Lesson 1
The Vikings
Ⅰ.Introduction
A.The Vikings were Scandinavian raiders who raided, plundered, and established settlements
across Europe.
1.Viking raids took place from A.D. 787 to 1066、
2.Vikings or the Northmen came from the areas now referred to as Sweden, Norway, and
Denmark.
3.On the European continent, Vikings raided from Ireland to Russia and as far south as the
Mediterranean coast.
B.The Vikings were arguably the most powerful and ferocious warriots of the their era.
1.Documented prayers were offered up from European villages and monasteries that
Implored God to "Deliver us fiom the fliiy of the Northmen!'1
2.Viking warriors combined tremendous combat skills with the physical strength built by
rowing their boats across hundreds of miles of sea.
3.Vikings travel ed in "biackships” which were long, shallow boats with oars and a saiL
4.Blackships were ocean-worthy but shallow enough to land on beaches and travel up rivers.
5.The typical Viking blackship could carry 30 to 50 warriors.
Ⅱ.Viking Strategies and Tactics
A.Viking strategy was threefold.
1.Vikings avoided pitched battles.
2.They would attack weak spots.
3.They would seize an island base if possible.
B.Viking Armor-, Weapons and Training
1.Vikings used a wide variety of weapons which included the axe, spear, sword and bow,
2.They made use of round wooden shields and chain mail armor.
3.Young Viking boys were trained to fight using dangerous games of combat to sharpen their
skills.
4.Viking warriors were taught to move into a wedge formation with champions at the point to
break enemy lines.
5.Warriors would often attack the legs,switch hands while fighting, and fight back to
back when surrounded.
C.Viking Berserkers
1.Vikings had unique fighters called, Berserkers, who were trained to go crazy in combat.
a.The berserkers would first strip off their armor
b.They would begin to howl like a wild animal
c.Berserkers would bite the iron rims of their shields.
d.They would begin to dance about whipping themselves into a frenzy.
e.Then they would charge wildly into the enemy lines by themselves.
2.Viking Berserkers frightened the enemy and gave the Vikings such a psychological
advantage that their fame continues to this day.
III.The End of Viking Raids
A.By the year 1000 A Viking raids were beginning to come to an end for three major reasons,
1.The mini-ice age had ended.
2.Their enemies had developed better-trained armies to defend themselves.
3.The Vikings had become Christians,
Essay Questions
1.Explain why the Vikings were so successfiil in their raids.
2. Explain why the Viking raids came to an end during the 11th century.
Lesson 2
Discoverers and Conquistadors
Pick five explorers you think will be successful!
1. Bartholomeu Diaz
2.Vasco da Gama
3.Afonso de Albuquerque
4.Cristoforo Columbo
5. 5 , Martin Alonso Pinzon
6.Vasco Nunez de Balboa
7.Pedro AIvares Cabral
8.Ferdinand Magellan
9.Juan Ponce de Leon
10.Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo
11.Juan Diaz de So!is
12.Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
13.Panfilo de Narvaez
14.Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca
15.Hernando de Soto
16.Pedro de Teixeita
17.Antonio Raposo de Tavares
18.Heman Cortez
19.Francisco Pizarro
20.Amerigo Vespucc
Essay Questions
1. What were the goals of Exploration and how were these goals met?
2. Why was the "New World" named “Americ a”? Who should it have been named
after? Explain and support youi answer.
Lesson 3
North American Explorers
I.The Northwest and Northeast Passages
II.The Explorers
A.Giovanni Cabato
B.Giovanni da Verrazano
C.Jacques Cartier
D.Willem Barents
E.Stephan Bunough
F.Martin Frobisher
G.Samuel de Champlain
H.Robert La Salle
I.Sebastian Cabot
J.John White
K.Sir Walter Raleigh
L.Charles Jackman
M.Arther Pet
N.John Davis
O.Henry Hudson
P.Sir Francis Drake
Q.Luke Foxe
R.Thomas James
S.Vitus Jobassen Bering
Ⅲ. Colonies
A.Spanisli/Portuguese
B.English/French
Essay Questions
1.Explain the typical problems encountered by explorers who attempted the
Northwest and Northeast Passages. How were these problems finally
overcome?
