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Properties of mortar produced with recycled clay brickaggregate and PET

Properties of mortar produced with recycled clay brick aggregate and

PET

Zhi Ge,Hongya Yue,Renjuan Sun ?

Department of Transportation Engineering,School of Civil Engineering,Shandong University,Jinan 250061,China

h i g h l i g h t s

The recycled PET and clay brick aggregate were used to make PET mortar. The PET mortar had high early age strength and low water absorption.

The specimen had high resistance to chloride ion penetration and sulfate attack. Specimen had uniform structure without micro-cracks in the interfacial area.

a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:

Received 30December 2014

Received in revised form 13April 2015Accepted 2May 2015

Available online 16May 2015Keywords:PET

Recycled clay brick Mechanical property SEM

Durability

a b s t r a c t

This paper studied the fabrication and properties,including strength,water absorption,resistance to sul-fate attack and chloride ion penetration,and micro-structure of a new type of mortar made with recycled clay brick (CB)and post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET).The effects of binder to CB aggregate ratio and curing condition on strength were investigated.The results indicate that binder to CB aggregate ratio had a signi?cant in?uence on strength.The optimum value was 1:2.For curing condition,specimen cured at 180°C for 2h had higher strength.The specimen with proper mix proportion and curing could reach 42.5MPa and 12.6MPa for compressive and ?exural strength,respectively.Also,the 4-h compres-sive strength was 85.4%of 28-day strength.The PET mortar had low water absorption of 0.87%and high resistance to sulfate attack and chloride ion penetration.Scanning electron microscope (SEM)test showed that PET mortar had uniform micro-structure with very low porosity.The CB aggregate was well covered by PET.There were no micro-cracks found in the aggregate-paste interfacial area.

1.Introduction

As the building demolition increased continuously,construction waste becomes a major pollutant.In China,around 7000million tons construction waste was produced annually.Due to Chinese traditional building habits,signi?cant portion of the demolition waste is clay bricks (CB)[1,2].Traditionally,waste CB is majorly land ?lled.This method has disadvantages of occupying limited space,especially in large city,and raising environmental issues.Therefore,recycling the waste CB effectively becomes one of the important concerns for environment.Research show that waste CB could be reused to partially replace aggregate in cement concrete [3–7].Concrete with recycled waste CB aggregate had advantages of lightweight and high temperature resistance.However,the water absorption of these concrete was much higher due to CB’high porosity,which could lead to durability https://www.wendangku.net/doc/689184296.html,bining CB with a waterproof cementing material could be a potential way to solve this issue.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)is one of the most important and common waterproof materials with high performance to price ratio and excellent properties,such as high durability,good mechanical and electrical properties,and low production cost.Therefore,it is widely used in packaging,?bers,and other areas [8–11].The annual production of PET exceeds 6.7million tons worldwide,especially in Asian because of the increasing demands in China and India [12].The environmental issue caused by PET pollution is becoming more and more serious [11].Compared with burning and back?lling,recycling PET as building materials is a more economical and environment-friendly way which attracts more attention.Currently,there are three major ways to recycling waste PET.The ?rst method is that wasted PET is shredded to par-ticles and used as a substitute for aggregate to produce concrete.Results show that concrete with PET had low water absorption

?Corresponding author.Tel.:+86053188392842.

E-mail address:sunrenjuan@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/689184296.html, (R.Sun).

and lightweight[13–15].This method is the greenest way to reuse waste PET as construction materials.However,increasing PET aggregate content could decrease the compressive and?exural strength gradually[14,15].The second way is using recycled PET ?ber in concrete to enhance its ductility,thus reducing the crack-ing due to plastic shrinkage[16–19].But this method only recycles a small quantity of waste PET.The third method is to make poly-mer mortar or concrete using the unsaturated polyester resin made from depolymerized PET[20–23].However,the cost of this method is very high.Properties of polymer mortar or concrete are very sen-sitive to temperature.Recently,waste PET has been used as binder to produce plastic soil,mortar,or concrete.Testing results show that this is an effective way to reuse waste PET[24–27].

In this research,the waste PET and CB aggregate were combined to produce recycle PET mortar.The purpose of using waste PET

instead of cement as binder is that PET could prevent water from penetrating into the CB aggregate and,therefore,resolve the dura-bility issues caused by high permeability.The properties of this new PET mortar,including strength,water absorption,resistances to sulfate attack and chloride ion penetration,and micro-structure, were studied.

2.Experimental materials and design

2.1.Experimental materials

The waste CB was employed to produce recycled?ne aggregate.The properties of waste CB are shown in Table1.To produce the?ne aggregate with desired grading,the brick was crushed,sieved to different sizes and then recombined. The grading is shown in Table2.The?neness modulus of recycled CB?ne aggregate was3.08.Recycled PET particles from a waste plastic recycling factory in Jinan were used.Main physical and mechanical properties of PET were tabulated in Table3.In this research,Type F?y ash containing3.88%CaO was also added to improve work-ability and strength.

