外文文献
卷烟制丝工艺质量控制
制丝的工艺任务是按产品设计的要求，将不同等级、品种的烟叶（烟梗）和掺配物组成的叶组配方，通过相应的加工工序，利用蒸汽、水和气的综合作用，实现烟片（烟梗）的形状、尺寸、成分和性质的不断变化，生产出符合设计要求的卷烟产品。制丝是卷烟加工过程的一个重要环节，其加工水平的高低直接影响到卷烟内在质量的稳定与提高，对保证卷烟风格的稳定性以及在生产过程中的降耗都起到至关重要的作用。
一、制丝过程可控制的主要工艺参数
（1）松片回潮：滚筒式回潮机对出口物料的水分和温度进行开环控制，要保证出口物料的水分和温度的稳定，需要保证进滚筒物料的流量、蒸汽和水压的稳定，同时要考虑物料的本身的品质（水分、吸水性等）。本工序的指标控制采用开环控制，需要控制过程加水量、蒸汽施加量、滚筒筒体转速、热风温度、热风风量、排潮量等参数。
（2）润叶加料：采用压缩空气和蒸汽作为加料的动力，利用调节阀、流量计进行加料量的闭环控制，加料控制精度小于1.0%，可设定和修改进行PID调节的参数，主要控制的参数有来料流量、空压和温度。
（3）烘丝控制：采用蒸汽作为叶丝干燥的动力，利用调节阀、水分仪，对温度、水分进行闭环控制，水分控制精度±0.5%以内，可设定和修改进行PID调节的参数。主要控制的参数有来料流量、筒体转速、筒体温度、蒸汽压力、热风温度、热风风量、排潮量等。
（4）超热气流干燥：采用热风作为叶丝干燥的动力。利用调节阀、水分仪、温度仪，对温度、水分进行闭环控制，水分控制精度±0.8%以内，可设定和修改进行PID 调节的参数。主要控制的参数有来料流量、热风温度、热风风量、来料水分等。
（5）加香：采用空压作为烟丝加香的动力。利用调节阀、流量计进行加香量的闭环控制，加香控制精度小于0.5%，可设定和修改进行PID调节的参数。主要控制的参数有来料流量、空压和加香比例等。
二、关键工序的控制模式分析
1、松片回潮工序
1）影响的控制参数及因素主要是前工序因素：来料的流量大小、流量均匀性、
松散性（物料状况）、来料水分、原料吸湿性、吸热特性等。
2）工序控制参数：筒体转数、筒体角度、热风风量、风温、风湿、排潮量、加水量及水汽混合比例等。
3）评价工序质量的主要指标有：感官质量、松散率、水分、温度。
4）主要影响感官质量的因素是直接因素：蒸汽量与施加形式(强度)；间接因素：物料流量、温度、水分。
5）改进方向：稳定来料的流量以及保持物料状态的均匀性；增加前端水分仪参与过程水分控制；对影响感官质量的蒸汽量、加水量、热风温度、排潮量实施量的控制。
2、烟片加料工序控制系统分析
加料工序的控制主要对加料精度、加料热风温度的控制。加料系统的加料比例控制系统如图1所示，热风温度控制系统如图2所示。
1）影响的控制参数及因素主要是前工序因素：来料的流量大小、流量均匀性、松散性（物料状况）。
2）工序控制参数：筒体转数、筒体角度、热风风量、风温、排潮量、加料比例等。
3）评价工序质量的主要指标有：感官质量、加料精度、水分、温度。
4）主要影响感官质量的因素是直接因素：蒸汽量与施加形式(强度) 、加料系统的稳定性；间接因素：物料流量、温度、水分。
5）改进方向：稳定来料的流量及物料状态的均匀性；对影响感官质量的蒸汽量、热风温度实施量的控制。
3、烘丝机控制系统分析
叶丝干燥主要通过烘丝机筒壁温度、热风温度和排潮量来实现叶丝水分的变化。烘丝机筒壁温度是叶丝干燥的主体热源，对卷烟的感官质量影响程度最大，同时筒壁温度作为叶丝干燥的控制因素，存在系统热惯性大，调节周期长，对干燥后控制指标（叶丝水分）调节周期缓慢，滞后性大，易造成筒壁温度的反复调整，引起物料出口水分大幅度波动，回复周期长，对卷烟的感官质量影响明显，因而筒壁温度不宜作为反馈控制变量。如固定烘丝机筒壁温度，选用热风温度或排潮量作为控制变量，从原理分析，热风温度一般在100℃左右，能快速带走物料中的水分。通过排潮量调节滚筒内环境温湿度，达到控制物料水分的目的。烘丝机筒壁温度一般在140℃左右，物
料进入滚筒后，接触筒壁的物料会瞬时干燥，物料在搅拌过程中，滚筒内的环境温湿度起到平衡物料水分的作用。现行烘丝干燥系统控制系统如图3所示，排潮风门及热风控制系统如图4所示。
1）影响的控制参数及因素是前工序因素：来料的流量大小、流量均匀性、来料水分、温度。
2）工序控制参数：筒体转数、筒体角度、热风风量、风温、排潮量、滚筒筒壁温度等。
3）评价工序质量的主要指标有：感官质量、水分、温度。
