第12单元翻译

12 Civil Engineering Materials

土木工程材料

Building Materials

建筑材料

The materials are the basic elements of any building. Building materials may be classified into three groups, according to the purposes they are used for. The first group is structural materials. Structural materials are those that hold the building up, keep it rigid, form its outer covering of walls and roof, and divide its interior into rooms. The second group is materials for the equipment inside the building, such as the plumbing, heating and lighting systems. Finally,there are materials that are used to protect or decorate the structural materials.

建筑材料作为建筑物的基本组成部分，根据它们的用途，可以分为三大类。第一类是结构材料，结构材料用来支撑建筑物，来保持建筑物的刚度，用结构材料建成的结构构件的表面覆盖着墙体和屋面，并且这些结构构件的存在把建筑物内部分成许多不同的空间。第二种材料是建筑物内部的各种设备，像建筑物中的供水管道系统，供暖管道系统，还有光电照明系统。最后一种是用来保护和装饰结构材料构件的装饰材料。

The basic structural materials are wood, clay, stone, plastic, steel, and concrete.

最基本的结构材料包括木材、土、砖、石、塑料、钢材，还有混凝土。

1 Wood

1、木材

Wood is the oldest of the structural materials. It has been used since prehistoric times. Wood can be shaped with simple tools, and it can be easily fastened with nails, screws, or adhesives. It is available either as lumber, which is a natural wood, or as glued laminated timber. This latter form is much stronger and consists of specially selected and prepared wood laminations securely bonded together with glue or adhesives. The laminations do not exceed in thickness. Glued laminated beams are available in a variety of shapes. Both lumber and glued timber is widely in building

construction.

木材是最古老的建筑材料。在史前时代，人们就开始使用木材来修建房屋。木材可以用简单的工具加工成各种各样的形状，并且很容易用钉子、螺钉或者粘合剂把木材固定起来。不管是砍伐天然林木或者是采用木料胶合板，木材的很容易得到。当然，那种经过仔细挑选的木薄片通过用胶和粘合剂牢固粘在一起而形成的木料胶合板的强度更胜一筹，这些木薄片并不厚。现在，木料胶合板梁可以加工成各种各样的形状。不管是砍伐的天然林木还是木料胶合板，都在建筑中得到广泛应用。

Wood contains certain natural defects, such as knots, shakes, etc., which require that it be stress-traded to establish design or allowable stress values for particular members. Another important factor is the grain of the wood .The allowable stress in compression parallel to the grain,for instance, is higher than the allowable stress perpendicular to the grain.

木材自身也有很多缺点，像连接，震动等，这些特殊构件都需要通过力的传递而达到一种设计应力与容许应力的平衡。影响木材强度的另一个重要因素是木材的纹理，举个例子来说，在木材压缩过程中产生的容许应力，平衡于文理方向的要比垂直于纹理方向的要高。

2 Clay

2、黏土

The essential feature of most clays is that they contain a variety of intimately mixed minerals.The balance of the various types depends on the origin of the clay and widely differing properties result accordingly. The nature of clay varies greatly with depth and from region to region, and the manufacturing method and properties of the resultant unit vary accordingly. Clay is used in the form of bricks and tile. Most bricks today are made from clay which is pressed into moulds either by hand or machine. Since there are many types of clay, there are many types of brick of varying strengths. The strongest bricks, the type frequently used to support the ends of bridges, are called engineering bricks. A well-known engineering brick is dark blue in color .There are also red engineering bricks, which, like the blue bricks, are very hard, dense and

strong.