2.2.Experimental design

The effects of binder,including PET and?y ash,to CB aggregate ratio(by weight),curing condition,and amount of?y ash on the strength were investigated. Three different binder to CB aggregate ratios,1:1,1:2and1:3,were designed.The ?y ash was used to partially replace PET.Three different replacement levels of5%, 10%and15%(by weight)were employed.The effect of four different curing temper-atures,100°C,120°C,180°C and room temperature,was studied.Based on the

The compressive and?exural strength were measured based on ASTM C109 [28]and ASTM C348[29].The50?50?50mm and40?40?160mm specimens were tested for compressive and?exural strength,respectively.Three specimens were tested at each age.The average of these values is presented and discussed in this paper.The density of recycled PET mortar were measured based on ASTM C642[30].

For water absorption testing,the dry mass of specimens in air,A,was?rst obtained after dried in the oven over24h at105°C and cooled down to the room temperature.After that,specimens were immersed into the water.The surface-dry mass,B,was then measured.The absorption was calculated as (BàA)/A?100%.

The resistance to sulfate attack of PET mortar was tested using drying and wet-ting method.For each cycle,specimens were?rst soaked in the5%sodium sulfate solution for16h,dried in the air for1h,and then dried in the vacuumed oven at 40°C for6h.After that,specimens were cooled down to the room temperature. The weight and compressive strength were then tested.The chloride penetration resistance was tested based on ASTM C1202[31].

Scanning electron microscope(SEM),SU-70SEM,manufactured by Japan,was used to examine the microstructure of recycled PET mortar.Before testing,a gold casting was applied to the surface of specimens.

3.Results and discussion

3.1.Physical properties

Fig.1is the infrared Spectrum of waste PET particles.The spec-trum illustrates that the material contained carbonyl C@O (1717.52cmà1)stretching,aromatic skeletal stretching(1410.60à1à1

Table2

Grading of recycled clay brick?ne aggregate.

Particle size(mm)9.5 4.75 2.36 1.180.60.30.150.075 Accumulated percentage

passing(%)

100978059361352

Table3

Properties of waste PET.

Properties Value

Density 1.35g/cm3 Melting point260°C

Water absorption0.16%

Fig.1.Infrared Spectrum of PET.

852Z.Ge et al./Construction and Building Materials93(2015)851–856

of absorbed water became stable in about 2days.The water absorp-tion of the recycle PET-clay brick mortar was much lower than that of the recycled clay brick mortar or concrete.Although the clay brick has high porosity,melted PET could form a waterproof layer around the clay brick aggregate,resulting in low water absorption.The apparent density of the PET mortar was only 1.84g/cm 3,which was lower than that of normal mortar or https://www.wendangku.net/doc/689184296.html,pressive and ?exural strengths

5.5?10à6m/(m k),respectively,higher tensile stress could be

developed during the cooling process due to high PET content and induced micro-cracks,which in turn reduced the strength.As shown in Fig.4,large air bubbles could be trapped during the mix-ing due to the high viscosity of PET.The large voids will further reduce the strength.For specimen with ratio of 1:1,the compres-sive and ?exural strengths were 30.4MPa and 11.35MPa,respec-tively.When the mass ratio was 1:3,the melted mixture had very poor workability,which caused large porosity of the specimen (Fig.4).The compressive and ?exural strengths were only 7.3MPa and 2.06MPa,respectively.Based on the strength,the binder to ?ne aggregate ratio of 1:2was selected for the following tests.Fig.5indicates ?y ash content had signi?cant effect on the strength of the PET mortar.As the percentage of ?y ash increased from 0%to 10%,the compressive strength increased 16%.However,when the ?y ash changed from 10%to 15%,the compres-sive and ?exural strengths were reduced.The increased strength is potentially caused by improved workability and crystalline degree.Previous research shows that adding ?y ash to PET composite could produce a more homogeneous melting mixture [27].Also,?y ash particles in the melted mixture could serve as miniature ball bearings due to its spherical shape,thus increasing the ?uidity.A more uniform mixture will be produced due to the improved workability,resulting in higher strength.Besides improving work-ability,?y ash could also increase the crystalline degree [32].When the content of ?y ash further increased from 10%to 15%,the con-tent of PET was reduced resulting in lower strength.Therefore,in Fig.3.Effect of binder to CB aggregate ratio on the compressive and ?exural strength.

1:1 1:2 1:3

Fig.4.Specimens with different binder to CB aggregate ratio.

Z.Ge et al./Construction and Building Materials 93(2015)851–856853

Fig.6.Effect of curing temperature on the compressive strength.

Fig.7.Infrared Spectrum of specimens cured under different temperatures. Fig.5.Effect of?y ash content on the compressive and?exural strength.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/689184296.html,pressive strength development.

the chloride ion penetrability test,the measured Coulomb charge value was only 43.2C,indicating negligible chloride ion penetra-bility.The high durability could be caused by the low water absorption.The sodium sulfate or chloride ions were hard to pen-etrate into the specimen.Therefore,this PET mortar is suitable for using in aggressive environments or as protection material for steel rebar.

Fig.11shows the microstructure of the PET mortar.The mortar was uniform with very low porosity.The recycled clay brick pow-der had air voids inside,which is why the clay brick had high water absorption.However,the clay brick aggregate was well covered by PET.There were no micro-cracks found in the interfacial area.This uniform and dense structure could be one of the reasons for the low water absorption and high durability.