4）主要影响感官质量的因素是直接因素：滚筒筒壁温度；间接因素：物料流量、温度、水分。
5）改进方向：对影响感官质量的滚筒筒壁温度定量控制，对热风温度或排潮量实施自动控制。
4、加香系统分析
由于烟丝在加香前，烟丝的温度比较低、脆性大，抗造碎能力不强，如增加喂料机控制烟丝流量，势必造成烟丝的消耗大幅度增加。所以，现行的加香工序前没有设置烟丝流量控制，势必造成烟丝流量波动大。由于加香系统采用比例跟踪控制模式，瞬时加香的流量是以烟丝流量为基准流量，基准流量（烟丝流量）的波动直接影响到加香精度。加香系统控制系统如图5所示。
1）影响的控制参数及因素是前工序因素：来料的流量大小、流量均匀性。
2）工序控制参数：筒体转数、筒体角度、空气压力、加香比例等。
3）评价工序质量的主要指标有：感官质量、加香精度。
4）主要影响感官质量的因素是直接因素：压缩空气压力、加香系统的稳定性；间接因素：物料流量、加香比例。
5）改进方向：稳定来料的流量；控制加香精度。
三、目前制丝过程可以进一步提高的方面
1、部分工序流量稳定性不足。流量稳定是保证制丝产品质量稳定的一个基本条件，流量的稳定是产品质量稳定的前提。由于控制调节系统具有滞后性，流量的波动直接造成相应工艺指标的波动，稳定流量是制丝线必须解决的问题。流量稳定包括加工物料的流量和技术指标（水、蒸汽、空压气等）的稳定。如烟松散工序，一方面是切片系统不稳定，另一方面是原料包件的不规范，给控制流量的稳定造成困难。
2、工艺参数的合适性有待提高。随着工艺技术的发展以及特色工艺技术的需求，工艺控制由结果控制向过程控制转变，过程控制主要对过程工艺参数的控制。现行的工艺参数部分不能完全适应产品质量稳定的需求，工艺技术部门的制定工艺参数范围比较宽，现场工艺可以在工艺技术部门的制定工艺参数范围内进行细化。如根据叶片贮存的时间，结合车间的环境温湿度的实际情况，在不违背工艺技术标准的前提下，适当调整前工序的质量指标，可为下道工序提供质量的保证。
3、执行工艺指标的严肃性。按要求执行工艺指标的前提是工艺指标必须符合生产实际，工艺指标要符合实际，要求工艺部门及时根据生产实际进行综合调整，这样可保证操作人员操作的规范性，避免生产过程工序参数无序的调整。
4、加强操作的规范性和统一性。每个班次每个操作人员的操作习惯和操作方式不尽相同，给产品批次之间质量的稳定带来隐患，由于操作习惯和操作方式的差异，必然导致过程控制指标的差异，制丝线很多质量问题不能直观的表现出来，从细节上加以控制，有利于产品质量的稳定。
5、加强工艺技术和设备的研究。设备是保证工艺质量的基础，设备的性能直接影响到产品的质量。随着时间的变化，设备的性能随之变化，如何保证设备性能发生变化的情况下，及时调整工艺技术参数，达到设备与工艺的完美的结合？首先，设备维修人员与工艺技术人员从观念上要有认同，认识到设备对工艺的影响以及对质量的影响。
Cigarette process quality control
Technological tasks silk is by product design requirements, different grades of recipe leaf varieties of tobacco (stem) and blending composed by corresponding processing steps, the use of steam, water and gas combined role in achieving smoke piece (stem) of changing the shape, size, composition and properties of production to meet the design requirements of cigarette products. Silk cigarette is an important part of the process, which directly affects the level of processing to cigarette inherent quality and enhance the stability, to ensure the stability of the cigarette style and consumption in the production process have played a crucial role .
