短句问答
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6710269886.html,
短句问答3个答题技巧
短句问答的测试形式为:一篇长约400个单词的文章,后设置5道题;题型通常为填空式与提问式相结合;要求考生回答涉及文章主题或细节的问题和补充不完整的句子;要求用最少的字回答。短句问答属于仔细阅读理解部分,和两篇篇章阅读理解一共有25分钟的答题时间,因此建议用8~9分钟解答短句问答题,大体时间分配宜采取“3?
4?2”制,即3分钟阅读文章,4分钟答题,1~2分钟检查。短句问答解题技巧如下:
一、巧辨题目对原文信息的转换
短句问答通过转换原文信息的方式来增加答题的难度。识别题目对原文信息的转换是答题的关键。题目和原文信息的转换形式有以下几种:①词汇、短语之间的转换;
②各种逻辑关系之间的转换;③明暗否定之间的转换;④主动与被动之间的转换。【例1】The company did not have the money to hire“experts”,and there was no established athletic footwear industry in North America from which to recruit those knowledgeable in the field.
【题目】Blue Ribbon Sports was unable to hire experts due to the absence of
in North America.[2008.12/T49]【解析】原文中的明否定did not和no,转化成了题目中的暗否定unable和absence。原文说no established athletic footwear industry in North America,正好与the absence of...in North America对应,容易得到正确答案。[答案:established athletic footwear industry]
【例2】Perhaps their biggest stroke of luck came early on when they tried to sell their technology to other search engines,but no one met their price,and they built it up on their own.
【题目】Brin and Page decided to set up their own business because no one would
.[2007.6/T50]【解析】题目将原文中的but...转化成原因状语从句because...。题目中的set up their own business对应原文中的built it up on their own。原文中and后面的内容正是答案。
由于题目中有情态动词,因此把met改成动词原形meet。[答案:meet their price]【例3】When Maring had a daughter,the company equipped him with a home office and allowed him to choose a job that could be performed from there.【题目】When Maring was on paternity leave,he was allowed by his company to work
.[2007.12/T50]【解析】题干中的被动结构was allowed by his company对应原文中的主动结构the compa?ny allowed him。原中提到公司允许Maring住家办公。[答案:in a home office]二、尽量利用原文关键词作答
短句问答题的答案一般都能从原文中直接找到,但也有部分只需对原文进行改写。除非语法形式上必要的改写,考生应尽量利用原文作答,以避免书写和语法之类的错误。
【例4】...What is surprising is the method psychologists at the University of Texas have come up with to keep girls from developing eating disorders.Their main weapon
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against superskinny (role)models:a brand of civil disobedience dubbed “body activism.”
【题目】By promoting “body activism,”University of Texas psychologists aim to prevent
girls from .[2009.6/T48]【解析】根据题干中的University of Texas psychologists 查找到上文。原文中的keep...from
doing sth.对应题干中的prevent...from doing sth.,所以只需要把原文中from 之后的内容填入空白之处即可。[答案:developing eating disorders]【例5】In 1964,Knight and Bowerman contributed $500each to form Blue Ribbon
Sports,the predecessor of Nike.In the first few years,Knight distributed shoes out of his car at local track meets.The first employees hired by Knight were former college athletes.The company did not have the money to hire “experts”,and there was no established athletic footwear industry in North America from which to recruit those knowledgeable in the field.In its early years the organi?zation operated in an unconventional manner that characterized its innovative and entrepreneurial approach to the https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6710269886.html,munication was informal;people discussed ideas and issues in the hallways,on a run,or over a beer...
【题目】In the early years of Nike,communication within the company was usually carried
out .[2008.12/T50]【解析】此处需要副词,修饰动词短语carried out。根据Nike 和communication 查找到上文
第6句。原文信息是Communication was informal,但informal 是形容词,应将其转化为副词。[答案:informally]三尧回答和提问形式应一致
短句问答题常考查考生对某些特定细节的理解,形式通常是填空式或wh鄄/how 题。这些题的答案一般都能从原文中直接找到,也有部分需对原文进行改写。回答时要注意答案与问题在语言形式上的一致性。
【例6】...There was little task differentiation.There were no job descriptions,rigid
reporting systems,or detailed rules and regulations.The team spirit and shared values of the athletes on Bowerman’s teams carried over and provided the basis for the collegial style of management that characterized the early years of Nike.【题目】What qualities of Bowerman’s teams formed the basis of Nike’s early management style?
[2008.12/T51]
【解析】根据Bowerman’s teams 和basis of Nike’s early management style 查找到上文,再
利用问题的信息结构What qualities formed the basis...和原句的信息结构sth....and provided the basis...在意义上的匹配,找到原句主语部分的信息sth.。[答案:The team spirit and shared values of the athletes]【例7】Though we’ve never had a catastrophic loss such as that,Gibbs and I did
have a close call shortly before we decided to simplify.At that time we lived in a fire zone.One night a firestorm raged through and destroyed over six hundred homes in our community.That tragedy gave us the opportunity to look
objectively at the goods we’d accumulated.
【题目】What do we know about the author’s house from the sentence “Gibbs and I did
have a close call...”?[2006.12/T49]【解析】结合上下文,根据后文600多家房子被烧毁,而have a close call 表明Gibbs and
I 幸免于难,这说明他们的房子勉强躲过这次火灾。问题的主语是house,回答时应该用it。[答案:It narrowly escaped the firestorm.]
