英语六级模拟题(精)

Passag e 1

Opinion polls are now beginning to show that, whoever is to blame and whatev er happ ens from now on, high unemplo y ment is probably here to say. This means we shall have to find way s o f sharing the available employment more widel y.

But we need to go further. W e must ask some fundamental qu estions about the future wo rk. Should we continue to treat emplo yment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage man y way s for s elf-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which man y of us can work for ourselves, rather th an for an emplo y er? Should we not aim to revive the hous ehold and the n eighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of p roduction and wo rk?

The industrial age has been the onl y period of hu man history in which most people's wo rk has tak en the form of jobs. The industrial age may now b eco ming to an end, and some o f the ch anges in work patterns which it brought may h ave to be reverseD.This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prosp ect of a better futu re for work. Universal emplo yment, as its history shows, has not meant econo mic freedom.

Emplo y ment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries mad e man y people depend ent on paid work by de priving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory s y stem destro y ed the cottage industries and removed wo rk from people's ho mes. Later, as transport improv ed, first b y rail and then b y ro ad, people commuted long er distances to their places of emplo yment until, eventuall y, man y people's work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they live.

Meanwhile, emplo yment put wo men at a disadvant age. In p reindustrial times, men and wo men had shared the p roductive wo rk of the household and village co mmunity. Now it became custo mary for the husb and to go out to paid emplo y ment, leaving the unp aid wo rk of the ho me and families to his wife.Tax and ben efit regulations still assume this norm today, and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the s exes.

It was not only women whos e work status suffereD.As emplo yment became the do minant form of work, y oung people and old people were ex clude—a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives.

All this may no w hav e to chang e.

The time h as certainly come to switch some effort and resources away fro m the idealist goal creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping man y people to man age without full-time jobs.

1. What is the main idea o f the pass age?

A.Emplo yment became widespread in the 17th and 18th centuries.

B.Unemplo yment will remain a major probl em for industrialized nations.

C.The industrial age may now b e co ming to an end.

D.Some effo rts and resou rces should be devoted to helping more people cope with the probl em o f unemplo yment.

2. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a factor contributing to the spread of emplo yment?

A.The en closures of th e 17th and 18th centu ries.

B.The develop ment of facto ries.

C.Relief fro m housework on the part o f wo men.

D.Develop ment of mod ern means of transpo rtation.

3. It can be in ferred fro m the passag e that .

A.most people who have b een polled b elieve that the p roblem of un emplo yment may not be solv ed within a short period of ti me

B.man y farmers lost their land when n ew railway s and factori es were being constructed

C.in perindustrial societieshousework and co mmunity s ervice were mainl y carri ed out by women

D.some o f the ch anges in work pattern that the industrial age brought h ave b een reversed

. What does the word “d aunting" in the third parag raph mean?

A.Shock ing

B.Interesting

C.Confusing

D.Stimulating

5. Which of the following is NOT suggested as a possible means to cop e with the cu rrent situation?

A.Create situations in which peopl e work for themselves.

B.Treat emplo yment as th e norm.

C.Endeavor to revive the household and the neighborhood as centers of p roduction.

D.Encourage peopl e to work in circu mstances other than no rmal work ing conditions.

Passag e 2

University Ph y sics is intended for students o f scien ce and engin eering. Pri mary emphasis is on ph y sical principles and problem-solving; historical b ack ground and specialized practical applications have been given a place of secondary i mportan ce. Man y work ed-out examples and an ext ensive collection of problems are included with each chapter.

In this new edition, the basic philosophy and outline and the balance between depth of treat ment and breadth of subject-matter cov erag e are unchang ed fro m previous editions. We hav e tried to pres erv e those features that users o f previous editions hav e found desirabl e, while in corporating a nu mb er o f ch anges th at should enh ance the book's usefulness.

The textbook is adaptable to a wid e variet y of cours e outlines. The entire textbook can b e used for an intensive course two or three semesters in length. For a less intensive course, man y instructors will want to omit certain chapters or sections to tailor the boo k to their individual needs. The arrangement of this edition facilitates this k ind of flexibility.

Conversely, however, man y topics that were reg arded a few y ears ago as of peripheral (外围的)i mportan ce and were o mitted fro m introductory courses h ave now co me to the fore ag ain in the life s ciences, earth and space s ciences, and environ mental problems. An instructor who wishes to stress thes e k inds of applications will find this textbook a useful source fo r discussion of the app ropriate p rinciples.

In an y cas e, it should be emphasized that instructors should not feel constrained (受约束的)to work straight through the book from cov er to cover. Man y ch apters are, of course, inherentl y sequential in nature, but within this general limitation instructors should be encouraged to select among th e contents those chapt ers that fit their needs, omitting material that is not relev ant to the objectives of a a p articular cours e.

6. This textbook lay s stress on .

A.the exposition of phy si cal principles

B.the principles of ph y sics and their application

C.the development of ph y sics

D.the application of ph y sics in different fields

7. Compared with the old one, this new edition .

A.has been made more applicable

B.is easier to learn

C.covers a wid er range o f subject-matter

D.has improv ed the b alance between theo ry and practice

8. One of the featu res of this textbook is that .

A.some contents are dealt with in terms of philosoph y

B.it has an outline for each ch apter

C.it introduces the phy sical principles in great length

D.it can be used for different cours e arrang ements

9. The underlined words “conversely, however” (ParA.4) indicate that .

A.man y topics can b e emphasized though they were not covered in the old edition

B.man y topics can be emph asized though they were usuall y omitted b y instructors

C.man y topics hav e been added to the n ew edition as they were not cov ered in the old on e

D.man y topics h ave b een added to the new edition though they can b e o mitted by the instru ctors

10. To meet the n eeds o f a particular course, the teacher of this book can omit some of the contents provided that .

A.his selection is based on the request of his students

B.he does not omit an y ch apter co mpletel y

C.his students are particularly intelligent

D.he k eeps an eye on the intern al rel ations between th e chapt ers

Passag e 3

Haml etfish are cautious lovers. Each evening at twilight, man y times an evening in fact, a p air of th em will leav e the safet y of th eir Caribbean reef and rush a few yards off the seafloo r. Positioning thems elves side-to-side, h ead-to-tail they hurri edly release their eggs and sp erm. Then they turn sh arpl y fo r home, leav es their g ametes to mix in silence.

Ichthyologist Phillip Lobel of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution has found that hamlet fish and many other fish emit “cries of ecstasy" at the appropriate moment.

Biologists have long known that a few fish make sounds. The toadfish, for example, is named for its low call,which can be heard even above water. Underwater, however, human ears don't work well. As a result researchers didn't notice how common fish calls were until Lobel started diving with a video camera and an underwater microphone like the kind the Navy uses to listen for submarines.

Lobel has learned that the fish playing the role of the male-hamletifish switches roles from one tryst to the next-emits a series of short, low sounds. The female responds with a downward, sweeping sound like a slide whistle. The purpose to these calls, says Lobel, is probably to synchronize spawning, so that sperm and egg have a fighting chance of actually meeting in the water.