As shown above,the developed PET mortar has rapid strength development and high durability.Therefore,it could be used as fast repair material for sealing and patching of both asphalt and con-crete pavement.Also,the PET mortar may be used in corrosive environmental or as the protection material for steel reinforcement due to its low absorption and high durability.In addition to these,the PET mortar could be used to prefabricate brick or barrier.4.Conclusions

This paper used the recycled PET and clay brick to produce PET mortar and investigated the major properties of the PET mortar.The major conclusions are listed as following:

1.With proper mixing proportion and curing,the compressive and ?exural strength of the PET mortar could reach 4

2.5MPa and 12.6MPa,respectively.The strength development was very fast.Over 85.4%of 28-day compressive strength could be achieved within only 4h.In order to obtain higher strength,the speci-mens should be cured at 180°C.

2.The binder to CB aggregate ratio and ?y ash content had signif-icant effect on strength.The optimum binder to CB aggregate ratio and ?y content were 1:2and 10%,

respectively.

Fig.9.Mass change of specimen under wetting and drying cycles.

5101520253035404550

C o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h (M P a )

Cycle numbers

Sulphate solution Water

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/689184296.html,pressive strength change under wetting and drying cycles.

Clay brick Aggregate

Clay Brick Aggregate

Interfacial Area

PET Paste

Fig.11.Microstructure of the PET mortar.

Materials 93(2015)851–856855

3.The PET mortar had low water absorption of0.87%and high

resistance to chloride ion penetration and sulfate attack.The Coulomb charge value was only43.2C.After wetting and drying recycles,the mass did not change.The strength of specimens immersed in sodium sulfate solution and water were similar.

4.The SEM results show that the PET mortar had uniform and

dense structure with low porosity.Clay brick aggregate and PET were bonded well.No micro-cracks found in the interfacial area.

Acknowledgments

Authors would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51108247and51478252)and Scienti?c Research Foundation for Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars (20131792)for the?nancial support.Gratitude is also given to the material laboratory at Shandong University for the great help. Authors would also thank Yizhang Hu for helping the testing. References

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with的复合结构和独立主格结构

1. with+宾语+形容词。比如：. The boy wore a shirt with the neck open, showing his bare chest. 那男孩儿穿着一件衬衫，颈部敞开，露出光光的胸膛。Don’t talk with your mouth full. 嘴里有食物时不要讲话。 2. with+宾语+副词。比如：She followed the guide with her head down. 她低着头，跟在导游之后。 What a lonely world it will be with you away. 你不在，多没劲儿呀！ 3. with+宾语+过去分词。比如：He was listening to the music with his eyes half closed. 他眼睛半闭着听音乐。She sat with her head bent. 她低着头坐着。 4. with+宾语+现在分词。比如：With winter coming, it’s time to buy warm clothes. 冬天到了，该买些保暖的衣服了。 He soon fell asleep with the light still burning. 他很快就睡着了，（可）灯还亮着。 5. with+宾语+介词短语。比如：He was asleep with his head on his arms. 他的头枕在臂膀上睡着了。 The young lady came in, with her two- year-old son in her arms. 那位年轻的女士进来了，怀里抱着两岁的孩子。 6. with+宾语+动词不定式。比如： With nothing to do in the afternoon, I went to see a film. 下午无事可做，我就去看了场电影。Sorry, I can’t go out with all these dishes to wash. 很抱歉，有这么多盘子要洗，我不能出去。 7. with+宾语+名词。比如： He died with his daughter yet a school-girl.他去逝时，女儿还是个小学生。 He lived a luxurious life, with his old father a beggar . 他过着奢侈的生活，而他的老父亲却沿街乞讨。(8)With so much work to do ,I can't go swimming with you. (9)She stood at the door,with her back towards us. (10)He entered the room,with his nose red with cold. with复合结构与分词做状语有啥区别 [ 标签：with, 复合结构, 分词状语] Ciro Ferrara 2009-10-18 16:17 主要是分词形式与主语的关系满意答案好评率：100%

with复合结构专项练习96126

with复合结构专项练习（二）一请选择最佳答案 1）With nothing_______to burn，the fire became weak and finally died out. A.leaving B.left C.leave D.to leave 2）The girl sat there quite silent and still with her eyes_______on the wall. A.fixing B.fixed C.to be fixing D.to be fixed 3）I live in the house with its door_________to the south.（这里with结构作定语） A.facing B.faces C.faced D.being faced 4）They pretended to be working hard all night with their lights____. A.burn B.burnt C.burning D.to burn 二：用with复合结构完成下列句子 1）_____________（有很多工作要做），I couldn't go to see the doctor. 2）She sat__________（低着头）。 3）The day was bright_____.（微风吹拂） 4）_________________________，（心存梦想）he went to Hollywood. 三把下列句子中的划线部分改写成with复合结构。 1）Because our lessons were over，we went to play football. _____________________________. 2）The children came running towards us and held some flowers in their hands. _____________________________. 3）My mother is ill，so I won't be able to go on holiday. _____________________________. 4）An exam will be held tomorrow，so I couldn't go to the cinema tonight. _____________________________.

