《计算机专业英语》作业
《计算机专业英语》作业及参考答案
Chapter 1
一、单项选择：
1. The basic hardware components of a personal computer system consist of the .
a. keyboard and display
b. system unit
c. disk-drive and printer
d. all of above
2. A keyboard is a device that converts into that can be electronically manipulated by the computer.
a. data/information
b. keystrokes/special codes
c. special codes/keystrokes
d. information/data
3. System software includes and .
a. operating system and application software
b. operating system and programming language
c. special-purpose programs and application software
d. OS and special-purpose programs
4. The method with which printers form characters can include .
a. striking ribbon with a hammer
b. spraying ink with a nozzle
c. transferring the pattern with heat or laser
d. all of above
5. DOS can be used with machine.
a. IBM-compatible
b. the machine that was made before 1981
c. PDP-11
d. V AX
二、判断正误：
1. Most RAM is temporary, losing its contents when the computer’s power is turned off.
2. The primary purpose of OS is to support application programs.
3. Keyboards are the only way to communicate with a computer.
4. ROM is read-only memory.
5. Personal computers are sophisticated than larger mainframe and minicomputer relatives.
三、词汇连线：
1. computer a. Raw, unstructured, unprocessed facts.
2. data b. The meaning a human being assigns to data.
3. information c. A series of instructions that guides a computer through some process.
4. processor d. The component of a computer that selects and executes instructions.
5. program e. A machine that processes data into information under
control of a stored program.
四、英译汉：
What is a computer?
The basic job of computers is the processing of information. For this reason, computers can be defined as very-high-speed electronic devices which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data, perform mathematical and/or logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations. The program, or part of it, which tells the computers what to do and the data, which provide raw facts needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory.
Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers. However, most computers, whether large or small, have three basic capabilities. First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation. Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if we couldn’t feed information in and get results back, these machines wouldn’t be of much use. However, certain computers (commonly minicomputers and microcomputers) are used to control directly things such as robots, aircraft navigation systems, medical instruments, etc. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use magnetic tape, disks, and terminals. The computer’s input device (which might be a keyboard, a tape drive or disk drive, depending on the medium used in inputting information) reads the information into the computer. For outputting information, two common devices used are a printer which prints the new information on paper, or a CRT display screen which shows the results on a TV-like screen. Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: “Who would win a war between two countries?” or “Who is the richest person in the world?” Unfortunately, the computer can only decide three things, namely: Is one number less than another? Are two numbers equal? And, is one number greater than another? A computer can solve a series of problems and make hundreds, even thousands of logical decisions without becoming tired or bored. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job. A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it has no originality; it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot exercise any value judgments. There are times when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical “brain”, but its achievements are limited by the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives it the appropriate information; but because electric pulses can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out vast numbers of arithmetic-logical operations almost instantaneously. A person can do everything a computer can do, but in many cases that person would be dead long before the job was finished.
参考答案
一、1. d 2. b 3. b 4. d 5. a
二、1.√ 2.√ 3.× 4. √ 5.×
三、1-e 2-a 3-b 4-d 5-c
四、计算机是什么？
计算机的基本工作是处理信息。因此，计算机可以被定义为这样一种高速的电子设备，它接受指令（称为程序）和字符（称为数据）形式的信息，完成算术和（或）逻辑运算，然后提供这些操作的结果。告诉计算机要做什么的程序或者程序的一部分，以及解决问题所需要的原始数据被保存在计算机的存储器中。
计算机被认为具有许多非凡的功能。然而，大部分的计算机，无论大小，都具有三个基本的功能。第一，计算机有完成算术操作，如加、减、乘、除和阶乘的电路。第二，计算机有与用户通信的方式。毕竟，如果我们不能输入信息并且输出结果，这些机器就没多大用处了。然而，某些计算机（一般的微型机和小型机）被用于直接控制机器人、飞机导航系统、医学仪器等。输入信息最常用的方式有磁带、磁盘和终端。计算机的输入设备（根据输入信息所使用的介质，可能是键盘、磁带或磁盘驱动器）将信息读入计算机。为了输出信息，最常用的两种设备是将新信息打印在纸上的打印机，以及将结果显示在一个类似于电视机屏幕
上的阴极射线管显示器。第三，计算机有进行决策的电路。计算机电路能做的决策不是象“两个国家谁能赢得这场战争？”或者“世界上最富有的人是谁”之类。不幸的是，计算机只能决定三件事情，即：一个数比另一个数小吗？两个数相等吗？以及一个数比另一个数大吗？计算机能够解决一系列的问题和做成百甚至上千的逻辑判断而不觉得疲倦或者厌烦。它能够解决一个问题只用人类做同样的工作所花时间的极小部分。计算机能够代替人完成繁重的日常事务，但是它毫无创造力；它根据给它的指令工作并且不能做出任何有价值的判断。经常地计算机象一个机械“大脑”一样操作，但它的成就是受人类思想的限制的。如果人不告诉它要做什么以及给它合适的信息的话，计算机不能做任何事情；但是因为电脉冲能够以光速移动，计算机能够迅速地完成大量的算术逻辑运算。人能够做计算机能做的任何事情，但是大多数情况下，在这个工作完成之前，人已经死了。
Chapter 2
一、单项选择：
1. Main memory holds .
a. data for processing
b. the program
c. information
d. all of above
2. The number of bits that can be processed at one time is a .
a. register
b. cycle
c. word
d. PROM
3. Data and instructions are stored in memory at location known as .
a. address
b. byte
c. word
d. number
4. The central processing unit (CPU) had two parts: and .
a. control unit and ALU
b. ALU and register
c. register and control unit
d. ALU and memory
5. A holds enough bits to store a single character.
a. word
b. bit
c. byte
d. two bytes
二、判断正误：
1. Arithmetic logic unit tells the rest of the computer system how to carry out a program’s instruction.
2. Logical operations consist of comparisons.
3. Bits are combined into groups of eight bits called words.
4. The central processing unit (CPU) and memory are two major parts of a microcomputer system unit.
5. The arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic operations and logical operation.
三、词汇连线：
1. binary system a. The sequential number of a location in main memory.
2. byte b. A base 2 number system that uses values 0 and 1.
3. register c. the smaller addressable unit of main memory, often eight bits.
4.control unit d. Temporary storage used to hold data, instructions, or
control information in the processor.
5. address e. The part of a central processing unit that directs
electronic signals between memory and the ALU, and
between the CPU and I/O device.
四、英译汉：
The Processor of the Computer
As to the question “What is the most important component in a computer?”, nobody would fail to give a correct answer to it －the processor. But when the questions move to the details of it, most of us might not have a clear picture.
