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Globalization's dual power翻译

在新世纪即将到来之际，全球化是一把双刃剑：它不仅仅是富国和穷国促进经济增长、传播新技术、提高生活水平的一种强有力的手段，还是一个颇具争议的过程，这一过程会侵犯国家主权，侵蚀本土的文化传统，并且威胁到经济与社会稳定。

21世纪所面临的一个令人畏惧的问题是：究竟是各个国家将控制这一剧变，还是这一剧变将控制它们。

在某些方面，全球化只不过是一个用来形容一种由来已久的过程的时髦词。我们所说的市场只不过是把买方和卖方、生产者和消费者、储户与投资者联系在一起。在很大程度上，经济史就是市场扩大的历史：先从农场扩大到城镇，之后从地区扩大到国家，再从一个国家扩大到另一个国家。20世纪的经济大萧条和两次世界大战延缓了市场的发展。但是在二战结束以后，在政治压力与先进技术的推动下，市场又得以快速发展。

从20世纪40年代后期到20世纪80年代的冷战，促使美国支持贸易自由化和经济增长，将其作为与共产主义斗争的一种手段。一系列的重要贸易谈判使工业化国家的平均关税从1946年的40%左右降到了1990年的5%左右。

两次世界大战之后，欧洲人把经济一体化看做是对付激进民族主义的一种手段。技术与政治相辅相成。在互联网问世以前，喷气式飞机、更高级的海底通信电缆和人造卫星等技术使通讯和交通成本持续下降，这都有利于促进全球贸易的发展。到了20世纪90年代初期，世界出口总额（排除通货膨胀因素后）几乎是40年前的10倍。

全球化使得这一进程得以延续，但是至少在一个重要方面背离了它。直到最近，国家还一直被看做是独立的经济实体，主要通过贸易联系在一起。现在，情况已经不再完全如此。公司和金融市场在做生产、营销与投资方面的决策时，正逐渐忽视国界。

据国际金融研究机构（一家位于华盛顿的银行业研究机构）统计，就在1990年，各国政府---要么单独出资要么通过像世界银行这样的多边机构---向29个主要的发展中国家（包括巴西、中国、印度、韩国与墨西哥）提供了一半的贷款和信贷。

十年后，甚至在1997到1998年的亚洲金融危机之后，私人资金流超过了政府资金流。根据该机构的统计，在1999年，私人资金流（银行贷款、债券融资、当地股票市场的股本投资以及跨国公司的直接投资）流向这29个国家的总额估计达到了1360亿美元。相比之下，政府资金流仅有220亿美元。

与此同时，跨国公司掀起了国际收购狂潮。仅在1999年上半年，在发达国家和发展中国家进行的新的跨国兼并与收购的价值就超过了5000亿美元。

根据联合国发布的《世界投资报告》，这一总额与1998年的全年总额（5440亿美元）大体相当，几乎比1991年的水平（850亿美元）高7倍。最近英国和德国的无线电巨头---沃达丰空中通讯公司和曼尼斯曼公司---围绕收购的争斗仅就其规模和激烈程度而言就是前所未有的。

这个兼并狂潮使公司经营者越来越坚信许多市场已经真正实现全球化了。公司通过努力在尽可能多的国家扩大影响以谋求实现规模经济---也就是说，通过提高销售量和生产量来降低成本---并且要跟上当今几乎无处不在的技术变革。

另外，公司越来越多地在全球范围内组织生产，并把产品设计、零部件生产和最后组装分散到许多国家进行。

但是，推动全球化进程的并不仅仅是追求更高销售额和更大利润的跨国公司。政府也对这一进程起到了推动作用。在欧洲，对”单一市场“的不懈追求就是一个标志。这反映了一个共识，即如果欧洲的公司在当地的运营受到支离破碎的国内市场的阻碍的话，他们将很难在全球市场的竞争中取得胜利。

在比较贫困的国家中，支持全球化的最佳标志就是强烈要求加入世界贸易组织的呼声。自1995年以来，7个国家---保加利亚、厄瓜多尔、爱沙尼亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、拉脱维亚、蒙古和巴拿马---已经加入了世贸组织。还有32个国家正在申请加入这一组织。人们相信，全球贸易和投资能通过提供新的产品、技术和管理技能促进经济发展。