Then, at the moment of spawning, the female flutters her pectoral fins, contracts her abdominal muscles to squeeze out the eggs, and lets out a soft cry, which in part may simply be the sound of her swim bladder vibrating from all that muscle contraction. “The sound is not a scream, it's only as loud as conversation," says Lobel.

Lobel has since recorded sounds from about two dozen other fish species. He thinks fish calls, like some birdcalls, may be a means by which fish recognize suitable mates, and that fish of the same species may even communicate in regional dialects. “Lots of people s it and watch their little fish in their aquarium,"Lobel says,“Well, it's like looking at a birdcage behind sound-proof glass. These things are all making sounds."

11. The primary purpose of this passage is to .

A.refute a misconception that fish don't make sounds

B.prove a new discovery

C.explain the time when hamletfish make sounds

D.demonstrate the fact that fish are romantic as human beings

12. Which of the following is NOT true about fish calls according to this passage?

A.Fish calls are commonly regarded as rare.

B.Some of sounds produced by fish are not uttered from their mouths.

C.Fish calls may be a means by which fish found their mates.

D.No sounds can be heard from fish if a person stands on the ground.

13. Which of the following best explains “the appropriate moment" for fish to emit cries of ecstasy mentioned in the first pa ragraph?

A.When Phillip Lobel was under the water with a video camera and a microphone.

B.When one fish has a tryst with another.

C.When the sperm and egg of the fish have a chance to meet in the water.

D.When fish are spawning.

14. Which of the following is a correct inference from the passage?

A.Few biologists have the idea fish may produce sounds underwater.

B.A person underwater may clearly hear the call of another person's above water.

C.Lobel's original intention to do the experiment was to test whether hamletfish would produce mating calls.

D.A hamletfish may play the roles of both male and female at different times.

15. The author mentioned birdcalls in the last paragraph in order .

A.to demonstrate that birds can be classified into certain fish species

B.to illustrate that birds, just like fish, produce calls to find their mates

C.to prove birdcalls are more common than fishcalls

D.to further explain that fish is a kind of animal that may also make sounds when necessary

Passage 4

With human footprints on the moon, radio telescopes listening for messages from alien creatures (who may or may not exist), technicians looking for celestial (天体的)and planetary sources of energy to support our civilization, orbiting telescopes' data hinting at planetary systems around other stars, and political groups trying to figure out how to save humanity from nuclear warfare that would damage life and elimate on a planet-wide scale, an astronomy book published today enters a world different from the one that greeted books a generation ago. Astronomy has broadened to involve our basic circumstances and our mysterious future in the universe. With eclipese and space missions broadcast live, and with NASA(［美国］国家航空和宇宙航行局)，Europe, and the USSR (苏联)planning and building permanent space stations, astronomy offers adventure for all people, an outward exploratory thrust that may one day be seen as an alternative to mindless consumerism, ideological bickering (争吵)，and wars to control dwinding resources on a closed, finite Earth.

Today's astronomy students not only seek an up-to-date summary of astrono mical facts: they ask, as people have ask ed for ages, about our basic relations to the rest of the universe. They may study astrono my partly to seek points of contact between science and other hu man end eavo rs: philosophy, history, politics, environmental action, even

the arts and religion.

Science fi ction writers and special effect artists on recent films help today's students realize that unseen worlds of space are real places—not abstract concepts. Today's students are citizens of a more real, more v ast cos mos than con ceptualized b y students of a d ecade ago.

In designing this edition, the Wadsworh editors and I hav e tried to respond to these d evelop ments. Rather th an ju mping at the start into mu rk y waters of cos molog y (宇宙论)，I have b egun with the viewpoint of ancient peopl e on Earth and wo rk ed outward across the universe. This method of org anization automatically(if loosely) reflects the order o f humanity's discoveries about astronomy and provides a unify ing theme of increasing distance a nd scal e.

16. This passage is most prob abl y tak en fro m .

A.an articl e of popular scien ce

B.the introduction of a book of astronomy

C.a lecture giv en b y the author to astronomy students

D.the preface of a piece of sci ence fiction

17. The author's purpose in presenting the first p arag raph is .

A.to explain the back ground and new features of today's astrono my

B.to discuss in detail the most recent achi evements in space research

C.to introduce some n ewl y established sp ace st ations

D.to illustrate that the world today is different in man y asp ects from th at of a g enerations ago

18. The author think s that the growing interest in space exploration among p eople on Earth will probabl y lead to .

A.all people having chances of travelling in space

B.the realization of perman ent settlement on other pl anets

C.more disturban ce not onl y on Earth but also in outer space

D.orders, h armon y and p eace on our pl anet Earth

19. The author b elieves that today's astrono my students .

A.are mu ch brighter th an students of a g eneration ago

B.no longer care about astronomi cal facts

C.are better-info rmed about the uns een wo rlds of space

D.may l earn mo re about man and his res earch in various fi elds through the study o f astrono my

20. In the last paragraph, th e underlined expression “these d evelop ments” refers to all of the following EXCEPT .

A.the develop ment of s cience fiction and sp ecial effects of films

B.the new concepts about the universe acquired b y tod ay's astrono my students

C.the world-wide involvement in space explo ration

D.humanit y's new achiev ements in the field of astronomy

答案：

1.分析与解答：文章首末段呼应点题，故答案应选D

2.分析与解答：文章第四段首句便提到了工作普及的三点原因，没有提到C，所以选项应为C。

3.分析与解答：根据第三段第二句话“The industrial age nay mow beco ming to an end, and some of the chang es in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed。”可排除选项D；根据第四段可知两个结果发生在不同时期，所以可以排除C；根据第五段第二句话可以排除B；根据第一段内容可推出选项应为A。

4.分析与解答：此词出现在第三段第三句话。通过第四句话“但实际上它可以为工作提供一个更好的前景。”中的转折含义可以断定最接近的词义应为A。

5.分析与解答：文章第三段提出了解决办法，故选B。

6.分析与解答：答案为B，细节题。第一段作者明确指出：“Primary emph asis is on phy sical principles and p roblem-solving; historical

back ground and speci alized practical applications hav e been given a pl ace o f secondary i mportan ce”，可见B)为正确答案。而A)和

D)不全面；C)只是书中的内容而不是重点

7.分析与解答：答案为A，细节题。第二段指出：新版有“a nu mber of ch anges that should enh ance the book's usefulness”，由此可见A)为正确答

案。而B)未提及；C)和D)与原文第二段第一句相矛盾。

8.分析与解答：答案为D，细节题。A)，B)和C)均未在文中提及。根据第三段第一句话“Th e textbook is adaptable to a wide v ariet y of cours e

outlines”，我们可以看出D)为正确答案。

9.分析与解答：答案为B，推理题。在文中第三段第三句，作者谈到导师对本书的某些章节可根据个人需要而省略，在第四段中作者又说“... man y

topics that were reg arded a few y ears ago as of peripheral import ance and were o mitted from introdu ctory cou rses hav e now

come to the fore ag ain in the life scien ces, earth and space scien ces, and environ ment al problems”，作者很显然在暗示某些导师