First, the main technical parameters silk process can be controlled
(1) loose piece resurgence: the resurgence of a drum machine to moisture and temperature at the outlet of material open loop control, to ensure stable export material moisture and temperature, the need to ensure that flow into the cylinder material, steam and water pressure is stable, at the same time to consider the quality of the material itself (moisture, water absorption, etc.). Indicators of this process is controlled by open-loop control, the amount of water necessary to control the process, the amount applied, the drum cylinder speed, air temperature of hot air volume, exhaust steam parameters such as tidal volume.
(2) Runye feed: use of compressed air and steam as the primary control power feed, the use of regulating valves, flow meters for closed loop control feeding amount of feeding control accuracy of less than 1.0%, can set and modify the parameters of PID regulation, The parameters are the incoming flow, air pressure and temperature.
(3) Drying control: the use of steam as a power cut tobacco drying, by adjusting valve, water meter, temperature, moisture content in the closed-loop control, moisture control accuracy of ±0.5%, can set and modify PID regulation parameters. The main control parameters are the incoming flow, cylinder speed, barrel temperature, vapor pressure, hot temperature, hot wind, tidal discharge amount.
(4) The super-hot air drying: using hot air as the drying of silk leaves power. By
adjusting valve, water meter, temperature meter, temperature, moisture content in the closed-loop control, moisture control accuracy of ±0.8%, can set and modify PID regulation parameters. The main control parameters are the incoming flow, hot air temperature, the amount of hot air, incoming water and the like.
(5) flavoring: using compressed air as the smoke of incense filament power. By adjusting valves, flow meters for closed-loop control of the amount of flavoring, perfuming control accuracy of less than 0.5%, you can set and modify PID regulation parameters. The main control parameters are incoming traffic, air and perfuming proportion.
Second, analysis of key process control mode
1. loose piece resurgence step
1) Control parameters and factors affecting mainly the first step of factors: the size of the incoming flow, flow uniformity, loose (material condition), the incoming water, raw material moisture, heat characteristics.
2) process control parameters: cylinder revolutions, cylinder angle, hot air flow, air temperature, rheumatism, Pai tidal volume, add water and water vapor mixing ratio and so on.
3) The main indicators of the quality of the evaluation process are: sensory quality, loose rate, moisture, temperature.
Factor 4) mainly affects the sensory quality of the direct factors: the amount of steam applied form (strength); indirect factors: material flow, temperature and moisture.
5) the direction of improvement: a stable flow of incoming material and maintaining the uniformity of the state; to increase participation in the front-end moisture meter moisture control process; the impact on the sensory quality of the steam, add water, hot air temperature, moisture exhaust amount implement volume control.
2, tobacco sheet feeding process control system analysis
To control the feeding process of feeding mainly precision, control the feed air temperature. , The hot air temperature control system shown in Figure 2 dosing systems feeding proportional control system shown in Figure 1.
1) Control parameters and factors affecting mainly the first step of factors: the size of the incoming flow, flow uniformity, loose (material condition).
2) process control parameters: cylinder revolutions, cylinder angle, hot air flow, air temperature, exhaust tidal volume, feeding proportion.
