第一次课堂讲义_394405539
A Practical Course of E-C Translation and C-E Translation
Course # 00640242
Spring Semester, 2013
Teacher: Xu Jianping（许建平）
Email: xujianp@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6e8755156.html,
Telephone: 135******** (Mobile); 62772461(Office)
Required Textbooks and Materials:
A Practical Course of E-C Translation and C-E Translation
(Fourth Edition), Tsinghua University Press, 2012
Course descriptions:
A Practical Course of E-C Translation and C-E Translation is a learner-centered course for college students, aiming at developing their skills in both E-C and C-E Translation. A major part of the course will focus on E-C Translation Techniques, as seen in the following contents:
UNIT 1 Introduction: Translation and Translation Techniques
UNIT 2 Diction
UNIT 3 Conversion
UNIT 4 Amplification
UNIT 5 Omission
UNIT 6 Restructuring
UNIT 7 Affirmative vs. Negative
UNIT 8 The Passive Voice
UNIT 9 Nominal Clauses
UNIT 10 Attributive Clauses
UNIT 11 Adverbial Clauses
UNIT 12 Long Sentences
UNIT 13 English for Science and Technology (EST)
UNIT 14 The Translation of Documentation
UNIT 15 Application Documents for Studying Abroad
Course Objectives
This course is designed to help students:
1.improve the ability of translation
2.grasp the basic translation theories and skills
3.consciously put book knowledge into actual practice
4.be able to produce qualified translation works of their own
academic fields
Grading Scale:
1.Attendance and participation: 10%
2.Homework assignments: 40% (group work of passage translation)
3.Final translation examination: 50%
Students should plan to do approximately 2 hours of homework for every hour in the classroom. Homework assignments are to be completed and turned in on the date they are due. If you miss a class, be sure to find out what assignments are due and complete them before the next class meeting so that you can turn in your homework on time. Late homework will not be accepted unless some arrangement is made prior to the deadline.
Attendance and participation
Regular attendance and active participation are essential to your success in this course, and play a role in grading.
Absences from more than 15% of class time may result in your failure in the course.
Late Arrivals: Please arrive on time. If you are not on time, you are tardy. Please note that two tardies is considered one absence.
If you are absent, it is your responsibility to come to the next
class prepared. You need to call the instructor or fellow classmates to get up-to-date information about assignments you have missed.
Academic Honesty Policy
As members of the academic community, students are expected to recognize and uphold standards of intellectual and academic integrity. Involvement in any of the following activities may result in failure or removal from the course: (1) cheating on examinations, (2) plagiarism, (3) unauthorized collaboration, (4) falsification, and (5) multiple submissions.
Cheating on examinations involves giving or receiving unauthorized help before, during, or after an exam. Examples of unauthorized help include the use of notes or other materials during an exam or sharing information with another student during an exam. Other examples of cheating include intentionally allowing another student to view your examination and collaboration before or after an examination if such collaboration is specifically forbidden by your instructor.
Plagiarism is presenting another person's work as one's own. Plagiarism includes any paraphrasing or summarizing of the works of another person without acknowledgement, including the submitting of another student's work as one's own. Plagiarism frequently involves a failure to acknowledge in the text, notes, or footnotes the quotation of the paragraphs, sentences, or even a few phrases written or spoken by someone else. The submission of research or completed papers or projects by someone else is plagiarism, as is the unacknowledged use of research sources gathered by someone else when that use is specifically forbidden by the instructor.
Weekly Class Schedule
Note: The course syllabus provides a general plan for the course; deviations may be necessary.