with的复合结构

基本用法它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词充当一、with或without+名词/代词+形容词例句:1.I like to sleep with the windows open. 我喜欢把窗户开着睡觉。(伴随情况) 2.With the weather so close and stuffy, ten to one it'll rain presently. 大气这样闷，十之八九要下雨(原因状语) 二、with或without+名词/代词+副词例句:1.She left the room with all the lights on. 她离开了房间，灯还亮着。(伴随情况) 2.The boy stood there with his head down. 这个男孩低头站在那儿。(伴随情况) 三、with或without+名词/代词+介词短语例句:1.He walked into the dark street with a stick in his hand. 他走进黑暗的街道时手里拿着根棍子。(伴随情况) 2. With the children at school, we can't take our vacation when we want to. 由于孩子们在上学，所以当我们想度假时而不能去度假。(原因状语) 四、with或without+名词/代词+非谓语动词 1、with或without+名词/代词+动词不定式，此时，不定式表示将发生的动作。例句: 1.With no one to talk to, John felt miserable. 由于没人可以说话的人，约翰感到很悲哀。(原因状语)

操作系统文件管理_答案

第六部分文件管理 1、文件系统的主要目的就是( )。 A、实现对文件的按名存取 B、实现虚拟存储 C、提供外存的读写速度 D、用于存储系统文件 2、文件系统就是指( )。 A、文件的集合 B、文件的目录集合 C、实现文件管理的一组软件 D、文件、管理文件的软件及数据结构的总体 3、文件管理实际上就是管理( )。 A、主存空间 B、辅助存储空间 C、逻辑地址空间 D、物理地址空间 4、下列文件的物理结构中,不利于文件长度动态增长的文件物理结构就是( )。 A、顺序文件 B、链接文件 C、索引文件 D、系统文件 5、下列描述不就是文件系统功能的就是( )。 A、建立文件目录 B、提供一组文件操作 C、实现对磁盘的驱动调度 D、实现从逻辑文件到物理文件间的转换 6、文件系统在创建一个文件时,为它建立一个( )。 A、文件目录 B、目录文件 C、逻辑结构 D、逻辑空间 7、索引式(随机)文件组织的一个主要优点就是( )。 A、不需要链接指针 B、能实现物理块的动态分配 C、回收实现比较简单 D、用户存取方便 8、面向用户的文件组织机构属于( )。 A、虚拟结构 B、实际结构 C、逻辑结构 D、物理结构 9、按文件用途来分,编译程序就是( )。 A、用户文件 B、档案文件 C、系统文件 D、库文件 10、将信息加工形成具有保留价值的文件就是( )。 A、库文件 B、档案文件 C、系统文件 D、临时文件 11、文件目录的主要作用就是( )。 A、按名存取 B、提高速度 C、节省空间 D、提高外存利用率 12、如果文件系统中有两个文件重名,不应采用( )。 A、一级目录结构 B、树型目录结构 C、二级目录结构 D、A与C 13、文件系统采用树型目录结构后,对于不同用户的文件,其文件名( )。 A、应该相同 B、应该不同 C、可以不同,也可以相同 D、受系统约束 14、文件系统采用二级文件目录可以( )。 A、缩短访问存储器的时间 B、实现文件共享 C、节省内存空间 D、解决不同用户间的文件命名冲突

With的用法全解

With的用法全解 with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。一、 with结构的构成它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下： 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词； 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词； 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语； 4. with或without-名词/代词 +动词不定式； 5. with或without-名词/代词 +分词。下面分别举例： 1、 She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.（with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语）

2、 With the meal over ， we all went home.（with+名词+副词，作时间状语） 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。（with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。） The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. 4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.（with+名词+不定式，作伴随状语）He could not finish it without me to help him.（without+代词 +不定式，作条件状语） 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.（with+名词+现在分词，作伴随状语） Without anything left in the with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。二、with结构的用法 with是介词，其意义颇多，一时难掌握。为帮助大家理清头绪，以教材中的句子为例，进行分类，并配以简单的解释。在句子中with结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式，伴随情况、时间、原因或条件（详见上述例句）。 1.带着，牵着…… (表动作特征)。如： Run with the kite like this.

With的复合结构

With的复合结构介词with without +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。 1. with+名词代词+形容词 He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open. = He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open. He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. = He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet. With his father well-known, the boy didn’t want to study. 2. with+名词代词+副词 Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on. = Our school looks even more beautiful if when all the lights are on. The boy was walking, with his father ahead. = The boy was walking and his father was ahead. 3. with+名词代词+介词短语 He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. He stood at the door, computer in hand. = He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand. Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth. Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth. = Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth. 4. with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式 With his homework done, Peter went out to play. = When his homework was done, Peter went out to play. With the signal given, the train started. = After the signal was given, the train started. I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished. = I wouldn’t dare go home because the job was not finish ed. 5. with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式 The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. = The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was. Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. = When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window. 6. with+名词代词+动词不定式 The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do. = The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do. with the window closed with the light on with a book in her hand with a cat lying in her arms with the problem solved with the new term to begin