训练：短句问答强化
Test 1
Some of the old worries about artificial intelligence were closely linked to the question of whether computers could think.The first massive electronic computers,ca?pable of rapid calculation and little or no creative activity,were soon dubbed (取绰号)“electronic brains”.A reaction to this terminology quickly followed,computers were called “high speed idiots”,an effort to protect human vanity.But not everyone realized the implications of the high?speed idiot tag.It has not been pointed out enough that even the human idiot is one of the most intelligent life forms on earth.If the early comput?ers were even that intelligent,it was already a remarkable state of affairs.
One consequence of speculation about the possibility of computer thought was that we were forced to examine with new care the idea of thought in general.It soon be?came clear that we were not sure what we meant by such terms as thought and think?ing.We tend to assume that human beings think,some more than others,though we often call people thoughtless or unthinking.Dreams cause a problem,partly because they usually happen outside our control.They are obviously some type of mental expe?rience,but are they a type of thinking?And the question of nonhuman life forms adds further problems.Many of us would maintain that some of the higher animals—dogs,cats,apes,and so on—are capable of at least basic thought,but what about fish and insects?If thinking is demonstrated by evident electrical activity in the brain,then many species are capable of thought.Once we have formulated clear ideas on what thought is in biological creatures,it will be easier to discuss the question of thought in artifacts (人工制品).And what is true of thought is also true of the many other mental processes.One of the immense benefits of a research is that we are being forced to scrutinize,with new rigor,the working of the human mind.
It is already clear that machines have superior mental abilities to many life forms.No fern or oak tree can play chess as well as even the simplest digital computer,nor can frogs weld car bodies as well as robots.It seems that,viewed in terms of intellect,the computer should be set well above plants and most animals.Only the higher ani?mals can compete with computers with regard to intellect and even then with diminish?ing success.
1.What did people think of the early computers?
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2.According to the author,the early computers is than human idiots.
3.As a result of speculating whether computer could think,we had to research more carefully to get .
4.Why do dreams cause the problem whether they are a type of thinking,according to the author?
5.What does the author want to illustrate by mentioning the fern and the oak tree?
名师点评
一直以来,关于人工智能的一些担忧与电脑是否会思考这个问题紧密相连。[1]最初的大型电子计算机可以快速计算却没有或几乎没有创造能力,它们马上就被冠以“电脑”的绰号。很快就有了对这一术语的反应,计算机被称为“高速白痴”,这无非是维护人类虚荣心所做的一种努力。但并不是每个人都能意识到“高速白痴”这个绰号的含义。即使是一个白痴的人也堪称世界上最智能的生命形式之一,这一点并未得到充分的指明。[2]如果早期的计算机能达到这种智力水平,那早已经是件非常了不起的事情了。
[3]关于计算机是否具有思考能力的推测迫使我们重新审视“思维”的普遍含义。很快我们就会清楚地意识到我们并不确定“思维”和“思考”这类术语的意思。我们往往认定人类会思考,一些人比其他人思考得多些,虽然我们常常会称某人毫无思想或者缺乏思考。[4]梦的存在引出了一个问题,部分原因在于梦通常不受我们的控制。梦显然是某种精神上的体验,然而这能算是一种思考吗?非人类生物的存在则引出了更多的问题。很多人都认为一些较高等的动物,如狗、猫、猿等,至少有基本的思考能力,但鱼和昆虫呢?如果思考可以通过大脑的明显电波活动显现出来的话,那么很多物种都能思考。一旦我们明确地阐述出生物思维的含义,那么讨论人造物体的思维问题就会变得更容易。而关于思维的正确认识对于其他很多精神上的活动也同样正确。对此进行研究的其中一个最大的好处是我们将不得不更严格地、仔细地研究人类的思考方式。
[5]机器比很多生物具有更强的思考能力,这早已是不争的事实。蕨类或橡树都无法下棋,即使最简单的电子计算机都比它们强,青蛙也不可能像机器人那样焊接车身。看来,如果以智力的标准衡量,计算机远远胜于植物和多数动物。只有较高等的动物可以在智力方面与计算机相比,即使如此,两者间的差距也是微乎其微的。1.【答案】Stupid //They can calculate rapidly but are idiots.【定位】第1段第2、3句。
【解析】推断题。此题有关人们对早期电子计算机的看法。从第1段第2、3句所提到的计算机的两个绰号“electronic
brains”和“high speed idiots”可推理得出:人们对于当时出现的计算机其实是持嘲讽和轻蔑态度的,认为它们虽然运转速度快,但是很笨。2.【答案】less intelligent
【定位】根据early computers 查找到第1段最后一句。
【解析】推断题。原文倒数第2句提到,即使是human idiot,也是最intelligent 的生命形式。接着最后一句用If“假设”说明了早期的计算机并没有白痴的人聪明,由此可知题目应填入less intelligent。
3.【答案】the idea of thought in general
【定位】根据result of speculating 查找到第2段第1句。
【解析】事实细节题。题目中的前半部分是对原文主语的同义改写,主句中的had to research to get...相当于原文中的were forced to examine...,因此examine 后面的宾语就是答案所在。
4.【答案】Because they usually happen outside our control //Because they are usu?ally beyond our control.
【定位】根据dreams cause a problem 查找到第2段第4句。
【解析】事实细节题。原文提到Dreams cause a problem 后即明确解释原因:partly because they usually happen outside our control,答案可以照搬原文,也可以用介词beyond 进行同义改写。
5.【答案】Machines have superior mental abilities to many life forms //Computers are more intelligent than plants and most animals.【定位】末段首句。
【解析】推断题。末段第2句提到的内容是支持该段首句和第3句观点的具体例子,这两句话的观点是相同的,说的都是“机器比很多生物具有更强的思考能力”,由此可见,可照搬首句中that 引导的主语从句作为答案,也可以结合第3句作同义改写。
Test 2
Children are getting so fat—they may be the first generation to die before their parents,an expert claimed yesterday.Today’s youngsters are already falling prey to po?tential killers such as diabetes because of their weight.Fatty fast?food diets combined with sedentary lifestyles dominated by televisions and computers could mean kids will die tragically young,says Professor Andrew Prentice,from the London School of Hy?giene &Tropical Medicine.