习惯省略的话题现在又变得重要了，可以重新强调了，可见B)为正确答案。

10.分析与解答：答案为D，细读最后一段“Man y ch apters are, o f cours e, inher ently s equential in nature, but within this general limitation instructors should be en couraged to select among the cont ents those chapt ers that fit their needs, o mitting materi al that is not relevant fo r the ob jectives o f a p articular cours e”，可知D)为正确答案。而A)，

B)和C)在文中均未提及。

11.分析与解答：文章第二段提到Phillip Lobel的发现，接着几段描述了他是如何记录下鱼的声音的，即证明自己的发现，所以应选B。

12.分析与解答：第三段第二句话提到“The toadfish......fo r its low call, which can be h eard ev en above water.”所以应选D。

13.分析与解答：应把第一段、二段、五段联系起来回答这个问题，特别是第五段第一句话提示我们答案应为D。

14.分析与解答：文章第四段第一句话提到“hamletfish switches rol es fro m one try st(约会)to the next。”故答案为D。

15.分析与解答：文章末段第二句写的是“lik e some birdcalls.”，目的是以鸟叫说鱼叫，所以答案应选D。

16.分析与解答：答案为B，推理题。综观全文，尤其是从最后一段第一句中的“In designing this edition, the Wadsworh editors and I hav e tried

to respond to these d ev elopments…”可推知，本文是某部天文学著作的导言部分，故选B)，而A)，C)及D)与原文内容不符。

17.分析与解答：答案为A，推理题。根据第一段倒数第二“Astronomy h as broad ened to involve our b asic ci rcu mstances and our my sterious futere in the univers e”可推知，第一段的作用在于提供天文学发展的历史背景和现在发展的新特点，故选A)。而B)与原文明显不符；C)原文未提及

；D)中的论述虽然与原文第一段第一句的后半部分“an astrono my book published today enters a wo rl different from th e one that

greeted book s a gen eration ago”相符，但这仅是文中的细节，而不能概括整段的意思。

18.分析与解答：答案为D，细节题。根据第一段最后一句“…an outward exploratory thrust that may one d ay be s een as an alternative to

mind less consu meris m, ideological bick ering, and wars to control dwindling resources on a closed, finite Earth”，可以看出正

确答案为D)。其他选项与原文明显不符。

19.分析与解答：答案为D，根据第二段“Today's astronomy students not onl y seek an up-to-d ate su mmary o f astrono mical facts:they ask, as

people hav e ask ed for ag es, about our b asic relations to the rest of the univ erse. Th ey may stud y astrono my partly to seek

points of contact between sci ence and other hu man end eavors: philosophy, history, politics, environ ment al action, ev en the

arts and re ligion”，可以看出正确答案为D)。其他选项与原文明显不符。

20.分析与解答：答案为A，细节题。选项B)与第三段第二句“Today's students are citizens of a more real, more v ast cos mos than con ceptualized b y students of a d ecade ago”相符；C)与第一段最后一句中的“…astronomy o ffers adv enture for all people, an outward

explorato ry thrust that may on e day be s een as an alternative…”相符；而D)与第二段第一句“Today's asfrono my students not

only seek an up-to-date su mmary o f astrono mical facts”明显相符。而A)原文未提及，故选A。

Passag e 1

Good sense is the most equitably distributed thing in the world, for each man considers himsel f so well provided with it that even those who are most difficult to satisfy in every thing else do not usu ally wish to hav e more of it than they h ave already.It is not lik ely that every on e is mistak en in this; it shows, rather, that th e ability to judge rightly and s eparate th e true fro m the false,which is ess entially what is called good sens e or reason, is by nature equ al in all men,and thus that our opinions differ not becaus e some men are better endowed with reason than others, but only because we direct our thoughts along different paths, and do not consider the same things, for it is not enough to hav e a good mind: what is most i mportant is to apply it rightly. Th e greatest souls are capable of the greatest vices; and thos e who walk very slowl y can advance much fu rther, if they alway s k eep to the direct road, than those who run and go astray.

For my part, I h ave n ever p resu med my mind to be mo re perfect than av erage in an y way; I hav e, in fact, often wished that my thoughts were as quick, or my imagination as precise and distinct, or my memo ry as cap acious or prompt, as those of some other men. And I k now of no other qualities than these which mak e for the perfection of the mind; for as to reason, or good sense, in as much as it alone mak es us men and distinguishes us from the beasts, I am quite willing to believe that it is whole and entire in each of us, and to follow in the co mmon opinion of the philosophers who say that there are differen ces of more o r less only among the accidents, and not among the forms, or natures, o f the individuals of a single species.

1. According to the autho r, the three elements that co mprise our mind are

A. tenacit y of thought, capacious memo ry, quick ness of mind

B. precise of wit, ease o f consci ence, quick ness of thought

C. quick ness of wit, ease of cons cience, quick ness of thought

D. promptn ess of memory, distinctness of i magin ation, quick ness of thought

2. The basic idea of the first paragraph may be stat ed as follows .

A. all persons hav e an equal portion of good will when they are born

B. great souls are cap able of g reat evil

C. good sense, in terms o f its distribution among persons, may b e called co mmon s ense

D. good sense is the mark of the trul y good person

3. About himself, th e author stat es that .

A. he had alway s sens ed his ment al superiorit y over most persons

B. his awaren ess of his mental superiorit y over others was something that grew slowl y with exp erien ce

C. he actuall y regards his own ment al faculties as inferio r in man y way s to those of the g reat majo rity o f persons

D. he has nev er h ad the feeling that his mind was mo re than average in an y way

4. The author claims th at what sets hu man beings apart fro m beasts is .

A. a sense o f org anization combined with the ability to create

B. the ability to adapt to the surroundings

C. a sense of reason coupled with a strong sens e of practicality

D. a sense o f reason

5. According to the author the ability to distinguish between the tru e and the false is .

A. endowed b y n ature to all creatures

B. endowed in equal measure to all persons

C. more h eavil y pres ent in some p ersons than in others

D. an unnatural, cultivated trait in all persons

Passag e 2

Prices determine how resou rces are to b e us ed. They are also the means b y which p roducts a nd servi ces th at are in li mited suppl y are rationed among bu yers. Th e pri ce sy stem of the United States is a very co mplex n etwork composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a my riad of servi ces, including labor, professional transport ation, and public utility services.

The interrel ationships of all these prices mak e up the “sy stem”of pri ces. The price of an y particularprodu ct or service is li nk ed to a broad, complicat ed sy stem of prices in which every thing seems to depend more or less upon every thing els e.

If one were to ask a group of rando ml y selected individuals to define “price,” man y would repl y that price is an amount of mo ney p aid by the bu yer to the seller of a p roduct of service or, in other wo rds, that price is the money v alue of a p roduct of service as agreed upon in a mark et transaction. This definition is, of cour se, valid as far as it goes. For a complete und erstanding of a price in any particular transaction, mu ch mo re than the amount of mon ey involved must be k nown. Both the buy er and the seller should be familiar with not only the mon ey amount, but with the amount and qu ality of the produ ct or service to be exchang ed, the time and place at which the exch ange will tak e place and payment will be made, the fo rm of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that supply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors. In other words, both bu y er and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that co mprise the total“p ack age”being ex changed for the ask ed-for amount of mon ey in order th at they may ev aluate a given price.