A processor, a component of a computer, is a functional unit that interprets and carries out instructions. Every processor comes with a unique set of operations such as ADD, STORE, or LOAD that represent the processor’s instruction set. Compu ter designers are fond of calling their computers machines, so the instruction set is sometimes referred to as machine instructions and the binary language in which they are written is called machine language. You should not confuse processor’s instruction set with the instructions found in high-level programming languages, such as BASIC or PASCAL.
An instruction is made up of operations that specify the function to be performed and operands that represent the data to be operated on. For example, if an instruction is to perform the operation of adding two numbers, it must know what the two numbers are and where the two numbers are. When the numbers are stored in the computer’s memory, they have an address to indicate where they are, so if an operand refers t o data in the computer’s memory it is called an address. The processor’s job is to retrieve instructions and operands from memory and to perform each operation. Having done that, it signals memory to send it the next instruction.
This step-by-step operation is repeated over and over again at awesome speed. A timer called a clock releases precisely timed electrical signals that provide a regular pulse for the processor’s work. The term that is used to measure the computer’s speed is borrowed from the domain of electrical engineering and is called a megahertz (MHz) , which means million cycles per second. A processor is composed of two functional units-a control unit and an arithmetic/logic unit-and a set of special workspaces called registers.
The Control Unit
The control unit is the functional unit that takes the responsibility for supervising the operation of the entire computer system. In some ways, it is analogous to a telephone switchboard with intelligence because it makes the connections between various functional units of the computer system and calls into operation each unit that is required by the program currently in operation.
The control unit fetches instructions from memory and determines their type or decodes them. It then breaks each instruction into a series of simple small steps or actions. By doing this, it controls the step-by-step operation of the entire computer system.
The Arithmetic/Logic Unit
The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) is the functional unit that provides the computer with logical and computational capabilities. Data are brought into the ALU by the control unit, and the ALU performs whatever arithmetic or logic operations are required to help carry out the instruction.
Arithmetic operations include adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing. Logic operations make a comparison and take action based on the results. For example, two numbers might be compared to determine whether they are equal. If they are equal, processing will continue; if they are not equal, processing will stop.
Registers
A register is a storage location inside the processor. Registers in the control unit are used to keep track of the overall status of the program that is running. Control unit registers store information such as the current instruction, the location of the next instruction to be executed, and the operands of the instruction. In the ALU, registers
store data items that are added, subtracted, multiplied, divided, and compared. Other registers store the results of arithmetic and logic operations. An important factor that affects the speed and performance of a processor is the size of the registers. Technically, the term word size (also called word length) describes the size of an operand register, but it is also used more loosely to describe the size of the pathways to and from the processor. Currently, word sizes in general-purpose computers have a wide range of bits. If the operand registers of a processor are 16 bits wide, the processor is said to be a 16-bit processor.
参考答案
一、1. d 2. c 3. a 4. a 5. c
二、1.× 2.√ 3.× 4.√ 5.√
三、1-b 2-c 3-d 4-e 5-a
四、计算机处理器
对于问题“计算机中最重要的部件是什么？”，谁都能给出正确的答案——处理器。但但问题一旦更详细，就很少有人能给出清楚的描述了。
计算机的组成部件处理器是解释并且执行指令的功能单元。每个处理器都有自己的一套操作，如ADD，STORE或者LOAD，即处理器的指令系统。计算机设计者喜欢把计算机称为机器，因此指令系统有时又被称为机器指令，用机器指令编写的二进制语言称为机器语言。你不能把处理器的指令系统与高级程序语言（如BASIC或PASCAL）中的指令相混淆.
指令是由说明要完成何种操作的操作码和表明要对何数据进行操作的操作数组成的。例如，一条指令要完成两个数相加的操作，它必须知道这两个数是什么以及这两个数在哪儿。当这两个数保存在计算机内存中，他们就有一个地址标明他们在哪儿，因此如果操作数是计算机内存中的数据，它就被称为地址。处理器的工作就是从内存中找到指令和操作数并且执行每一个操作。然后，它发信号给内存让它发送下一条指令。
这种一步接一步的操作以惊人的速度被重复执行。一个称为时钟的计时器精确地发出电信号为处理器的工作提供规则的脉冲。用于测量计算机速度的术语借用于电气工程领域，称为兆赫兹（MHz），表示每秒100万次。处理器由两个功能单元——控制单元和算术/逻辑单元以及一组称为寄存器的特殊存储空间组成。
控制单元
控制单元是负责管理整个计算机系统操作的功能单元。在某种程度上，它与智能电话接线板类似，它联系计算机系统的各个功能单元并且让操作中当前程序所需要的单元进行操作。
控制单元从存贮器中取出指令，确定它们的类型或者译码。然后将每条指令分解成一系列简单的小步骤或者操作。通过这样做，它控制整个计算机系统一步接一步的操作。
算术/逻辑单元
算术/逻辑单元（ALU）是给计算机提供逻辑和计算能力的功能单元。数据由控制单元送入ALU，ALU无论执行算术还是逻辑操作都是为了帮助完成指令。
算术操作包括加、减、乘、除。逻辑操作进行比较并且根据结果采取行动。例如，两个数进行比较以确定他们是否相等。如果相等，程序将继续；如果不相等，程序将停止。
寄存器
寄存器是处理器内部的存贮空间。控制单元中的寄存器用于跟踪正在执行的程序的全部状态。控制单元寄存器保存的信息有当前指令，要执行的下一条指令的位置，指令的操作数等。在ALU中，寄存器保存要加、减、乘、除和比较的数据。其它寄存器保存算术逻辑操作的结果。影响处理器速度和性能的一个重要因素就是寄存器的大小。从技能上说，术语字长表示操作数寄存器的大小，但它也被广义地用于表示进出处理器的通道的大小。当前，通用计算机的字长范围很大。如果处理器的操作数寄存器是16位的，处理器就是16位处理器。
Chapter 3
一、单项选择：
1. The basic input device on a small computer is a .
a. display screen
b. keyboard
c. printer
d. card reader
2. A generates hard-copy output.
a. display unit
b. monitor
c. screen
d. printer
3. The indicates where on the screen the next character will appear.
a. pixel
b. cursor
c. picture element
d. x-y coordinate
4. Often, a hundred or more are linked to a single centralized computer by communication lines.
a. OCR devices
b. scanners
c. terminals
d. printers
5. On a large computer system, a links external devices to the computer, and also performs a number of device-independent tasks.
a. channel
b. buffer
c. control unit
d. register
二、判断正误：
1. Input devices translate symbols that people understand into symbols that computers can process.
2. Dot-matrix printer forms text and graphic images with a matrix of pins.
3. Banks use a method called magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR) to automatically read and sort checks.