At the same time,the shape of the human body is going through a huge evolu?tionary shift because adults are getting so fat.Here in Britain,latest research shows that the average waist size for a man is 36-38inches and may be 42-44inches by 2032.This compares with only 32.6inches in 1972.Women’s waists have grown from an average of 22inches in 1920to 24inches in the Fifties and 30inches now.One of the major reasons why children now are at greater risk is that we are getting fatter younger.In the UK alone,more than one million under?16s are classed as overweight or obese—double the number in the mid?Eighties.One in ten four?year?olds are also medically classified as obese.The obesity pandemic—an extensive epidemic—which started in the US,has now spread to Europe,Australia,Central America and the Mid?dle East.
Many nations now record more than 20per cent of their population as clinically obese and well over half the population as overweight.Prof.Prentice said the change
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in our shape has been caused by a glut of easily available high?energy foods combined with a dramatic drop in the energy we use as a result of technology developments.
He is not alone in his concern.Only last week one medical journal revealed how obesity was fuelling a rise in cancer cases.Obesity also increases the risk factor for strokes and heart disease.An averagely obese person’s lifespan is shortened by around nine years while a severely obese person by many more.
Prof.Prentice said:“So will parents outlive their children,as claimed recently by an American obesity specialist?”The answer is yes—and no.Yes,when the offspring be?come grossly obese.This is now becoming an alarmingly common occurrence in the US.Such children and adolescents have a greatly reduced quality of life in terms of both their physical and psychosocial health.So say No to that doughnut and burger.1.Professor Andrew Prentice says kids will die young because of their .2.In Britain,overweight or obese under?16s in the mid?Eighties were today.3.What should be responsible for the change in our body shape according to the pas?sage?
4.The risk of some diseases such as cancer,strokes and heart disease may become greater due to .
5.What does the author suggest we do by saying “say No to that doughnut and burg?er”?
名师点评
小孩长得太胖了———他们可能会成为先于父母死去的第一代人,一个专家昨天宣称。现在的青少年已经因为超重而成为糖尿病等潜在杀手的受害者。[1]高脂肪的快餐饮食加上久坐于电视和电脑前的生活方式可能意味着孩子会悲惨地早逝,伦敦卫生及热带医学院的教授安德鲁·普伦蒂斯如是说。
与此同时,由于成年人变得非常肥胖,人类的体形正在经历一个巨大的演变。在英国,最新的研究表明,男人的平均腰围达到36~38英寸,到2032年还可能达到42~44英寸。相比之下,1972年的数据仅仅是32.6英寸。女人的平均腰围从1920年的22英寸增长到50年代的24英寸,而现在已达到30英寸。儿童现在面临更大的危险,其中一个主要原因是肥胖的年轻化。[2]仅仅在英国,就有超过100万16岁以下的少年被列为超重或肥胖,其数量是80年代中期的2倍。4岁的儿童中每10个就有一个在医学上被认定为肥胖。肥胖流行病———一场广泛的传染病———从美国开始,现已传播到欧洲、澳大利亚、中美洲和中东。
目前,很多国家有超过20%的人口被临床确诊为肥胖,还有大半的人口被确认为超重。[3]普伦蒂斯教授解释说,随手可得的高能量食物的泛滥,加上人们日常的能量消耗因科技进步而显著降低,这些都导致了人们体形的改变。
担心这个问题的不只是他一个人。[4]上周就有一份医学杂志揭示了肥胖如何导致癌症病例的上升。肥胖还会增加中风和心脏病的危险。普通肥胖者的寿命会缩短9年左右,而严重肥胖者的寿命还要缩短更多年。
普伦蒂斯教授说:“那么,是否如最近一个美国肥胖研究专家所声称的那样,父母会
比他们的孩子还活得长?”答案是“是”———也是“不是”。如果后代变得很肥胖时那就是“是”。这种现象在美国已变得惊人的常见。这类孩子和青少年的生活质量大为下降,无论从身体健康还是社会心理健康的角度看都如此。[5]因此,让我们向油炸面包圈和汉堡包说“不”吧。
1.【答案】fatty fast?food diets and sedentary lifestyles/unhealthy lifestyles 【定位】根据kids will die young 查找到第1段第3句。
【解析】事实细节题。题干出现在原文中mean 的后面,因此答案应该在mean 前面查找。本题可使用原词答题,也可用unhealthy lifestyles 进行归纳总结。2.【答案】half as many as
【定位】根据under?16s 查找到第2段倒数第3句。
【解析】事实细节题。原文破折号后面的double 表明现在英国16岁以下的超重或肥胖人数是80年代中期的两倍,题目问的是80年代中期的情况,因此需填入half as many as,表示80年代中期的人数是现在的一半。
3.【答案】High?energy foods and a drop in the energy we use //High?energy foods and less energy we consume.
【定位】根据change in our body shape 查找到第3段最后1句。
【解析】事实细节题。题目中的responsible for 表明了原文的因果关系,关键是对caused by 后面的成分进行提炼得出答案。4.【答案】obesity/overweight
【定位】根据题干中的疾病名称查找到第4段第2、3句。
【解析】事实细节题。原文说到obesity(肥胖)导致癌症病人的增加,还会导致中风和心脏病危险因素的增加,因此答案为obesity 或其同义词overweight。5.【答案】Lead a healthy life.//Do not try unhealthy/junk food.【定位】文章最后一句。
【解析】推断题,解答此题必须结合上下文。上文提到,从身体健康和社会心理健康而言,儿童和青少年的生活质量下降了,由此可知我们应该拒绝炸面包圈和汉堡包等不健康的食品,或者说我们应该过一种健康的生活。
Test 3
Icebergs are among nature’s most spectacular creations,and yet most people have never seen one.A vague air of mystery envelops them.They come into being—some?where—in faraway,frigid waters,and thunderous noise and splashing turbulence,which in most cases no one hears or sees.They exist only a short time and then slowly waste away just as unnoticed.