6. What is the best title for the p assage?

A. The Inh erent W eak nesses of the Pri ce S y stem.

B. The Complexities of the Price Sy stem.

C. Credit Terms in Transactions.

D. Resource Allocation and the Public Sector.

7. According to the passag e, the pri ce s y stem is relat ed pri maril y to .

A. labor and education

B. transportation and insuran ce

C. utilities and repairs

D. products and services

8. According to the passag e, which o f the following is NOT a factor in the co mplete und erstanding of p rice?

A. Instructions that co me with a p roduct.

B. The quantity of a produ ct.

C. The quality of a produ ct.

D. Warrenties that cov er a product.

9. In the last sentence of the p assag e, “they”refers to .

A. return privileg es

B. all the factors

C. buy er and seller

D. money

10. The paragraph following the passag e most lik ely discusses .

A. unusual way s to adv ertise produ cts

B. ty pes of p ay ment plans for s ervice

C. theories about how produ cts affect different levels of so ciet y

D. how certain elements of a pri ce“ p ack age”influence its mark et value

Passag e 3

In the p ast o y sters (牡蛎) were raised in mu ch the same way as dirt farmers raised tomatoes——b y transplanting them. First, farmers s elected the o y ster b ed, cleared the bottom of old shells and other debris (残骸), and then scattered clean sh ells about. Next they “pl anted” f ertilized oy ster eggs, which within two or three week s hatched into larvae. The larv ae d rifted until they attach ed themselves to the cl ean shells on the bottom. Th ere they remain ed and in time g rew into bab y o y sters called s eed or sp at (贝卵). The spat grew larger by drawing in seawater from which they deriv ed micros copic particl es of food. Before long, farmers gathered the bab y oy st ers, transplanted them in other waters to speed up thei r growth, and th en transplanted th em on ce more into another bod y o f wat er to fatten th em up.

Until recentl y the supply of wild oy sters and those crud el y farmed were mo re than enough to satisfy people's needs. But today the d elect able seafood is no longer available in abundance. The p roblem has beco me so serious that some o y ster beds h ave vanish ed entirel y.

Fortunately, as far back as the earl y 1900's marine biologists realized that if new measures were not tak en, oy st ers would become extinct or at best a luxury food. So they set up well-equipped hatch eries and went to work. But they did not have the proper equip ment or the sk ill to handle the eggs. They did not k now when, what, and how to feed the larv ae. And they k new little about th e predators th at attack ed and at e bab y o y sters b y the millions. They failed, but they doggedl y(努力地)k ept at it. Finally, in the 1940's a significant break through was mad e.

The marine biologists discovered that by raising the temp erature of the water, they could induce o y sters to spawn (产卵) not onl y in the summer but slao in the fall, winter, and spring. Later th ey develop ed a technique fo r feeding the larv ae and rearing them to spat. Going still further, they succeeded in breeding new strains that were resistant to diseases, grew faster and l arg er, and flourished in water o f different salinities (盐分) and temperatures. In addition, the cultivated o y sters tasted better!

11. Which of th e following would be the b est title for the passag e?

A. The Th reat ened Extinction of Marine Life

B. The Cultivation of Oy sters

C. The Discoveri es Made b y M arine Biologists

D. The V arieties of Wild Oy sters

12. In the passag e, which of th e following is NOT mentioned as a stage o f an o y ster's life?

A. Debris.

B. Egg.

C. Larvae.

D. Spat.

13. According to the passag e, which o f the following words best d escribes th e efforts of the marine biologists work ing with oy sters?

A. Persistent.

B. Intermittent.

C. Traditional.

D. Fruitless.

14. In the passag e, the author mentions that the new strains of o y ster are .

A. cheaper

B. shaped differentl y

C. better textured

D. healthier

15. Which of the following best describ es the org anization of the passag e?

A. Step by step d escription of the evolution of marine biology.

B. Discussion of chronological ev ents concerning o y ster p roduction

C. Random pres entation of facts about o y sters.

D. Description of oy ster production at different geog raphic locations.

Passag e 4

Chemistry did not emerg e as a sci ence until aft er the sci entific revolution in the seventeenth centu ry and then onl y rath er slowly and laboriously. But chemical k nowledge is as old as history, b eing al most entirel y concern ed with the practical arts o f living. Cook ing is essentially a ch emi cal pro ce ss; so is th e melting of metals and the administration of drugs and potions. This basic chemical k nowledge, which was applied in most cases as a rule of thumb, was nevertheless depend ent on previous experi ment. It also served to stimulate a fund amental curiosity about the pro cesses themselves. New information was alway s be ing gained as artisans improv ed techniques

to gain better results.

The develop ment of a scientific appro ach to chemistry was, howev er, hampered b y several factors. The most serious problem was the vast range of material av ailable and the consequent difficulty o f organizing it into some sy stem. In addition, there were so cial and intellectual difficulties, chemistry is nothing if not practical; those who practice it must use their hands, they must have a certain practical flai r. Yet in man y an cient civilizations, practical tasks were primarily the provin ce of a slav e population. The think er or philosopher stood apart fro m this mundan e world, wh ere th e practical arts appeared to lack an y intellectual cont ent or interest.

The final p roblem fo r earl y chemical scien ce was th e el ement of s ecrecy. Exp erts in sp ecific trad es had develop ed their own techniques and guarded th eir k nowledge to prevent others fro m stealing their livelihood. Another factor that contributed to secrecy was the esoteric natu re of the k now ledge o f alch emists, who were try ing to transform base metals into gold or were concerned with the hunt for the elixir that would bestow the blessing of eternal life. In one sense, the second of these was the more serious impedi ment because the records of the chemical processes that earl y alch emists had discovere d were oft en written down in symbolic language intelligible to very few or in symbols that were purposel y obs cure.

16. What is the passag e mainl y about?

A. The scientifi c revolution in the sevent eenth century

B. Reasons that chemistry d evelop ed slowly as a sci ence

C. The practical asp ects of ch emistry

D. Diffculties of o rganizing k nowledge sy stematically

17. According to the passag e, how did k nowledge about ch emical pro cesses in crease b efore the sev enteenth century?

A. Philosophers devised th eories about chemical properties.

B. A special symbolic langu age was dev eloped.

C. Experience led work ers to revise their techniques.

D. Experts shared their discov eries with the public.

18. The word “hampered" in Line 1 Para 2 is closest in meaning to .

A. recognized

B. determin ed

C. solved

D. hindered

19. The word “it" in Line 3 Para 2 refers to which of the following?

A. problem

B. materi al

C. difficulty

D. sy stem

20. Which of the following statements best explains wh y“the second of these was the mor e serious i mpedi ment"(Lines 5-6 Para 3 )?