4. Laser printers are highly reliable, but the quality of their output limits their use to rough drafts and in-house communications.
三、词汇连线：
1. cursor a. Temporary storage used to compensate for the different
speed of adjacent devices.
2. display b. An electronic device that links an I/O device to a channel.
3. resolution c. The blinking line or box that indicates where the next
character typed or output will appear on a display screen.
4. buffer d. A TV-like screen that displays data.
5. control unit e. A measure of the precision or sharpness of a graphic
image.
四、英译汉：
Summary
Human being access a computer through its input and output devices. The basic input device on most small computer systems is the keyboard. As a user types characters, they are stored in the computer’s main memory. From there, they are output to a display screen (the basic output device), where the user can see them. If a permanent copy of the output is required, it can be sent from memory to a printer.
Computers are not limited to character output, however, many systems support graphics. A screen is divided into a number of points called pixels. Images are formed by selectively turning the pixels on and off. A screen’s resolution is a function of the number of pixels. We briefly considered several other input and output devices and media, including punched cards, various types of printers, magnetic media, optical media, terminal, and voice I/O.
Finally, we turned to the problem of linking input and output devices to a computer system. Each device is electronically different, but the computer always deals with a common code. An interface board serves to bridge this gap. An input device sends its data to the interface, which converts the data from the external device’s form to the computer’s internal form and stores them in main memory. On output, information moves from memory to the interface, where it is converted to the external device’s form, and output. A buffer can help to adjust for the speed differential between adjacent devices; on lager computers, each external device is linked to a control unit. The control units are plugged into channels, and the channels are connected to the computer. In this chapter, we have focused on input and output, showing how human beings communicate with a computer. One of the advantages of putting data into a computer is that, once they have been converted to electronic form, they can be used over and over again. In the next chapter, we’ll consider long-term secondary storage.
Selecting Personal Computer System
In a information society, you may want to possess a computer of your own but lack some basic knowledge about computer purchase. If you want to know how to select a personal computer and where to make the purchase, read on the following material:
Choosing the right computer, peripherals, and software is not an easy task. The rapid growth of the personal computer industry gives the consumer a great number of choices to make. In order to make a good purchase, you should consider the following important factors before you choose a personal computer system.
The decision to buy a particular computer system may be decided by many factors, but the following three factors are essential for you.
1. 1.What you want to use the computer for?
2. 2.How much power (speed and memory) you need?
3. 3.How much money you want to spend?
To develop a clear picture of what you want to use a personal computer for, you must know what such machines can and cannot do. Read computer newspapers and magazines, and you will have a pretty good idea of the kinds of tasks that personal computers can perform. An honest evaluation of your needs is the next step, to see if a personal computer can really be of any help to you. If it can be of some help to you, then perhaps the first thing for you to do is to answer the following questions: “What software do you w ant to use?” “Do you primarily want to do word processing, or are you looking for a machine to run computer games?” Do some research on the software available for microcomputers and decide what programs you want to run. Picking out the software first will mean you’ll be sure about exactly what you want to use the computer for.
Once you know what program you want to run, you can then limit your consideration to hardware systems that can execute the software. You’ll need a system that is fast enough, has enough memory, and has versions of your chosen programs specifically designed for it. By selecting your software first, you are more likely to end up with a machine well-suited to your needs, not one that is too powerful or too
limited.
Finally, the bottom line is, of course, your budget. Which computer you buy or whether you buy on at all is ultimately dependent on how much money you have to spend. But, as we’ve said, there is a wide price range in today’s market.
Besides the three basic questions we’ve just t alked about, another decision that today’s computer consumer has to make is whether to buy an IBM-compatible system. At present, the whole class of personal computer systems in the United Stated falls into three major categories: IBM and IBM-compatible machines, the Apple Macintosh family, and all others.
In general terms, compatibility refers to how well two devices or a piece of hardware and a piece of software can work together. In the case of the IBM Personal Computer, the industry has accepted three clearly defined compatibility levels: operationally compatible, data compatible, and MS-DOS compatible.
Furthermore, where to buy a computer is still another decision for the computer consumer to make. Personal computers have become so popular that there are many different places where computers, peripherals, and software can be bought. Independent or national computer stores, regular department stores, and mail-order houses are the biggest markets. Computer stores offer a wide selection of brands and models because they specialize in sales of computer hardware and software. Salespeople there can offer advice, help the consumer try out products, and assist in his decision. They usually offer local service and maintenance. Relatively, computer store prices tend to b high. Department stores can often sell computers and peripherals at low prices because they buy in volume. But salespeople there are usually not computer experts and may not offer the consumer much technical advice. Besides, these stores can neither fix nor maintain the computer products they sell. Mail-order houses offer an extensive choice of products, and demand low prices, but technical advice and assistance can be hard to obtain. Since each of these offers both advantages and disadvantages, the wise persona computer consumer should consider all the possibilities before buying.