Objects of sheerest beauty,they have been called.Appearing in an endless variety of shapes,they may be dazzlingly white,or they may be glassy blue,green,or purple,tinted faintly of darker hues (颜色).They are graceful,stately (宏伟的),inspiring in calm,sunlit seas.
But they are also called frightening and dangerous,and that they are—in the
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night,in the fog,and in storms.Even in clear weather one is wise to stay a safe dis?tance away from them.Most of their bulk is hidden below the water,so their underwa?ter parts may extend out far beyond the visible top.Also,they may roll over unexpect?edly,churning (剧烈搅动)the waters around them.
Icebergs are parts of glaciers that break off,drift into the water,float about awhile and finally melt.Icebergs afloat today are made of snowflakes that have fallen over long ages of time.They embody snows that drifted down hundred,or many thousand,or in some cases,maybe a million years ago.The snows fell in polar?regions and on cold mountains,where they melted only a little or not at all and so collected to great depths over the years and centuries.
As each year’s snow accumulation lay on the surface,evaporation and melting caused the snowflakes slowly to lose their feathery points and become tiny grains of ice.When new snow fell on top of the old,it too turned into icy grains.So blankets of snow and ice grains mounted layer upon layer and were of such great thickness that the weight of the upper layers compressed the lower ones.With time and pressure from above,the many small ice grains joined and changed to larger crystals,and eventually the deeper crystals merged into a solid mass of ice.
1.The author states that icebergs are rarely seen as they appear in of the world.
2.From the passage,we can know that the shape of icebergs is .
3.According to the passage,icebergs are scary and dangerous because they are likely to surprisingly.
4.What glaciers become when they break off and drift into the water?
5.What are the major factors in the process of the many small ice grains being merged into icebergs?
名师点评
冰山是大自然最壮观的杰作之一,而大多数人却从未见过。它们被一层神秘的面纱所笼罩。[1]冰山产生于某些遥远的冰冷水域中,生成时发出雷鸣般的响声,溅起巨浪,而在多数情况下没人听到或见过。它们昙花一现并渐渐消失无踪。
它们被誉为最美丽的物体。[2]其形状变化多端,呈现出耀眼的白色或透亮的蓝色、绿色或紫色,带着丝丝淡淡的深色。在风平浪静、洒满阳光的海面上,它们是那么优雅、宏伟、激动人心。
[3]然而在夜晚、在雾里以及在风雨中,它们也被认为是可怕和危险的。即使是在天气晴朗的日子,与其保持安全的距离也是明智之举。冰山的大部分体积都隐藏在水下,因此它们水下的部分远比水上可见的部分大。[3]它们还可能会出乎意料地滚动,引起周围水域的剧烈翻腾。
[4]冰山是断裂的冰川滑入水中的一部分,它们漂浮一段时间,最终融化。现在漂浮着的冰山是由以往漫长岁月里飘落的雪花形成。它们承载的雪是数百年乃至数千年前
落下的,有的还可能是100万年前的。雪飘落在极地和寒冷的高山上,仅仅融化一点或根本就不融化,年深日久逐渐达到了很深的厚度。
覆盖在表面的雪年复一年地累积,蒸发和融化使雪花逐渐失去了羽状边角,变成细小的冰粒。当新雪落在旧雪上时,也变成了冰粒。就这样,雪和冰粒层层重叠,变得非常厚,以致上层的重量紧紧压住了下层。[5]随着时间的推移以及来自上层的压力,众多细小的冰粒互相结合并转变为更大的冰晶,最终深层的冰晶融合成巨大的坚冰。1.【答案】faraway/distant/remote waters/regions/areas
【定位】根据icebergs are rarely seen 查找到第1段第3句。
【解析】事实细节题。题目中的appear in 与of the world 表明空格处需填入表地点的名词。原文开篇提到大部分人都没有见过冰山,从第3句可知,冰山形成于faraway,frigid waters,由此可知,这是人们很少看到冰山的原因所在,因此答案为faraway wa?ters,也可以把faraway 同义改写成distant 或remote,或者把waters(水域)用regions 或areas 代替。
2.【答案】in an endless variety of shapes/various/different 【定位】根据shape 查找到第2段第2句。
【解析】事实细节题。题目需要表语成分。从原文该句可知冰山的形状各异,因此题目的答案可用appearing 后的介词短语作答,也可以简要概括为various 或different。3.【答案】roll over/turn over
【定位】根据scary and dangerous 和surprisingly 查找到第3段第1句及最后一句。【解析】事实细节题。题目需填入动词原形,表明冰山可怕的原因。原文第3段介绍了冰山的可怕之处,最后两句是原因所在。题目空格前的are likely to 与原文最后一句的may 是同义表达,所以答案为may 后的动词词组。4.【答案】Icebergs.
【定位】根据when 从句的内容定位到第4段第1句。
【解析】事实细节题。题目中的when 从句是原文that 定语从句的部分内容,原文句首的“Icebergs are parts of glaciers...”表明了冰山是冰川的一部分,因此可知答案是Icebergs。
5.【答案】Time and pressure (from above).