2. Contrast and compare the growth and development of the Spanish colonial
system with that of France and England.
Lesson 4
The Old World vs. The New World–Hazards and Benefits Handout - Identify the following foods as having originated in the Old World (Eurasia/Africa) or the New World (North/South America). Mark “O” for Old World or “N” for New World.
1.Coffee 11.Wheat
2.Tomato 12.Corn
3.Rye 13.Pear
4.Hog 14.Apple
5.Olive 15.Tapioca
6.Peanut 16.Banana
7.Potato 17.Kidney Bean
8.Tobacco 18.Peach
9.Sugar Cane 19.Apricot
10. Pineapple 20.Wheat
I.Old and New World foods were shared
II.Diseases were shared
A.Small pox, measles, influenza
B.Results of disease
III.Slavery
A.Historical perspective of slavery
1.Ancient world
2.Europe
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6e12045840.html,
4.Africa
5.North and South America
B.Slave trade
1.Spanish and Portuguese colonial system
2.English colonies
C.Triangle trade
IV.The "new" Americans
A.The Spanish colonies
1.Peninsulars
2.Creoles
3.Mestizos
4.Mulattos
5.Blacks
6.Indians
B.The English colonies
1.Northern
2.Southern
Essay Questions
1.How did diseases affect the slave trade in America?
What was the “triangle t rade”?
Lesson 5The Growth of Democracy
I.Hebrews
A.Moses
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6e12045840.html,ernments organized with judges over fiamilies of tens, fifties,
thousands, etc.
II.Greeks
A.Assembly
B.Council of Five Hundred
III.Romans
A.Consuls
B.Senate
C.Assembly
D.Dictator
IV.England
A.Anglo-Saxons
B.John I and Magna Carta
C.Henry II
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6e12045840.html,mon law
2.Trial by jury
3.Circuit court
D.Edward I and parliament
E.Charles I
1.Cromwell
2.John Lilbume, a.k.a. "Fieebom John"
F.Hanoverian kings and the prime minister
1.George I
2.George II
3.Robert Walpole
V.The English system of government
A.House of Commons
B.House of Lords
C.Advantages and shortcoming
Essay Questions
1. How did "Freeborn John” contribute to the American Bill of Rights?
2. How did George I and George II allow a prime minister to emerge from the House of
Commons as de facto leader of the country?
Lesson 6 The American Revolution
I.Introduction
A.The Boston Massacre of March 5, 1770 preceded the Revolution
B.American colonists reacted against Great Britain's colonialism
II.Colonization of America
A.Roanoke and the Spanish Aimada.
B.Jamestown and tobacco
C.Pilgi inis and puritans
III.The thirteen colonies:
A.Colonization of Virginia (1607)一tiade and agriculture
B.Massachusetts (i 620)一religious fieedom
C.New Hampshire (1622)—trade, fishing, and religious freedom
D.New York (Dutch New Nether lands-1624)~trade
E.Maryland (1632)~leligious and political freedom, investments by its founders.
F.Connecticut (1636)~religious and political fieedom, trade
G.Rhode Island (1636)—religious freedom
H.Delaware (New Sweden-1638)~trade
I.North Carolina (1663)trade, agriculture, religious fieedom J. South Carolina
(1663)~trade, agriculture, religious freedom
K. New Jersey (1664)~Investment by founder, religious and political freedom
L. Pennsylvania (1682)~investment by founder, religious and political freedom
M. Georgia (1732)~investment, debtors settlement, buffer from Spanish Florida IV.Colonial governments
V.Taxes:
A.Navigation Acts
B.Sugar Act
C.Stamp Act
D.Declaratory Act
E.Townshend Act (Boston Massacre)
F.Tea Act (Boston Tea Party)
G.Coercive Acts (called "Intolerable Acts" by Americans)
Ⅵ. Leaders of the Revolution
A.Samuel Adams
B.Benjamin Franklin
C.Patrick Henry
D.Thomas Jefferson
E.George Washington
Essay Questions
1.What events sunounded the Boston Massacre? Why did this massacie focus the colonists’attention on the question of revolution?