参考答案
一、1. b 2. d 3. b 4. c 5. a
二、1.√ 2.√ 3.√ 4.×
三、1-c 2-d 3-e 4-a 5-b
四、总结
人通过输入输出设备访问计算机。大多数小型计算机系统基本的输入设备是键盘。当用户键入字符的时候，它们被存入计算机的主存。从那里，它们被输出到用户能够看见的显示屏（基本的输出设备）上。如果需要永久的输出拷贝，可以将它从内存发送到打印机。然而计算机并没有被限定只能输出字符，许多系统支持图表。屏幕被分成许多称为象素的点。通过有选择地点亮或者熄灭这些象素图像就形成了。我们简要地介绍几种其它的输入输出设备和介质：打孔卡片，各种类型的打印机，磁介质，光介质，终端以及声音输入输出设备。
最后，我们看看输入输出设备是怎样联接到计算机系统上的。每个设备在电子特性上都是不同的，但是计算机总是对通用的编码进行处理。接口板解决了这之间的问题。输入设备将数据发送到接口，接口将这些数据由外设形式转换成计算机内部形式，并且将它们保存在主存中。对于输出，信息从存贮器送到接口，被转换成外设形式并且输出。缓冲器能够调节相连设备之间的速度差距。对于大型的计算机，每个外设都与控制单元相连。控制单元插入通道，通道再与计算机
相连。在这一章，我们重点讨论输入和输出，显示了人类是怎样与计算机进行通信的。将数据放入计算机的优点之一就是一旦它们被转换成电子形式，它们就能够被反复使用。在下一章，我们将讨论长期的辅助存贮器。
选购个人计算机系统
在信息社会里，你可能想拥有一台自己的计算机，但又缺乏一些基本的购买计算机的知识。如果你想知道怎样选购个人计算机以及在哪里购买，阅读下面的材料吧：
选择正确的计算机、外围设备和软件不是一件容易的事情。个人计算机工业的迅速发展给消费者提供了大量的选择。为了购买好，在选购个人计算机系统之前你应该考虑下列重要因素。
决定买某台计算机系统可能由许多因素决定，但下面三个因素是最主要的。
1. 你想买计算机做什么？
2. 你需要多大的性能（速度与存贮容量）？
3. 你想花多少钱？
要弄清楚你想用个人计算机做什么，你必须知道这种机器能和不能做什么。阅读计算机报纸和杂志你将会了解个人计算机能够完成的各种任务。下一步你需要做一个客观评价，看是否个人计算机真的对你有帮助。如果它确实对你有一些帮助的话，你要做的第一件事情也许是回答下面的问题：“你想作用什么软件？”“你主要是想做字处理，或者你是想玩电脑游戏吗？”对现有的微机软件进行研究然后决定你想运行哪些程序。最先选出的软件就确切地显示了你是想用计算机做什么。
知道了你想运行什么程序，就限定了你决定能够执行这些软件的硬件系统。你需要的系统必须足够快，有充足的存贮容量，还要有专门的基于该系统的你所选择的程序版本。因为先前选择了软件，你更可能会选择适合于你的需要的机器，而不是功能太强或者太弱的机器。
最后，结果当然是你的预算。你会买哪台计算机或者你是否会买某台计算机最终是由你能花多少钱来决定的。但是，就如我们已经说过的，当前市场提供一个广泛的价格范围。
除了我们才讨论的三个基本问题，计算机消费者要做的另一个决定还有是否要买IBM兼容的系统。目前，个人计算机系统按统一规定分为三个主要的类别：IBM和IBM兼容机、苹果系列以及所有其它机型。
通常，术语兼容性指的是两台设备或者一个硬件与一个软件怎样一起工作。至于IBM个人计算机，工业上已经接受了三个明确定义的兼容性级别：操作兼容，数据兼容和MS-DOS兼容。
此外，在哪里买计算机是计算机消费者要做的又一个决定。个人计算机已经相当普及以至于有许多不同的地方可以买到计算机、外围设备和软件。独立或者国家的计算机商店、有规则的百货商店，以及邮购商店是最大的市场。计算机商店提供大量可选择的品牌和模型，因为他们是专门研究计算机硬件和软件销售的。那里的销售人员能够提供意见，帮助消费者试用产品并且帮助消费者做决定。他们通常提供本地服务和维护。相对地，计算机商店的价格偏高。百货商店通常以低价出售计算机以及外围设备，因为他们是批量进货的。但是那儿的销售人员一般不是计算机专家也不能给消费者提供技术上的建议。另外，这些商店既不能安装也不能维护他们销售的产品。邮购商店提供大量的产品，查询价格也比较低，但难于获得技术上的建议和帮助。既然这些商店各有利弊，聪明的计算机消费者
应该在购买之前考虑全部的可能性。
Chapter 4
一、单项选择：
1. is exclusively a sequential access storage medium.
a. floppy disk
b. hard disk
c. optical disk
d. magnetic tape
2. On a floppy-disk drive, data signals are transferred to the computer through .
a. read-write heads
b. access arms
c. drive gate
d. drive A
3. The disk with the greatest capacity is .
a. 5-inch double-sided, high-density
b. 3-inch double-sided, high-density
c. CD-ROM
d. DVD-ROM
4.is not a problem with main memory.
a. volatility
b. cost
c. limited capacity
d. speed
5. Data on disk are recorded on a series of concentric circles called .
a. sectors
b. blocks
c. cylinders
d. tracks
二、判断正误：
1. Primary storage in microcomputers is not volatile.
2. Floppy disks are also known as flexible disks and as floppies.
3. Sectors are wedge-shaped sections on a disk.
4. Laser beams are used to record data on optical disks.
5. CD-ROM cannot be written on or erased by user.
三、词汇连线：
1. backup a. A thin, flexible magnetic disk.
2. directory b. A metallic disk that uses a laser beam for reading and writing.
3. optical disk c. A list of the contents of secondary storage medium
showing the locations of each file.
4. track d. Extra hardware, software, or data intended to keep a
computer system running in the event that one or
more components fail.
5. diskette e. One of a series of concentric circles on disk or drum.
四、英译汉：Memory Chips
There are two well-known types of memory chips. One type is called RAM. The other type is ROM. RAM (random-access memory) chips hold the program and data that the CPU is presently processing. That is, it is temporary or volatile storage.
RAM is called temporary because as soon as the microcomputer is turned off, everything in RAM is lost. It is also lost if there is power failure that disrupts the electric current going to the microcomputer. For this reason, as we mentioned earlier, it is a good idea to save your work in progress. That is, if you are working on a document or a spreadsheet, every few minutes you should save, or store, the material.
In addition, when programs or data are written, or encoded, to RAM, the previous contents of RAM are lost. This is called the destructive write process. However, when programs and data are read, or retrieved, from RAM, their contents
are not destroyed. Rather, the read process simply makes a copy of those contents.
RAM storage is frequently expressed in megabytes. Thus, a microcomputer with 16MB RAM has memory that will hold about 16 million characters of data and programs.
Microcomputer memory in RAM is of four types. These types are mentioned in the instruction manuals you use to install system software like DOS or application software like Excel.
Conventional memory: Conventional memory consists of the first 640K of RAM. It is the area used by DOS and application programs.
Upper memory:Upper memory is located between 640K and 1MB of RAM. DOS uses this area to store information about the microcomputer’s hardware.. however, it is frequently underused and can be used by application programs.
Extended memory: Extended memory is available on most microprocessors. It includes directly accessible memory above 1MB. Some programs can use extended memory (for example, Windows), and some cannot.
Expanded memory: Expanded memory is intended to help older microprocessors that cannot directly access memory over 1MB. Expanded memory is a special “island” of memory of up to 32MB that exists outside of the DOS 640K limit. That is, it temporarily uses a portion of the reserved memory area between 640K and 1MB and switches it with information from the island.
Another term you are apt to hear about in conjunction with RAM is cache memory. Cache (pronounced “cash”) memory is an area of RAM set aside to store the most frequently accessed information stored in RAM. The cache acts as a temporary high-speed holding area between the memory and the CPU. In a computer with a cache (not all machines have one ), the computer detects which information in RAM is most frequently used. It then copies that information into the cache, so that the CPU can access that information more quickly than usual.
