【法律英语词汇特征研究】A Brief Study on the Lexical Features of Legal English

院系：外语学院

专业：英语

班级： 2008级1班

作者： hnhds333 指导教师：郭 *

完成时间： 2012年4月

Acknowledgements

Firstly, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Guoqian, for her patient guidance and valuable comments and advice to my thesis. Without her help, the completion of this paper would be impossible.

Furthermore, I would like to thank all my classmates for the support and advices they have given to me. And also I would like to thank some other teachers in the school of foreign languages of Tibet University for Nationalities for their valuable suggestions.

Finally, I would like to show my love and gratitude to my parents and friends for their financial and spiritual supports, without which I even cannot finish my study in Tibet University for Nationalities.

A Brief Study on the Lexical Features of Legal English

Abstract:

Along with the adoption of China's reform and opening-up policy, the external culture exchange of law develops more and more rapidly, and the importance of legal English is also self-evident. However, as a kind of English for specific purposes, legal English has many noticeable features which are very different from those of daily English, and that is why it is so difficult to master legal English. Seeing that getting familiar with the lexical features of a language is of great significance to the learning and the use of the language, this paper gives a brief analysis of the lexical features of legal English from the following three aspects, including the lexical meanings of legal English, the lexical origins of legal English and the lexical usages of legal English. Hopefully the paper can, to some extent, pave the way for the potential readers who are interested in legal English to understand and master it better, especially in respect of understanding and translation of language of the law.

Key words: legal English, lexical features, lexical meanings

Table of Contents

I. Introduction (1)

1.1 Definition of legal English (1)

1.2 Role of legal English (1)

II. Lexical meanings of legal English (1)

2.1 Technical words with legal meanings (4)

2.2 Common words with specific legal meanings (2)

2.3 Jargons with specific legal meanings (5)

III.Lexical origins of legal English (3)

3.1Words from Latin (2)

3.2Words from Old English (4)

3.3Words from French (3)

IV. Lexical usages of legal English (3)

4.1 Unusual usage of the words ‘same’and ‘said’ (6)

4.2 Less usage of adjectives and adverbs with strong subjective feelings (7)

4.3 Frequent usage of Twin Words (7)

4.4Frequent usage of formal written language (7)

4.5 Repetitive usage of words (8)

V. Conclusion (9)

Bibliography (10)

Chinese title, abstract and key words (11)

A Brief Study on the Lexical Features of Legal English

I. Introduction

1.1 Definition of legal English

Legal English refers to the words and phrases used to describe the concepts of the terms of law or used in the lawsuit affairs or non-lawsuit affairs, and it is also called legal language or language of the law in the English-speaking countries (Gibbons, 1996). And according to another definition, legal English is the language that the judges, attorneys and legal experts use in lawsuit or non-lawsuit legal matters and their legal-relating researches.

Legal English has its specific features owe to its special application fields, which distinguishes Legal English from ordinary English and English for other specific purposes (ESP). And the features of Legal English are eminently illustrated by its lexical components which are so distinctive and different from those of daily English that many people from English-speaking countries regard legal English as a foreign language (Li, 2003).

1.2 Role of legal English

For the past few years, in order to learn from those western countries with advanced legal systems, we have translated lots of foreign laws and related documents into Chinese. In the meantime, along with the increasing of external culture exchange of law, more and more Chinese law books and related materials have been translated into foreign languages to show the Chinese legal system to the world. Therefore, the importance of legal English is greatly self-evident. As we all know that V ocabulary is the foundation of a language and that getting familiar with the lexical features of a language is of great significance to the learning and the use of the language, in the light of which, the writer intends to analyze the lexical features of legal English from three aspects, mainly including the lexical meanings of legal English, the lexical origins of legal English and the lexical usages of legal English.

As more and more people are studying legal English, hopefully the paper can, to some extent, pave the way for the potential readers who are interested in legal language.

II. Lexical meanings of legal English

In terms of vocabulary, the lexical meanings of legal English are more specialized than those of daily English, which is mainly reflected in the following three aspects:

2.1 Technical words with legal meanings

In the ESP there are many technical words, so legal English, as a kind of ESP, is definitely of no exception. The technical words in the area of legal English are to express the concepts of the terms of law, which make the communication more convenient in the professional field of law.