黏土的基本特征包括各种各样的致密混合矿物。各种各样类型的平衡依靠黏土的产生，还有广泛区别性能结果。黏土的性质由于埋置深度和地区的不同而各不相同，因此黏土产品的制造方法和合成单元的性质也不相同。黏土经常被用来制作砖和瓦等，在今天，人们用手或者其他工具把黏土挤压到模具里面，然后烧制成砖。因为有许多不同类型的黏土，所以烧制出来的砖的强度也各不一样，那些被用来支撑桥的两端的强度最高的砖叫做缸砖。众所周知，缸砖是深蓝色的，当然也有红色的缸砖，和深蓝色的缸砖一样，它们的刚度都很大，密实度都很高，并且强度也很高。

3 Bricks

3、砖

All bricks are much stronger in compression than in tension, and their tensile strength is so low that they are unsuitable for resisting forces which would produce tension. It is not possible to obtain an accurate estimate of the strength of brickwork in compression by testing to destruction of individual bricks, since both the nature of the mortar and the quality of the workmanship have influences on strength.

砖的抗压性能要远高于抗拉性能，砖的抗拉性能是如此低乃至不能抵抗那些产生的很小的拉力。因为砂浆的强度和工人的砌筑水平都会对砖墙的强度产生影响，所以通过破坏一块一块转来测试砖的抗拉强度，并以此来精确估计砌筑用砖的抗压性能是不可能的。

The great advantage of brick construction is its low cost. Clay is cheap and plentiful, and bricks are small enough to be laid easily by hand.

砖混结构工程的最大优点是成本低。烧砖用的黏土非常便宜并且非常丰富，所以降低了砖混结构的成本。还有就是，砖块因为很小所以很容易去砌筑，这应该也是它的一个优点。

4 Stone

4、石

Stone is strong and durable. In many respects it is an ideal building material.

However, it is difficult to handle. For use in a large building, stones must be cut from the solid rock in a quarry.All this labor makes stone very expensive. Because it is expensive and difficult to work with,stone is used today mainly as a thin outside covering for large buildings and for the decorative walls and floors of entrance lobbies.

石材坚固耐用。在许多方面，它是一种理想的建筑材料。然而，它是难处理的。用于在一个大的建筑，石头必须削减在采石场的固体岩石。这一切劳动使石头很昂贵。因为它是昂贵和困难的工作，石头是今天使用的主要是薄的外大型建筑和装饰罩墙壁和入口大厅的地板。

Properties of stone depend on what nature has provided. Therefore, the designer does not have the choice of properties and color available in some of the manufactured building units. The most the stone producer can do for purchasers is to avoid quarrying certain stone beds that have been proved by experience to have poor strength or poor durability.

性能取决于大自然所提供的石头。因此，设计师不一定有生产和建设单位提供的颜色属性的选择。的大多数石头生产者可以购买是为了避免采石，有一定的石床经实践证明，有好的强度或耐久性差。

5 Steel

5、钢材

Steel is one of the most useful of structural building materials. Because of its high strength, it is particularly suitable for use with heavy loads and over long spans. But it must be painted to prevent rusting. It has some of wood’s elastic quali ty. And it can be formed into almost any shape.In modern construction steel is used for the supporting framework of large buildings.

钢材是一种最常用的建筑结构材料。由于其高强度，它特别适用于重载、长跨度。但它必须漆防止生锈。它有一些木材的弹性质量。它可以形成任何形状。在现代建筑中的钢材是用于支持大型建筑框架。

6 Plastic

6、塑料

Plastic is modified with plasticizers, fillers, or other ingredients. Consequently, each base material forms the nucleus for a large number of products having a wide variety of properties.Plastics are quite different in their composition and structure from other materials, such as metals,their behavior under stress and under other conditions is likely to be different from other materials.Just as steel are markedly different and are used for different applications, so are the various plastics materials - some hard and brittle, others soft and extensible.

塑料改性的增塑剂，填料，或其他成分。因此，每个基地核材料的形式进行了大量的具有各种性能的产品。塑料是在它们的组成和结构不同从其他材料，如金属，他们在压力下的行为和其它条件下可能是不同于其他材料。正如钢铁是明显不同的，用于不同的应用，所以是不同的塑料材料的一些脆硬，软的和可扩展的人。

More than many other materials, plastics are sensitive to temperature and to the rate and time of application of load. This viscoelastic behavior, combining elastic and viscous or plastic reaction to stress, is unlike the behavior of materials which are traditionally considered to behave only elastically.