【定位】根据small ice grains 和merged into icebergs 查找到最后一段最后一句。
【解析】事实细节题。原文用with 短语表达了众多小冰粒是怎么样形成大块坚冰的,也就是题目所询问的主要因素,因此答案为with 后的宾语。
Test 4
People do not analyze every problem they meet.Sometimes they try to remember a solution from the last time they had a similar problem.They often accept the opinions or ideas of other people.Other times they begin to act without thinking;they try to find a solution by trial and error.However,when all these methods fail,the person with a problem has to start analyzing.Generally speaking,there are six stages in ana?lyzing a problem.
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First the person must recognize that there is a problem.For example,Sam’s bicy?cle is broken,and he cannot ride it to class as he usually does.Sam must see that there is a problem with his bicycle.
Next the thinker must define the problem.Before Sam can repair his bicycle,he must find the reason why it does not work.For instance,he must determine if the problem is with the gears,the brakes,or the frame.He must make his problem more specific.
Now the person must look for information that will make the problem clearer and lead to possible solutions.For instance,suppose Sam decided that his bike does not work because there is something wrong with the gear wheels.At this time,he can look in his bicycle repair book and read about gears.He can talk to his friends at the bike shop.He can look at his gears carefully.
After studying the problem,the person should have several suggestions for a possi?ble solution.Take Sam as an illustration.His suggestions might be:put oil on the gear wheels;buy new gear wheels and replace the old ones;tighten or loosen the gear wheels.
Eventually one suggestion seems to be the solution to the problem.Sometimes the final idea comes very suddenly because the thinker suddenly sees something new or sees something in a new way.Sam,for example,suddenly sees that there is a piece of chewing gum between the gear wheels.He immediately realizes the solution to his problem:he must clean the gear wheels.
Finally the solution is tested.Sam cleans the gear wheels and finds that afterwards his bicycle works perfectly.In short,he has solved the problem.
1.By saying “Sometimes they try to remember a solution from the last time they had a similar problem”(Lines 1-2,Para.1),the author suggests that we can solve a prob?lem by learning from .
2.After recognizing the problem,one should make the problem .
3.According to the author,the person with a problem may get several suggestions for a possible solution through .
4.What is the author’s purpose of taking Sam’s broken bicycle for example?
5.What does the author think is the last thing we should do in analyzing a problem?
名师点评
人们通常不会去分析所遇到的每个问题。[1]有时他们会努力回想以前遇到类似问题时的解决方案。他们常常会接受别人的意见或想法。其他时候他们会不假思索便行动;他们反复试验,试图找到解决方案。[4]然而,当这些方法都失效时,遇到问题的人则不得不开始分析。通常来说,分析问题有六个阶段。
首先,必须意识到问题的存在。例如,山姆的自行车坏了,他不能像往常那样骑车去上课。山姆必须意识到他的车出毛病了。
[2]下一步,必须明确问题。山姆在能够修车之前,必须先找到自行车坏了的原因。例如,他必须确定问题是出在变速器、刹车装置还是车架上。[2]他必须将问题具体化。
接着,必须搜集能使问题清晰化并有助于找到解决方案的信息。例如,假设山姆确定他的车是因为变速轮出了问题而不能用。这时,他就可以翻查自行车修理手册并阅读有关变速器的内容。他可以咨询自行车店的朋友。他可以仔细地检查变速器。
[3]把问题研究清楚后,应该会得到几种可能解决方案的想法。以山姆为例,他的想法可能是:给变速轮抹上油;购买新的变速轮来替换旧的;拧紧或拧松变速轮。
最终会有一个想法看起来可以解决问题。有时,因为想办法的人突然留意到新的情况或从新的角度看问题,这个最终的想法突然产生了。例如,山姆突然看到变速轮之间有一块口香糖。他立即认识到问题的解决方法:他必须把变速轮清洁干净。
[5]最后,解决方案要接受检验。山姆清洁了变速轮后发现他的自行车可以很好地运作了。简言之,他解决了问题。
1.【答案】past/previous experience //the solution we had last time 【定位】第1段第2句。
【解析】推断题。题目中已明确指出细节出处。第2句说明我们对新问题的解决办法来源于上次解决类似的问题,因此可归纳总结出“过去的经验”或者直接将原句进行改写。
2.【答案】more specific
【定位】根据After recognizing the problem 查找到第3段。
【解析】事实细节题。该段先提到认识问题的下一个步骤是define the problem,接着举例说明,最后一句对define the problem 进一步解释。题干的空格前已经给出make the problem,故答案为该段最后一句make 后的补语成分。3.【答案】studying the problem
【定位】根据get several suggestions 查找到第5段第1句。
【解析】事实细节题。题目用through...表达了原文中的介词短语after...,因此after 之后的成分为答案所在。
4.【答案】To show how to analyze a problem //To show how to solve a problem by analyzing.
【定位】第1段最后两句。
【解析】主旨大意题。文章多处以Sam 的自行车为例,因此要说明的问题应与主题相关。文章第1段通过列举人们解决问题时采用不同的方法,引出了本文的主题,即告诉读者如何分析问题。5.【答案】Test the solution.【定位】最后一段第1句。
【解析】事实细节题。最后一段第1句的“Finally the solution is tested.”揭示了答案所在,但要注意的是,题目问的是“What...we should do...?”,所以需把原文的被动语态改成主动语态。
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Test 5
Great emotional and intellectual resources are demanded in quarrels;persistence helps,as does a capacity for obsession.But no one is born a good quarreler;the craft must be learned.
There are two generally recognized apprenticeships.First,and universally preferred,is a long childhood spent in the company of fractious siblings.After several years of rainy afternoons,brothers and sisters develop a sure feel for the tactics of wearing out the opponent and the accuracy of strategy so necessary in first?rate quarrelling.