2.Explain the reasoning behind Patrick Henry’s speech. Why was it such an effective rallying cry?
十大名人英语演讲稿精选 1. Steve Jobs 史蒂芬·乔布斯CEO of Apple Computers 苹果电脑CEOStanford University 斯坦福大学June 12, 2005 2005年6月12日Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary。
记着你总会死去,这是我知道的防止患得患失的最佳办法。赤条条来去无牵挂,还有什么理由不随你的心?!你的时间是有限的,因此不要把时间浪费在过别人的生活上。不要被教条所困——使自己的生活受限于他人的思想成果。不要让他人的意见淹没了你自己内心的声音。最重要的是,要有勇气跟随你的内心与直觉,它们好歹已经知道你真正想让自己成为什么。其他的,都是次要的。 2. David Foster Wallace Novelist 小说家Kenyon College 肯尼恩学院May 21, 2005 2005年5月21日There are these two young fish swimming along and they happen to meet an older fish swimming the other way, who nods at them and says, “Morning, boys. How's the water?” And the two young fish swim on for a bit, and then eventually one of them looks over at the other and goes, “What the hell is water?”... simple awareness; awareness of what is so real and essential, so hidden in plain sight all around us, all the time, that we have to keep reminding ourselves over and over:“This is water。”“This is water。”It is unimaginably hard to do this, to sta y conscious and alive in the adult world day in and day out。 有两条小鱼一起在水里游,碰到一条老鱼迎面游过来。老鱼向他们点点头,并说:“早上好,孩子们。水怎么样?”这两条小鱼继续往前游了一会儿后,其中一条小鱼实在忍不住了,看了一下另一条小鱼,问道:“水到底是什么东西?”……简单的意识;对我们生活中如此真实、如此必不可少、无处不在、无时不在的事物的意识,需要我们一遍一遍地提醒自己:“这是水。”“这是水。”天天都保持意识清醒而鲜活,在成人世界中做到这点,是不可想象地难。
American History ?I. America in the colonial era ?II. The War of Independence ?III. The Civil War ?IV. America during the two World Wars I. America in the colonial era ?Who were the very first Americans? ?Who was the first one discovering the new continent? ?After whom was the new continent named? I. America in the colonial era ?1.The very first Americans were Indians. ●They created their civilization, known as Maya civilization, dominating Mexico and Central America from 4th to the 10th centuries. ●They were the descendants of the Mongoloid (蒙古人种的) people in Asia. ●About 20,000 years ago, they traveled to the North American continent across the Bering Strait (白令海峡). ?2. Christopher Columbus is believed to have discovered America. ●In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America. However, he believed he had reached India and called the natives Indians. ?In 1500, Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian navigator, also under the Spanish flag, drew the conclusion that what he found was a new continent. 3. The establishment of colonies ?Since the America was found, the Spanish established many colonies: Florida, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. ?In 1588, the Spanish Armada was defeated by the English navy,which put England in a better position to provide support for its New World colonies. 3. The establishment of colonies ?Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America. ?These 13 colonies were established in different patterns: ●crown colonies ( 直辖殖民地), ●proprietary colonies ( 业主殖民地), ●charter colonies ( 特许公司殖民地), ●self-governing or compact colonies ( 自治殖民地或契约殖民地). ?1) The first successful English colony in North America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia , in 1607. ?2) In 1620, a group of Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. They arrived at Plymouth, and built the New Plymouth colony in New England. These Pilgrims drew up the epoch-making Mayflower Compact (五月花契约), which was signed by all adult males on the ship. 3. The establishment of colonies ?3) From 1630 to 1643, some 200 ships transported over 20,000 Englishmen to the Massachusetts Bay colony. ?Plymouth remained a separate colony until 1691 when it was combined with Massachusetts Bay colony. Puritans ?People who criticized or wished to "purify" the Church of England. ?"Puritan" refers to two distinct groups: ?"separating" Puritans, radical Protestants, such as the Plymouth colonists, the pilgrims, who believed that the Church of England was corrupt and that true Christians must separate themselves from it; and ?“non-separating” Puritans, such as the colonists who settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who believed in
气相法白炭黑补强作用研究 气相法白炭黑的重要应用领域--复合绝缘子 (广州吉必盛宣传部) 气相法白炭黑是一种重要的无机功能材料,有着广泛的应用,在硅橡胶和特种橡胶中主要用作补强剂,其补强效果甚至超过碳黑。在硅橡胶中加入气相白炭黑后,可使胶料拉伸强度提高20倍左右,撕裂强度提高40倍,且透明度高。气相白炭黑用于丁睛橡胶、羟基丁腈橡胶、氯丁橡胶、三元乙丙橡胶中,制造出的油田用橡胶件的性能,与采用沉淀白炭黑或炭黑的胶料比,具有更高的硬度、拉伸强度,以及较好的耐磨性和较低的水膨胀性。 气相白炭黑对橡胶的补强性能主要取决于白炭黑粒子的大小、结构和表面化学性质。 通常情况下,粒子的大小以平均粒径或比表面积表示,其测定方法有电子显微镜法或BET吸附法。在TEM 电镜下对气相白炭黑进行观察,白炭黑粒子呈球形颗粒,它们并不是以单个的粒子存在,很多个白炭黑粒子聚集成在一起,这些聚集体又附聚在一起形成带空隙的结构,在基料中经分散静止后形成三维网状结构,这种三维网状结构是一种动态的、暂时的结构,在外力的作用下会发生变形,空隙的形状和大小也会随之发生变化,很有“揉性”。在TEM电镜下还可以观察到白炭黑粒子的表面布满了很多微孔,这种微孔从粒子的表面延伸到里面,不过微孔很小,橡胶分子很难进入。 对气相白炭黑进行红外测试,可以发现粒子的表面有大量的硅烷醇基团(SiOH),有两种羟基存在,一是孤立的自由羟基,以一定的间距“联”在颗粒的表面;二是连生的、形成氢键的缔合羟基,在颗粒的内部则是以Si-O-Si结合。由于表面的氢键作用,使之形成的附聚体既发达又牢固。 气相白炭黑在基料中形成的这种三维网状结构起到了骨架作用,从而对硅橡胶和特种橡胶具有很好的补强作用,补强作用的大小与这种网状结构的形状和牢固程度有直接的关系。白炭黑粒径越小,比表面积越大,形成的附聚体的刚性越强,粒子与胶料的接触面大,结合点多,对橡胶的补强性能越好,硫化胶的拉伸强度、撕裂强度、耐磨性也高,但弹性下降,因此混炼黏度增大,加工性能恶化。另外,有研究表明,粒子表面微孔太多,造成表面粗糙度大时,对胶料的补强性会有一定的影响,特别是耐磨性降低。 白炭黑表面的羟基数量对白炭黑的使用性能也有较大的影响。羟基数量太少,形成的附聚体刚性降低,对橡胶的补强作用下降。反之,羟基数量太高,导致胶料的黏度升高,甚至出现结构化现象,不利于加工。一般情况下,白炭黑表面羟基的数量都是富裕的。对气相白炭黑的表面改性就是通过一定工艺,选择合适的表面处理剂与二氧化硅表面的羟基反应,以减少并调整表面硅羟基的数量,达到最佳的使用效果。 未改性的气相白炭黑表面呈酸性,在胶料中对硫化体系有较强的吸附作用,延迟硫化,往往需要在胶料中加入活性剂,调整硫化速度。另外,气相白炭黑中杂质的含量也会影响其使用效果,如铁的含量高时,会加速硫化胶的老化。 气相白炭黑对橡胶具有优异的补强作用,但由于价格昂贵,在橡胶行业中仅用于硅橡胶和特种橡胶,在一定程度上也限制了其使用。随着国内气相二氧化硅工业的崛起,生产能力的不断扩大,产品价格的日益合理,完全可能拓宽其应用领域。广州吉必时科技实业有限公司开发了利用有机硅副产物制备气相白炭黑生产工艺,大大降低了生产成本,产品已部分替代进口,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益,必将对我国有机硅工业和相关行业的发展起到巨大的推动作用。
1. Steve Jobs 史蒂芬·乔布斯CEO of Apple Computers 苹果电脑CEO Stanford University 斯坦福大学June 12, 2005 2005年6月12日Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have s omething to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart. Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma —which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let t he noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary。 记着你总会死去,这是我知道的防止患得患失的最佳办法。赤条条来去无牵挂,还有什么理由不随你的心?!你的时间是有限的,因此不要把时间浪费在过别人的生活上。