The legal technical words have their own given meanings and scope of application, so they can neither be extended nor replaced. And technical words in legal English are large in number, such as legal advice (法律意见), legal basis (法律依据), legal relation (法律关系), process of legal relation (法律关系的运行), object of legal relation (法律关系客体), subject of legal relation (法律关系主体), otherwise stipulated by law (法律另有规定), legal phenomenon (法律现象), legal research (法律研究), legal requirement (法律要件) etc.

In most situations, these technical words only appear in the legal documents or materials and are rarely used in daily English. Although statistics from the site of Wikipedia (2005) show that 70% of the legal English vocabulary is not professional legal vocabulary and 75% of the professional legal vocabularies are those common words with legal meanings, still technical words can not be underestimated in the study of legal English.

Conversely, as for the frequent application and the accurate meanings of legal technical words, to some extent, the legal technical words play a very important role in the process of understanding legal English.

2.2 Common words with specific legal meanings

During the development of English language, the evolvement of vocabulary is very complicated. As the British famous linguist Firth (1957) said that every word could have different meanings in different contexts. Although many common words in daily English are used in legal English, it has to be noticed that these common words often have got some kind

of special meanings when used in legal English and that they can?t be understood simply as they are in daily English, and perhaps only the lawyers could read them through. For instance, the basic meaning of “attach”in daily English is “add s omething to…”, while the legal meaning of attach is “to arrest somebody”. And the basic meaning of client in daily English is customer, while the legal meaning of client is litigant.

Also many other words are in the same situation like the above, such as undo, hear, cause and so on. As these common words are used in legal environment very frequently, they have been given some kind of specific legal meanings.

From what we have discussed above, we can see that those common words with legal meanings are of great significance in the understanding of the contents of legal materials.

2.3 Jargons with specific legal meanings

Jargons play a very important role in a certain kind of field, and any occupation or work established on unique knowledge and skills must have formed its own unique system of language, and this kind of language is the so-called jargons.

On one hand, jargons could ensure the rigor and the accurateness of the expressions and strengthen the unity among the members in a certain field.

On the other hand, jargons can create a mysterious and respectful image for the occupation which they undertake.

The same situation exists in the field of law all over the world. In order to highlight the characteristics of their occupations, the jurists, the lawyers, the judges and some other law workers often use masses of jargons which are very difficult to understand for common people. There are many Jargons in legal English, such as civil death, aforethought(故意的), hold (持有), commence, due care(应有的谨慎), record(诉讼纪录), stale claim(失效的债权), contingent legacy(不确定的遗嘱,期待性遗嘱), including but not limited to(包括但不限于), without prejudice to(不损害) and so on.

III. Lexical origins of legal English

As is known to all that English is a kind of borrowed language and about 80% of its

vocabulary come from other languages. When compared with daily English, technical English, business English or other ESP (English for Specific Purposes), what are the special lexical origins of Legal English?

Here, after reading many law-related books and articles, the author finds that there are mainly three kinds of lexical origins of legal English as following:

3.1 Words from Latin

With the penetration of Christian, Latin was brought to England in 597, and since then Latin as a kind of borrowed language has been used massively in mangy professional fields such as in the field of law. And one important source of the legal English vocabulary is Latin which also has a big impact on the whole English vocabulary. That lots of borrowed words are used in legal English is a very distinct feature of legal English, which we need keep in mind during the process of learning legal English.

Here are the reasons why massive of Latin words are used in legal English: on one hand, Latin words are conventional, accurate and brief, which complies with the standards of the language of law; on the other hand, Latin was regarded as the language of the well educated people in the western history (Debra, 2006). And also many regulations and legal documents were written in Latin in the western legal culture.

Moreover, those people who study law often study Latin first in the English speaking countries. For instance, the students who want to apply for the degree of law have to pass the examination of Latin to be eligible in both Britain and America. Lain words are an important source of legal English and are commonly seen in legal materials. There are many this kind of words, such as, a fortiori(更不用说), a priori(推理的), biens meubles(动产), a mere scientilla(仅一点，微弱的), capax doli(犯罪能力), de assisa continuanda(延审令状), de dato(即日起), de facto(事实上), en bloc vote(全体票决), falsa demonstration(虚伪描写), famosus libellus(损害名誉的诽谤), haereditas ab intestate(无遗嘱继承人), in autre droit(凭他人权力), jus abstinendi(抛弃权得), de jure(法律上), and so on. As many borrowed words, such as Latin, are used in law, the study of Latin will definitely be very helpful to the learning of legal English.