Essentially,adversaries (对手)in a quarrel are out to establish or rescue their dig?nity.Hence the elementary principle:anything may be said.The unschooled,probably more quarrelsome by inclination than anyone else,may spend an hour with knocking heart,calling this old acquaintance a lying fraud.Too late!With a cheerful wave the old acquaintance has left the room.
Those who miss their first apprenticeship may care to enroll in the second,the bad marriage.This can be risky for those inexperienced.The mutual intimacy of spous?es makes them at once more vulnerable and more dangerous in attack.Once sex is in?volved,the stakes are higher all round.And there is an unspoken rule that those who love,or have loved,one another are granted a license for unlimited beastliness such as is denied to mere sworn enemies.For all that,some of our most skilled black belt quarrelers have come to it late in life and mastered every throw,from the Crushing Si?lence to the Gloating Apology,in less than ten years of marriage.
A quarrel may last years,half a lifetime is not uncommon.In its most refined form,a quarrel may consist of the participants not talking to each other.They will need to plan carefully to appear in public together to register their silence.
Brief,violent quarrels are also known as rows.In all cases,the essential ingredient remains the same;the original cause must be forgotten as soon as possible.From here on,dignity,pride,self?esteem,honor are the crucial issues,which is why quarrelling,like jealousy,is an all?consuming business,virtually a profession.For the quarreler’s very self?hood is on the line.To lose an argument is a brief disappointment,much like losing a game of tennis,but to be crushed in a quarrel...rather bite off your tongue and spread it at your opponent’s feet.
1.According to the first paragraph,the skill of quarreling is developed by .
2.What are the two generally recognized apprenticeships in developing the skill of quarreling?
3.In order to establish or rescue their dignity,adversaries in a quarrel may .
4.In brief,violent quarrels,the quarrelers are most concerned about .
5.“to be crushed in a quarrel”(Line 5,Para.6)means .
名师点评
争吵需要很强的情感和智力手段。坚忍有助于此,抵抗诱惑的能力亦有帮助。[1]然
而没有人天生就善于争吵;技巧是需要学习的。
[2]大致有两个公认的学习阶段。第一个,也是公认为首选的一个是,长期与急脾气的兄弟姐妹相处的童年。经过多年的争吵,兄弟和姐妹培养出了一种感觉,他们对在最激烈的争吵中吵赢对方要采取什么策略很有把握。
[3]本质上讲,争吵的双方是在竭尽全力地确立和维护自己的尊严。因此,首要原则是:什么都可以说。那些没上过学的,也许比其他人更倾向于争吵,他们可以花一个小时在心底里咒骂这个老熟人为骗子。太迟了。这个老熟人愉快地招了招手便已经离开了房间。
[2]那些错过了第一阶段的人也许会进入第二个阶段,糟糕的婚姻。对于没有经验的人来讲,这是很危险的。夫妻之间的亲密关系会使他们在互相攻击时变得更容易受伤也更危险。一旦牵扯到性的问题,赌注可就更大了。有个潜规则是,那些相爱或曾经相爱的人有权以对付最顽固敌人都不会用到的“兽性”的方式来争吵。由此,一些堪称黑带级的争吵大师会在晚年达到这一级别,而在不到10年的婚姻中,他们就掌握了每种技巧,从一言不发到幸灾乐祸的道歉。
一次争吵可能会持续数年,甚至半辈子都不足为奇。争吵的最高级形式,是争吵双方一言不发。他们需要在共同出席公众场合之前精心策划,以维持彼此的缄默。
短暂激烈的争吵也可称为吵架。无论哪种情形,最关键的因素都是一样的,就是吵架的原因必须被忘掉,能多快就多快。[4]从忘掉这一刻起,尊严、傲气、自尊、名誉就成为主要焦点,这就是为什么争吵,会像嫉妒一样,是一种耗费很大的行为,几乎是一种职业。因为争吵的输赢关系到争吵者的尊严。[5]输了辨论只会一时失望,这感觉就像输了一场网球赛一样,但吵架输了就很难接受了。你会恨不得咬下自己的舌头,把它扔到对手的脚下。1.【答案】learning 【定位】第1段末句。
【解析】事实细节题。原文该句中的第2个分句指出了争吵这一技巧是通过学习才能掌握的,因此本题答案为learning 。
2.【答案】A childhood spent with fractious siblings and a bad marriage.【定位】第2段第2句和第4段第1句。
【解析】事实细节题。根据two...apprenticeships 查找到第2段首句,提到两个学习阶段后,分别详述:第2段第2句的童年和兄弟姐妹们待在一起的时期和第4段第1句婚姻不美满的时期。3.【答案】say anything 【定位】第3段第1、2句。
【解析】事实细节题。通过题干中adversaries in a quarrel 可查找到第3段1句,该句和下一句表明:争吵双方为了挽救各自的尊严,任何话都可能说出口,因此第2句主句的内容就是本题答案。
4.【答案】dignity,pride,self?esteem,honor
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https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6710269886.html,