“英汉互译实践与技巧”课程简介
本课程是为全校本科生开设的英汉、汉英翻译笔译实践课，旨在培养和增进英汉互译的实际动手能力。2007年评为清华大学精品课。
课程的主要包括：
1. 讲解、传授翻译的基本理论知识和基本技能、技巧；包括：遣词用字、词字的增减、结构转换调整、语态转换、各类从句的处理、长句的翻译技巧、科技英语和文献翻译、出国留学申请翻译等。
2. 分析、讲解翻译中的常见问题错误，通过有针对性的翻译练习，培养和增进学生的英汉互译的实际动手能力。
3.有针对性的翻译练习。除教材内容外，所使用材料还包括清华水平I、水平II、考研英语翻译翻译训练，国家翻译专业资格考试等内容。
授课进度安排
1－15周课堂教学、讲解、演示、讨论。课下分组作业、课堂小组汇报、重点讲解分析。
1－5周翻译基础理论知识，技巧方法讲解；
6－10周英译汉为主，逐步加入汉译英；
11－15周英汉、汉英翻译同步，讨论、讲解、演示、小组练习。
16周开卷考试，独立完成规定的翻译内容。
课堂教学
4人固定小组，自由组合。作业采取弹性的方式：每周布置、自由选作、轮流执笔（每次作业量半小时，每组完成1份，平均每人一学期3次左右，多交不限），网上提交作业。
考核评定方法
期末采取开卷考试，独立完成。考试英译汉70％，汉译英30％，可以使用词典、笔记本电脑、工具书等。考试内容和难度与平时作业一致。
平时成绩占50％（平时作业练习计10次小组最高分＋课堂发言讨论＋小组活动参与）
对有独创见解的亮点创新额外加分，计入总成绩。
选课指导：有相当英语基础、原则上通过清华水平I或大学英语四六级
教材:《英汉互译实践与技巧》（第4版）
参考书目：
1.《英汉翻译教程》
2.《汉英翻译教程》
3.《英汉科技翻译教程》
4.《中国翻译》
5.《中国科技翻译》
Email: xujianp@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6e8755156.html,
Tel：135********
《英汉互译实践与技巧》第一版前言
翻译能力的形成不能单靠学习理论知识、强化技巧训练，而是需要扎扎实实的双语功底及大量的翻译实践。因此，从某种意义上讲，一个人的翻译能力不是课堂上讲出来的，也不是翻译技巧所能造就的，而是要靠自己脚踏实地地干出来。down-to-earth
本教程的最大特点是用英语编写，旨在让读者通过阅读、对比，有效地培养和形成自己的双语语感，潜移默化地掌握翻译的一般技巧、方法。
第二版前言
王佐良：“翻译研究的前途无限。它最为实际，可以直接为物质与精神的建设服务，而且翻译的方面多，实践量大，有无穷无尽的研究材料；不论如何变化都永远需要翻译，需要对翻译提出新的要求，新的课题。”
在很多情况下，词典、工具书所给出的释义未必就能解决问题——这也从另一侧面印证了俗话所谓的“眼高手低”。
解决“懂”与“会”之间的关系问题，也就是说，怎样处理好“学”与“用”的关系，通过此书的学习，掌握一般的英汉互译方法技巧，将学到的翻译知识自觉地用于翻译实践。
第三版前言
从1996年开设翻译选修课到目前《英汉互译实践与技巧》（第三版）的修订，这部教材在清华大学经历了起步、定型、完善三个阶段，逐渐由诞生走向成熟。
第四版前言
经历了起步、定型、完善三个阶段，《英汉互译实践与技巧》似乎已没有多大的更新再版的余地了。但换一个角度，所谓“定型、完善”是相对的。教学手段需与时俱进，教学内容需精益求精，教材建设“没有最好，只有更好”。
第1单元课堂讲义
UNIT 1 Introduction
本单元教学重点
1、翻译的信达雅标准
2、直译与意译
1. What is your opinion on the importance of translation? Cite some examples to support your idea.
I. Important Role of Translation
Definition of translation
关于翻译的定义，常见的有以下几种：
1. 我国最流行的说法是：“翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思想内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。”（《英汉翻译教程》）
2.“翻译是把一种语言里已经表达出来的一切用另一种语言准确、流畅地重新表达出来。”（《英汉科技翻译教程》）
3. 苏联的巴尔胡达罗夫却有另一种说法：“翻译是把一种语言的言语产物在保持内容方面也就是意义不变的情况下改变为另一种言语的过程。”
4. 英国的卡特福德（J. Catford）Translation may be defined as follows: the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent material in another language (TL). (Catford 1965:20) 3.翻译是把一种语言的文字材料替换为另一种语言的对等的文字材料。
5. 英国的纽马克(Newmark) Translation is rendering the meaning of
a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.
6. 美国的奈达（E. A .Nida）Translating consists reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message.“所谓翻译，是指从语义到文体（风格）在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。”
7.《现代汉语词典》：［翻译］把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。
本教材：Translation means a rendering from one language into another, i.e.the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language.