3) The main indicators of the quality of the evaluation process are: sensory quality, precision feeding, moisture, temperature.
Factor 4) mainly affects the sensory quality of the direct factors: the amount of steam applied form (strength), stable feed system; indirect factors: material flow, temperature and moisture.
5) the direction of improvement: a stable flow rate and uniformity of incoming material state; on the organoleptic quality of steam, hot air temperature to implement volume control.
3, Drying Machine Control System
Cut tobacco drying achieved primarily through changes in leaf water Drying wire barrel wall temperature, the hot air temperature and discharge tidal volume. Drying cylinder wall temperature is a leaf silk dry body heat, cigarette maximum sensory quality impact, while the cylinder wall temperature as cut tobacco drying control factors, there is a system thermal inertia, long adjustment period, after drying control targets (leaf silk moisture) regulating cycle slow, hysteresis, it could easily lead to repeatedly adjust the temperature of the cylinder wall, causing the material outlet moisture fluctuations, long response period, the impact of cigarette sensory quality significantly, so the cylinder wall temperature should not be used as a feedback control variable. Such as fixed Drying barrel wall temperature, use hot air temperature or moisture exhaust volume as the control variable, from the principle of the analysis, the hot air temperature is generally about 100 ℃, can quickly take away material in the water. V olume control temperature and humidity inside the drum through the discharge tide, to control material moisture purposes. Drying cylinder wall temperature is generally about 140 ℃, after the material into the drum, the contact cylinder wall material will be instantaneous drying, the material in the mixing process, the drum temperature and humidity play a role in balancing the material
moisture. Drying existing drying system control system shown in Figure 3, moisture exhaust damper and hot air control system shown in Figure 4.
1) Control parameters and factors is the former process factors: the size of the incoming flow, flow uniformity, the incoming water temperature.
2) process control parameters: cylinder revolutions, cylinder angle, hot air flow, air temperature, exhaust tidal volume, roll the cylinder wall temperature.
3) The main indicators of the quality of the evaluation process are: sensory quality, moisture, temperature.
Factor 4) mainly affects the sensory quality is a direct factor: the drum cylinder wall temperature; indirect factors: material flow, temperature and moisture.
5) the direction of improvement: on organoleptic quality of the drum cylinder wall temperature of quantitative control, the amount of hot air temperature or moisture exhaust implement automatic control.
4. Flavoring System Analysis
Since flavored tobacco in front, tobacco temperature is relatively low, brittle, making anti-crushing capacity is not strong, such as increasing tobacco feeder traffic control, will inevitably result in a significant increase in tobacco consumption. Therefore, the first step of the existing flavored tobacco flow control is not set, it will inevitably cause the tobacco flow fluctuations. Since the flavoring system with proportional tracking control mode, the instantaneous flow rate based flavored tobacco traffic-based traffic flow volatility benchmark (tobacco flow) directly affects the perfuming accuracy. Flavoring system control system shown in Figure 5.
1) Control parameters and factors is the former process factors: the size of the incoming flow, flow uniformity.
2) process control parameters: cylinder revolutions, cylinder angle, air pressure, perfuming proportion.
3) The main indicators of the quality of the evaluation process are: sensory quality, flavored accuracy.
Factor 4) mainly affects the sensory quality is a direct factor: air pressure, increase the stability of incense systems; indirect factors: material flow, perfuming proportion.
5) Improving Direction: stable incoming traffic; perfuming precision control.
Third, the present process can be further improved silk aspects
1, part of the process flow insufficient stability. Flow stability is to ensure stable product quality silk as a basic condition, the steady flow rate is stable quality of products. Since the control and regulation systems with fluctuating lag, a direct result of fluctuations in the flow of the corresponding process indicators, steady flow rate is made filaments must be addressed. Including processing materials flow steady flow and technical indicators (water, steam, compressed air, gas and other) stable. Smoke loose step, one is sliced system instability, on the other hand is not standardized raw material of the package, to control the flow of steady difficult.