【定位】第6段第3句。
【解析】事实细节题。题目中的most concerned about与原文该句中的crucial表达了相同的意思,由此可见,句中提到的crucial issues就是人们在短暂激烈的争吵中最关注的事,crucial issues包括了dignity,pride,self?esteem,honor。
5.【答案】to lose a quarrel
【定位】文章尾句。
【解析】词语理解题。原文该句中的but具有递进的对比意味,结合本文的主题quar?reling可以推断,to be crushed in a quarrel及其后的夸张说法应该是指吵输了架比输掉了辩论和网球赛还要难受,由此可见,be crushed in a quarrel应该意为lose a quarrel。
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常用短语搭配大全
常用动词短语大全 break短语动词用法大全 1. break away (from) (1) 突然逃掉或离开。如： The thief broke away from the policeman. 小偷从警察那逃脱了。 (2) 断绝往来，脱离。如： He broke away from all his old friends. 他同他所有的老朋友断绝了往来。 (3) 改掉(旧习惯)，破除(旧作法)。如： You must break away from such habits. 你必须改掉那些习惯。 2. break down (1) (机器、车辆等)坏了。如： The car broke down after an hour’s driving. 车子开了一个小时就坏了。 (2) (计划、谈判等)失败。如： Our plans have broken down. 我们的计划已失败了。 (3) (谈话、通讯等)中断。如： He broke down as he was singing. 他没唱完就突然停住了。 (4) (健康、精神等)变坏。如： Her health broke down under the pressure of work. 工作的压力把他的身体弄垮了。 3. break in (1) 突然进来，强行进入。如： He broke in and stole my money. 他闯进来偷了我的钱。 (2) 插嘴，打岔。如： He broke in with some ideas of his own. 他插话谈了自己的一些想法。 Please don’t break in on our conversation. 请不要打断我们的谈话。 The secretary broke in to say that a telegram had just arrived. 秘书插话说刚收到一个电报。 注：以上用法的break in 通常是不及物的，但有时也用作及物动词，带宾语，表示：训练某人(物)，使某人(物)适应。如： He is breaking in the new man as a machine operator. 我在训练那个新工人操作机器。 Two weeks in the new office should be enough to break you in. 在新办公室上两星期的班便足以让你适应了。 4. break into (1) 强行进入。如： The thieves planned to break into a bank. 这些小偷计划闯银行。 (2) 突然……起来。如： Hearing the news, she broke into tears. 听到这个消息，她就哭了起来。 The man broke into a run when he saw the police. 那个人一看到警察，拨腿就跑。 (3) 打断，插嘴。如： He broke into the discussion with a shout of warning. 他大声警告，打断了讨论。 (4) 占用时间。如： Social activities break into my time. 社会活动占去了我的时间。 注：break into 与break in 的有时可表示相同的意思，但前者通常为及物的，后者通常为不及物的。 5. break off (1) 停止讲话。如： He broke off in the middle of a sentence. 他一句话没讲完就停住了。 (2) 暂停，休息。如： Let’s break up for a rest. 我们休息一会儿吧。 (3) (使)折断。如： The mast has (been) broken off. 桅杆折断了。 6. break out (火灾、战争等)突然发生或爆发。如：
英语作文常用短语整理
英语作文常用短语汇总by accident 偶然 on account of 因为，由于，为了…的缘故 in addition 另外，加之 in addition to 除…之外(还) in the air 流传中 on (the / an) average 通常，按平均值 on the basis of 根据，在…的基础上 at best 充其量，至多 for the better 好转，向好的方向发展 on board 在船(车或飞机)上 out of breath 喘不过气来 on business 因公，因事 in any case 无论如何，不管怎样 in case of 假如，如果发生;防备 in case 假使，以防(万一) in no case 决不，无论如何不 by chance 偶然，碰巧 in charge (of) 负责，管理 (a) round the clock 日夜不停地 in common 共用的，共有的 in conclusion 最后，总之 on condition (that) 如果 in confidence 私下地，秘密地 in connection with 关于，与…有关 in consequence 因此，结果 in consequence of 由于…的缘故，因为 on the contrary 正相反 in contrast with/to 与…对比起来，与…形成对比 out of control 失去控制 under control 处于控制之下 at all costs 不惜任何代价，无论如何 at the cost of以…为代价 in the course of 在…过程中，在…期间 of course 当然，自然 in danger 在危险中，垂危 out of danger 脱离危险 out of date 过时的，不用的 up to date 现代化的，切合目前情况的 in demand 非常需要的，受欢迎的
短语词汇的基础测试题及答案解析
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had better (not) do 最好(不)做 how about / what about doing …怎么样？ I think you should do 我认为你应该… I suggest / advice that you should do 我建议你做… If I were you，I would do…我要是你的话，我会做… It’s best to do 最好做… Why not do / why don’t you do…？为什么不… 3、表示喜欢和感兴趣 like / love doing enjoy doing be fond of doing 喜欢做… be keen on n/doing 喜欢做… prefer to do A rather than do B 宁愿做A也不愿做B 4、努力做 try to do努力做… strive to do 努力做… try one’s best to do = do one’s best to do 竭尽全力做…make efforts to do = make every effort to do 尽力做… do what sb can (do ) to do 尽力做… spare no effort to do 不遗余力的做… do what / everything sb. can to do 尽某人全力做… 5、打算做…/ 计划做…