不要被教条所困——使自己的生活受限于他人的思想成果。不要让他人的意见淹没了你自己内心的声音。最重要的是,要有勇气跟随你的内心与直觉,它们好歹已经知道你真正想让自己成为什么。其他的,都是次要的。 2. David Foster Wallace Novelist 小说家Kenyon College 肯尼恩学院May 21, 2005 2005年5月21日There are these two young fish swimming along and they happen to meet an older fish swimming the other way, who nods at them and says, “Morning, boys. How's the water?” And the two young fish swim on for a bit, and t hen eventually one of them looks over at the other and goes, “What the hell is water?”... simple awareness; awareness of w hat is so real and essential, so hidden in plain sight all around us, all the time, that we have to keep reminding ourselves ov er and over:“This is water。”“This is water。”It is unimaginably hard to do this, to stay conscious and alive in the adult world day in and day out。 有两条小鱼一起在水里游,碰到一条老鱼迎面游过来。老鱼向他们点点头,并说:“早上好,孩子们。水怎么样?”这两条小鱼继续往前游了一会儿后,其中一条小鱼实在忍不住了,看了一下另一条小鱼,问道:“水到底是什么东西?”……简单的意识;对我们生活中如此真实、如此必不可少、无处不在、无时不在的事物的意识,需要我们一遍一遍地提醒自己:“这是水。”“这是水。”天天都保持意识清醒而鲜活,在成人世界中做到这点,是不可想象地难。 3. Michael Uslan 迈克尔·奥斯兰Movie Producer 电影制片人Indiana University 印第安纳大学May 06, 2006 2006年5月6日You must believe in yourself and in your work. When our first Batman movie broke all those box-office records, I received a phone call from that United Artists exec who, years before, had told me I was out of my mind. Now he said, “Michael, I'm just calling to congratulate you on the success of Batman. I always said you were a v isionary。” You see
名人英语演讲稿 tribute to diana 致戴安娜——查尔斯·斯宾塞 在全世界,戴安娜是同情心、责任心、风度和美丽的化身,是无私和人道的象征,是维 护真正被践踏的权益的旗手,是一个超越国界的英国女孩,是一个带有自然的高贵气质的人, 是一个不分阶层的人。 this is the text of earl spencers tribute to his sister at her funeral. there is some very deep, powerful and heartfelt sentiment. would that those at whom it is aimed would take heed. the versions posted on several news services had minor errors. this is precisely as it was deliverd. i stand before you today the representative of a family in grief, in a country in mourning before a world in shock. we are all united not only in our desire to pay our respects to diana but rather in our need to do so. for such was her extraordinary appeal that the tens of millions of people taking part in this service all over the world via television and radio who never actually met her, feel that they, too, lost someone close to them in the early hours of sunday morning. it is a more remarkable tribute to diana than i can ever hope to offer her today. today is our chance to say thank you for the way you brightened our lives, even though god granted you but half a life. we will all feel cheated, always, that you were taken from us so young and yet we must learn to be grateful that you came along at all. only now you are gone do we truly appreciate what we are now without and we want you to know that life without you is very, very difficult. we have all despaired at our loss over the past week and only the strength of the message you gave us through your years of giving has afforded us the strength to move forward. there