscienceless（没有是非观的）power that they have justly abhorred（憎恨，厌恶）in whites. It is precisely（正好，精确地）this collision （撞击，猛击）of immoral power with powerless morality which constitutes（组成，构成）the major crisis（危机）of our times. ·political power↑
Stylistic devices
Chiasmus
It is precisely this collision of immoral power with powerless morality which constitutes the major crisis of our times.
10.
We must develop a program that will drive the nation to a guaranteed annual income. Now, early in this century this proposal（建议，提议）would have been greeted with ridicule（嘲笑）and denunciation（谴责，职责）, as destructive （破坏，毁坏）of initiative（主动性，自主能力）and responsibility. At that time economic status was considered the measure of the individual's ability and talents（天赋）. And, in the thinking of that day, the absence of worldly goods indicated a want of industrious（勤奋的，勤劳的）habits and moral fiber（道德品质）. We've come a long way in our understanding of human motivation and of the blind（盲目的）operation（运作）of our economic system. Now we realize that dislocations（混乱，紊乱）in the market operations of our economy and the prevalence（流行，盛行）of discrimination（歧视，区别对待）thrust（把---推进）people into idleness（无所事事，懒惰）and bind（束缚）them in constant（一再，经常，永恒）or frequent
unemployment against their will. Today the poor are less often dismissed（解雇，开除）, I hope, from our consciences（从我们的良心上）by being branded（打上烙印的）as inferior or incompetent（无能）. We also know that no matter how dynamically （强盛，有力量）the economy develops and expands, it does not eliminate（消除）all poverty.
Stylistic devices
Alliteration
Today the poor are less often dismissed, I hope, from our consciences by being branded as inferior or incompetent.
11.
The problem indicates（表明）that our emphasis（重点）must be twofold（两倍）. We must create full employment or we must create incomes. People must be made consumers by one method or the other. Once they are placed in this position we need to be concerned that the potential（潜力）of the individual is not wasted. New forms of work that enhance（增强）the social good will have to be devised（设计，发明）for those for whom traditional jobs are not available. In I879 Henry George anticipated（预料，预见）this state（状况，情形）of affairs（事件）when he wrote in Progress（前进，进步）and Poverty:
Stylistic devices
Alliteration
In I879 Henry George anticipated this state of affairs when he wrote in Progress and Poverty
12.
The fact is that the work which improves the condition of mankind（改善人类处境）, the work which extends knowledge（扩展知识）and increases power（增强实力）and enriches literature（丰富文学素养）and elevates thought（提升思想）, is not done to secure a living. It is not the work of slaves driven to their tasks either by the task, by the taskmaster, or by animal (sic) necessity.It is the work of men who somehow find a form of work that brings a security for its own sake and a state of society where want is abolished.
Stylistic devices
Parallelism
It is not the work of slaves driven to their tasks either by the task, by the taskmaster, or by animal (sic) necessity.
13.
Work of this sort could be enormously（巨大的，极大的）increased, and we are likely to find that the problems of housing and education, instead of preceding （之前的）the elimination（消除，废除）of poverty, will themselves be affected if poverty is first abolished. The poor transformed into purchasers will do a great deal on their own to alter（变更，改善）housing decay（腐坏）. Negroes who have a double disability will have a greater effect on discrimination（歧视）when they have the additional weapon of cash to use in their struggle.
14.
Beyond these advantages, a host of （大量，许多）positive（积极的，乐观的）psychological changes inevitably（必然地，不可避免的）will result from widespread （宽的，广的）economic security. The dignity of the individual will flourish（繁荣，兴旺，提高）when the decisions concerning his life are in his own hands, when he has the means to seek self-improvement. Personal conflicts（冲突）among husbands, wives and children will diminish（减少，降低）when the unjust （不公平的）measurement of human worth on the scale of （以---为标准）dollars is eliminated（废除，消除，淘汰）.
Stylistic devices
Metaphor
when the unjust measurement of human worth on the scale of dollars is eliminated
15.
Now our country can do this. John Kenneth Galbraith said that a guaranteed annual income be done for about twenty billion dollars a year. And I say to you today, that if our nation can spend thirty-five billion dollars a year to fight an unjust（不公平的）, evil（邪恶的，有害的）war in Vietnam, and twenty billion dollars to put a man on the moon, it can spend billions of dollars to put God's children on their own two feet right here on earth.