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16. all but 几乎;除了...都 17. all of a sudden 突然 18. all over again 再一次,重新 19. all over 遍及 20. all right 令人满意的;可以 21. all the same 仍然,照样的 22. all the time 一直,始终 23. angry with sb. at/about sth.生气, 愤怒
24. anxious about/for忧虑,担心 25. anything but 根本不 26. apart from 除...外(有/无) 27. appeal to 吸引，申诉，请求 28. applicable to适用于 29. apply to适用 30. appropriate for/to适当,合适 31. approximate to近似,接近
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写作中常用的100个高频短语 1．经济的快速发展the rapid development of economy 2．人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard 3．先进的科学技术advanced science and technology 4．面临新的机遇和挑战be faced with new opportunities and challenges 5．人们普遍认为It is commonly believed/ recognized that… 6．社会发展的必然结果the inevitable result of social development 7．引起了广泛的公众关注arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention 8．不可否认It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that… 9．热烈的讨论/ 争论a heated discussion/ debate 10. 有争议性的问题a controversial issue 11．完全不同的观点a totally different argument 12．一些人…而另外一些人… Some people… while others… 13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言As far as I am concerned, / Personally, 14．就…达到绝对的一致reach an absolute consensu s on… 15．有充分的理由支持be supported by sound reasons 16．双方的论点argument on both sides 17．发挥着日益重要的作用play an increasingly important role in… 18．对…必不可少be indispensable to … 19．正如谚语所说As the proverb goes: 20．…也不例外…be no exception
中考常用短语归类
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公文常用词组搭配
1、常用排比： 新水平、新境界、新举措、新发展、新突破、新成绩、新成效、新方法、新成果、新形势、新要求、新期待、新关系、新体制、新机制、新知识、新本领、新进展、新实践、新风貌、新事物、新高度； 重要性，紧迫性，自觉性、主动性、坚定性、民族性、时代性、实践性、针对性、全局性、前瞻性、战略性、积极性、创造性、长期性、复杂性、艰巨性、可讲性、鼓动性、计划性、敏锐性、有效性； 法制化、规范化、制度化、程序化、集约化、正常化、有序化、智能化、优质化、常态化、科学化、年轻化、知识化、专业化、系统性、时效性； 热心、耐心、诚心、决心、红心、真心、公心、柔心、铁心、上心、用心、痛心、童心、好心、专心、坏心、爱心、良心、关心、核心、内心、外心、中心、忠心、衷心、甘心、攻心； 政治意识、政权意识、大局意识、忧患意识、责任意识、法律意识、廉洁意识、学习意识、上进意识、管理意识； 出发点、切入点、落脚点、着眼点、结合点、关键点、着重点、着力点、根本点、支撑点； 活动力、控制力、影响力、创造力、凝聚力、战斗力； 找准出发点、把握切入点、明确落脚点、找准落脚点、抓住切入点、把握着重点、找准切入点、把握着力点、抓好落脚点； 必将激发巨大热情，凝聚无穷力量，催生丰硕成果，展现全新魅力。 审判工作有新水平、队伍建设有新境界、廉政建设有新举措、自身建设有新发展、法院管理有新突破； 不动摇、不放弃、不改变、不妥协； 政治认同、理论认同、感情认同； 是历史的必然、现实的选择、未来的方向。 多层次、多方面、多途径； 要健全民主制度，丰富民主形式，拓宽民主渠道，依法实行民主选举、民主决策、民主管理、民主监督
2、常用短语： 立足当前，着眼长远，自觉按规律办事 抓住机遇，应对挑战: 量力而行，尽力而为 有重点，分步骤，全面推进，统筹兼顾，综合治理，融入全过程，贯穿各方面，切实抓好，减轻，扎实推进，加快发展，持续增收，积极稳妥，落实，从严控制严格执行，坚决制止，明确职责，高举旗帜，坚定不移，牢牢把握，积极争取，深入开展，注重强化，规范，改进，积极发展，努力建设，依法实行，良性互动，优势互补，率先发展，互惠互利，做深、做细、做实、全面分析，全面贯彻，持续推进，全面落实、实施，逐步扭转，基本形成，普遍增加，基本建立，更加完备(完善)，明显提高(好转)，进一步形成，不断加强(增效,深化)，大幅提高，显著改善(增强)，日趋完善，比较充分。 3、常用动词： 推进，推动，健全，统领，协调，统筹，转变，提高，实现，适应，改革，创新，扩大，加强，促进，巩固，保障，方向，取决于，完善，加快，振兴，崛起，分工，扶持，改善，调整，优化，解决，宣传，教育，发挥，支持，带动，帮助，深化，规范，强化，统筹，指导，服务，健全，确保，维护，优先，贯彻，实施，深化，保证，鼓励，引导，坚持，深化，强化，监督，管理，开展，规划，整合，理顺，推行，纠正，严格，满足，推广，遏制，整治，保护，健全，丰富，夯实，树立，尊重，制约，适应，发扬，拓宽，拓展，规范，改进，形成，逐步，实现，规范，坚持，调节，取缔，调控，把握，弘扬，借鉴，倡导，培育，打牢，武装，凝聚，激发，说服，感召，尊重，包容，树立，培育，发扬，提倡，营造，促进，唱响，主张，弘扬，通达，引导，疏导，着眼，吸引，塑造，搞好，履行，倾斜，惠及，简化，衔接，调处，关切，汇集，分析，排查，协商，化解，动员，联动，激发，增进，汲取，检验，保护，鼓励，完善，宽容，增强，融洽，凝聚，汇集，筑牢，考验，进取，凝聚，设置，吸纳，造就 4、常用名词 关系，力度，速度，反映，诉求，形势，任务，本质属性，重要保证，总体布局，战略任务，内在要求，重要进展，决策部署，结合点，突出地位，最大限度，指导思想，科学性，协调性，体制机制，基本方略，理念意识，基本路线，基本纲领，秩序，基本经验，出发点，落脚点，要务，核心，主体，积极因素，水平，方针，结构，增量，比重，规模，标准，办法，主体，作用，特色，差距，渠道，方式，主导，纽带，主体，载体，制度，需求，能力，负担，体系，重点，资源，职能，倾向，秩序，途径，活力，项目，工程，政策，项目，竞争力，环境，素质，权利，利益，权威，氛围，职能，作用，事权，需要，能力，基础，比重，长效机制，举措，要素，精神，根本，地位，成果，核心，精神，力量，纽带，思想，理想，活力，信念，信心，风尚，意识，主旋律，正气，热点，情绪，内涵，管理，格局，准则，