is a temptation to rush to canonize your memory. there is no need to do so. you stand tall enough as a human being of unique qualities not to need to be seen as a saint. indeed to sanctify your memory would be to miss out on the very core of your being, your wonderfully mischievous sense of humor with the laugh that bent you double, your joy for life transmitted wherever you took your smile, and the sparkle in those unforgettable eyes, your boundless energy which you could barely contain. but your greatest gift was your intuition, and it was a gift you used wisely. this is what underpinned all your wonderful attributes. and if we look to analyze what it was about you that had such a wide appeal, we find it in your instinctive feel for what was really important in all our lives. without your god-given sensitivity, we would be immersed in greater ignorance at the anguish of aids and hiv sufferers, the plight of the homeless, the isolation of lepers, the random destruction of land mines. diana explained to me once that it was her innermost feelings of suffering that made it possible for her to connect with her constituency of the rejected. the world sensed this part of her character and cherished her for her
介绍名人的英文演讲稿 篇一:十大名人英语演讲稿精选 十大名人英语演讲稿精选 1. Steve Jobs 史蒂芬·乔布斯CEO of Apple Computers 苹果电脑CEOStanford University 斯坦福大学June 12, XX XX年6月12日Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary。 记着你总会死去,这是我知道的防止患得患失的最佳办法。赤条条来去无牵挂,还有什么理由不随你的心?!你的时间是有限的,因此不要把时间浪费在过别人的生活上。不要被教条所困——使自己的生活受限于他人的思想成果。不要让他人的意见淹没了你自己内心的声音。最重要的是,要有
深圳晨美颜料色母粒有限公司 主要生产塑胶颜料、色母粒、荧光粉、pvc色浆、 pvc/pu色片色砂、、硅胶色胶色母产品 及代客配色/抽粒加工服务。 白炭黑在硅橡胶领域的应用 硅橡胶的结构化,是个常见的问题。白炭黑导致硅橡胶结构化,主要是基于白炭黑与高分子量聚硅氧烷巨量的氢键作用。硅橡胶用补强填充剂按其补强效果的不同可分为补强性填充剂,和非补强性填充剂,前者的直径为10~50nm,比表面积为70~400m2/g,补强效果较好;后者通常为300~10000nm,比表面积在30m2/g以下,补强效果较差。 硅橡胶所用的补强填充剂主要是指合成的二氧化硅,又称白炭黑。而白炭黑分为气相白炭黑和沉淀白炭黑。 气相白炭黑 气相白炭黑粒子的大小、比表面积、表面性质、结构等与原料气体的比例、燃烧速度、SiO2核在燃烧室中停留时间等因素有关。 气相白炭黑粒子越细,它的比表面积就越大,则补强效果就越好,但操作性能就越差。反之它的粒子粗些,比表面积也小,补强效果就差,但操作性就要好一些。 气相白炭黑为硅橡胶最常用的补强剂之一,由它补强的胶料硫化后的机械强度高,电性能好。气相白炭黑并可与其它补强剂或弱补强剂并用,以制取不同使用要求的胶料。 沉淀白炭黑 与用气相白炭黑补强的硅橡胶胶料相比,用沉淀白炭黑补强的胶料机械强度稍低,介电性能,特别是受潮后的介电性能较差,但耐热老化性能较好,混炼胶的成本要低得多。当对制
深圳晨美颜料色母粒有限公司 主要生产塑胶颜料、色母粒、荧光粉、pvc色浆、 pvc/pu色片色砂、、硅胶色胶色母产品 及代客配色/抽粒加工服务。 品的机械强度要求不高时,可用沉淀白炭黑或使之与气相白炭黑并用。沉淀白炭黑的性能受沉淀条件如酸度、温度等的影响。 白炭黑可以通过适宜的化合物对其进行处理而制成一种表面疏水的物质。处理的方法主要有液相法和气相法二种。液相法的条件易于控制,产品质量稳定,处理效果好,但工艺复杂,溶剂需要回收;气相法处理工艺简单,但产品的质量不够稳定,处理效果较差。 表面处理剂 用作表面处理剂的物质原则上能与白炭黑表面的羟基发生作用的,有以下几种: 1)醇类2)氯硅烷类3)烷氧基硅烷4)六甲基二硅醚5)硅氮烷。 白炭黑对硅橡胶的补强机理被认为有以下二种。 a.橡胶被填料粒子吸附填料粒子吸附聚合物,使橡胶分子链段直接固定在填料粒子的附近或者沿着填料表面定向或被填料聚集体滞留。 b.橡胶与填料粒子结合填料粒子与聚合物链段结合产生有效的交联以及聚合物缠结了填料粒子。 基于上述二种作用,使白炭黑对硅橡胶起到补强作用。 白炭黑由于其生产方法不同,其酸碱性是不同的。气相白炭黑呈酸性,沉淀白炭黑呈碱性。最纯的无HCl的气相法白炭黑的pH值为6,这是由于白炭黑表面的羟基在水中离解产生了H+所致。pH值低于4.6时,则是由于高温水解留存下来的HCl引起的。