这并不是神话。国家的成功与否主要取决于本国的工人、投资与政府政策。但是更多地融入到世界经济中去是会有好处的。

以亚洲为例。虽然发生了金融危机，但快速的贸易扩张和经济增长大幅度地减少了赤贫人口的数量。据世界银行估计，从1987到1998年间，在这个地区，包括中国在内，日平均收入为1美元或不超过1美元的人口比例从27%降到了15%。

与此同时，拉丁美洲和撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲---它们融入世界经济的时间较晚或程度有限---经济发展情况就远不如亚洲国家那么好。例如，据世界银行估计，1998年非洲46%的人口每天靠不足1美元的生活费生活，与1987年所占的比例完全相同。

那么，倘若全球化这么好，为什么它又有这么大的风险呢？答案就是，两个问题可能会抵消它的潜在益处。

首先是经济不稳定。与各国的单一经济相比，全球经济可能容易受到更加严重的繁荣---萧条周期的影响。只有在投资资金得到合理运用，并且贸易也没有严重失衡的情况下，国际贸易与投资可以提高生活水平这一理论才会发挥作用。

亚洲金融危机提出了两个方面的问题。在20世纪90年代初期，大部分亚洲国家的经济繁荣得益于大量的外国资金的注入，如银行贷款，对工厂的直接投资以及对当地公司的股票市场投资等。

随之而来的消费狂潮增加了从欧洲、日本和美国的进口，这促进了这些国家的经济发展。然后，这股狂潮在1997年中期骤然停止。显然，由于”裙带资本主义“、不合理的政府投资政策以及过度乐观的情绪，大量的投资被浪费在无用的工厂、办公楼和公寓上了。

是美国惊人的经济发展才阻止了亚洲金融危机演变成大规模的全球经济衰退。

美国经济的持续增长有助于促进其他国家的经济增长，因为它需要从它们那里购买越来越多的进口产品。从1996年起，美国国际收支平衡表上的往来账目赤字---衡量一个国家国际贸易最广泛的指标---已经翻了一番多：总额估计从1290亿美元增加到了1999年的3300亿美元。

正如美国财政部长劳伦斯.萨默斯多次说过的那样，世界经济一直是靠一个引擎在飞速发展。萨默斯先生还警告说，问题在于这种情况不可能永远持续下去。

巨大的危险在于这个世界变得过分依赖美国的繁荣，以至于一旦美国经济出现减速或衰退---反映在股市的下跌、消费者信心的丧失或利率上调---就可能像滚雪球似地发展成为国际性的经济衰退。

根据经济预测，欧洲和日本的经济发展势头将会更好。另据总部设在巴黎的经济合作与发展组织预测，欧盟2000年的国内生产总值将从1999年的增长2.1%上升到增长2.8%。

预计日本的国内生产总值将会增长1.4%，这与经济合作与发展组织对其1998年经济下滑2.8%而言，已经是一个很大的提高了。如果这些预测能够成为现实---经济合作与发展组织对日本经济增长的预测超过大多数个人的预测---它们会使世界经济恢复某种平衡，并消除人们对全球经济衰退的担忧。

亚洲和拉丁美洲的经济不用单纯依赖对美国的出口就可以持续恢复。但在经济复苏之前，没有人能确定亚洲金融危机已经真的结束了。仍有可能出现全球资本的突然激增，先涌入亚洲再流出，这会在一段时间之后造成更大的经济不稳定。

全球化所引起的其他问题是政治、文化与社会方面的。人们对任何经济变革都会感觉到威胁---来自国外的变革自然看起来特别陌生和吓人。

12月初，在世贸组织西雅图会议期间聚集在街头的抗议者们可能没有一个共同议程，甚至连一个反对贸易的清晰的理由也没有。但是他们准确地反映出了全球化经常会引发的焦虑与愤怒。欧洲人对转基因食品的恐惧心理或民族主义对跨国兼并的反对也是这种情绪的反映。当地熟悉的事物突然间被外来的、陌生的事物所取代或冲击。即使贸易会对多数人有帮助，通常也会使一部分人蒙受损失。在美国，从事某些高成本行业的工人---尤其是钢铁业和汽车业---就在激烈的进口竞争中蒙受损失。