·economic power ↑
to carry out the power by nonviolence↓
16.
Now,let me say briefly that we must reaffirm our commitment（承诺，诺言）nonviolence. I want to stress（强调）this. The futility （无效，无用，无益）of violence in the struggle for racial（人种的，种族的）justice has been tragically（悲剧的，可悲的）etched（铭刻在---）in all the recent Negro riots. Yesterday, I tried to analyze the riots and deal with their causes.Today I want to give the other side. There is certainly something painfully sad about a riot. One sees screaming（尖叫的）youngsters and angry adults fighting hopelessly and aimlessly（没有目的的）against impossible odds. And deep down within them, you can even see a desire（渴望，欲望）for self-destruction（自我毁灭）, a kind of suicidal（自杀）longing（渴望）.
Stylistic devices
Synecdoche
Yesterday, I tried to analyze the riots and deal with their causes.Today I want to give the other side.
17.
Occasionally Negroes contend（声称）that the 1965 Watts riot（暴动，暴乱）and the other riots in various cities represented（象征，表现）effective civil rights action. But those who express（表露，表达）this view always end up with stumbling （支支吾吾，结结巴巴）words when asked what concrete（具体的，确定的）gains have been won as a result. At best, the riots have produced a little additional antipoverty（救济金）money allotted（拨给，分配）by frightened government officials, and a few water-sprinklers（洒水器）to cool the children of the ghettos （聚居区）. It is something like improving the food in the prison（监狱）while the people remain securely（牢牢的）incarcerated（监禁，禁闭）behind bars. Nowhere have the riots won any concrete improvement such as have the organized protest（抗议，反对）demonstrations（示威游行）. When one tries to pin down（确切说明）advocates of violence as to what acts would be effective, the answers are blatantly（公然的，明显的）illogical（不合理）. Sometimes they talk of overthrowing（推翻，颠覆）racist（种族主义）state and local governments and they talk about guerrilla warfare（游击战）. They fail to see that no internal（国内的）revolution（革命）has ever succeeded in overthrowing a government by violence unless the government had already lost the allegiance（国民的忠诚，民心）and
effective control of its armed forces. Anyone in his right mind knows that this will not happen in the United States. In a violent racial situation, the power structure has the local police, the state troopers（士兵）, the National Guard（国防）and, finally, the Army to call on---all of which are predominantly （最主要的，占主导地位的）white. Furthermore, few if any violent revolutions have been successful unless the violent minority（少数）had the sympathy and support of the nonresistant（没有抵抗的）majority.Castro may have had only a few Cubans actually fighting with him up in the hills, but he could never have overthrown（推翻）the Batista regime（政权）unless the sympathy of the vast majority of Cuban people.
Stylistic devices
Transferred Epithet
But those who express this view always end up with stumbling words when asked what concrete gains have been won as a result.
Simile
It is something like improving the food in the prison while the people remain securely incarcerated behind bars.
18.
It is perfectly clear that a violent revolution（革命）on the part of American blacks would find no sympathy（同情，赞同）and support from the white population and very little from the majority（大多数）of the Negroes themselves. This is no time for romantic illusions（幻想）and empty philosophical（达观的，哲学的）debates （讨论）about freedom. This is a time for action. What is needed is a strategy （战略）for change, a tactical program（战略方案）that will bring the Negro into the mainstream（主流）of American life as quickly as possible. So far, this has only been offered by the nonviolent movement. Without recognizing this we will end up with solutions that don't solve, answers that don't answer and explanations that don't explain.
Stylistic devices
Antithesis
This is no time for romantic illusions and empty philosophical debates about freedom. This is a time for action.
Paradox
Without recognizing this we will end up with solutions that don't solve, answers that don't answer and explanations that don't explain.
19.
And so I say to you today that I still stand by nonviolence.And I am still convinced（坚信，确信）that it is the most potent（强有力的）weapon（武器）available to the Negro in his struggle（战争）for justice in this country. And the other thing is that I am concerned about a better world. I'm concerned about justice.I'm concerned about brotherhood.I'm concerned about truth. And when one is concerned about these, he can never advocate（主张，提倡）violence. For through violence you may murder a murderer but you can't murder murder. Through violence you may murder a liar but you can't establish truth. Through violence you may murder a hater, but you can't murder hate. Darkness cannot put out darkness. Only light can do that.