ROM (read-only memory) chips have programs built into them at the factory. Unlike RAM chips, the contents of ROM chips cannot be changed by the user. “Read-only” means that the CPU can read, or retrieve, the programs written on the ROM chip. However, the computer cannot write - encode or change – the information or instructions in ROM.
ROM chips typically contain special instructions for detailed computer operations. For example, ROM instructions may start the computer, give keyboard keys their special control capabilities, and put characters on the screen. ROMs are also called firmware.
参考答案
一、1. d 2. a 3. d 4. d 5. d
二、1.× 2.√ 3.√ 4.√ 5.√
三、1-d 2-c 3-b 4-e 5-a
四、存贮器芯片
有两种著名的存贮器芯片。一种叫做RAM。另一种是ROM。RAM（随机存取存贮器）芯片保存CPU当前正在处理的程序和数据。就是说它是临时的或者易丢失的存储器。
RAM是临时的，因为微机一断电，RAM中的一切都会丢失。当电源故障切断了通往微机的电流时，RAM中的数据也会丢失。因此，就如我们前面提到的，在工作进行中及时存盘是一个好办法。也就是说，如果你正在编辑一个文档或者电子表格，每隔几分钟你都应该保存或者存储这些材料。
另外，当程序或数据写入或者译码到RAM时，RAM中原有的内容会丢失。这就是所谓的破坏性写操作。然而，当从RAM中读出或者检索程序或数据时，它们的内容不会被破坏。读操作相当于只是做了那些内容的拷贝。
RAM存贮器常常用兆字节来表示。这样，一台有16MB RAM的微机就有可以容纳16百万字符的数据和程序的存贮器。
RAM中的微机存贮器有四种。这些类型在你用于安装DOS这样的系统软件或者Excel这样的应用软件的指令手册上都有提及。
常规存贮器：常规存贮器由RAM的前640K组成。用于存放DOS和应用程序。
上层存贮器：上层存贮器在RAM的640K到1MB之间。DOS使用这个区域保存微机硬件的信息。然而它经常未被完全利用，还可以被应用程序使用。
扩展存贮器：扩展存贮器在大多数微机中都有。它包括1MB以上的可直接访问的存贮器。一些程序可以使用扩展存贮器（例如Windows），而另一些则不能。
扩充存贮器：扩充存贮器是为了帮助那些不能直接访问1MB以上存贮器的老式微机的。扩充存贮器是在DOS的640K范围之外的直到32MB存贮器的一个特殊“地带”。也就是说，它临时使用640K到1MB之间保留的存贮区域，并将它与来自这个地带的信息接通。
你容易听到的与RAM有关的另一个术语是高速缓冲存贮器。高速缓存是RAM 用来存放RAM中最经常访问的信息的一个区域。高速缓存作为存贮器和CPU之间一个临时的高速的存储器。在有高速缓存的计算机中（不是所有的机器都有的），计算机检测RAM中哪些信息是最经常使用的。然后将这些信息拷贝到高速缓存中，以便CPU能够更快地访问这些信息。
ROM（只读存贮器）芯片在出厂的时候就将程序存入其中。与RAM芯片不同，ROM芯片中的内容不能被用户改变。“只读”就意味着CPU可以读或者检索ROM 中的程序。但是，计算机不能写入（译码或者改变）ROM中的信息或者指令。
ROM芯片存放进行计算机具体操作的特殊指令。例如，ROM指令可以启动计算机，赋予键盘上的键特殊的控制功能，以及将字符显示在屏幕上。ROM也叫做固件。
Chapter 5
一、单项选择：
1. A characteristic of operating system is .
a. resource management
b. error recovery
c. memory management
d. all of above
2. The more popular micro operating systems is.
a. MS DOS
b. CP/M
c. UNIX
d. all the above
3. is the simplest approach of memory management.
a. dynamic memory management
b. fixed partition management
c. virtual memory system
d. all of above
4. The operating system is loaded by .
a. the command processor
b. boot
c. the program loader
d. an interrupt
5. The serves as an interface between hardware and software.
a. computer system
b. control unit
c. application program
d. operating system
二、判断正误：
1. Though an operating system can schedule the execution of jobs, it does not manage the availability of I/O devices.
2. The form of the system prompt is the same for every kind of operating system.
3. You must boot the system, before you use a microcomputer.
4. Using dynamic memory management, the available memory is treated as a large pool of free space, and each program is assigned exactly as much as it needs.
5. The complex command-line syntax and resulting flexibility of UNIX is a problem.
三、词汇连线：
1. DOS a. operational software held on disk devices,
normally associate with low-level
processing operations.
2. operating system b. the list of jobs related to be processed, set up
by the operational software.
3. job queue c. the controlling software used to monitor and
efficiently schedule the processing of the
computer’s work.
4. file d. the procedure for loading the operating
system to primary storage and readying a
computer system for use.
5. boot e. a collection of related records.
四、英译汉：
File Systems
A file is an abstract data type defined and implemented by the operating system.
A file is a sequence of logical records. A logical record may be a byte, a line (fixed or variable length), or a more complex data item. The operating system may specifically support various record types of may leave that to the application program.
The major problem for the operating system is to map the logical file concept onto physical storage devices such as magnetic tape or disk. Since the physical record size of the devices may be not the same as the logical record size, it may be necessary to block logical records into physical records. Again, this task may be supported by the operating system or left for the application program.
Tape-based file systems are quite constrained; most file systems are disk-based. Tapes are commonly used for data transport between machines, or for backup or archival storage.
On a disk system, files may be either sequential access or direct access. Files can be allocated space on the disk in three ways: contiguous, linked, or indexed. Contiguous allocation can suffer from external fragmentation. Direct access files cannot be supported with linked allocation. Indexed allocation may require substantial overhead for its index block.
Each device in a file system keeps a volume table of contents or device directory listing the location of the files on the device. In addition, it is useful to create directories to allow files to be organized. A single-level directory causes naming problems, since each file must have unique name. a two-level directory solves the problem by creating a separate directory for each user. Users have their own directory containing their own files.
The natural generalization of a two-level directory is a tree-structured directory. A tree-structured directory allows users to create subdirectories to organize their files. A cyclic graph directory structures allow subdirectories and files to be shared, but complicate searching and deletion. A general graph structure allows complete flexibility in the sharing of files and directories, but sometimes requires garbage
collection to recover unused disk space.
Since files are the main information storage mechanism in most computer systems, file protection is needed. Access to files can be controlled separately for each type of access: read, write, execute, append, list directory, and so on. File protection can be provided by passwords, access lists, or special ad hoc techniques.