仅仅是因为全球化在很大程度上是一个自然而然的过程，由更先进的通讯和交通助推着---并不意味着它是不可避免的或不可逆转的。政府可以用隐蔽的或公开的方式来保护当地产业和工人免受进口的冲击或对外国投资者区别对待。如果只有几个国家这样做，那么他们的行为影响不会太大。全球资本和贸易会向它们最受欢迎和效益最高的地方流动。的确，正是这种逻辑说服了众多国家接受全球化。如果它们不接受，别的国家将会接受。通过它们的行为来判断，大多数政府认为它们得多失少。

但是这并不意味着全球化不会引起民众的强烈反对，并产生不可预料的后果。在全球经济衰退时，太多的卖者将会去追逐太少的买者。一个合理的假设就是务实的政客们将尽力保护自己的选民免受全球性供过于求的影响。如果太多的国家这样做，全球化就会崩溃。

这是一种可怕的前景。经济上的相互依存有利也有弊。在有利的情况下，它使每一个人受惠；在不利的情况下，它又会伤害到每一个人。全球化带来的好处也许会超过它带来的伤害---但这种危害仍然存在。利弊两个方面都在等着这个新世纪。究竟哪一方面会占上风是我们要看的大戏之一。

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Unit 1 A heated discussion about whether men are braver than women is settled in a rather unexpected way. The dinner party Mona Gardner I first heard this tale in India, where is told as if true -- though any naturalist would know it couldn't be. Later someone told me that the story appeared in a magazine shortly before the First World War. That magazine story, and the person who wrote it, I have never been able to track down. The country is India. A colonial official and his wife are giving a large dinner party. They are seated with their guests -- officers and their wives, and a visiting American naturalist -- in their spacious dining room, which has a bare marble floor, open rafters and wide glass doors opening onto a veranda. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era and a major who says that they haven't. "A woman's reaction in any crisis," the major says, "is to scream. And while a man may feel like it, he has that ounce more of control than a woman has. And that last ounce is what really counts." The American does not join in the argument but watches the other guests. As he looks, he sees a strange expression come over the face of the hostess. She is staring straight ahead, her muscles contracting slightly. She motions to the native boy standing behind her chair and whispers something to him. The boy's eyes widen: he quickly leaves the room. Of the guests, none except the American notices this or sees the boy place a bowl of milk on the veranda just outside the open doors. The American comes to with a start. In India, milk in a bowl means only one thing -- bait for a snake. He realizes there must be a cobra in the room. He looks up at the rafters -- the likeliest place -- but they are bare. Three corners of the room are empty, and in the fourth the servants are waiting to serve the next course. There is only one place left -- under the table. His first impulse is to jump back and warn the others, but he knows the commotion would frighten the cobra into striking. He speaks quickly, the tone of his voice so commanding that it silences everyone. "I want to know just what control everyone at this table has. I will count three hundred -- that's five minutes -- and not one of you is to move a muscle. Those who move will forfeit 50 rupees. Ready?" The 20 people sit like stone images while he counts. He is saying "...two hundred and eighty..." when, out of the corner of his eye, he sees the cobra emerge and make for the bowl of milk. Screams ring out as he jumps to slam the veranda doors safely shut. "You were right, Major!" the host exclaims. "A man has just shown us an example of perfect self-control." "Just a minute," the American says, turning to his hostess. "Mrs. Wynnes, how did you know that cobra was in the room?" A faint smile lights up the woman's face as she replies: "Because it was crawling across my foot."