A. Chemical k nowledge was limited to a small number of p eople.

B. The symbolic langu age used was very imp recise.

C. Very few new discov eries were made b y alch emists.

D. The records o f the ch emical pro cesses were not based on experiments.

1.分析与解答：正确答案为D。

2.分析与解答：正确答案为C。

3.分析与解答：正确答案为D。

4.分析与解答：正确答案为D。

5.分析与解答：正确答案为B。

6.分析与解答：正确答案为B。

7.分析与解答：答案为D。文章第一段说明价格与商品及服务的密切关系，后文一直讨论涉及商品与服务的各项内容。选项D与此相符，故为正确答案。

8.分析与解答：正确答案为A。

9.分析与解答：正确答案为C。

10.分析与解答：选D。文章第二段最后一部分提及买卖双方应充分了解构成索价与交易总的诸因素，但并没有进一步说明这些因素如何影响索价与交易总值。由此判断，下文可能谈论这一问题。选项D与此吻合，故为正确答案。

11.分析与解答：选B，本文详细讲述了特蛎的移植培育过程，第一段说明了移植特蛎的几个步骤及其生长的阶段：egg, larvae, spat。随后，讲到培育特蛎的必要性及为此付出巨大努力。最后一段介绍了海洋生物学家改良牡蛎、培养出新品种，使之能够抵御疾病，长得快，体积大，味道美。故B为正确选项。

12.分析与解答：A为正确选项。

13.分析与解答：A为正确选项。

14.分析与解答：D为正确选项

15.分析与解答：选B，从对第31题的分析可以看出，作者按时间先后讨论有关特蛎生产的具体事宜。in the past, the earl y 1900's, in the 1940's, recently, lat er 等词标志着不同事件发生的时间。

16.分析与解答：主旨题，文章首句点题，所以选B。

17.分析与解答：根据文章第一段的最后一句选择C

18.分析与解答：根据列举的原因可推知“hamper”的意思应与D.阻碍相对应。

19.分析与解答：代词it作用是为了避免和前一分句中的material重复，所以选B。

20.分析与解答：becaus e后的句子即为此题答案，所以选A。

Passag e 1

The slightest whiff of bak ing bread starts taste buds blossoming. Its siren scent h as even d riven men to acts of madness. Like a country's flag, bread signals nationalit y at the world's tabl es. America's corn bread; Ireland's sod a bread;England's traditional cottage loaf and bread appears in as man y sh apes and sizes as there are n ationalities. The French hav e created long, thin loaves with special flavou r-lightly salted, slightly sou r, finel y textured. In all its marv ellous variety, bread is such an ess ential part of life that it has also entered the language“bread winner”, “break bread”,“bread(for mon ey)”, “k now which side his bread is buttered”,“ta k e the bread out of his mouth”are but a few examples.

Bread had its origins in a coarse, flat cak e that may have b een first bak ed by Swiss lak e dwellers of the Stone Ag e, who more th an 8,000 years ago discovered how to pound grain, mix it with water and bak e it on heated stones. Historians trace leav ened bread to between 2000 and 3000 BC in Egy pt, where wild yeast probabl y invaded a bak er's dough, producing the wo rld's first light bread. The Eg y ptians subs equentl y invented the ov en and turned bread mak ing into an a rt, creating mo re than 50 v arieties. The Romans furth er refined b read-mak ing, inventing the domed and thick-walled peel ov en. They also developed water-driv en mills and the first mech anical dough-mixer, powered b y horses and donk ey s. Perhaps the most inspired innovation involving bread occurred in London in the eighteenth century, when a dissolute nobleman, John Montagu, ask ed that meat b e serv ed between sheets of bread so that he could eat while remaining at the gaming tables. That cr ude sand wich ch anged the eating habits of the world.

Whatev er its shape or texture, a golden-crust loaf co ming fro m the oven breathing and swelling goodness stirs perhaps the most ancient of all hungers. Bread has become the very s ymbol of sustenan ce, arousing rev erence, nost algia, even p assion, lik e no other food.

1. We can infer fro m the sent ence“bread signals nationalit y at the wo rld's table” that .

A. bread can b e used as a country's flag

B. bread are mad e differently

C. there are man y way s to mak e bread

D. people lik e to eat very much

2. Which of t he following can b e explained as “k now where one may have advant ages”?

A. Breadwinn er.

B. Tak e the bread out of his mouth.

C. Bread for money

D. Know which side on e's bread is buttered.

3. The original form o f bread was .

A. a long and thin loaf

B. an animal-shaped cak e

C. a common fl at cak e

D. a twist dough

4. The most inspired innov ation concerning bread in the 18th centu ry was .

A. a heated stove

B. the crude sand wich

C. the domed and thick-walled peel ov en

D. 50 varieties of b read

5. Which is NOT tru e according to the p assage?

A. Bread is so impo rtant in our life that it enters into the language.

B. There are v arieties o f bread in the world.

C. The sandwich changed th e eating habit of the world.

D. Bread was the onl y food eaten b y ancient people.

Passag e 2

No one should be forced to wear a uniform under an y circu mstan ce. Unifo rms are d emanding to the human spirit and totally unn e cessary in a democratic soci ety. Uniforms tell the world that the person who wears one h as no value as an individual but only lives to function as a part of a whol e. The individual in a uniform loses all self-wo rth.

There are those who say that wearing a unifo rm gives a person a sens e of identification with a larg er,mo re i mportant concept. Wh at could be mo re i mportant th an the individual himself? If an org anization is so weak that it must rely on cloth and buttons to inspire it's memb ers, that org anization has no right to continue its existence. Others say that the p ractice of mak ing persons wear uniforms, say in a school, eliminates all envy and co mpetition in the matter of dress, such that a poor p erson who cannot afford good - quality clothing is not to be belittled by a wealth y person who wears expensive qu ality clothing. Those persons conveni ently ignore such critical concepts as freedo m of choice, motivation, and individuality. If all persons were to wear the same clothing, why would an y on e strive to be better? It is only a short step fro m fo rcing ev ery one to drive the same car,have the same ty p e o f foods.When this happ ens, all in centive to imp rove on e's life is remov ed. Wh y would p arents bother to work hard so that their children could hav e a b etter life th an they had when they k now that their children are going to be forced to h ave ex actl y the same life that they h ad?

Uniforms also hurt the econo my.Right now, billions of dollars are spent on th e fashion industry yearl y. Thousands o f persons are emplo y ed in d esigning, creating and mark eting different ty p es of clothing. If every on e were forced to wear uniforms, artistic personnel would be unnecessary. Sales persons would be superfluous as well; why bother to sell the only items that are availabl e? The wearing of uniforms would destro y the fashion industry, which in turn w ould have a ripple effect on such industries as advertising and promotion. Without advertising, newspapers, magazines, and television would not be able to remain in business. One entire information and entertain ment industry would collaps e.