比许多其他材料，塑料的温度和速度和时间敏感的应用负载。这种粘弹行为。弹性和粘性或塑料反应结合应力，不同材料的性能，传统上被认为仅表现弹性。

7 Concrete

7、混凝土

Concrete is a man-made material created by the proper mixing of coarse aggregate, such as gravel, fine aggregate, sand and cement, with adequate and controlled amounts of water. Concrete is very strong in compression, and ultimate strengths of 34.5 N/mm2 to 41.4 N/mm2 can be obtained. But concrete is very weak in tension, and so has to be adequately reinforced with steel bars. The concrete then takes the compression, and the steel takes all the tension. Both materials work together as a composite material. This material is then called reinforced concrete.

混凝土是一种人造材料，通过集料混合而成，所需的粗集料像碎石，细骨料像沙子和水泥，足够且适量的水。混凝土抗压性能非常强，现在混凝土的极限强度可以达到34.5 N/mm2到41.4 N/mm2。但是混凝土的抗拉能力非常弱，所以混凝土必须与钢筋充分结合。混凝土抗压，钢筋抗拉。这两种材料结合在一起作为一个复合材料。这种材料被称为钢筋混凝土。

Concrete solidifies and hardens after mixing and placement due to a chemical process known as hydration. The water reacts with the cement, which bonds the other components together,eventually creating a stone-like material. It is used to make pavements, architectural structures,foundations, motorways (roads), overpasses, parking structures, brick (block) walls and footings for gates, fences and poles.

混凝土在混合和浇筑后由于化学反应发生凝固和硬化混合，这种现象称为水化。水与水泥发生水化反应，把混凝土中其他组分连接在一起，最终形成一个像石头一样的材料。它是用来修筑路面，建筑结构，地基，高速公路（道路），立交桥，停车场结构，砖（砌块）墙和大门，围墙和柱子的基础。

Concrete is used more than any other man-made material on the planet. As for 2005, about six billion cubic meters of concrete are made each year, which equals one cubic meter for every person on Earth. Concrete powers a US $35 billion industry which employs more than two million workers in the United States alone. More than 55,000 miles of freeways and highways in America are made of this material. The People's Republic of China currently consumes 40% of the world's cement (concrete) production.

在地球上混凝土的使用量要比其他人造材料的用量多。到2005年为止，每年大约要用掉60亿立方米的混凝土，这相当于地球上每个人一立方米。在美国具有权利的产业拥有超过两百万的工人和350亿美元的资产。在美国，超过55000英里的高速公路和公路都是用这种材料制成的。中国消耗了全球水泥（混凝土）生产量的40%。

Many other kinds of materials besides the basic structural materials are needed for a building.There is window glass admitting light and provide a view. There is insulation keeping the building warm in winter and cool in summer. A big office or apartment building contains vast and complicated heating, air conditioning, pluming,

electrical, and lighting systems. These will use great quantities of metals and alloys, plastics, adhesives, coatings, such as paint for walls and tar to keep roofs from leaking. By the end of Word war Ⅱ the nonstructural materials used in abuilding added up to more than half the total cost of the building itself.

除了基本的结构材料许多其他种类的材料也用于建筑物以满足建筑的需要。有窗玻璃用于采光、观景。有绝缘材料用于保持建筑冬暖夏凉。一个大的办公室和公寓楼需要拥有庞大的和复杂的加热，空调，水暖，电器，照明系统。这将使用大量的金属和合金，塑料，粘合剂，涂料，如墙壁和焦油保持屋顶漏漆。用于建筑结构的材料加起来超过建筑本身总成本的一半，用这两句话结束讨论。