3.2 Words from Old English

Although Old English words are rarely used in modern English, they are still widely used in the legal documents. Old English is formal, concise and accurate, just like ancient Chinese. So it is of great importance for the draftsmen who write the legal documents to use masses of Old English to exemplify the authority and rigor of the law although lots of men advocate that the language of law should be easy to understand by common people.

Generally speaking, English before the Norman conquest of England until the year of 1100 AD is known as Old English and from1100 AD to 1500 AD, during this time period English is called Middle English. English since the year of 1500AD is known as modern English. While modern English, to some extent, still continues the form and style of Old English and Middle English.

And among those words the most widely used Old English in legal documents are those compound adverbs which mainly consist of one or several adverbs or prepositions, such as aforesaid, hereafter, hereunder, thereto, hereinabove, thereinafter, hereof, therein, whereon, whereby and so on. Professor Du Jinbang (2002) has mentioned in his book that the widely usage of Old English words is a symbol of the style of legal English which is called the frozen style. And so if we want to translate legal materials into Chinese, the understanding of these Old English words is very necessary. At this point, no one could ignore the role of those words.

3.3 Words from French

The famous events “Norman conquest” in 1066 brought many French words into E nglish, such as state, prince, duke, mercy, peace, battle, pork, bacon, coat etc. And these words all have some kind of relationship with the different walks of society, including the government, the religious, the law, the morality and the daily life.

However, French words in legal English refer to those commonly used in legal documents while seldom seen in daily English, such as attorney, judge, court, summons, parole and so on. We can see that there are lots of French words in legal English, which could be explained by the following two reasons. First, French became the ruling language after Norman Conquest, and it was used as legal language until the end of the 15th century. Second, compared with English words, French words are more accurate and formal. Therefore, many

law makers prefer French to English in their legislative work at that time. And that?s why many French words are still kept being used in law today, even though French has not been the ruling language any more in England.

All in all, the lexical origins of legal English are diversified, and if we want to master legal English well, we need to get familiar with those lexical origins of it.

IV. Lexical usages of legal English

Just like what we have discussed above, there is not only professional legal vocabulary but also some common words with specific legal meanings in legal English. While the common words used in legal English are often more formal and complex than they are used in daily English.

The lexical usages of legal English have its own stylization and rules, which is mainly reflected in the following five aspects:

4.1 Unusual usage of the words ‘same’and ‘said’

When the words …same? and …said? are used in legal English, the meanings of them are very different from their usual meanings. In other words, …same?and …said?have different meanings respectively in legal English and in daily English. Usually, in daily English the word …same? implies comparison to a similar object or person, while in legal materials it refers to the sameness of reference. For example, in the following sentence, “The tenant shall pay all the taxes regularly levied and assessed against Premises and keep the same in repair.” In this example, the …same? refers to the word …Premises?. Correspondingly, some people suggests that the pronoun …it? can conveniently substitute the phrase …the same? in the above sentence (excerpted from Wikipedia).

In terms of the function of t he word “said” in legal documents, it is used as an article or a demonstrative pronoun. To illustrate this, let?s look at the following example (Hou，2008): “Lessee promises to pay a deposit. Said deposit shall accrue interest at a rate of five percent per annum.”Here, the word …said? could be substituted by the article …the? or the demonstrative pr onoun …this? with no loss of meaning.So, when we meet such words like

…same? and …said? during the learning of legal English, we should pay more attention to them and cannot understand them simply as they are used in daily English.

4.2 Less usage of adjectives and adverbs with strong subjective feelings

In daily English, some adjectives and adverbs with strong subjective feelings, such as disgusting, happy, sad, very, quite etc, are often used to better express the feelings and ideas of the speaker.