6. The author's pri mary pu rpose in writing this passage was to .

A. plead fo r the abolishment of uniforms

B. show that uniforms are not possible in a demo cratic so ciet y

C. advocate strong er govern mental cont rols on the wearing of uniforms

D. convince th e reader that uniforms hav e mo re disadv antages than advant ages

7. Wh y does the author discuss forcing every one to bu y the same car or eat the same food?

A. To show that freedom o f choice is absolute.

B. To show that the government has interfered too mu ch in the lives of individual.

C. To suggest what would happen if uniforms became co mpulsory.

D. To predict the way the societ y will be in the n ext few g enerations.

8. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the author?

A. The person who wears a uniform has no sel f-worth.

B. Wearing a unifo rm gives a p erson a s ense of identifi cation with a larg er concept.

C. Uniforms will hurt one entire information and entertainment industry.

D. Envy and co mpetition are incentive to i mprov e one's life.

9. The word “superfluous" (Para. 3) most prob abl y means “".

A. indispensable

B. available

C. surplus

D. supplementary

10. The next paragraph in this passage might discuss .

A. the positive effects of wearing uniforms

B. more n egative effects of wearing uniforms

C. an alternative to wearing uniforms

D. the legal rights of those not wishing to wear uniforms

Passag e 3

Iceb ergs are among nature's most spectacular creations, and y et most p eople h ave n ever seen on e. A vagu e air of my st ery envelops them.They co me into being-somewhere-in faraway, frigid waters, amid thunderous noise and splashing turbulen ce, which in most cas es no one hears or s ees. Th ey exist only a short time and then slowly waste away just as unnoticed.

Objects of sheerest b eauty,they h ave been called. Appearing in an endl ess vari ety of shapes,they may be dazzlingly white, o r they may b e glass y blue, green or pu rple, tinted faintly or in dark er hues. Th ey are graceful, stately, inspiring in cal m, sunlit seas.

But they are also called frightening and d angerous, and that they are—in the night, in the fog, and in storms. Even in clear weather on e is wise to stay a safe distance away from th em. Most of th eir bulk is hidden below the water, so their underwater parts may extend out far bey ond th e visible top. Also, they may roll over un expect edly, churning the wat ers around them.

Iceb ergs are parts of glaciers that break off, drift into the water, float about awhile, and finall y melt. Icebergs afloat today are mad e of snowflak es that have fallen over long ages of time. Th ey embod y snows that drifted down hundreds, or man y thousands, or in some cases may be a million years ago. Th e snows fell in polar regions and on cold mountains, where they melted only a little or not at all, and so collected to great depths over th e y ears and centuries.

As each y ear's snow accumul ation lay on th e surface, ev aporation and melting caused the snowfl ak es slowly to lose their feathery points and become tin y grains of i ce. When n ew snow fell on top of th e old, it too turned to icy grains.So blank ets of snow and ice grains mounted layer upon layer and were of su ch great thick ness that the weight of the upper layers co mpressed the lower ones. With time and pressure fro m above, the man y s mall ice grains join ed and chang ed to larger cry stals, and eventuall y

the deep er cry stals merg ed into a solid mass of i ce.

11. Which of th e following is the best title for the pass age?

A. The Melting of Iceb ergs

B. The Nature and Origin of Icebergs

C. The Size and Shape of Icebergs

D. The Dangers o f Icebergs

12. The author stat es that iceb ergs are rarel y seen b ecause they are .

A. surrounded b y fog

B. hidden beneath the mountains

C. located in remote regions of the wo rld

D. brok en by waves soon after they are formed

13. According to the passag e, iceb ergs are d angerous because they .

A. usually melt quick ly

B. can turn over v ery sudd ely

C. may create immense snowdrifts

D. can cause un expected av alanch es

14. The formation of an iceberg is most clearl y an alogous to which of the following activities?

A. Walk ing on fluffy n ew snow, causing it to become mo re comp act and icy.

B. Plowing large areas of earth, leaving the land flat and barren.

C. Sk ating across a frozen lak e and l eaving a trail behind.

D. Blowing snow into one large pile to clear an area.

15. The attitude of the author toward iceb ergs is one of .

A. disappointment

B. humor

C. disinterest

D. wonder

Passag e 4

One fact that clearl y demonstrated b y the earl y sleep res earch ers: one p art o f the night is not just lik e another.As scientists beg an to co mp are the reco rds of volunteers during the 1950's, they observed that human sleep follows a rhy th mic sch edule. They noted that not only was this schedule muc h the same in healthy persons of the same age with similar h abits but, fro m night to night, each individual had an EEG record almost as consistent as a signature.

Sleep and wak efulness, once considered to be the light and dark of consciousness, no longer s eem to differ so sharply. Actually, sleep is not a unitary stat e, it involves man y shades or deg rees o f detachment fro m the surrounding wo rld. While sleep may feel lik e a blank et of dark ness punctuated by d reams-a time when the mind is asleep-nothing could be less true. All night long a person drifts down and up through different levels of consciousness, as if on wa v es. With laboratory methods, research ers hav e been able to chart the t y pical stag es of the journ ey into sleep.

The jou rney starts while the sub ject is still awak e but beginning to relax. His brain waves, which hav e been low, rapid, and irregul ar, b egin to show a new pattern, the alpha rhy th m.

When their EEG shows an alpha rh y thm, the sub jects are notified, either b y a sound or b y the appearan ce o f a color on a scree n. Because the alpha state tends to be pleasant and relax ed, the ability to sustain it can help tense people eas e their passag e into sleep. A mo ment of tension, a loud noise, an attempt to solve a problem, however, and the alpha rh y th m may vanish.

As the subject passes through the gates of the unconscious, his alpha waves grow smaller, and his eyes roll very slowly. For a mo ment, he may wak e up during this early part of the des cent, alerted b y a sudden spas m that causes his body to jerk. It is cauesd by a b rief burst of activity in the brain, and is normal in all human sleep. It is gone in a fraction of a s econd, after which des cent continues. Th e sub ject h as not felt the peculiar transformation, but now he is said to be t ruly asleep.