History of translation
How long is the history of translation?
Dating from the Zhou Dynasty(1100 BC)
《礼记》之《王制》说：......中国、夷、蛮、戎、狄，皆有安居、和味、宜服、利用、备器，五方之民，言语不通，嗜欲不同。达其志，
通其欲，东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮（di），北方曰译。----陈福康《中国译学理论史稿》，（上海外语教育出版社）
《礼记》是中国古代一部重要的典章制度书籍。《礼记》一书的编定是西汉礼学家戴德和他的侄子戴圣。《礼记》也是一篇重要的仁义道德教科书。
夷：中囯古代对对东部各民族的统称，后來蔑指中原以外的各族以夷制夷
蛮：中国古代对南方各族的泛称蛮荒、蛮夷
戎：戎羌，中国古代称西部民族戎马、投笔从戎
狄：或北狄曾是中国中原人对北方各民族的泛称戎狄、夷狄
寄，言传寄外内语言
象者，言倣外内之言
狄鞮者，鞮，知也谓通传夷狄语与中国相知
译，陈也，谓陈说外内之言；译即易，改变，交换；谓换易言语使相解也
Important Role of Translation
If a foreign language is generally accepted as a tool of life, translation then obviously serves as a dynamic means of employing this tool. A proper and dexterous translation helps to promote mutual understanding between peoples of different cultural and social backgrounds, whereas a misunderstanding or improper rendering of words or expressions may lead to confusion, even disasters.
proper and dexterous translation好的译例，音意兼顾，读写具佳：club俱乐部
a group of people organized for a common purpose, especially a group that meets regularly
Coca Cola可口可乐
coca, whose leaves contain cocaine and other alkaloids. Cola a carbonated soft drink containing an extract of the cola nut and other flavorings.
hacker黑客
One who illegally gains access to or enters another's electronic system to obtain secret information or steal money.
汉语的一些特有表达法，如“望子成龙”、“亚洲四小龙”、客套话“哪里，哪里”等，都不宜照字面翻译，否则会闹出“用洋文出洋相”（make a fool of oneself by misusing /abusing foreign languages）的笑话。
Improper rendering
不好例：曲解原文，产生误导
1. 文学艺术：
dragon = 龙？loong
dragonfly 望子成龙，亚洲四小龙
A mythical monster traditionally represented as a gigantic reptile having a lion's claws, the tail of a serpent, wings, and a scaly skin.
Saint George and the Dragon
This painting by Italian Renaissance artist Paolo Uccello depicts the
4th-century Christian Saint George rescuing a princess as he kills a dragon that had been terrorizing a city. After slaying the dragon, George converted the town to Christianity. Painted about 1460, Saint George and the Dragon is in the National Gallery in London, England.
renaissance = 文艺复兴？
The humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning that originated in Italy in the 14th century and later spread throughout Europe.
Milky Way =牛奶路？银河？仙奶路？
The galaxy containing the solar system, visible as a broad band of faint light in the night sky.
The Origin of the Milky Way
This painting by Italian artist Tintoretto, completed between 1575 and 1580, depicts a legend describing how the Milky Way was formed. Jupiter,
hoping to immortalize his infant son Hercules (who was born to a mortal woman), placed the baby on Juno’s breast. Her milk spilled up, forming the Milky Way. The Origin of the Milky Way is in the National Gallery in London, England.
Jupiter【罗神】(主神)朱庇特
immortalize使不朽、长生不死
Hercules【希、罗神】赫尔克里斯, 大力神
Juno【罗神】朱诺，朱庇特的妻子
赵景深不知Milky Way就是“银河”，被鲁迅抓住辫子。
可怜织女星，化为马郎妇。
乌鹊疑不来，迢迢牛奶路。--《教授杂咏四首》鲁迅
本节教材中所列举的几处翻译谬误（fallacies）的正确译文应为：“芳芳”Fragrant (lipstick)
“五讲四美” “five stresses and four points of beauty”, i.e. stress on decorum, manner, hygiene, discipline and morals; beauty of the mind, language, behavior and the environment
“三热爱” “Three loves”, i.e. love of the motherland, love of the socialism, love of the Chinese Communist Party;
“抓紧施肥” to promot e the work of applying fertilizer;
“街道妇女”housewives of residential areas