Thechaser追逐者中英对照

The Chaser John Collier Alan Auste n, as n ervous as a kitte n, went up certa in dark and creaky stairs in the n eighborhood of Pell Street , and peered about for a long time on the dim landing before he found the n ame he wan ted writte n obscurely on one of the doors. He pushed ope n this door, as he had bee n told to do, and found himself in a tiny room, which contained no furn iture but a pla in kitche n table, a rock in g-chair, and an ordinary chair. On one of the dirty buff-colored walls were a couple of shelves, containing in all perhaps a doze n bottles and jars. An old man sat in the rock in g-chair, read ing a n ewspaper. Ala n, without a word, handed him the card he had been given. 人Sit down, Mr. Austen, said the old man very politely. 人I am glad to make your acqua intance. 人Is it true, asked Alan, 人that you have a certain mixture that has ! er ! quite extraordinary effects? 人My dear sir, replied the old man, 人my stock in trade is not very large ! I don …t deal in laxatives and teething mixtures ! but such as it is, it is varied. I think nothing I sell has effects which could be precisely described as ordin ary. 人Well, the fact is ! began Alan. 人Here, for example, interrupted the old man, reaching for a bottle from the shelf. 人Here is a liquid as colorless as water, almost tasteless, quite imperceptible in coffee, wine, or any other beverage. It is also quite imperceptible to any known method of autopsy. 人Do you mean it is a poison? cried Alan, very much horrified. 人Call it a glove-cleaner if you like, said the old man indifferently. 人Maybe it will clean gloves. I have never tried. One might call it a life-cleaner. Lives need cleaning sometimes. 人I want nothing of that sort, said Alan. 人Probably it is just as well, said the old man. 人Do you know the price of this? For one teaspoonful, which is sufficient, I ask five thousa nd dollars. Never less. Not a penny less. 人I hope all your mixtures are not as expensive, said Alan apprehe nsively. 人Oh dear, no, said the old man. 人It would be no good charg ing that sort of price for a love poti on, for example. Young people who n eed a love poti on very seldom have five thousa nd dollars. Otherwise they would not n eed a love poti on. 人I am glad to hear that, said Alan. 人I look at it like this, said the old man. 人Please a customer with one article, and he will come back whe n he n eeds another. Even if it is more costly. He will save up for it, if n ecessary. 人So, said Alan, 人you really do sell love potions? 人If I did not sell love potions, said the old man, reaching for another bottle, 人I should not have mentioned the other matter to you. It is only whe n one is in a positi on to oblige that one can afford to be so con fide ntial. 人And these potions, said Alan. 人They are not just ! just ! er ! 人Oh, no, said the old man. 人Their effects are permanent, and exte nd far bey ond casual impulse. But they in clude it. Boun tifully, in siste ntly. Everlast in gly. 人Dear me! said Alan, attempting a look of scientific detachme nt. "How very in teresti ng! 人But consider the spiritual side, said the old man.

Unit7TheChaser课文翻译综合教程三

Unit 7 The Chaser John Henry Collier 1 Alan Austen, as nervous as a kitten, went up certain dark and creaky stairs in the neighborhood of Pell Street, and peered about for a long time on the dim hallway before he found the name he wanted written obscurely on one of the doors. 2 He pushed open this door, as he had been told to do, and found himself in a tiny room, which contained no furniture but a plain kitchen table, a rocking-chair, and an ordinary chair. On one of the dirty buff-coloured walls were a couple of shelves, containing in all perhaps a dozen bottles and jars. 3 An old man sat in the rocking-chair, reading a newspaper. Alan, without a word, handed him the card he had been given. “Sit down, Mr. Austen,” said the old man very politely. “I am glad to make your acquaintance.” 4 “Is it true,” asked Alan, “that you have a certain mixture that has … er … quite extraordinary effects?” 5 “My dear sir,” replied the old man, “my sto ck in trade is not very large — I don’t deal in laxatives and teething mixtures —but such as it is, it is varied. I think nothing I sell has effects which could be precisely described as ordinary.” 6 “Well, the fact is …” began Alan. 7 “Here, for example,” interrupted the old man, reaching for a bottle from the shelf. “Here is a liquid as colourless as water, almost tasteless, quite imperceptible in coffee, wine, or any other beverage. It is also quite imperceptible to any known method of autopsy.” 8 “Do you mean it is a poison?” cried Alan, very much horrified. 9 “Call it a glove-cleaner if you like,” said the old man indifferently. “Maybe it will clean gloves. I have never tried. One might call it a life-cleaner. Lives need cleaning sometimes.” 10 “I want nothing of that sort,” said Alan. 11 “Probably it is just as well,” said the old man. “Do you know the price of this? For one teaspoonful, which is sufficient, I ask five thousand dollars. Never less. Not a penny less.” 12 “I hope all your mixtures are not as expensive,” said Alan apprehensively.