16. This passage states that a person is reall y asleep onl y .

A. when his EEG begins to show an alpha rh y th m

B. after the compl etion of his alpha rh y th m

C. when his EEG rev eals no alpha rh y thm

D. after experiencing a jerk

17. According to the autho r, the alpha st ate has b een shown to be .

A. a brief burst of activity in the brain

B. controllable

C. unpleasant for so me p eople

D. unmeasurable

18. According to the passag e, was us ed b y sleep researchers.

A. music

B. ladder

C. charts

D. signature

19. According to this passage, sleep is describ ed as .

A. a gradu al parting from th e real world

B. drowning in an ocean of dark ness

C. undisturbed by tension or probl ems

D. depend ent only upon individual ag e and health

20. The word“subjects”(para.3,line 1)refers to .

A. measurements

B. instruments

C. dreams

D. volunteers

答案：

1.分析与解答：答案为B。参看第一段第三、四句。

2.分析与解答：答案为D。“k now which side one's b read is buttered”意为“知道自己的利处在哪儿。”故选D。

3.分析与解答：答案为C。参看第二段第一句。

4.分析与解答：答案为B。参看第二段最后一句。

5.分析与解答：答案为D。A，B，C三项都是事实，在文章中都提到过。文章并未讲“面包是古人唯的食品。”故D不对。

6.分析与解答：这是一道主旨题，作者反对人们都穿制服目的是要提倡人们不要穿制服，故选D。

7.分析与解答：“same food”和“s ame car”只不过是作者为论证自己的观点所做的比较,故应选C。

8.分析与解答：见第二段第句，答案为B。

9.分析与解答：根据第三段第五句话，人们不买有个性的东西了，营业员自然就过剩了，故应选C。

10.分析与解答：文章从始至终都在说穿制服的缺点，可推断答案应选B。

11.分析与解答：在把握全篇的基础上，答案为B。

12.分析与解答：根据第一段第二句，应选C。

13.分析与解答：根据第三段第三、四句话，选B。

14.分析与解答：参见第五段，选A。

15.分析与解答：根据文章第一句话便可推断出作者的语气态度，应选D。

16.分析与解答：答案为D。根据第五段最后一句可得知答案。其它选项与原文不符。

17.分析与解答：答案为B。根据第四段的描写可得知答案。其它选项与原文不符。

18.分析与解答：答案为B。根据第二段最后一句的描写可得知答案。其它选项与原文不符。

19.分析与解答：答案为A。根据第二段第二句可得知答案。其它选项与原文不符。…detach ment fro m the real world=parting from

20.分析与解答：答案为D。subjects 在此文中意为volunteers受测者。其它选项与原文不符。

Passag e 1

The importan ce and fo cus of the interview in the work of the print and broadcast journalist is reflected in several book s tha t have been written on the topic. Most of these book s, as well as several chapt ers, mainl y in, but not limited to, jou rnalism and bro adcasting handbook s and reporting texts, stress the “how to" aspects of journ alistic interviewing rather than the conceptual asp ects of the interview, its context, and implications. Much of the “how to" materia l is based on personal exp erien ces and general impressions. As we k now, in journalis m as in other fields, much can b e learn ed from the s y stematic study of p rofessional prac tice. Such study b rings together evidence fro m which broad g eneralized principles can be d eveloped.

There is, as h as been sugg ested, a g rowing bod y of research literature in journalis m and bro adcasting, but very little significant atte ntion has been d evoted to the study o f the interview itself. On the oth er h and, man y general t exts as well as nu merous research ar ticl es on intervi ewing in fi elds other th an journ alism hav e b een written. Man y of these book s and articles present the theoretical and empirical aspects of the interview as well as the training of the interviewers. Unh appily, this plentiful general literature about interviewing pay s little attention to the journalistic interview. The fact that the gen eral literature on interviewing does not deal with the jou rnalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons. First, it seems lik ely that most people in modern Western societies are more familiar, at least in a positive manner, with journ alistic interviewing than with an y other fo rm of interviewing. Most of us are p robabl y so mewh at familiar with the clinical interview, such as that conducted b y ph y sicians and psy chologists. In these situations the professional person or interviewer is interested in getting information necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of the person seek ing help. Another familiar situation is the job interview. However, very few of us have actuall y been interviewed personally b y the mass media, particul arl y by tel evision. And y et, we h ave a vivid acquaintan ce with the journ alistic interview b y virtue of our roles as readers, listeners, and viewers. Ev en so, tru e understanding of the journ alistic interview, especially t elevision interviews, requires thoughtful an aly s es and ev en study, as this book ind icates.

1. The main idea o f the first parag raph is that .

A. generalized principles for jou rnalistic interviews are th e chief concern for writers on jou rnalism

B. importance should be attached to the s y stematic stud y of journ alistic interviewing

C. concepts and contextual implications are o f secondary i mportan ce to journ alistic interviewing

D. personal experi ences and gen eral i mpressions should be excluded fro m jou rnalistic interviews

2. Much research has been done on interviews in gen eral .

A. so the training of journalistic interviewers h as lik ewise been strengthen ed

B. though the study of the interviewing techniques h asn't received much attention

C. but journalistic interviewing as a specific field h as unfortunat ely b een n eglect ed

D. and there has also b een a d ramatic g rowth in the study o f journalistic interviewing

3. Western ers are familiar with the jou rnalistic interview, .

A. but most of them wish to stay away fro m it

B. and man y o f them hope to be interviewed some day

C. and man y o f them would lik e to acquire a tru e understanding of it

D. but most of them may not hav e been interviewed in person

4. Who is the interviewee in a clinical interview?

A. The patient

B. The phy sici an

C. The journ alist

D. The ps y chologist

5. The passag e is most lik ely a p art of .

A. a news article

B. a journ alistic interview

C. a research repo rt

D. a preface

Passag e 2

Certainly no creature in the s ea is odder than the common sea cu cu mber. All living creatures, esp eciall y hu man b eings, have thei r peculiarities, but every thing about the little sea cucu mb er seems unusual. Wh at else can be said about a bizarre ani mal that, among other eccentri cities, eats mud, feeds al most continuously day and night but can live without eating for long periods, and can b e poisonous but is considered supremel y edible b y gourmets?

For some fift y million y ears, d espite all its eccentricities, the sea cucu mb er has subsisted on its diet of mud. It is adaptable enough to live attach ed to rock s by its tubefeet(棘皮动物的管足), under ro ck s in shallow water, or on the surface of mud fl ats. Common in cool water on both Atlantic and Pacific shores, it has the ability to suck up mud or sand and digest what ever nutri ents are pres ent.

Sea cucu mb ers co me in a variet y of colors, ranging fro m black to reddish-b rown to sand-color and early white. One form ev en has vivid purple tentacl es. Usuall y the creatures are cucu mber-sh aped-h ence their name-and b ecause they are t y pically rock inhabitants, this shape, combin ed with flexibility, enables th em to squeeze into crevi ces where th ey are safe from p red ators and o cean currents.

Although they have voracious appetites, eating day and night, sea cucumb ers have the capacity to beco me motionless and live at a low metabolic rate-feeding sparingl y or not at all fo r long periods, so that the marine org anisms that p rovide thei r food h ave a chan ce to multiply. If it were not f or this faculty, they would devou r all the food available in short time and would prob abl y starv e themselves out of existence.

But the most spectacular thing about the sea cu cu mber is the way it defends itself. Its major en emi es are fish and crabs. Whe n attack ed, it squirts all its internal organs into the water.It also casts off attached stru ctures such as tent acles. The s ea cucu mb er will eviscerate and reg enerate itself when it is attack ed or even touched;it will do the same if the surrounding water t emp erature is too high or if the water b eco mes too polluted.