2, the appropriateness of the process parameters to be improved. With the demand for technology development and the characteristics of technology, process control from the results of the control to change the process control, process control and main control of process parameters. The current portion of the process parameters can not fully meet the needs of product quality and stability, the development of the process parameters technology sector is wide, site process can be refined in the development of process parameters technology sector. The blade as storage time, combined with the actual situation of temperature and humidity workshop, without violating the premise of technology standards, appropriate adjustments before the process quality indicators, can provide quality assurance for the next process.
3, the implementation process indicators of seriousness. Required the implementation process indicators on the premise that the process indicators must comply with the actual production process indicators to meet the actual requirements and production departments in a timely manner in accordance with the actual conduct of a comprehensive adjustment of production, so that the operator can ensure normative operation, production process to avoid disorderly process parameters adjustment.
4, strengthening the normative and unity operations. Each shift operating habits and
modes of operation for each operator vary between product batches for quality and stability of hidden dangers, due to differences in operating practices and modes of operation, will inevitably lead to differences in process control targets, made a lot of silk quality problem can not be visually manifested, being controlled from the details, there is conducive to the stability of product quality.
5, strengthen the research process technology and equipment. Equipment is to ensure that the process on the basis of quality, equipment performance directly affects the quality of the product. Over time, the performance of the device along with the change, how to ensure that the case of equipment performance changes, timely adjustment of technical parameters to achieve the perfect combination of equipment and technology? First, the equipment maintenance personnel and technology staff from the concept to have identity, awareness of the impact on the process equipment and the impact on quality. Secondly, to strengthen the exchange and discussion of technology and equipment to ensure equipment performance indicators to meet the process requirements, and process indicators developed equipment to comply with the status quo
交通信号智能控制系统外文文献及翻译
Agent controlled traffic lights Author：Danko A. Roozemond，Jan L.H. Rogier Provenance：Delft University of Technology Introduction The quality of (urban) traffic control systems is determined by the match between the control schema and the actual traffic patterns. If traffic patterns change, what they usually do, the effectiveness is determined by the way in which the system adapts to these changes. When this ability to adapt becomes an integral part of the traffic control unit it can react better to changes in traffic conditions. Adjusting a traffic control unit is a costly and timely affair if it involves human attention. The hypothesis is that it might offer additional benefit using self-evaluating and self-adjusting traffic control systems. There is already a market for an urban traffic control system that is able to react if the environment changes;the so called adaptive systems. "Real" adaptive systems will need pro-active calculated traffic information and cycle plans- based on these calculated traffic conditions- to be updated frequently. Our research of the usability of agent technology within traffic control can be split into two parts. First there is a theoretical part integrating agent technology and traffic control. The final stage of this research focuses on practical issues like implementation and performance. Here we present the concepts of agent technology applied to dynamic traffic control. Currently we are designing a layered model of an agent based urban traffic control system. We will elaborate on that in the last chapters. Adaptive urban traffic control Adaptive signal control systems must have a capability to optimise the traffic flow by adjusting the traffic signals based on current traffic. All used traffic signal control methods are based on feed-back algorithms using traffic demand data -varying from years to a couple of minutes - in the past. Current adaptive systems often operate on the basis of adaptive green phases and flexible co-ordination in (sub)networks based on measured traffic conditions (e.g., UTOPIA-spot,SCOOT). These methods are still not optimal where traffic demand changes rapidly within a short time interval. The basic premise is that existing signal plan generation tools make rational decisions about signal plans under varying conditions; but almost none of the current available tools behave pro-actively or have meta-rules that may change behaviour of the controller incorporated into the system. The next logical step for traffic control is the inclusion of these meta-rules and pro active and goal-oriented behaviour. The key aspects of improved control, for which contributions from artificial intelligence and artificial intelligent agents can be expected, include the capability of dealing with conflicting objectives; the capability of making pro-active decisions on the basis of temporal analysis; the ability of managing, learning, self adjusting and responding to non-recurrent and unexpected events (Ambrosino et al.., 1994).