File systems are often implemented in a layered or modular structure. The lower levels deal with the physical properties of storage devices. Upper levels deal with symbolic file names and logical properties of file. Intermediate levels map the logical file concepts into physical device properties.
参考答案
一、1. d 2. d 3. b 4. b 5. d
二、1.× 2.× 3.√ 4.√ 5.×
三、1-a 2-c 3-b 4-e 5-d
四、文件系统
文件是一种抽象的数据类型，是由操作系统定义并执行的。文件是逻辑记录的集合。一个逻辑记录可能是一个字节，一行（固定或者可变长度的）或更复杂的数据项。操作系统可以专门支持各种记录类型，或者也可以将这个工作留给应用程序来完成。
操作系统的主要问题是要将逻辑的文件概念映射到物理存储设备（如磁带或磁盘）上去。因为这些设备的物理记录大小不可能与逻辑记录的大小相同，所以必须将逻辑记录分割成物理记录。此外，这个任务可以由操作系统支持，也可以让应用程序来完成。
基于磁带的文件系统是很受限制的，大多数文件系统都是基于磁盘的。磁带一般用于机器间的数据传输或者备份和存档。
在磁带系统中，文件既可以顺序存取也可以直接存取。文件在磁盘上的定位有三种方式：相邻、连接或索引。相邻定位的缺点是外部碎片。连接定位不支持直接存取。索引定位需要充足的表头存放索引模块。
文件系统的每个设备都有一个内容或设备目录表，列出了文件在设备上的位置。另外，创建能够组织文件的目录也是很有用的。一级目录要注意命名的问题，因为每个文件必须有唯一的名字。二级目录通过为每个用户创建一个单独目录解决了这个问题。用户可以用自己的目录保存自己的文件。
有二级目录自然就有三级目录。三级目录允许用户创建子目录来组织自己的文件。循环的图表目录结构允许子目录和文件被共享，但使查找和删除变得复杂了。一般的目录结构允许绝对灵活地共享文件和目录，但有时需要碎片整理以恢复不用的磁盘空间。
既然在大多数计算机系统中文件是最主要的信息存储机制，文件保护就是非常必要的。对每种存取类型，对文件的访问可以分别地控制：读、写、执行、追加、列目录表等。文件保护可以通过口令、访问表或者特别的专门技术来实现。
文件系统通常是以层次或者模块结构执行的。较低的级别处理存贮设备的物理特性。较高的级别处理符号文件名和文件的逻辑特性。中间的级别映射逻辑文件概念到物理设备特性。
Chapter 6
一、单项选择：
1. The program that actually controls a computer must be stored in main memory in
form.
a. hexadecimal
b. logical
c. binary
d. sequential
2. Programmers write code.
a. object
b. machine-level
c. source
d. load module
3. When using , each source statement is converted to one or more machine-level instructions.
a. a compiler
b. an assembler
c. machine code
d. an object module
4. When using a(n) , a single source statement is read, immediately translated to machine-level, and then executed before the next source statement is read.
a. compiler
b. assembler
c. interpreter
d. nonprocedural language
5. Once a program is completed, begins.
a. documentation
b. maintenance
c. debug
d. coding
二、判断正误：
1. An instruction is composed of an operation code and one or more operands.
2. Both the compilers and interpreters generate machine-level instructions, so the processes are not different.
3. Knowing how to program is a prerequisite to using a computer.
4. The keys to maintenance are careful planning, good documentation, and good program design.
5. The only way to learn how to program is to program.
三、词汇连线：
1. assembler language a. A machine-level translation of a programmer’s
source code.
2. debug b. A collection of related files or programs.
3. library c. To remove errors from a program.
4. maintenance d. A programming language in which one mnemonic
source statement is coded for each
machine-level instruction.
5. object module e. Continuing support of a program or a system after it
has been released.
四、英译汉：
Summary
A program is series of instructions that guides a computer through a process. Each instruction tells the machine to perform one of its basic functions. Because computers are binary machines, the program stored in a computer’s main memory must be in binary form. Few programmers actually write machine-level instructions, however.
An assembler language programmer writes one mnemonic instruction for each machine-level instruction. An assembler program then reads the source statements, translates them to binary, and generates an object module. A compiler reads source statements, translates each one into one or more machine-level instructions, and then combines them to form an object module. An interpreter works with one source statement at a time, translating it and executing the resulting machine-level code before moving on to the next instruction. With a traditional compiler, interpreter, or assembler, the programmer defines a complete procedure for solving a problem. With a modern nonprocedural language, the programmer simply defines the logical
structure of the problem and lets the translator program figure out how to solve it.
As programs are written, the source code is stored on a source statement library. The assembler or compiler reads the source code and stores the resulting object module on an object module library. A linkage editor or loader combines object modules to form a load module. An object module is a machine-level translation of a programmer’s source code that may include reference s to other subroutines. A load module is a complete, ready-to-execute program.
The process of writing an original program begins with problem definition. The programmer’s objective is to identify the desired information, determine the algorithms needed to generate that information, and then define the input data that drive the algorithms. Next comes planning, when the basic logical steps needed to solve the problem are determined.
Writing a program involves carefully translating the plan to a programming language. The process of removing errors (or bugs) from a program is called debugging. Once a program is completed, maintenance begins. Program debug and maintenance are simplified by good documentation.
After finishing this book, the next phase in your education should be learning to program. The only way to learn to program is to program.
Application Software and System Software
Software plays a critical role in computer-based information systems because our hardware would be useless without it. Software comprises the instructions that tell the hardware what to do. If possible, you should first select the software that meets your information needs, then choose compatible hardware.
Software can be divided into two major categories: system software and application software. Application software is a collection of related programs designed to perform a specific task —to solve a particular problem for the user. System software, which “underlies” application software, starts up (boots) the computer and functions as the principal coordinator of all the hardware components and application software programs.
Many off-the shelf application software packages are available to the user, and reviews of these packages can be found in several types of publications, including popular computer magazines. The six major categories of application software are: General business management; Industry-specific; Special disciplines; Education; Personal/home management; General-purpose for the user.
In the category of general-purpose software, the main types of software you will encounter in average business are:
Word processing software, which enables the user to easily insert, delete, and move words, sentences, and paragraphs automatically and also to change the appearance of the written material.
Electronic spreadsheet software, with which the user can conveniently develop reports involving the use of extensive mathematical, financial, statistical, and logical processing.
Database management systems (DBMS) software, which allows the user to store large amounts of data that can be easily retrieved and manipulated with great flexibility to produce reports.
Graphics software, which gives the user the ability to make reports and presentations even more effective through the use of graphs and other types of drawings.