世界名人英语演讲稿- 奥巴马胜选感言演讲稿(中英文对照) If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer. 如果,还有人怀疑美国是一切皆有可能的国度,还有人怀疑国父们的梦想在我们的时代是否还存在,还有人怀疑我们的民主所拥有的力量,那么今晚,你听到了回答。 It’s the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen, by people who waited three hours and four hours, many for the first time in their lives, because they believed that this time must be different, that their voices could be that difference. 是那些今天在学校和教堂排着长队、数不胜数的选民做出了回答;是那些为了投票等待了三四个小时的人们做出了回答。他们中的很多人,是有生以来第一次投票,因为他们相信,这次真的不同――他们的声音会让这次不同。 It’s the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and Republican, black, white, Hispanic, Asian, Native American, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled. Americans who sent a message to the world that we have never been just a collection of individuals or a collection of red states and blue states. We are, and always will be, the United States of America. 这个回答来自青年、老人、穷人、富人、民主党、共和党人、黑皮肤、白皮肤、拉美人、亚裔、印第安人、
Test 1 1. What Indian helped the Plymouth Colony (普利茅斯殖民地)survive? What was his history? Squanto. He told then how to grow corn and other crops. He was a slave in England. Then he escaped and returned to America, joined another group. 2. Who was the famous courtier(大臣) of Queen Elizabeth I who helped found Roanoke Colony(罗阿诺克殖民地)and was later executed to satisfy the King of Spain? Sir Walter Raleigh(沃尔特·罗利爵士) 3. What lady was a religious dissenter in Massachusetts, claimed direct revelations from God, was eventually forced to flee to Rhode Island, and later died with children on Long Island? Ann Hutchinson 4. Who was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and what sermon is he famous for? John Winthrop. “We will be …as a city set on a hill? and the whole world will see what we build.” 5. Whose tough discipline saved the Jamestown Colony for a while and who he claimed saved him from death at the hands of angry Indians. John Smith. Princess Pocahontas 6. What English philanthropist founded a prison colony among the British colonies? James Oglethorpe 7. He was brother to King Charles II, he received lots of land between Maryland and Connecticut and gave it away, what was his title and what land did he give away? James, Duke of York, later King James II, New York Later New Jersey 8. Who was the first governor of the Plymouth Colony and what book did he write? William Bradford. “Of Plymouth Plantation” 9. What mercenary, traveler, and teller of tall tails got his version of discovering the New World into print and on to maps before Columbus? Amerigo Vespucci 10. From whom did North and South Carolina get their names? King Charles II 11. What French explorer established the first European trading Post at the mouth of the Arkansas River in 1686? Christopher Columbus
硅橡胶种类、配方、生产工艺及用途 摘要:硅橡胶是一种兼具无机和有机性质的高分子弹性材料,其分子主链由硅原子和氧原子 交替组成(—Si—O—Si—),侧链是与硅原子相连接的碳氢或取代碳氢有机基团,这种基团可以 是甲基、不饱和乙烯基(摩尔分数一般不超过01005) 或其它有机基团,这种低不饱和度的分子 结构使硅橡胶具有优良的耐热老化性和耐候老化性,耐紫外线和臭氧侵蚀。分子链的柔韧性 大,分子链之间的相互作用力弱,这些结构特征使硫化胶柔软而富有弹性,但物理性能较差。关键词:硅橡胶、热硫化型橡胶、工艺流程、特性与功能、应用与发展 1 引言 分类 硅橡胶按其硫化机理不同可分为热硫化型、室温硫化型和加成反应型三大类。这里主要介绍热硫化型橡胶。 特性 (1)耐高、低温性 在所有橡胶中,硅橡胶的工作温度范围最广阔(-100~350℃)。例如,经过适当配合的乙烯基硅橡胶或低苯基硅橡胶,经250℃数千小时或300℃数百小时热空气老化后仍能保持弹性;低苯基硅橡胶硫化胶经350℃数十小时热空气老化后仍 能保持弹性,它的玻璃化温度为-140℃ ,其硫化胶在-70~100℃的温度下仍具有弹性。硅橡胶用于火箭喷管内壁防热涂层时,能耐瞬时数千度的高温。 (2)耐臭氧老化、耐氧老化、耐光老化和耐候老化性能硅橡胶硫化胶在自由状 态下置于室外曝晒数年后,性能无显着变化。 (3) 电绝缘 性能硅橡胶硫化胶的电绝缘性能在受潮、频率变化或温度升高时变化较小,燃烧 后生成的二氧化硅仍为绝缘体。此外,硅橡胶分子结构中碳原子少,而且不用炭黑作填料,因此在电弧放电时不易发生焦烧,在高压场合使用十分可靠。它的耐电晕性和耐电弧性极好,耐电晕寿命是聚四氟乙烯的1000 倍,耐电弧寿命是氟橡胶的20 倍。 (4)特殊的表面性能和生理惰性 硅橡胶的表面能比大多数有机材料小,具有低吸湿性,长期浸于水中吸水率仅为1%左右,物理性能不下降,防霉性能良好,与许多材料不发生粘合,可起隔离作用。硅橡胶无味、无毒,对人体无不良影响,与机体组织反应轻微,具有优良生理惰性和生理老化性。