6. The passag e mainl y discusses .

A. the reason for the s ea cucu mber's n ame

B. what mak es the sea cu cumb er unusual

C. how to identify the sea cu cumb er

D. places wh ere the sea cu cumb er can be

7. According to the passag e, the shap e of sea cu cu mbers is impo rtant because .

A. its helps them to digest their food

B. it helps them to protect themselves fro m dang er

C. it mak es it easier for th em to move through th e mud

D. it mak es them attractive to fish

8. The fourth p arag raph of th e passag e mainl y discusses .

A. the rep roduction of sea cu cumb ers

B. the food sources o f sea cucu mbers

C. the eating habits of sea cucu mbers

D. threats to sea cucu mb ers' existence

9. Of all the features of the sea cu cumb er, which of th e following seems to fas cinate the author most?

A. What it does wh en threatened

B. Where it lives

C. How it hides from p redato rs

D. What it eats

10. Compared with other sea creatu res the sea cu cu mber is very .

A. dangerous

B. intelligent

C. fat

D. strange

Passag e 3

A strange thing about humans is their capacity for blind rag e. Rage is presu mabl y an emotion resulting fro m survival instinct, but the surprising th ing about it is that we do not deploy it against other animals. If we en counter a dang erous wild ani m al - a poisonous snak e or a wild cat - we do not fl y into a temper. If we are unarmed, we show fear and attempt to back away; if we are suitabl y armed, we attack, but in a rational manner not in a rag e. We res erve rag e for our own species. It is hard to see an y surviv al value in attack ing one's own, but if we tak e account of the long co mpetition which must have existed between our own subspecies and others lik e Neanderthal man - indeed others still more remote fro m us than Neanderthal man - hu man rag e becomes more co mpreh ensible.

In our every day languag e and beh avior there are man y reminders of those early struggles. W e are alway s using the words “us and them". “Ou r" side is perpetuall y try ing to do down the “other" side. In g ames we artificiall y create other subspeci es we can attack. The opposition of “us" and“them" is the touchstone of th e two-p art y s y stem of “democratic" politics. Although there are no very s erious consequ ences to man y o f these modern psychological representations of the “us and them" e motion, it is as well to remember that the original ai m was not to beat the other subsp ecies in a g ame but to extermin ate it.

The readiness with which humans allow thems elves to be regi mented h as permitted larg e armies to be formed, which, tak en together w ith the “us and them" blind rage, has led to destructive clashes within our subspeci es itself. Th e First World War is an example in which Europ e divided itself into two i magin ary subspecies. And th ere is a similar extermination battle now in Northern Ireland. The idea that there is a religious basis for this clash is illusory, for not even the Pope has been able to control it. The clash is much mo re pri mitive than the Christian religion, much old er in its emotional o rigin. The conflict in Ireland is unlik ely to stop until a great er pri mitive fear is imposed from outside the co mmunity, o r until the co mbatants beco me exh austed.

11. A suitable title fo r this passage would b e .

A. Wh y Hu man Armies Are Formed

B. Man's Ang er Against Rage

C. The Human Capacity for Rag e

D. Earl y Struggles of Angry Man

12. According to the autho r, the surprising asp ect of hu man anger is .

A. its lengthy and compl ex develop ment

B. a conflict such as is now going on in North ern Ireland

C. that we do not fly into a temp er more often

D. that we reserv e ang er fo r mank ind

13. The passag e suggests that .

A. historically, we h ave created an “us" versus “them" societ y

B. humans hav e had a natural disinclination toward formal g rouping

C. the First World War is an ex ampl e of how man h as alway s avoided do mination

D. the emotional origin of the war in Ireland is lost in time

14. From the pass age we can infer th at .

A. the artifici al creation of a subsp ecies unlik e us is something that never happens

B. games are ps ychologicall y unhealthy

C. any artificiall y creat ed subspeci es would be our enemy

D. the real or imagined existen ce o f an opposing subspeci es is inherent in man's activities

15. The author b elieves that a religious explan ation for the war in North ern Ireland is .

A. founded in historical fact

B. deceptive

C. apparent

D. probabl y accurate

Passag e 4

The concept of person al choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventabl e if individuals would mak e sound personal health choices based upon current medical k nowledge. We all enjo y our freedom of choice and do not lik e to see it restric ted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of so ciety. Th e structure of American so ciet y allows us to mak e almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our h ealth. If we so desire, we can smok e, drink excessiviely, refus e to wear seat belts, eat wh atever foods we want, and live a co mpletel y sed entary life-st y le without any exercise. Th e freedo m to mak e such personal decisions is a fundamental asp ect of ou r society, although the wisdom of thes e decisions can be qu estioned. Personal choi ce s relative to health often caus e a difficulty. As one example, a teenag er may k now the facts relative to smok ing cigarettes and h ea lth but may be pressu red b y fri ends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.

A multitude of factors, both inherited and environ mental, influence the develop ment of health-related beh aviors, and it is bey ond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect an y giv en individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular h ealth-related beh avior is usuall y on e of personal choi ces. Th ere are health y choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the mo rals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo drew a co mp arison. They suggest that to k nowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in pres erving both the quality and quantity o f life, personal health choices should reflect those behavio rs that are associ ated with a statistical probabilit y of increas ed vitality and long evity.

16. The con cept of p ersonal choi ce concerning health is impo rtant because .

A. personal h ealth choices help cu re most illnesses

B. it helps raise the level of ou r medical k nowledge

A.it is essential to personal freedo m in American so ciet y

D. wrong decisions could lead to poor health

17. To “live a co mpletel y sed entary l ife-st y le” (Para. 1) most probabl y means .

A. to “live an inactive life”

B. to “live a decent life”

C. to “live a life with co mplete freedom”

D. to “live a life o f vice”

18. Sound personal health choi ce is often difficult to mak e becaus e .

A. current medical k nowledge is still insufficient

B. there are man y factors influ encing our d ecisions

C. few people are willing to trade the qualit y of life for the qu antity of life

D. people are usuall y influen ced b y the b ehavior o f their friends

19. To k nowingly allow oneself to pursue unh ealth y habits is comp ared b y Fries and Crapo to .

A. improving the qu ality of on e's life

B. limiting one's personal h ealth choice

C. deliberatel y ending on e's life

D. break ing the rules of so cial behavio r

20. According to Fries and Crapo sound h ealth choice should be bas ed on .

A. personal d ecisions

B. society's laws

C. statistical evidence

D. friends' opinions

答案：

1.分析与解答：第一段开头第一句话便引入主题，故应选B。

2.分析与解答：根据文章第二段第四句话，选C。

3.分析与解答：参见第二段中间部分，选D。

4.分析与解答：interviewee指的是被接见者，被采访者。故应选A。

5.分析与解答：根据文章最后一句可推断这是一篇前言，故选D。

6.分析与解答：主题题，应把握全文选B。

7.分析与解答：根据第三段第三句话，选B

8.分析与解答：第四段主要写海参的“appetites”，故选C。

9.分析与解答：见第五段第一句话，应选A

10.分析与解答：见第一段第三句话，应选D

11.分析与解答：主旨题，首句点题，应选C。

12.分析与解答：见第一段第二句话，和第五句话，选D。

13.分析与解答：见第二段段首，选A

14.分析与解答：见第一段最后一句话，选D

15.分析与解答：见最后一段第四句话，答案为B。

16.分析与解答：答案为D，推理题。根据本文第二句话：“An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be prevent able if individuals would mak e sound person al health choices based upon current medical k nowledge”，可以得知，不正确的个人选择会导致疾病的发生，而A和B在文章中未提及，C与本文无关，故D)是惟一正确