Integrated software, which combines the software capabilities of several types of software programs to enable the user to perform different types of tasks without
having to change software and to transmit data and information to other computers through the use of telephone lines, satellites, and other communications technology.
Application software utilities, which are often RAM-resident, staying “underneath” other software, until the power is turned off. The user can interrupt o ne task, switch over to the RAM-resident software, perform another task, and switch back to the original applications package. This category includes: desktop management, add-on, disk, screen, and keyboard utilities.
Desktop publishing software, which allows the user to take advantage of particular text and graphics software and use laser printer to produce material of publishable quality.
Computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided engineering (CAE), and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) programs, which allow manufactures to more easily design, engineer, and produce finished products.
Hypertext and multimedia involve the use of very sophisticated software that can combine text and graphics, and text, graphics, animation, music, and voice, respectively, in unusual and creative ways.
System software is composed of (1) internal command instructions, (2) external command instructions, and (3) language processors, or translators. The part of the operating system that resides in main memory (internal instructions) is most important; without these instructions, the computer cannot operate. These instructions must be loaded from secondary storage when the computer is first turned on (called booting for microcomputers and initial program load for mainframes); otherwise, none of the hardware components will function. Internal instructions must reside in main memory (RAM) at all while the computer is on.
External command instructions perform so-called housekeeping tasks, which frequently have to do with file and storage management.
Language processors, or translators, convert the high-level language of the user’s software into the language only the computer can understand —the machine language.
参考答案
一、1. d 2. d 3. b 4. b 5. d
二、1.× 2.× 3.√ 4.√ 5.×
三、1-a 2-c 3-b 4-e 5-d
四、总结
程序是指导计算机完成一个处理过程的指令序列。每一条指令告诉机器完成它的基本功能之一。因为计算机是二进制的机器，程序保存在计算机的主存中必须是二进制形式的。然而实际上很少有程序员是用机器指令来编程的。
汇编语言程序员用一条助记符指令代替每一条机器指令。汇编程序读源语句，将它们翻译成二进制指令并且产生一个目标模块。编译程序读源语句，将每条语句翻译成一条或者多条机器指令，再将它们结合到一起形成一个目标模块。解释程序一次只对一条源语句进行操作，翻译之后，在移到下一条指令之前执行产生的机器代码。使用传统的编译程序、解释程序或者汇编程序，程序员为了解决一个问题要编写一个完整的过程。使用现代的非过程的语言，程序员只要编写问题的逻辑结构，而让翻译程序决定怎样解决它。
当编写程序的时候，源代码被保存在一个源语句库中。汇编程序或者编译程序读源代码并将产生的目标模块保存在一个目标模块库中。联接程序或者装载程序组合这些目标模块产生一个载入模块。目标模块是程序员的源代码产生的机器
译文，可能包含了对其它子程序的调用。载入模块才是一个完整的可以执行的程序。
编写一个源程序的过程是从问题定义开始的。程序员的目标是要确定需要的信息，决定产生这些信息的算法，然后定义驱动这些算法的输入数据。下一步就是计划，确定解决问题的基本逻辑步骤。
编写程序要仔细地将计划翻译成程序语言。修改程序中的错误（或臭虫）的过程叫做调试程序。程序一完成，维护就开始了。良好的程序文档可以简化程序调试和维护。
完成这本书之后，你要学习的下一个阶段就是编程。学习编程的唯一方法就是编程。
应用软件与系统软件
在基于计算机的信息系统中，软件扮演着一个关键的角色，因为没有软件的硬件是毫无用处的。软件由告诉硬件做什么的指令构成。如果可能的话，你应该先选择满足你信息需要的软件，然后才选择兼容的硬件。
软件被分成两个主要的类别：系统软件和应用软件。应用软件是专为特定的任务设计的相关程序的集合——为用户解决特定的问题。系统软件是应用软件的“基础”，它启动计算机，作为全部硬件组成部分和应用软件程序的主要协调者。
现有的许多应用软件包可供用户使用，这些软件包的预览在各种出版物上都可以找到，包括大众的计算机杂志。应用软件有六种主要的类型：一般的商业管理；工业化；特别的训练；教育；个人或家用管理；用户通用系统。
你在日常事务中会遇到的通用软件有以下几种主要类型：
字处理软件：使用户能够容易地进行插入、删除、以及自动地移动单词、句子和段落等等操作，将已经写好的材料进行修改。
电子表格软件：用户使用它可以方便地写出包含大量数学、财务、统计以及逻辑处理的报表。
数据库管理系统（DBMS）软件：允许用户保存大量数据，对这些数据不但可以进行方便的检索，而且可以非常灵活地生成报表。
图表软件：通过使用图表和其它类型的图形，使用户能够更有效地生成报表和介绍。
集成软件：结合几种软件程序的功能，使用户不需要改变软件就能够完成不同类型的任务，并且通过使用电话线、卫星和其它通信技术，将数据和信息传输到其它的计算机。
应用软件实用程序：在电源关闭之前通常是常驻内存的，在其它软件的“下面”。用户可以中断一个任务，切换到常驻内存的软件，完成另一个任务，然后切换回原来的应用软件包。包括：桌面管理，附件，磁盘，屏幕和键盘实用程序。
桌面出版软件：允许用户利用特殊的文本和图形软件，使用激光打印机产生可发表质量的材料。
计算机辅助设计（CAD），计算机辅助工程（CAE），以及计算机辅助制造（CAM）程序：使工业中的设计、工程和产生最终产品变得更加容易。
超文本和多媒体：使用非常复杂的软件，将图文、文本、图形、动画、音乐、声音分别地以不寻常的和创造性的方式结合在一起。
系统软件由（1）内部命令指令；（2）外部命令指令；（3）语言处理程序或翻译程序组成。操作系统保存在主存中的部分（内部指令）是最重要的，没有这些指令计算机就不能操作。当计算机一打开（微机叫做启动，大型机叫做初始化
程序载入），这些指令就必须从辅存载入主存。否则，任何硬件组成部分都无法操作。计算机只要开着，内部指令就必须常驻在主存（RAM）中。
外部命令指令完成所谓的管理家务，通常与文件和存储器管理有关。
语言处理程序，或者翻译程序将高级语言的用户软件转换成计算机能够理解的唯一语言——机器语言。
Chapter 7
一、单项选择：
1. Which of the following types of user interfaces usually requires that you type in abbreviated instruction?
a. Command-driven interface
b. Menu-driven interface
c. Graphics-oriented interface
d. Natural language interface
2. is a handy feature available with most micro-software packages.
a. A multi-window display
b. Macro
c. Window panes
d. Simplicity
3. use pictures and graphic symbols to represent commands, choices, or actions.
a. Command-driven interface
b. Menu-driven interface
c. Graphics-oriented interface
d. Natural language interface
二、判断正误：
1. One trend in operating system is to make the user interface command driven.
2. A multi-window display lets you to view how one window display is revise to reflect the change in another window.
3. A multi-window display permits you to manipulate text or data in several windows at a time.
4. Menu-driven interfaces are generally more difficult to learn than the command-driven interface.
5. Communication and control are the two fundamental concepts on which user interface are based, so all computer systems use them in same way.
