语言学教程(第四版) 练习题

语言学教程（第四版）测试题

Quiz 1 Lexicon

I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:

1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. T

2. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language. F

3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the

study of morphology. T

4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes. T

5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes. T

6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as

number, tense, degree, and case. T

7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound

root or a free morpheme. F

8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it. F

9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word.

Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words. F

10. Loanwords are: both form and meaning are borrowed. T

II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:

11. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

12. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a grammatical meaning.

13. Bound morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other

morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.

14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.

15. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create words.

16. A suffix is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case

change its part of speech.

17. Compounding is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.

18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called

morphological rules.

19. In terms of morphemic analysis, derivation can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to

form new words.

20. A stem can be a bound root or a free morpheme to which an inflectional affix can be added.

III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:

21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) _____.

A. bound morpheme

B. bound form

C. inflectional morpheme

D. free morpheme

22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning

of a compound _____.

A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components

B. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes

C. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase

D. None of the above

23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of _____.

A. the first element

B. the second element

C. either the first or the second element

D. both the first and the second elements

24. _____ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes,

either free or bound, to form a word.

A. Free morphemes

B. Bound morphemes

C. Bound words

D. Words

25. _____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which

words are formed.

A. Syntax

B. Grammar

C. Morphology

D. Morpheme

26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _____.

A. lexical

B. morphemic

C. grammatical

D. semantic

27. Bound morphemes are those that _____.

A. have to be used independently

B. cannot be combined with other morphemes

C. can either be free or bound

D. have to be combined with other morphemes

28. _____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original

word.

A. Prefixes

B. Suffixes

C. Roots

D. Affixes

29. _____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.

A. Words

B. Morphemes

C. Phonemes

D. Sentences

30. “-s” in the word “books” is _____.

A. a derivative affix

B. a stem

C. an inflectional affix

D. a root

IV. Define the following terms:

31. morphology: Morphology is a branch of linguistics which studies the internal structure of words

and the rules by which words are formed.

32. morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

33. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but

have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.

34. root: A root is the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without destroying its

meaning.

35. stem: a stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be

added, like Friend- in friends, and friendship- in friendships.

V. Answer the following question:

36. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.

In terms of their capacity of occurring alone, morphemes can be categorized into 2 types: free morphemes and bound morphemes.

Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.

Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”.Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be d ivided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such

as “-less” in the word “friendless”.

Poly-morphemic words other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes.

A root is the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without destroying its meaning. Inter-nation-al-ism

An affix is the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). Affix is naturally bound. Affixes are generally classified into three subtypes, prefix, suffix, and infix.

Prefix: para-, mini- un-

Suffix: -ise, -tion

Infix: abso-bloomingly-lutely

A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.

Friend- in friends, and friendship- in friendships

Quiz 2 Syntax

I. Choose the best answer.

1. Relation of co-occurrence is _____.

A. only syntagmatic

B. only paradigmatic

C. complex

D. both syntagmatic and paradigmatic

2. The syntactic rules of any language are _____ in number.

A. large

B. small

C. finite

D. infinite

3. The _____ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.

A. lexical

B. morphological

C. linguistic

D. syntactic

4. A sentence is considered _____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge.

A. right

B. wrong

C. grammatical

D. ungrammatical

5. Several constituents together form a _____.

A. coordinator

B. particle

C. preposition

D. construction

6. Phrasal constituent can be embedded within another constituent having the same category.

Theoretically, there is no limit to the number of embedding of one clause into another clause. This is the _____ properties of sentences.

A. recursive

B. grammatical

C. social

D. functional

7. Syntax allows us to better understand _____.

A. how words and phrases form sentences

B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words

C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences

D. all of the above

8. The head of the phrase “the handsome boy” is _____.

A. handsome

B. boy

C. the

D. the handsome boy

9. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to _____ construction.

A. endocentric

B. exocentric

C. subordinate

D. coordinate

10. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is a _____

sentence.

A. simple

B. coordinate

C. compound

D. subordinate

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.

11. The phrase of swimming in the lake is headed,the head is swimming. T

12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of

sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend. T

13. In a compound sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other. T

14. Tag question always contains a pronoun which refers back to the subject, and never to any other

element in the sentence. T

15. Predicate is the major constituent of sentence structure in a binary analysis in which all obligatory

constituent other than the subject. T

16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed,

namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. F

17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb. T

18. The disadvantage of IC Analysis is that it cannot reveal some ambiguities effectively. F

19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional. T

20. Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more

of its constituents, i.e. a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable CENTRE or HEAD.