Stylistic devices
Metaphor
And I am still convinced that it is the most potent weapon available to the Negro in his struggle for justice in this country.
Anaphora/ Parallelism
And the other thing is that I am concerned about a better world.I'm concerned about justice. I'm concerned about brotherhood. I'm concerned about truth. Alliteration/end rhyme
For through violence you may murder a murderer but you can't murder murder. Antithesis
For through violence you may murder a murderer but you can't murder murder. Through violence you may murder a liar but you can't establish truth.Through violence you may murder a hater,but you can't murder hate.
20.
And I say to you, I have also decided to stick to（坚持）love. For I know that love is ultimately（根本上，最终）the only answer to mankind's problems. And I'm going to talk about it everywhere I go. I know it isn't popular to talk about it in some circles（圈子）today. I'm not talking about emotional（动人的，感人的）bosh（废话）
when I talk about love, I'm talking about a strong, demanding（有需求的，费时的，艰辛的）love. And I have seen too much hate. I've seen too much hate on the faces of sheriffs（治安官）in the South. I've seen hate on the faces of too many Klansmen and too many White Citizens Councilors（议员，委员）in the South to want to hate myself, because every time I see it, I know that it does something to their faces and their personalities and I say to myself that hate is too great a burden（责任，担子）to bear（承担）. I have decided to love. If you are seeking the highest good, I think you can find it through love. And the beautiful thing is that we are moving against wrong when we do it, because John was right, God is love. He who hates does not know God, but he who has love has the key that unlocks the door to the meaning of ultimate（最终的，最好的）reality. ··the second task
Stylistic devices
Metaphor
and I say to myself that hate is too great a burden to bear
21.
I want to say to you as I move to my conclusion, as we talk about "Where do we go from here," that we honestly face the fact that the Movement must address itself to（着手解决）the question of restructuring（重组，重建）the whole of American society. There are forty million poor people here. And one day we must ask the question, "Why are there forty million poor people in America?" And when you begin to ask that question, you are raising questions about the economic system, about a broader（更大范围的，更宽的）distribution（分配）of wealth（财富）. When you ask that question, you begin to question the capitalistic（资本的）economy. And I'm simply saying that more and more, w e've got to begin to ask questions about the whole society. We are called upon to help the discouraged beggars（乞丐）in life's market place. But one day we must come to see that an edifice（大的东西）which produces beggars needs restructuring（重建）. It means that questions must be raised. You see, my friends, when you deal with this, you begin to ask the question, "Who owns the oil?" You begin to ask the question, "Who owns the iron ore（铁矿）?" You begin to ask the question, "Why is it that people have to pay water bills in a world that is two thirds water?" These are questions that must be asked.
Stylistic devices
Personification
we honestly face the fact that the Movement must address itself to the question of restructuring the whole of American society
Metaphor
But one day we must come to see that an edifice（大的东西）which produces beggars needs restructuring.
22.
Now, when I say question the whole society, it means ultimately（从根本上）coming to see that the problem of racism（种族主义，种族歧视）, the problem of economic exploitation, and the problem of war are all tied together. These are the triple evils that are interrelated（相互联系）.
Stylistic devices
Parallelism
when I say question the whole society, it means ultimately coming to see that the problem of racism, the problem of economic exploitation, and the problem of war are all tied together
23.
If you will let me be a preacher just a little bit - One night, a juror（陪审员）came to Jesus and he wanted to know what he could do to be saved. Jesus didn't get bogged down in(陷入僵局中) the kind of isolated（孤立的，孤单的，单一的）approach （方式，道路）of what he shouldn't do. Jesus didn't say, "Now Nicodemus, you must stop lying." HE didn't say, "Nicodemus, you must stop cheating（欺骗）if you are doing that." He didn't say, "Nicodemus, you must not commit （致力于，犯---错）adultery（通奸）." He didn't say, "Nicodemus, now you must stop drinking liquor （烈酒）if you are doing that excessively（过分地，极端地，非常）." He said something altogether different, because Jesus realized something basic - that if a man will lie, he will steal. And if a man will steal, he will kill. So instead of just getting bogged down in one thing, Jesus looked at him and said, "Nicodemus, you must be born again."
Stylistic devices
Alliteration/end rhyme
that if a man will lie, he will steal. And if a man will steal, he will kill
24.