三、词汇连线：
1. user interface a. An interface that uses picture and graphics
symbols to represent commands, choices,
or action.
2. graphics-oriented interface b. The integration of the data management,
electronic spreadsheet, graphics word
processing, and communications software.
3. windows c. A method for dividing the display
screen into
variable-sized
rectangles.
4. integrated software d. Software that passes information to and from
the person using the program.
5. macro e. A sequence of frequently used operations or
key strokes that can be recalled and invoked
to help speed user interaction with
microcomputer productivity software.
四、英译汉：
The Software Life Cycle
An early definition of software engineering was proposed by Fritz Bauer at the
first major conference dedicated to the subject: The establishment and use of sound engineering principles in order to obtain economically software that is reliable and works efficiently on real machines.
Although many more comprehensive definitions have been proposed, all reinforce the importance of engineering discipline in software development.
Fig.7.1 The classic life cycle
Software engineering is an outgrowth of hardware and system engineering. It encompasses a set of three key elements－methods, tools, and procedures－that enable the manager to control the process of software development and provide the practitioner with a foundation for building high-quality software in a productive manner.
Fig. 7.1 illustrates the classic life cycle paradigm for software engineering. Sometimes called the “waterfall model”, the life cycle paradigm demands a systematic, sequential approach to software development that begins at the system level and progresses through analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance. Modeled after the conventional engineering cycle the life cycle paradigm encompasses the following activities:
System engineering and analysis. Because software is always part of a larger system, work begins by establishing requirements for all system elements and then allocating some subset of these requirements to software. This system view is essential when software must interface with other elements such as hardware, people, and databases. System engineering and analysis encompass requirements gathering at the system level with a small amount of top-level design and analysis.
Software requirements analysis. The requirements gathering process is intensified and focuses specifically on software. To understand the nature of the program(s) to be built, the software engineer (“analyst”) must understand the information domain for the software, as well as required function, performance, and interfacing. Requirements for both the system and the software are documented and reviewed with the customer.
Design. Software design is actually a multi-step process that focuses on three distinct attributes of the program: data structure, software architecture, and procedural detail. The design process translates requirements into a representation of the software that can be assessed for quality before coding begins. Like requirements, the design is documented and becomes part of the software configuration.
Coding. The design must be translated into a machine-readable form. The coding step performs this task. If design is performed in a detailed manner, coding can be accomplished mechanistically.
Testing. Once code has been generated, program testing begins. The testing process focuses on the logical internals of the software, assuring that all statements
采油作业区工作总结2020.docx
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大一思修模拟案例分析题
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元。 公司破产后，李某、赵某和电脑公司都找到王某、吴某两人，要求他们清偿欠款。王某、吴某提出，其所开办的是有限责任公司，只能以帐面所剩的1万元自己，在三者之间按2:2:1的比例清偿。李某等不同意，遂向法院起诉。 问题：如果你是本案法官，你认为本案应当如何处理？ 答： 1、吴某和李某直接的借款合同是独立的，跟公司没有任何关系，因此吴某必须偿还李某4万元； 2、赵某和电脑公司属于公司的债权人，他们可以向公司请求得到清偿。赵某和电脑公司按照2:1从1万元公司账面余额里得到清偿。 另：王某，吴某，和其外贸公司承担连带责任。首先王某，吴某在公司资不抵债的情况下仍然借款，发现还是无法继续生产，当股东发现此情况进行破产清算更有利于债权人和债务人，可是他们仍然继续借款进行。因此，我是法官我要求他们继续连带偿还剩下的债务。 三、案例分析：养花专业户李某为防止有人偷花，在花房周围私拉电网。一日晚，白某偷花不慎触电，经医院抢救无效，不治身亡。（1）李某对这种结果的主观心理态度是什么样的？ （2）假设李某布设好电网后深怕造成意外伤亡，遂在电网四周树立了几个木牌，上面写着“有电！请勿靠近！”白某前来偷花过程中随看到木牌，但以为是李某虚张声势，任然强行进入，后触电身亡，李某对白某的死亡的主观心理态度是什么样的？ 答：（1）主观心理态度是放任的态度。、间接故意，明知可能赵成他
大学英语二第二次作业
题号:1 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 __________ each question, the teacher writes the correct answer and three other statements that look like correct ones. ?A、As to ?B、Except fo ?C、Along with ?D、In addition 标准答案：c 说明： 题号:9 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 The army has _____________ a successful attack on the anti-government organization. ?A、computerized ?B、achieved ?C、scheduled ?D、completed 标准答案：d 说明： 题号:2 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 __________ brought up and educated in Chicago, the author is most famous for his stories about New York City. ?A、Since ?B、As
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井下作业个人总结
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?PC personal computer 个人计算机 ?IBM International Business Machine 美国国际商用机器公司的公司简称，是最早推出的个人 计算机品牌。 ?Intel 美国英特尔公司，以生产CPU芯片著称。 ?Pentium Intel公司生产的586 CPU芯片,中文译名为“奔腾”。 ?Address地址 ?Agents代理 ?Analog signals模拟信号 ?Applets程序 ?Asynchronous communications port异步通信端口 ?Attachment附件 ?Access time存取时间 ?access存取 ?accuracy准确性 ?ad network cookies广告网络信息记录软件 ?Add-ons 插件 ?Active-matrix主动矩阵 ?Adapter cards适配卡 ?Advanced application高级应用 ?Analytical graph分析图表 ?Analyze分析 ?Animations动画 ?Application software 应用软件 ?Arithmetic operations算术运算 ?Audio-output device音频输出设备 ?Basic application基础程序 ?Binary coding schemes二进制译码方案 ?Binary system二进制系统 ?Bit比特 ?Browser浏览器 ?Bus line总线 ?Backup tape cartridge units备份磁带盒单元 ?Business-to-consumer企业对消费者 ?Bar code条形码 ?Bar code reader条形码读卡器 ?Bus总线 ?Bandwidth带宽 ?Bluetooth蓝牙 ?Broadband宽带 ?Business-to-business企业对企业电子商务 ?cookies-cutter programs信息记录截取程序 ?cookies信息记录程序
2015年大学英语(三)第二次作业
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