linux下各目录作用和功能

/bin:是binary的缩写,这个目录是对Unix系统习惯的沿袭,存放着使用者最经常使用的命令。如:ls,cp,cat等。 /boot:这里存放的是启动Linux时使用的一些核心文档。 /dev:是device的缩写.这个目录下是任何Linux的外部设备,其功能类似Dos下的.sys 和Win下的.vxd。在Linux中设备和文档是用同种方法访问的。例如:/dev/hda代表第一个物理IDE硬盘。 /etc:这个目录用来存放任何的系统管理所需要的配置文档和子目录。 /home:用户主目录,比如说有个用户叫sina,那他的主目录就是/home/sina，说到这里打个岔.您现在应该明白，在我们访问一些个人网页。如:https://www.wendangku.net/doc/689184296.html,/sina的时候,sina就是表示访问 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/689184296.html, 站点中的用户sina的用户主目录.假如这个网站的操作系统是Linux,那就是表示/home/sina。 /lib:这个目录里存放着系统最基本的动态链接共享库,其作用类似于Windows里的.dll文档。几乎任何的应用程式都需要用到这些共享库。 /lost+found:这个目录平时是空的,当系统不正常关机后,这里就成了一些无家可归的文档的避难所。对了,有点类似于Dos下的.chk文档。 /mnt:这个目录是空的,系统提供这个目录是让用户临时挂载别的文档系统。 /proc:这个目录是个虚拟的目录,他是系统内存的映射,我们能够通过直接访问这个目录来获取系统信息。也就是说，这个目录的内容不在硬盘上而是在内存里啊。 /root:系统管理员,也叫终极权限者的用户主目录。当然系统的拥有者,总要有些特权啊。/sbin:s就是Super User的意思,也就是说这里存放的是一些系统管理员使用的系统管理程式。 /tmp:这个目录不用说,一定是用来存放一些临时文档的地方了。 /usr:这是个最庞大的目录,我们要用到的很多应用程式和文档几乎都存放在这个目录了。具体来说: /usr/X11R6:存放X-Windows的目录。 /usr/bin:存放着许多应用程式. /usr/sbin:给终极用户使用的一些管理程式就放在这. /usr/doc:这就是Linux文档的大本营. /usr/include:Linux下研发和编译应用程式需要的头文档在这里找. /usr/lib:存放一些常用的动态链接共享库和静态档案库. /usr/local:这是提供给一般用户的/usr目录,在这安装软件最适合. /usr/man:是帮助文档目录. /usr/src:Linux开放的源代码,就存在这个目录,爱好者们别放过哦! /var:这个目录中存放着那些不断在扩充着的东西,为了保持/usr的相对稳定,那些经常被修改的目录能够放在这个目录下,实际上许多系统管理员都是这样干的.顺便说一下,系统的日志文档就在/var/log目录中. /usr/local/bin 本地增加的命令 /usr/local/lib 本地增加的库根文件系统通常情况下，根文件系统所占空间一般应该比较小，因为其中的绝大部分文件都不需要, 经常改动，而且包括严格的文件和一个小的不经常改变的文件系统不容易损坏。除了可能的一个叫/ v m l i n u z标准的系统引导映像之外，根目录一般不含任何文件。所有其他文件在根文件系统的子目录中。

复合材料结构

复合材料结构设计的特点 (1) 复合材料既是一种材料又是一种结构 (2) 复合材料具有可设计性 (3) 复合材料结构设计包含材料设计复合材料区别于传统材料的根本特点之一可设计性好（设计人员可根据所需制品对力学及其它性能的要求，对结构设计的同时对材料本身进行设计）具体体现在两个方面1力学设计——给制品一定的强度和刚度、2功能设计——给制品除力学性能外的其他性能复合材料力学性能的特点 (1) 各向异性性能材料弹性主方向：模量较大的一个主方向称为纵向，用字母L表示，与其垂直的另一主方向称为横向，用字母T表示。通常的各向同性材料中，表达材料弹 )和ν(泊松比)或剪切弹性模量G。对于复合材料中的每个单层，纵向弹性模量E L、横向弹性模量E T、纵向泊松比νL (或横向泊松比νT)、面内剪切弹性模量G LT。耦合现象：拉剪耦合与剪拉耦合、弯扭耦合与扭弯耦合 (2) 非均质性耦合变形：层合结构复合材料在一种外力作用下，除了引起本身的基本变形外，还可能引起其他基本变形。 (3)层间强度低在结构设计时，应尽量减小层间应力，或采取某些构造措施，以避免层间分层破坏。研究复合材料的刚度和强度时，基本假设： (1) 假设层合板是连续的。由于连续性假设，使数学分析中的一些连续性概念、极限概念以及微积分等数学工具都能应用于力学分析中。 (2）假设单向层合板是均匀的，多向层合板是分段均匀的。 (3) 假设限于单向层合板是正交各向异性的：即认为单向层合板具有两个相互垂直的弹性对称面。 (4) 假设限于层合板是线弹性的：即认为层合板在外力作用下产生的变形与外力成正比关系，且当外力移去后，层合板能够完全恢复其原来形状。 (5) 假设层合板的变形是很小的。上述五个基本假设，只有多向层合板的分段均匀性假设和单向层合板的正交各向异性假设，与材料力学中的均匀性假设和各向同性假设有区别。平面应力状态与平面应变状态平面应力状态：单元体有一对平面上的应力等于0。（σz＝0，τzx＝0，τzy ＝0）平面应变状态（平面位移）：εz＝0（即ω＝0），τzx＝0(γ31＝0)，τzy ＝0(γ32＝0 )， σz一般不等于0。复合材料连接方式复合材料连接方式主要分为两大类：胶接连接与机械连接。胶接连接：受力不大的薄壁结构，尤其是复合材料结构；机械连接：连接构件较厚、受力大的结构。