He said, in other words, "Your whole structure must be changed." A nation that will keep people in slavery for 244 years will "thingify" them - make them things. Therefore they will exploit（剥削）them, and poor people generally, economically. And a nation that will exploit economically will have to have foreign investments and everything else, and will have to use its military（军事的，军队的）might（强大力量，威信）to protect them. All of these problems are tied together. What I am saying today is that we must go from this convention（惯例，习俗，常规）and say, "America, you must be born again!"
Conclusion
25.
So, I conclude by saying again today that we have a task and let us go out with a "divine(上帝的,神的)dissatisfaction." Let us be dissatisfied until America will no longer have a high blood pressure of creeds（教条）and an anemia（贫血症）of deeds （行动）.Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic（悲惨的，不幸的）walls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty and despair shall be crushed（压碎，碾碎）by the battering（猛击，打击）rams （破城锤）of the forces of justice. Let us be dissatisfied until those that live on the outskirts（郊区，边界）of hope are brought into the metropolis （大都市）of daily security. Let us be dissatisfied until slums（贫民窟）are cast into（把- -投入）the junk（废旧的）heaps（杂物堆）of history, and every family is living in a decent（像样的）sanitary（卫生的）home. Let us be dissatisfied until the dark yesterdays of segregated（种族隔离的）schools will be transformed into bright tomorrows of quality（优质的）, integrated（平等的，取消隔离的）education. Let us be dissatisfied until integration（取消隔离）is not seen as a problem but as an opportunity to participate（参与）in the beauty of diversity（多样性）. Let us be dissatisfied until men and women, however black they may be, will be judged on the basis of the content of their character（性格）and not on the basis of the color of their skin. Let us be dissatisfied. Let us be dissatisfied until every state（州，邦）capitol（议会大厦）houses a governor who will do justly, who will love mercy（仁慈）and who will walk humbly（谦卑的，谦逊的）with his God. Let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall, justice will roll down（倾盆而下）like waters and righteousness（正直）like a mighty（强大的）stream. Let us be dissatisfied until
that day when the lion（狮子）and the lamb（羔羊）shall lie down together. and every man will sit under his own vine（葡萄）and fig（无花果）tree and none shall be afraid. Let us be dissatisfied. And men will recognize that out of one blood God made all men to dwell（居住，栖息）upon the face of the earth. Let us be dissatisfied until that day when nobody will shout "White Power!" - when nobody will shout "Black Power!" - but everybody will talk about God's power and human power. Stylistic devices
Personification
1. Let us be dissatisfied until America will no longer have a high blood pressure of creeds and an anemia of deeds.
a high blood pressure of creeds and an anemia of deeds.---End rhyme Metaphor
1. Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls that separate{--- the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty and despai r---} shall be crushed by the battering rams of the forces of justice.
tragic walls--- Transferred Epithet
{--- the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty and despair---} --- Antithesis
2. Let us be dissatisfied until those that live on the outskirts of hope are brought into the metropolis of daily security.
3. Let us be dissatisfied until slums are cast into the junk heaps of history, and every family is living in a decent sanitary home.
4. Let us be dissatisfied until the dark yesterdays of segregated schools will be transformed into bright tomorrows of quality, integrated education.
{---the dark yesterdays of--- into bright tomorrows of---} ---Synecdoche {segregated schools will be transformed into --- quality, integrated education.} ---Antithesis
5. Let us be dissatisfied until integration is not seen as a problem but as an opportunity to participate in the beauty of diversity.
6. Let us be dissatisfied until that day when the lion and the lamb shall lie down together. and every man will sit under his own vine and fig tree and none shall be afraid.
that day when the lion and the lamb shall lie down together.
the lion and the lamb--- Alliteration
Antithesis
Let us be dissatisfied until men and women, however black they may be, will be judged on the basis of the content of their character and not on the basis of the color of their skin.
Parallelism
Let us be dissatisfied until every state capitol houses a governor who will do justly,who will love mercy and who will walk humbly with his God.
state capitol --- Synecdoche
Simile
Let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall, justice will roll down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.
every city hall --- synecdoche
{Let us be dissatisfied --- Let us be dissatisfied ---} ---Parallelism/Antithesis
26.