高级英语一

北语14秋《高级英语I》导学资料一 Unit1, Unit2& Unit3 一、本阶段学习内容概述各位同学，大家好，本课程第一阶段学习的主要内容为Unit1：Party Politics, Unit2：The New Singles, Unit3：教材课文：Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die? 网络课件课文：Computer Violence中包括课前练习（Warm-up）、单词和词组（New words and phrases）、课文（Text）、课后练习（Exercises）及补充阅读（Supplementary readings）中的指定内容。课前练习：大家应先了解课前练习的要求，根据已有的知识思考其中问题，或者利用网络与同学开展一些讨论，争取在阅读课文前了解文章主要论述的问题，有利于更好的了解作者的思想观点和思维过程，从而了解文章所反映的思想文化，这样既能提高阅读理解能力又能获取知识和信息。单词和词组:名词、动词和形容词是词汇练习和记忆中的重要部分。Unit 1、2、3中所列出的新单词绝大部分都是这三类，因此，大家一定要掌握好新单词。要开发利用多种方法记单词，如联想法、音节法、构词法等。单词和词组基本上给出了英语直接释义，可以培养大家英语思维的习惯。如果在阅读释义后还有疑问，一定要查阅英语词典，寻找一些相关的解释来加深对单词的理解和记忆。许多词的释义中给出了若干同义词或近义词，能帮助大家迅速扩大词汇量，同时，课后练习的词汇（Vocabulary Study）部分又给出了一些相关的练习，大家可以在学习完单词和词组后，乘热打铁，立即做词汇练习的第一小题（选择填空）和第二小题（找出意义相近的替代词）这样可以及时巩固所学单词，大概了解这些词的用法，为正确阅读课文打下基础，也能使得练习题做起来不是那么难。（特别说明：高级英语阶段的学习，提高词汇量和词汇运用能力是一个很大，并且很重要，同时又是比较难的问题，这是我们必须面对的问题，所以，请大家务必花时间多熟悉单词。所谓的磨刀不误砍材功，先熟悉单词和短语，才能流畅的阅读文章。更关键的是，单词和短语在考试中所占比例不少！）课文：每单元有一篇课文（Unit1：Party Politics, Unit2：The New Singles, Unit3：教材课文：Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die? 网络课件课文：Computer Violence）。在掌握单词和词组之后，阅读课后注释，学习课文的背景资料、作者介绍和相关内容，如人物、事件、地点等的解释，这能帮助大家准确快速的理解文章的内容。在课件资源的帮助下，认真学习课文，包括课文中常用词语和句型的用法。文章比较长，大家一定要有耐心和毅力，坚持就是胜利。在学习完整篇文章后，及时完成课文理解（Comprehension Check）的练习。其中第一小题是根据课文内容选择最佳答案，第二小题是将部分文中的句子用英语注释。只要认真学习了课件资料，相信能很快准确地完成。同时也考察大家对课文理解的程度，督促大家很好的阅读课文。课后练习：共有四个大题。 1.课文理解（Comprehension Check）：有两个题型。在借助课件学习完课文之后，大家可以先自己做这一部分的练习，然后再看课件，对正答案的同时，再重温课文的大意。 2.词汇（Vocabulary Study）：有两个题型。在学完课文和单词后，大家可以自己先做这一部分的词汇练习，不会做得可以看课件，并牢固掌握，对于补充的单词也要掌握。这样有利于快速扩充词汇量。 3.翻译（Translation）：有的单元是汉译英，有的单元是英译汉。都是一段与课文内容相近的短文。先认真思考，仔细看文章，如果有一定的难度，可以参考课件的解说，然后再组织语言完成翻译练习。