However, in legal English, this kind of words are rare and seldom seen because those words are apt to raise all kinds of imaginations, which will cause differences in the understanding and even lead to unnecessary lawsuit affairs. And that is against with the requirement of objectiveness of legal language. As we know that law is often related to something serious, so when the legislators make the rules and regulations, they must keep that point in heart at all times. The emotional words definitely cannot appear in the legal document in order to maintain the rigor of the law. And that is why the adjectives and adverbs with strong subjective feelings are rarely used in the field of law.

4.3 Frequent usage of Twin Words

In legal English, such words as rights and interests (权益), breaking and entering(闯入), complete and final (全部和最终), rules and regulations(法规), obligation and liability, losses and damages(损坏),sign and issue(签发), there and then (当时当地), null and void(无效), just and fair(公正) are frequently used, and these words usually consists of three words, and two of the three words are thesaurus or synonyms which are jointed by “and”. And this kind of words is generally called Twin Words.

There are mainly two reasons for the frequent usage of Twin Words in legal English.

First, common words in daily English usually have more than one meaning, so in order to avoid misunderstanding and ensure the accurateness of the meaning of words, two or more synonyms are used together in legal English to define a concept.

Second, synonyms are used together can make the sentences more fluent and powerful, which can highlight the formality and solemnity of legal English.

4.4 Frequent usage of formal written language

In the common sense, words used in daily English is concise and brief, while literary works often contain lots of beautiful words and phrases and even quantities of figures of speech. Words can be classified into three categories: formal words, common words and colloquial words (Pan, 2008). Formal words which are also called written language mainly appear in the formal written text, such as the legal documents.

One another thing needs noticing is that law is the concentrated reflection of the ruling clique of the state, in order to emphasis the rigor, authority and grandeur of law, words used in legal English are often complex, formal and difficult to understand. The characteristics of law determine that the language used in the field of law should be formal enough to embody the solemnity of the law. For example, “pursuant to” and“in compliance with” are often used to replace “according to” and “comply with” respectively in legal English.

The reason why these replacements occur is that the latter words are often not formal enough and they cannot manifest the authority, grandeur and rigor of legal English. So formal written language is more preferred in the drafting of legal documents and regulations.

4.5 Repetitive usage of words

In the general English documents, the majority of people consider that the repetition of words is the reflection of the incompetence of the author. However, in the legal English documents, the repetition of words, especially the repetition of the key words, is nothing new (Du, 2004).

Through the repetition of the key words and phrases, the readers could feel the formality and accurateness of the passage. For instance, in the following sentence that t he servant?s liability stems from the duty owed to a third person under the law requiring the servant to act so as not to injure others, the word “servant” is repeated twice, which is often not desirable in English. In the general English context, especially in the literary works, the author usually replaces the second “servant” with “himself”. But in the legal documents if we use “himself”to replace the second “servant”, the readers shall get confused because the existence of “a third person” in this sentence makes it difficult for us to identify who “himself ” exactly refers to, it might refer to “a third person” either. As we all know that the obscurity of the reference is a big taboo of the language of law, and using the repeated words to express the same

reference is the best solution to the problem.

V. Conclusion

Form what we have discussed above we can draw a conclusion that legal English is a certain kind of ESP, which means that it is a kind of English with legal professional and technical characteristics. And those characteristics determine the lexical features of legal English which we have studied above. The scope of legal English is extremely wide and the lexical features are very complicated, therefore, only through continuous learning and insistent studying, can we grasp the essence of legal English.

Through the study of the lexical features of legal English, we can better understand the concept and the contents of legal English, which is also of great significance for the translation work of legal English between different languages. The lexical features of legal English can be concluded as following: First, the lexical meanings of legal English are specialized. Second, the lexical origins of legal English are diversified. Third, the lexical usages of legal English have its own stylization and rules. Legal English is a distinct language which is easy, to some extent, to those who are familiar with it, but to those who are unfamiliar with it, it is definitely of certain difficulty. So, people who want to be translator of legal English between different languages must add some lexical features of legal English to his or her knowledge and this is of course the chief concern of this article.

In terms of the important position of legal English in international trade and contacts, only when we really pay attention to legal English and grasp it, can we survive among the international competitors, keep the stability of economic growth, improve our international strength and better serve our country under the international environment where law shall keep its indispensible role all the time.