I must confess（承认）, my friends, the road ahead will not always be smooth（平稳的，顺畅的，一帆风顺的）. There will still be rocky places（布满岩石的，崎岖的）of frustration（沮丧，失意）and meandering points（蜿蜒曲折）of bewilderment（迷茫，迷惑，迷路）. There will be inevitable（必然的，不可避免的）setbacks（挫折）here and there. There will be those moments when the buoyancy（上升倾向，乐观）of hope will be transformed into the fatigue（疲劳）of despair(绝望). Our dreams will sometimes be shattered（破碎，破灭）and our ethereal （飘渺的）hopes blasted（飞散，灰飞烟灭）. We may again with tear-drenched eyes（泪眼婆娑的）have to stand before the bier（棺材，灵柩）of some courageous（勇敢的，有胆量的）civil-rights worker whose life will be snuffed（熄灭，掐灭）out by the dastardly（卑怯地，懦夫）acts of bloodthirsty(嗜血的) mobs（暴徒）. Difficult and painful as it is, we must walk on in the days ahead with an audacious（大胆的）faith in the future. And as we continue our charted course（指引航向）, we may gain consolation（安慰，慰藉）in the words so nobly（高贵的）left by that great black bard who was also a great freedom fighter of yesterday, James Weldon Johnson:
Stony（多石的）the road we trod（踩，踏）, 踏着崎岖的石路
Bitter（使—变苦，痛苦的）the chastening（惩罚，惩戒）rod（杆，棒）领悟着惩戒木的苦涩
Felt in the days 感受到昔日
When hope unborn had died. 夭折的希望
Yet with a steady beat, 依然坚定的步伐
Have not our weary（疲惫的）feet 没有阻碍我们疲惫的双脚
Come to the place 踏上了
For which our fathers sighed（叹息，叹气）? 我们祖先悲叹的土地
We have come over the way 我们已经走上
That with tears hath been watered. 泪水浸湿的道路
We have come treading our paths（小径，小路）我们已经踏上
Through the blood of the slaughtered（屠宰）, 洒满先人鲜血的小径
Out from the gloomy（令人沮丧的）past, 走出阴郁的过去
Till now we stand at last 我们终于站在
Where the bright gleam（发出柔和的光）闪烁着光芒
Of our bright star is cast.（曙光）耀眼的亮星下
Stylistic devices
Metaphor
There will still be rocky places of frustration and meandering points of bewilderment.
Antithesis
There will be those moments when the buoyancy of hope will be transformed into the fatigue of despair.
Synecdoche
in the words so nobly left by that great black bard who was also a great freedom fighter of yesterday, James Weldon Johnson:
27.
Let this affirmation be our ringing cry（集结号，响亮的口号）.It will give us the courage to face the uncertainties of the future. It will give our tired feet new strength as we continue {our forward（向前）stride（大步行走）toward the city of freedom. 大踏步迈向自由之城}When our days become dreary（令人沮丧的）with low hovering（徘徊）clouds of despair（绝望）, and when our nights become darker than a thousand midnights, let us remember that there is a creative force in this
universe（宇宙）, working to pull down the gigantic（巨大的）mountains of evil（不幸，邪恶）, a power that is able to make a way out of no way and transform dark yesterdays into bright tomorrows. Let us realize{the arc（弧线）of the moral universe is long but it bends（弯身，俯身，屈服）toward justice.道德宇宙的苍穹无论有多长，它最终会指向正义。}
Stylistic devices
Metaphor
1. When our days become dreary with low hovering clouds of despair, and when our nights become darker than a thousand midnights,
{our nights become darker than a thousand midnights,}--- Hyperbole
2. let us remember that there is a creative force in this universe, working to pull down the gigantic mountains of evil,
3. Let us realize the arc of the moral universe is long but it bends toward justice.
Paradox
a power that is able to make a way out of no way and transform dark yesterdays into bright tomorrows.
28.
Let us realize that William Cullen Bryant is right: "{Truth crushed(压坏，压碎)to earth will rise again."被践踏的真理总将重现。} Let us go out realizing that the Bible is right: "Be not deceived（欺骗）, God is not mocked（嘲笑，挖苦）. {Whatsoever a man soweth（播种）, that shall he also reap（收获）."种瓜得瓜种豆得豆。} This is our hope for the future, and with this faith（信念，信心）we will be able to sing in some not too distant（遥远的）tomorrow with a cosmic（无穷尽的苍穹）past tense （过去式）, "We have overcome, we have overcome, deep in my heart, I did believe we would overcome."