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An Outline of American History Chaper 1 Early America ?The First Americans ?Beringia ?The First Europeans: ?The first Europeans to arrive in North America -- at least the first for whom there is solid evidence -- were Norse, traveling west from Greenland . ?In 1497, just five years after Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean looking for a western route to Asia, a Venetian sailor named John Cabot arrived in Newfoundland on a mission for the British king. Although fairly quickly forgotten, Cabot's journey was later to provide the basis for British claims to North America. I t also opened the way to the rich fishing grounds off George's Banks, to which European fishermen, particularly the Portuguese, were soon making regular visits. ?Among the most significant early Spanish explorations was that of Hernando De Soto, a veteran conquistador who had accompanied Francisco Pizzaro during the conquest of Peru. ?While the Spanish were pushing up from the south, the northern portion of the present-day United States was slowly being revealed through the
名人励志英语演讲稿3篇 随着经济全球化进程的加快,英语演讲在各个领域的作用越来越大。那么名人励志的英语演讲稿有哪些?下面小编整理了名人励志英语演讲稿,供你阅读参考。 名人励志英语演讲稿篇1 Youth will press Saying goodbye to childhood,we step into another important time in the pace of young,facing new situations,dealing with different problems……;……; everyone has his ownunderstanding of young,it is a period of time of beauty and wonders,only after you have experienced the sour ,sweet ,bitter and salty can you really become a person of significance. thre time of young is limitted,it may pass by without your attention,and when you discover what has happened ,it is always too late.grasping the young well means a better time is waiting for you in the near future,or the situation may be opposite . having a view on these great men in the history of hunmanbeing,they all made full use of their youth time ,to do things that are useful to society,to the whole mankind,and as a cosquence ,they are remembered by later generations,admired by everyone.so do something in the time of young,although you may not get achievements as these greatmen did ,though not for the whole word,just for youeself,for those around! the young is just like blooming flowers,they are so beautiful when blooming,they make people feel happy,but with time passing by,after they withers ,moet people think they are ugly. and so it is the same with young,we are enthusiastic when we are young,then we may lose our passion when getting older and older. so we must treasure it ,don't let the limitted time pass by ,leaving