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法律英语词汇特征研究

摘要：

在中国的对外开放政策的影响下，随着国际贸易交流愈加频繁，对外法律文化交流的日益增加，法律英语的学科地位便显得愈来愈重要。然而法律英语作为一种特殊用途英语，有着许多与日常英语及其它专业英语不同的显著特点，法律英语之所以难以掌握的原因就在于此。考虑到熟悉一种语言的词汇特征对于学习和使用这种语言都具有非常大的意义，文章对法律英语的词汇特征从以下三个方面进行了简单的研究分析，主要包括法律英语的词义、法律英语的词源以及法律英语词汇的使用规律。通过本文，作者希望能够对那些志在学习和掌握法律英语的潜在读者有所帮助，特别是在法律英语的理解与翻译方面。

关键词：法律英语，词汇特征，词义

法律英语词汇大全

一、律师部分 案件受理费court acceptance fee 案情重大、复杂important and complicated case 案由cause of action 案子case 包揽诉讼monopolize lawsuits 被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件) 被上诉人appellee ?p??li: 被诉人respondent; defendant 本案律师councel pro hac vice 本地律师local counsel 毕业证diploma; graduation certificate 辩护词defense; pleadings 辩护律师defense lawyer 辩护要点point of defense 辩护意见submission 财产租赁property tenancy 裁定书order; ruling; determination（指终审裁定） 裁决书award（用于仲裁） 裁决书verdict（用于陪审团） 采信的证据admitted evidence; established evidence 草拟股权转让协议drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests 查阅法条source legal provisions 产权转让conveyancing 出差go on errand; go on a business trip 出国深造further study abroad 出具律师意见书providing legal opinion 出示的证据exhibit 出庭appear in court 传票summons; subpoena 答辩状answer; reply 代理词representation 代理房地产买卖与转让agency for sale and transfer of real estate 代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agency for notarization, trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations 代理仲裁agency for arbitration 代写文书drafting of legal instruments 待决案件pending case 当事人陈述statement of the parties 第三人third party 吊销执业证revocation of lawyer license 调查笔录investigative record 调查取证investigation and gathering for evidence 调解mediation 调解书mediation 二审案件case of trial of second instance 发送电子邮件send e-mail 法律顾问legal consultants 法律意见书legal opinions 法律援助legal aid 法律咨询legal counseling 法庭division; tribunal 法学博士学位LL.D (Doctor of Laws) 法学会law society 法学课程legal courses 法学硕士学位LL.M (Master of Laws) 法学系faculty of law; department of law 法学学士学位LL.B (Bachelor of Laws) J.D ( juris doctor缩写，美国法学学士) 法学院law school 法院公告court announcement 反诉状counterclaim 房地产律师real estate lawyer; real property lawyer 非合伙律师associate lawyer 非诉讼业务non-litigation practice 高级合伙人senior partner 高级律师senior lawyer 各类协议和合同agreements and contracts 公安局Public Security Bureau 公司上市company listing 公诉案件public-prosecuting case 公证书notarial certificate 国办律师事务所state-run law office 国际贸易international trade 国际诉讼international litigation 国内诉讼domestic litigation 合伙律师partner lawyer 合伙制律师事务所law office in partner-ship; cooperating law office 合同审查、草拟、修改contract review, drafting and revision 会见当事人interview a client 会见犯罪嫌疑人interview a criminal suspect 兼职律师part-time lawyer 监狱prison; jail 鉴定结论expert conclusion 缴纳会费membership dues 举证责任burden of proof; onus probandi 决定书decision