国际营销英文文献
International private enterprises external constraints and the Government Service Innovation Abstract: In the opening to the outside world situation growing, private enterprises can not be separated from the internationalization of the rational power of the Government. This paper analyzes the internationalization of private enterprises of the external constraints, a private enterprise internationalization of innovation need to government services. Keywords: private enterprises of the external factors of international service innovation With the world economy, increasing globalization, China has become the world's fourth-largest economy, including private enterprises in economic development by increasing the role. Private enterprises are faced with not only the competitiveness of domestic firms and foreign multinational companies are faced with challenges. Therefore, expanding the opening up of the situation, the private enterprises to develop and grow, not only to make use of domestic markets and resources, but also going out to implement the strategy and the internationalization of private enterprises, in a broader competitive environment to meet the challenge. Towards world-class enterprise can not be separated from the support of the Government, the Government should be private enterprise to provide a good environment, strengthening innovation services. International private enterprises external constraints At present, the development of private enterprises in China has made great achievements, but our small and medium-sized private enterprises still dominated the majority of private enterprises through the first start of the primitive accumulation period, being the second business, the implementation of international strategy, international operations, enterprises must create a certain degree of accumulation and the capacity and conditions. However, the internationalization of private enterprises of the potential hindering the external environment, so that many companies fall into the plight of the development. (A) financial bottlenecks encountered At present, private enterprises, especially those in the survival of small and medium-sized financial institutions from the public it is difficult to obtain adequate financing for development. These enterprises can apply for loans to small, low visibility due to take the way of external financing is very difficult. Most of them only through self-financing and non-formal channels of access to capital financing. High-risk and cost of financing and financial situation of the shortage of channels for private enterprises has seriously hampered the pace of foreign trade, and even lead to business in the international competition of mortality. Small and medium-sized private
外文文献汽车零部件出口 中文
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智能家居外文翻译外文文献英文文献
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参考书、13种实验室手册的全文和500多个题目的Wiley 学术图书的全文。网址：onlinelibrary.wiley./其中被SCI 收录的核心期刊近200种。期刊具体学科划分为：Business,Finance & Management (商业、金融和管理)、Chemistry (化学)、Computer Science（计算机科学）、Earth Science （地球科学）、Education （教育学）、Engineering （工程学）、Law（法律）、Life and Medical Sciences （生命科学与医学）、Mathematics and Statistics（数学统计学）、Physics （物理）、Psychology （心理学）。 2. ICPSRICPSR全称为Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research，即美国校际社会科学数据共享联盟。成立于1962年，位于美国密西根大学安娜堡分校(University of Michigan- Ann Arbor, 1817-)，储存超过17000种调查研究资料，如军队官兵总名册，遗嘱、遗嘱查验与税收纪录，是现在世界上最大的社会科学数据中心，拥有600多个成员机构，包括大学和各种研究中心。网址：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/618735980.html,/icpsrweb/landing.jsp其中400多个成员机构在美国，我国的国家人口发展研究战略课题组，大学，大学，科技大学，浸会大学也是成员之一。 3. IEEE 电气电子工程师学会IEEE（Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers）是电子信息领域最著名的跨国性学