T

III. Fill in the blanks.

21. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands

alone as its own sentence.

22. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a

complete statement, question or command.

23. A subject may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.

24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something

about the subject is grammatically called predicate.

25. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.

26. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an embedded

clause.

27. A class item can perform several functions, and a function can be fulfilled by several classes.

28. Phrase is a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the

subject-predicate structure typical of clauses.

29. A constituent with its own subject and predicate, if it is included in a larger sentence, is a clause.

30. A sentence is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought

IV. Explain the following terms, using examples.

31. syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a

language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.

32. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a

sentence in terms of its immediate constituents – word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents (theoretically, morpheme; practically, word) are reached.

33. cohesion: Cohesion is a concept to do with discourse or text rather than with syntax. It refers to

relations of meaning that exist within the text, and defines it as a text.

34. category: Narrowly, the classes and functions, e.g. n., v.; subject, predicate; NP, VP, etc.

More specifically, the defining properties of these general units:

n.: gender, number, case and countability, etc.

v.: tense, aspect and voice, etc.

V. Answer the following questions.

35. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction?

An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.

36. Distingu ish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers” by means of IC analysis.

(1) more beautiful flowers

(2) more beautiful flowers

VI. Analyze the following situation.

37. Put brackets around the immediate constituents in the following sentence.

The lonely boy in the bedroom was crying silently.

((The) (((lonely) (boy)) ((in) ((the) (bedroom))))) ((was) ((crying) (silently))).

Quiz 3 Semantics

I. Choose the best answer.

1. The 7 types of meaning are proposed by _____.

A. Plato

B. Bloomfield

C. Geoffrey Leech

D. Firth

2. _____ meaning is also called cognitive meaning.

A. Conceptual

B. Connotative

C. Stylistic

D. Reflected

3. Which of the following is NOT true?

A. Referential Theory is the theory of meaning, which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it

refers to.

B. Sense refers to the properties an entity has.

C. Reference refers to the concrete entity having the properties.

D. Every word has a sense, and every word has a reference

4. “Can I borrow your bike?” _____ “You have a bike.”

A. is synonymous with

B. is inconsistent with

C. entails

D. presupposes

5. _____ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called

semantic features.

A. Predication analysis

B. Componential analysis

C. Phonemic analysis

D. Grammatical analysis

6. “Alive” and “dead” are _____.

A. gradable antonyms

B. relational antonyms

C. complementary antonyms

D. None of the above

7. _____ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the world of experience.

A. Reference

B. Concept

C. Semantics

D. Sense

8. Words that are opposite in meaning are _____.

A. antonymy

B. Synonymy

C. Homonymy

D. Hyponymy

9. Words that are close in meaning are called _____.

A. homonyms

B. polysemies

C. hyponyms

D. synonyms

10. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _____.

A. grammatical rules

B. selectional restrictions

C. semantic rules

D. semantic features

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.

11. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and

American English. T

12. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the world of

experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. F

13. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations. T

14. Semantic triangle was proposed by Geoffrey Leech in The Meaning of Meaning. F

15. According to Semantic triangle, the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct. It

is mediated by reference. F

16. Sense refers to the abstract properties of an entity, and reference refers to the concrete entity having

these properties. T

17. No two words share exactly the same meaning. T

18. Complementary Antonyms can be modified by “Very”. F

19. “Give” is a two-place predicate. F

20. Actions or events involved in entailment are synchronic, but that in the presupposition is diachronic.

T

III. Fill in the blanks.

21. Semantics can be defined as the study of meaning.

22. Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or phrase suggests in

people’s mind.

23. Social / stylistic meaning is the meaning which a piece of language conveys about the social

circumstances of its use.

24. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.

25. Hyponymy is a kind of inclusiveness relation.

26. Relational opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two

items.

27. Componential analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into

meaning components.

28. Gradable antonyms refer to those which are not absolutely opposite, there are often intermediate

forms between these two extreme forms.

29. A superordinate may be a superordinate to itself. We call this auto-hyponym.

30. The meaning of duck can be analyzed with Componential Analysis as adult and female.

IV. Explain the following terms, using examples.

31. complementary antonymy: Complementary antonymy is the sense relation between two antonyms

which are complementary to each other. That is, they divide up the whole of a semantic field completely. Denial of one implies the assertion of the other and the assertion of one implies the denial of the other. He is single means “He is not married”.