法律英语债权法

侵权法 一．介绍 侵权法概念 侵权法是一个很难表述的概念，这个词语在平日交流中不常使用。虽然它描述了一项法律中的重要分类，这个概念也已经否定了很多试图阐明出有用定义的尝试。令人困惑的是任何一种广泛到能包含所有侵权行为的定义都太过于笼统而几乎没有意义。 所有侵权法中有一项常见的元素是一方会由于另一方实施的行为或不作为所产生的后果而受到损失或伤害。除此以外，加速普遍化变成了不可能的任务。事实上所有无限的多样的人类活动——比如说骑车，从事生意，谈话，写作，拥有并且使用真的或者个人财产，性行为——都有可能成为一种侵权行为的赔偿责任来源。这种行为的多样性抵抗住了大面积的普遍性，这也是侵权行为的赔偿责任所赖以存在的基础。 如果对侵权的定义是必要的，它就会具有以下的性质：民事违法行为，一方的行为会对另一方造成人身财产伤害，或者是认识到另一方的利益想违背法律强制规定的责任。 明显地，侵权法是一块认识到并赔偿对受害人从身体，尊严和隐私的伤害到所拥有的财产和生意上的利益损失的法律领域。侵权是一种民事违法行为——是遭受损失方（或者是共同起诉的多方）控告罪犯（侵权行为人）来使损害得到补偿或者是寻求一种禁令阻止伤害和民事违法行为的继续。受害方必须证明侵权行为人犯罪。侵权中的义务被强制当作法律遵行。侵权法发作用，目的与正当理由 侵权法有三个主要作用和目标：（1）补偿受害方因为另一方的行为而蒙受的损失与伤害。（2）置入应赔偿人的所应补偿的金额。（3）防止未来的损失和伤害。 1．?补偿 侵权行为中受害的一方所遭受的伤害和损失我们应该称之为“损害”。侵权法是基于所有损失，无论是有形的还是无形的都能够用金钱衡量的基础上的。最基本的侵权赔偿是要求侵权行为人来支付受害者一笔“有补偿的破坏”。 2．?公正 （1）公平（2）现实原因（3）过失（4）无过失责任 （5）原告过失与赞成？ 3．?对将来损失的预防 第三个主要的侵权法的作用和目标是控制人类行为表现来防止未来的侵权行为。在这方面，法律起到了教育的作用。以及在未来适用。理论上，背负债务的罪犯自己也会在将来更加小心，来自侵权行为的赔偿责任的威胁也刺激了调整他们的行为与行为准则相一致。 二．过失 侵权行为的赔偿责任通常划分成故意，过失与严格上来说的侵权行为。中心与重点是对过失行为引起侵权问题。这种债务有几个元素：（1）被告人对原告负有的义务（2）因为被告人玩忽职守的错误符合行为要求（过失）（3）一个在过失行为和伤害结果之间的重要联系（4）公认的一种伤害或损失 在分析过失引起的案例时，我们首先要考虑具有过失性质的行为本身。我们要用哪种方法来决定被告的行为或者疏忽失职是否可以被视为过失呢？ 过失的通性 理性之人的标志 过失的证据 1．?举证责任 2．?专业和初步的证据 3．?事实即证据法则和间接证据

法律英语单词

一、律师部分 案件受理费 court acceptance fee 案情重大、复杂 important and complicated case 案由 cause of action 案子 case 包揽诉讼 monopolize lawsuits 被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件) 被诉人 respondent; defendant 本地律师 local counsel 毕业证 diploma; graduation certificate 辩护词 defense; pleadings 辩护律师 defense lawyer 辩护要点 point of defense 辩护意见 submission 财产租赁 property tenancy 裁定书 order; ruling; determination（指终审裁定） 裁决书 award（用于仲裁） 裁决书 verdict（用于陪审团） 采信的证据 admitted evidence; established evidence 草拟股权转让协议 drafting agreement of assignment of equityinterests 查阅法条 source legal provisions 出差 go on errand; go on a business trip

出具律师意见书 providing legal opinion 出示的证据 exhibit 出庭 appear in court 传票 summons; subpoena 答辩状 answer; reply 代理词 representation 代理房地产买卖与转让 agency for sale and transfer of real estate 代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agency for notarization,trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate andincorporations 代理仲裁 agency for arbitration 代写文书 drafting of legal instruments 待决案件pending case 当事人陈述 statement of the parties 第三人 third party 吊销执业证 revocation of lawyer license 调查笔录investigative record 调查取证 investigation and gathering for evidence 调解 mediation 调解书 mediation 二审案件 case of trial of second instance 发送电子邮件 send e-mail 法律顾问legal consultants 法律意见书 legal opinions

法律英语词汇大全完美版

法律英语词汇大全完美 版 文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]