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毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 系别光电信息系 专业测控技术与仪器 班级 B090102 姓名马丽娜 学号 36 外文出处 Spriger Link 附件 1. 原文； 2. 译文 2013年3月
Based on single chip microcomputer intelligent street light control system 【abstract 】 A street light automatic control system design, combined with the control, electric lamp switch control function; And street lamp fault detection and fault street lamp according to the function of the number. Use on STC 89C51 as the core Control unit; Using DS1302 clock chip to control the point open to turn off the lights when street lamps; By a photosensor complete collection of ambient light and street light fault detection, so as to realize the number of optically controlled open to turn off the lights and fault street lamp display. This system Can through the RS - 232 communication port with the street light control room of the upper machine communication. 【key words】STC 89C51; Clock chip DS1302; photosensor Introduction For the most part at present domestic cities and regions of the street lamp Lighting adopts electric control, time control and single point of electrons Control, maintenance management and manual inspections and the masses The traditional way, because of the lack of scientific and effective monitoring Means, large area lighting during the day, night not large area Light phenomenon occurs frequently, often can't find and in a timely manner Processing, not only caused power resources, human resources Cost, improve the operating costs of the system and to citizens Life bring inconvenience. Intelligent road lighting system can according to different area Domain of different functional requirements, at different times and different every day Natural light or under different traffic flow conditions, the press According to a specific setting, realize dynamic wisdom of road lighting Can management, namely the TPO management (TIME/PLACE, TIME Location/OCCASION occasions). Intelligent road lighting Control system, through the comprehensive consideration and analysis and road Ming is closely related to the intensity of illumination time, road, environment and hand it in Scene control methods of factors such as flow rate, in the
外文文献(市场营销策略)
Marketing Strategy Market Segmentation and Target Strategy A market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets. Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-market strategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency. The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiple segment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, a company still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entails selecting two or more segments and developing a separate marketing mix to reach segment. Positioning the Product Management's ability to bring attention to a product and to differentiate it in a favorable way from similar products goes a long way toward determining that product's revenues.Thus management needs to engage in positioning,which means developing the image that a product projects in relation to competitive products and to the firm's other products. Marketing executives can choose from a variety of positioning strategies.Sometimes they decide to use more than one for a particular product.Here are several major positioning strategies:
数据库外文参考文献及翻译.
数据库外文参考文献及翻译 数据库外文参考文献及翻译数据库管理系统——实施数据完整性一个数据库，只有用户对它特别有信心的时候。这就是为什么服务器必须实施数据完整性规则和商业政策的原因。执行SQL Server的数据完整性的数据库本身，保证了复杂的业务政策得以遵循，以及强制性数据元素之间的关系得到遵守。因为SQL Server的客户机/服务器体系结构允许你使用各种不同的前端应用程序去操纵和从服务器上呈现同样的数据，这把一切必要的完整性约束，安全权限，业务规则编码成每个应用，是非常繁琐的。如果企业的所有政策都在前端应用程序中被编码，那么各种应用程序都将随着每一次业务的政策的改变而改变。即使您试图把业务规则编码为每个客户端应用程序，其应用程序失常的危险性也将依然存在。大多数应用程序都是不能完全信任的，只有当服务器可以作为最后仲裁者，并且服务器不能为一个很差的书面或恶意程序去破坏其完整性而提供一个后门。SQL Server使用了先进的数据完整性功能，如存储过程，声明引用完整性（DRI），数据类型，限制，规则，默认和触发器来执行数据的完整性。所有这些功能在数据库里都有各自的用途;通过这些完整性功能的结合，可以实现您的数据库的灵活性和易于管理，而且还安全。声明数据完整性声明数据完整原文请找腾讯3249114六,维-论'文.网 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/618735980.html, 定义一个表时指定构成的主键的列。这就是所谓的主键约束。SQL Server使用主键约束以保证所有值的唯一性在指定的列从未侵犯。通过确保这个表有一个主键来实现这个表的实体完整性。有时，在一个表中一个以上的列（或列的组合）可以唯一标志一行，例如，雇员表可能有员工编号（ emp_id ）列和社会安全号码（ soc_sec_num ）列，两者的值都被认为是唯一的。这种列经常被称为替代键或候选键。这些项也必须是唯一的。虽然一个表只能有一个主键，但是它可以有多个候选键。 SQL Server的支持多个候选键概念进入唯一性约束。当一列或列的组合被声明是唯一的， SQL Server 会阻止任何行因为违反这个唯一性而进行的添加或更新操作。在没有故指的或者合适的键存在时，指定一个任意的唯一的数字作为主键，往往是最有效的。例如，企业普遍使用的客户号码或账户号码作为唯一识别码或主键。通过允许一个表中的一个列拥有身份属性，SQL Server可以更容易有效地产生唯一数字。您使用的身份属性可以确保每个列中的值是唯一的，并且值将从你指定的起点开始，以你指定的数量进行递增（或递减）。（拥有特定属性的列通常也有一个主键或唯一约束，但这不是必需的。）第二种类型的数据完整性是参照完整性。 SQL Server实现了表和外键约束之间的逻辑关系。外键是一个表中的列或列的组合，连接着另一个表的主键（或着也可能是替代键）。这两个表之间的逻辑关系是关系模型的基础;参照完整性意味着这种关系是从来没有被违反的。例如，一个包括出版商表和标题表的简单的select例子。在标题表中，列title_id （标题编号）是主键。在出版商表，列pub_id （出版者ID ）是主键。 titles表还包括一个pub_id列，这不是主键，因为出版商可以发布多个标题。相反， pub_id是一个外键，它对应着出版商表的主键。如果你在定义表的时候声明了这个关系， SQL Server由双方执行它。首先，它确保标题不能进入titles表，或在titles表中现有的pub_id无法被修改，除非有效的出版商ID作为新pub_id出现在出版商表中。其次，它确保在不考虑titles表中对应值的情况下，出版商表中的pub_id的值不做任何改变。以下两种方法可
外文文献翻译——参考格式
广东工业大学华立学院 本科毕业设计（论文） 外文参考文献译文及原文 系部经济学部 专业经济学 年级 2007级 班级名称 07经济学6班 学号 16020706001 学生姓名张瑜琴 指导教师陈锶 2011 年05月
目录 1挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 (1) 2什么商业银行带给小额贷款和什么把他们留在外 (2) 3 商业银行的四个模型进入小额贷款之内 (4) 3.1内在的单位 (4) 3.2财务子公司 (5) 3.3策略的同盟 (5) 3.4服务公司模型 (6) 4 合法的形式和操作的结构比较 (8) 5 服务的个案研究公司模型：厄瓜多尔和Haiti5 (9)
1 挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 商业银行已经是逐渐重要的运动员在拉丁美洲中的小额贷款服务的发展2到小额贷款市场是小额贷款的好消息客户因为银行能提供他们一完整类型的财务的服务，包括信用，储蓄和以费用为基础的服务。整体而言，它也对小额贷款重要，因为与他们广泛的身体、财务的和人类。如果商业银行变成重的运动员在小额贷款，他们能提供非常强烈的竞争到传统的小额贷款机构。资源，银行能廉宜地发射而且扩张小额贷款服务rela tively。如果商业广告银行在小额贷款中成为严重的运动员，他们能提出非常强烈的竞争给传统的小额贷款机构。然而，小额贷款社区里面有知觉哪一商业银行进入进入小额贷款将会是短命或浅的。举例来说，有知觉哪一商业银行首先可能不搬进小额贷款因为时候建立小额贷款操作到一个有利润的水平超过银行的标准投资时间地平线。或，在进入小额贷款，银行之后可能移动在－上面藉由增加贷款数量销售取利润最大值－或者更坏的事，退出如果他们是不满意与小额贷款的收益性的水平。这些知觉已经被特性加燃料商业银行的情形进入小额贷款和后来的出口之内。在最极端的，一些开业者已经甚至宣布，”降低尺度死！”而且抛弃了与主意合作的商业银行。 在最 signific 看得到的地方，蚂蚁利益商业银行可能带给小额贷款，国际的ACCION 发展发射而且扩张的和一些商业银行的关系小额贷款操作。在这些情形的大部分方面， ACCION 和它的合伙人正在使用方法，已知的当做服务公司模型，表演早答应当做一个能工作的方法克服真正的。 商业银行的障碍进入和穿越建立长命的小额贷款操作一个商业银行 这论文描述如何服务公司模型、住址商业银行中的主要议题进入进小额贷款，监定成功建立的因素动作井小额贷款服务公司，和礼物结果和小额贷款的课servic e 公司用最长的经验，在海地和审判官席 del 的 SOGEBANK│ SOGESOL 初期结果指出那这服务公司模型表现一重要的突破在促成商业银行进入和留在小额贷款。在厄瓜多尔的 Pichincha│ CREDIFE。初期结果指出服务公司模型在促成商业广告中表现一次重要的突破银行进入而且留在小额贷款。