告诉你C盘里面每个文件夹是什么作用

Documents and Settings是什么文件？答案：是系统用户设置文件夹，包括各个用户的文档、收藏夹、上网浏览信息、配置文件等。补：这里面的东西不要随便删除，这保存着所有用户的文档和账户设置，如果删除就会重新启动不能登陆的情况，尤其是里面的default user、all users、administrator和以你当前登陆用户名的文件夹。 Favorites是什么文件？答案：是收藏夹，存放你喜欢的网址。可以在其中放网址快捷方式和文件夹快捷方式，可以新建类别（文件夹）。 Program Files是什么文件？答案：应用软件文件夹装软件的默认路径一般是这里！当然里面也有些系统自身的一些应用程序Common Files是什么文件？答案： Common Files. 这个文件夹中包含了应用程序用来共享的文件,很重要，不能乱删除Co mmon Files这个文件是操作系统包扩系统程序和应用程序Common Files是应用程序运行库文件数据库覆盖了大约1000多个最流行的应用程序的插件,补丁等等文件夹com mon files里很多都是系统文件，不能随意删除，除非确定知道是干什么用的，没用的可以删掉。不过就算删掉了有用的东西，也没大的关系，顶多是某些软件用不了，不会造成系统崩溃。 ComPlus Applications是什么文件？答案： ComPlus Applications：微软COM+ 组件使用的文件夹，删除后可能引起COM+ 组件不能运行 DIFX是什么文件？答案：不可以删除，已有的XML数据索引方法从实现思想上可分为两类:结构归纳法和节点定位法.这两种方法都存在一定的问题,结构归纳法的缺点是索引规模较大而且难以有效支持较复杂的查询,而节点定位法的主要缺点是容易形成过多的连接操作.针对这些问题,提出了一种新的动态的XML索引体系DifX,它扩展了已有的动态索引方法,采用一种动态的Bisimil arity的概念,可以根据实际查询需求以及最优化的要求动态决定索引中保存的结构信息,以实现对各种形式的查询最有效的支持.实验结果证明DifX是一种有效而且高效的XML索引方法,其可以获得比已有的XML索引方法更高的查询执行效率. Internet Explorer是什么文件？答案：不用说了，肯定不能删除，IE，浏览网页的！ Kaspersky Lab是什么文件？答案：卡巴斯基的文件包，这个是卡巴的报告，在C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\Kaspersky Lab\AVP6\Report 的更新文件中有很多repor t文件很占地

with复合宾语的用法(20201118215048)

with+复合宾语的用法一、with的复合结构的构成二、所谓"with的复合结构”即是"with+复合宾语”也即"with +宾语+宾语补足语” 的结构。其中的宾语一般由名词充当（有时也可由代词充当）；而宾语补足语则是根据具体的需要由形容词，副词、介词短语，分词短语（包括现在分词和过去分词）及不定式短语充当。下面结合例句就这一结构加以具体的说明。三、1、with +宾语+形容词作宾补四、①He slept well with all the windows open.（82 年高考题）上面句子中形容词open作with的宾词all the windows的补足语， ②It' s impolite to talk with your mouth full of food. 形容词短语full of food 作宾补。Don't sleep with the window ope n in win ter 2、with+宾语+副词作宾补 with Joh n away, we have got more room. He was lying in bed with all his clothes on. ③Her baby is used to sleeping with the light on.句中的on 是副词，作宾语the light 的补足语。 ④The boy can t play with his father in.句中的副词in 作宾补。 3、with+宾语+介词短语。 we sat on the grass with our backs to the wall. his wife came dow n the stairs,with her baby in her arms. They stood with their arms round each other. With tears of joy in her eyes ,she saw her daughter married. ⑤She saw a brook with red flowers and green grass on both sides. 句中介词短语on both sides 作宾语red flowersandgreen grass 的宾补， ⑥There were rows of white houses with trees in front of them.，介词短语in front of them 作宾补。 4、with+宾词+分词（短语这一结构中作宾补用的分词有两种，一是现在分词，二是过去分词，一般来说，当分词所表示的动作跟其前面的宾语之间存在主动关系则用现在分词，若是被动关系，则用过去分词。 ⑦In parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet pointing at another person.（高一第十课），句中用现在分词pointing at…作宾语your feet的补足语，是因它们之间存在主动关系，或者说point 这一动作是your feet发出的。 All the after noon he worked with the door locked. She sat with her head bent. She did not an swer, with her eyes still fixed on the wall. The day was bright,with a fresh breeze（微风）blowing. I won't be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. With win ter coming on ,it is time to buy warm clothes. He soon fell asleep with the light still bur ning. ⑧From space the earth looks like ahuge water covered globe,with a few patches of land stuk ing out above the water而在下面句子中因with的宾语跟其宾补之间存在被动关系，故用过去分词作宾补：