法律渊源s o u r c e o f l a w 制定法 statute 判例法 case law; precedent 普通法 common law 特别法 special law 固有法 native law; indigenous law 继受法 adopted law 实体法 substantial law 程序法 procedural law 原则法 fundamental law 例外法 exception law 司法解释 judicial interpretation 习惯法 customary law 公序良俗 public order and moral 自然法 natural law 罗马法 Roman Law 私法 private law 公法 public law 市民法 jus civile 万民法 jus gentium 民法法系 civil law system 英美法系 system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系 civil law system 普通法 common law 大陆法 continental law 罗马法系 Roman law system 衡平法 equity; law of equity 日尔曼法 Germantic law 教会法 ecclesiastical law 寺院法 canon law 伊斯兰法 Islamic law 民法法律规范 norm of civil law 授权规范 authorization norm 禁止规范 forbidding norm 义务性规范 obligatory norm 命令性规范 commanding norm 民法基本原则 fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则 principle of equality 自愿原则 principle of free will 公平原则 principle of justice 等价有偿原则 principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则 principle of good faith 行为 act 作为 ac 不作为 omission 合法行为 lawful act 违法行为 unlawful act 民事权利权利能力 civil right 绝对权 absolute right 相对权 relative right 优先权 right of priority 先买权 preemption 原权 antecedent right 救济权 right of relief 支配权 right of dominion 请求权 right of claim 物上请求权 right of claim for real thing 形成权 right of formation 撤销权 right of claiming cancellation

法律英语常用词汇

法律英语实用单词讲解 accord释义：accord在普通英语中的含义是符合，一致，在法律英语中则表示和解或和解协议，指指债务人和一个债权人达成的、以偿还部分债务免除全部债务责任的协议。如reach an accord达成和解协议，accord and satisfaction和解与清偿等。 acquire释义：acquire在普通英语中的含义是获得，获取，而且通常指通过后天的努力获得。在法律英语中通常指对公司的购买，收购，我们通常所说的M&A，即是acquire的名词acquisition和merger 的缩写。如The foreign investor has acquired more than 10 PRC domestic enterprises engaging in related industries within a year. 外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。 act释义：act在普通英语中的含义是行动，行为，在法律英语中通常理解为作为，与不作为forbear 相对应。如：Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Commission, direct the Commission to act or forbear from action释义：act在普通英语中的含义是行动，在法律英语中则理解为诉讼，相当于suit或lawsuit，如initiate an action提起诉讼，win an action在诉讼中获胜，defend oneself in an action在诉讼中为自己辩护等。 adopt释义：adopt的最常见含义是采用，通过，如adopt a law通过一项法律，adopt a proposal 采纳一个建议等，这种用法在法律英语中也较为常见。另外，adopt在法律英语中可能会用到一个含义是收养，如adopt an orphan according to law根据法律规定收养孤儿。 admission释义：admission是admit的名词，在普通英语中的含义是承认或接纳。在法律英语中，则通常是法律程序中的一个用语，意思是采纳，采信（证据），如The defendant challenged the admission of the evidence by the court on the ground that the evidence was irrelevant.被告以证据没有相关性为由反对法院对其予以采信。 affect释义：affect是普通英语中最常见最普通的单词之一，意思是影响，通常用在口语和非正式的场合中。但在法律英语，affect（本义没有改变，仍然是影响），确实非常正式的用法，通常不能用influence 等单词替换。如The failure of either party at any time or times to require performance of any provision hereof shall in no manner affect its right at a later time to enforce the same．任何一方在任何时候未要求另一方履行本协议任一条款，并在不影响其以后强制执行该条款的权利。 affiliate释义：affiliate是法律英语的常见单词之一，意思是关联方，关联公司，也可以associate或connected person表示。如“Affiliate” means any person or company that directly or indirectly controls a Party or is directly or indirectly controlled by a Party，including a Party's parent or subsidiary, or is under direct or indirect common control with such Party.“关联公司”指直接或间接控制一方(包括其母公司或子公司)或受一方直接或间接控制，或与该方共同受直接或间接控制的任何人或公司。 agent释义：agent也是法律英语中常见单词之一，意思是代理人，代理商，通常指商业代理，如果指非商业性质的代理，如替别人出席会议等，则可用proxy。 例句：Nothing in this Agreement or in the performance of any of its provisions is intended or shall be construed to constitute either party an agent, 1egal representative, subsidiary，joint venturer，partner，employer，or employee of the other for any purpose whatsoever． 参考译文：本协议的任何内容或本协议任何条款的履行，无意表示、亦不应被理解为任何一方为任何目的可以充当另一方的代理人、法定代表、子公司、合营方、合作伙伴、雇主或雇员。