32. superordinate: the upper term in hyponymy, i.e. the class name, is called superordinate, and the

lower terms, the members, hyponyms. A superordinate usually has several hyponyms. Under flower, for example, there are orchid, lily, peony, sunflower, tulip, and many others apart from rose.

33. componential / compositional analysis: An approach by linguists to describe the meaning of words

and phrases. According to Leech, the analysis of word meaning is often a process of breaking down the sense of word into its minimal components. For example, the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE. Similarly girl may be analyzed into HUMAN, YOUNG and FEMALE.

34. proposition: It is the result of the abstraction of sentences, which are descriptions of states of affairs

and which some writers see as a basic element of sentence meaning. For example, the two sentences “Caesar invaded Gaul” and “Gaul was invaded by Caesar” hold t he same proposition.

V. Answer the following questions.

35. Please give a superordinate in the following list.

A. man, stallion, boy, bull, boar Male.

B. dogs, cats, parrots Pets.

36. Write out the synonyms of the following words.

Youth, automobile, remember, buy, vacation, big

youth (adolescent), automobile (car), remember (recall), buy (purchase), vacation(holiday), big (large)

VI. Analyze the following situation.

37. For the following two groups of words, state what semantic property or properties are shared by the

(a) words and the (b) words, and what semantic property or properties distinguish between the

classes of (a) words and (b) words.

(1) a. bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope, chief

b. bull, rooster, drake, ram

(2) a. table, stone, pencil, cup, ship, car

b. milk, alcohol, rice, soup

(1) The (a) words and (b) words are male.

The (a) words are human, while the (b) words are non-human.

(2) The (a) words and (b) words are inanimate.

The (a) words are instrumental, while the (b) words are edible.

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语言系统的构成 ——《现代语言学教程》选读 内容摘要：本文概括了霍凯特关于美国结构主义语言学的基本原理和方法，主要介绍了语言的五个分系统，即语法系统、音位系统、语素音位系统、语义系统、语音系统以及它们的关系。使我们初步了解了语言的基本构造及其特征，为我们了解语言演变的规律和探索语言演变过程提供了原则和方法。 关键字：语法系统、音位系统、语素音位系统、语义系统、语音系统。 《现代语言学教程》是美国结构主义语言学集大成的一部理论著作，又是论述语言学各方面问题的一部综合教材。本书的作者查尔斯?弗朗西斯?霍凯特早年受到美国结构主义语言学的三位创始人鲍阿斯、萨丕尔、布龙菲尔德的指导，目的是给初学者讲解语言学的概况，综述当时语言学界关于各个课题的一般看法。 本书总结了美国结构主义语言学三十余年的发展成果，归纳了语言学的十二个大问题。它们分别是：一.通过声音发信号：音系；二.音系和语法：不同的模式层面；三.语法系统；四.语素音位系统；五.习语；六.共时方言学；七.语言的个体发生；八.种系发生；九.语言的史前状况；十.文字；十一.文学；十二.人在自然界中的地位。前四个问题论述的是语言的结构以及分析语言的方法和原则，可称之为“描写篇”，后八个问题主要论述的是语言演变的规律和探索语言演变过程的原则和方法，可称之为“历史篇”。 因为语言是人类最重要的思维工具和交际工具，所以在这里，我想主要探讨的是属于第二个大问题的语言的构造问题：语言的五个分系统——语法系统、音位系统、语素音位系统、语义系统、语音系统，以及它们的关系。 霍凯特认为，语言是一个复杂的习惯系统。整个语言系统能分成五个主要的分系统： 1.语法系统——语素的总和以及语素出现的配列。霍凯特说：“一种语言的语法或语法系统就是：一是该语言里所使用的全部语素；二是这些语素在话语中出现时彼此相关的配列。” 这就是说，描写一种语言的语法必须包含两项基本内容：首先是确定语素（morpheme），然后是说明语素出现的配列。语素是语法系统中的基础单位。同一语素有时表现为这一个音位形状，有时表现为另一个音位形状，这些音位形状处于彼此交替中。语素的每一个表现形式是一个语子（morph），语子是某个语素的音位变体（allomorph）。语素有片段语素（只作为词的一部分或整体而出现的语素）和超片段语素（不属于词的部分的语素，如语调等）两种。霍凯特始终认为，“发现语素”必须使用形式和意义双重标准，其程序是切分话语，得出语子，然后从语子中归并语素。