文件夹的作用

All Users文件夹：『Win9x/ME』所有用户文件夹，里面里面包括系统缺省登录时的桌面文件和开始菜单的内容。『Win2000』在Win2000的系统目录中没有这个文件夹，Win2000将用户的信息放在根目录下的Documents and Settings文件夹中，每个用户对应一个目录，包括开始菜单、桌面、收藏夹、我的文档等等。 Application Data文件夹：『Win9x/ME』应用程序数据任务栏中的快捷方式，输入法的一些文件等等。根据你系统中使用不同的软件，该目录中的内容也有所不同。『Win2000』在Documents and Settings文件夹中，每个用户都对应一个Application Data 文件夹，同样每个用户由于使用的软件不同，目录内容也相同。 Applog文件夹：『Win9x/ME』应用程序逻辑文件目录。逻辑文件是用来记录应用软件在运行时，需要调用的文件、使用的地址等信息的文件。要查看这些文件，用记事本打开即可。 Catroot文件夹：『Win9x』计算机启动测试信息目录，目录中包括的文件大多是关于计算机启动时检测的硬软件信息。『WinME』该文件夹位于系统目录的system目录中。『Win2000』该文件夹位于系统目录的system32目录中。 Command文件夹：『Win9x/ME』DOS命令目录。包括很多DOS下的外部命令，虽说都是些小工具，但真的很好用，特别是对于系统崩溃时。『Win2000』这些DOS命令位于系统目录的system32目录中。 Config文件夹：『Win9x/ME/2000』配置文件夹，目录中包括一些MIDI乐器的定义文件。 Cookies文件夹：『Win9x/ME』Cookies又叫小甜饼，是你在浏览某些网站时，留在你硬盘上的一些资料，包括用户名、用户资料、网址等等。『Win2000』每个用户都有一个Cookies文件夹，位于Documents and Settings文件夹的每个用户目录中。 Cursors文件夹：『Win9x/ME/2000』鼠标动画文件夹。目录中包括鼠标在不同状态下的动画文件。 Desktop文件夹：『Win9x/ME』桌面文件夹。包括桌面上的一些图标。『Win2000』这个文件夹在系统目录中也存在，同时在Documents and Settings文件夹的每个用户目录中还有“桌面”文件夹。

(完整版)with的复合结构用法及练习

with复合结构一. with复合结构的常见形式 1.“with+名词/代词+介词短语”。 The man was walking on the street, with a book under his arm. 那人在街上走着，腋下夹着一本书。 2. “with+名词/代词+形容词”。 With the weather so close and stuffy, ten to one it’ll rain presently. 天气这么闷热，十之八九要下雨。 3. “with+名词/代词+副词”。 The square looks more beautiful than even with all the light on. 所有的灯亮起来，广场看起来更美。 4. “with+名词/代词+名词”。 He left home, with his wife a hopeless soul. 他走了，妻子十分伤心。 5. “with+名词/代词+done”。此结构过去分词和宾语是被动关系，表示动作已经完成。 With this problem solved, neomycin 1 is now in regular production. 随着这个问题的解决，新霉素一号现在已经正式产生。 6. “with+名词/代词+-ing分词”。此结构强调名词是-ing分词的动作的发出者或某动作、状态正在进行。 He felt more uneasy with the whole class staring at him. 全班同学看着他，他感到更不自然了。 7. “with+宾语+to do”。此结构中，不定式和宾语是被动关系，表示尚未发生的动作。 So in the afternoon, with nothing to do, I went on a round of the bookshops. 由于下午无事可做，我就去书店转了转。二. with复合结构的句法功能 1. with 复合结构，在句中表状态或说明背景情况，常做伴随、方式、原因、条件等状语。With machinery to do all the work, they will soon have got in the crops. 由于所有的工作都是由机器进行，他们将很快收完庄稼。（原因状语） The boy always sleeps with his head on the arm. 这个孩子总是头枕着胳膊睡觉。（伴随状语）The soldier had him stand with his back to his father. 士兵要他背对着他父亲站着。（方式状语）With spring coming on, trees turn green. 春天到了，树变绿了。（时间状语） 2. with 复合结构可以作定语 Anyone with its eyes in his head can see it’s exactly like a rope. 任何一个头上长着眼睛的人都能看出它完全像一条绳子。【高考链接】 1. ___two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.（04北京） A. With B. Besides C. As for D. Because of 【解析】A。“with+宾语+不定式”作状语，表示原因。 2. It was a pity that the great writer died, ______his works unfinished. (04福建) A. for B. with C. from D.of 【解析】B。“with+宾语+过去分词”在句中作状语，表示状态。 3._____production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. (NMET) A. As B.For C. With D.Through 【解析】C。“with+宾语+副词”在句中作状语，表示程度。

With复合结构的用法小结

With复合结构的用法小结 with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。一、with结构的构成它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下： 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词； 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词； 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语； 4. with或without-名词/代词+动词不定式； 5. with或without-名词/代词+分词。下面分别举例： 1、She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.（with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语） 2、With the meal over ，we all went home.（with+名词+副词，作时间状语） 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。（with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。）The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. 4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.（with+名词+不定式，作伴随状语）He could not finish it without me to help him.（without+代词+不定式，作条件状语） 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.（with+名词+现在分词，作伴随状语）Without anything left in the cupboard，shewent out to get something to eat.（without+代词+过去分词，作为原因状语）二、with结构的用法在句子中with结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式，伴随情况、时间、原因或条件（详见上述例句）。 With结构在句中也可以作定语。例如： 1.I like eating the mooncakes with eggs. 2.From space the earth looks like a huge water-covered globe with a few patches of land sticking out above the water. 3.A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the house. 三、with结构的特点 1. with结构由介词with或without+复合结构构成。复合结构中第一部分与第二部分语法上是宾语和宾语补足语关系，而在逻辑上，却具有主谓关系，也就是说，可以用第一部分作主语，第二部分作谓语，构成一个句子。例如：With him taken care of，we felt quite relieved.（欣慰）→（He was taken good care of.）She fell asleep with the light burning. →（The light was burning.）With her hair gone，there could be no use for them. →（Her hair was gone.） 2. 在with结构中，第一部分为人称代词时，则该用宾格代词。例如：He could not finish it without me to help him. 四、几点说明： 1. with结构在句子中的位置：with 结构在句中作状语，表示时间、条件、原因时一般放在

山大复合材料结构与性能复习题参考答案.doc

1、简述构成复合材料的元素及其作用复合材料由两种以上组分以及他们之间的界面组成。即构成复合材料的元素包括基体相、增强相、界面相。基体相作用：具有支撑和保护增强相的作用。在复合材料受外加载荷时，基体相一剪切变形的方式起向增强相分配和传递载荷的作用，提高塑性变形能力。增强和作用：能够强化基体和的材料称为增强体，增强体在复合材料中是分散相, 在复合材料承受外加载荷时增强相主要起到承载载荷的作用。界面相作用：界面相是使基体相和增强相彼此相连的过渡层。界面相具有一定厚度，在化学成分和力学性质上与基体相和增强相有明显区别。在复合材料受外加载荷时能够起到传递载荷的作用。 2、简述复合材料的基本特点 (1)复合材料的性能具有可设计性材料性能的可设计性是指通过改变材料的组分、结构、工艺方法和工艺参数来调节材料的性能。显然，复合材料中包含了诸多影响最终性能、可调节的因素，赋予了复合材料的性能可设计性以极大的自由度。 ⑵ 材料与构件制造的一致性制造复合材料与制造构件往往是同步的，即复合材料与复合材料构架同时成型，在采用某种方法把增强体掺入基体成型复合材料的同时?，通常也就形成了复合材料的构件。 (3)叠加效应叠加效应指的是依靠增强体与基体性能的登加，使复合材料获得一?种新的、独特而又优于个单元组分的性能，以实现预期的性能指标。 (4)复合材料的不足复合材料的增强体和基体可供选择地范围有限；制备工艺复杂，性能存在波动、离散性；复合材料制品成本较高。

3、说明增强体在结构复合材料中的作用能够强化基体的材料称为增强体。增强体在复合材料中是分散相。复合材料中的增强体，按几何形状可分为颗粒状、纤维状、薄片状和由纤维编制的三维立体结构。喑属性可分为有机增强体和无机增强体。复合材料中最主要的增强体是纤维状的。对于结构复合材料，纤维的主要作用是承载，纤维承受载荷的比例远大于基体；对于多功能复合材料，纤维的主要作用是吸波、隐身、防热、耐磨、耐腐蚀和抗震等其中一种或多种，同时为材料提供基本的结构性能；对于结构陶瓷复合材料，纤维的主要作用是增加韧性。 4、说明纤维增强复合材料为何有最小纤维含量和最大纤维含量在复合材料中，纤维体积含量是一个很重要的参数。纤维强度高，基体韧性好，若加入少量纤维，不仅起不到强化作用反而弱化，因为纤维在基体内相当于裂纹。所以存在最小纤维含量，即临界纤维含量。若纤维含量小于临界纤维量，则在受外载荷作用时，纤维首先断裂，同时基体会承受载荷，产生较大变形，是否断裂取决于基体强度。纤维量增加，强度下降。当纤维量大于临界纤维量时，纤维主要承受载荷。纤维量增加强度增加。总之，含量过低，不能充分发挥复合材料中增强材料的作用；含量过高，由于纤维和基体间不能形成一定厚度的界面过渡层, 无法承担基体对纤维的力传递，也不利于复合材料抗拉强度的提高。 5、如何设才计复合材料材料设计是指根据对?材料性能的要求而进行的材料获得方法与工程途径的规划。复合材料设计是通过改变原材料体系、比例、配置和复合工艺类型及参数，来改变复合材料的性能，特别是是器有各向异性，从而适应在不同位置、不同方位和不同环境条件下的使用要求。复合材料的可设计性赋予了结构设计者更大的自由度，从而有可能设计出能够充分发掘与应用材料潜力的优化结构。复合材料制品的设计与研制步骤可以归纳如下： 1）通过论证明确对于材料的使用性能要求，确定设计目标 2）选择材料体系（增强体、基体） 3）确定组分比例、几何形态及增强体的配置 4）确定制备工艺方法及工艺参数