2020年法律翻译常用词汇注释大全参照模板

A Ab initio 从开始形容事件由开始时的状态，例如合约从开始便已经无效，称为“The contract was void ab initio”。Accord accord在普通英语中的含义是符合，一致，在法律英语中则表示和解或和解协议，指指债务人和一个债权人达成的、以偿还部分债务免除全部债务责任的协议。如reach an accord达成和解协议，accord and satisfaction和解与清偿等。 Accused 被告Accused通常指刑事案件的被告，民事诉讼的被告称为Defendant；而申索案件中的被索偿的一方称为Respondent（答辩人）。 acquire acquire在普通英语中的含义是获得，获取，而且通常指通过后天的努力获得。在法律英语中通常指对公司的购买，收购，我们通常所说的M&A，即是acquire的名词acquisition和merger的缩写。如The foreign investor has acquired more than 10 PRC domestic enterprises engaging in related industries within a year. 外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。 Acquittal 罪名不成立刑事案件经审讯后，被告罪名不成立被释放，称为“The accused is acquitted”。Acquittal 是名词。 Act act在普通英语中的含义是行动，行为，在法律英语中通常理解为作为，与不作为forbear相对应。如：Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Commission, direct the Commission to act or forbear from。 Action act在普通英语中的含义是行动，在法律英语中则理解为诉讼，相当于suit或lawsuit，如initiate an action 提起诉讼，win an action在诉讼中获胜，defend oneself in an action在诉讼中为自己辩护等。 Adjourn 休庭，押后法庭在聆讯途中暂时休庭30分钟，称为“adjourned for 30 minutes”。如要将聆讯押后再排期重审，称为“adjourned to a date to be fixed”。 Admission admission是admit的名词，在普通英语中的含义是承认或接纳。在法律英语中，则通常是法律程序中的一个用语，意思是采纳，采信（证据），如The defendant challenged the admission of the evidence by the court on the ground that the evidence was irrelevant.被告以证据没有相关性为由反对法院对其予以采信。 Adopt adopt的最常见含义是采用，通过，如adopt a law通过一项法律，adopt a proposal采纳一个建议等，这种用法在法律英语中也较为常见。另外，adopt在法律英语中可能会用到一个含义是收养，如adopt an orphan according to law根据法律规定收养孤儿。 Affect affect是普通英语中最常见最普通的单词之一，意思是影响，通常用在口语和非正式的场合中。但在法律英语，affect（本义没有改变，仍然是影响），确实非常正式的用法，通常不能用influence等单词替换。如The failure of either party at any time or times to require performance of any provision hereof shall in no manner affect its right at a later time to enforce the same．任何一方在任何时候未要求另一方履行本协议任一条款，并在不影响其以后强制执行该条款的权利。

法律英语词汇的特点及其翻译

法律英语词汇的特点及其翻译 Ξ 李　丽 (三峡大学外国语学院教师　香港中文大学翻译系博士生　香港沙田) 摘　要　法律文件的英汉翻译在中国发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文从四个方面归纳法律英语词汇的特点,即专业性、正式性、客观性及准确性,并进一步探讨具体的法律词汇翻译的方法和对策。关键词　法律翻译　法律词汇特点　翻译方法　翻译策略 Abstract Translation of legal documents is now playing an ever -increasing role in China.This paper first surveys four primary characteristics of legal vocabulary ,namely ,professionalism ,formalism ,objectivity and exactitude ,followed by a presentation and discussion of s pecific strategies and methods of translating legal vo 2cabulary between English and Chinese. K ey Words Legal translation characteristics of legal vocabulary translation methods translation strate 2gies 随着中国加入WTO ,世界经济一体化,中国与世界的交往和联系越来越多。法律文件的翻译将会在社会生活中扮演很重要的角色。要做好法律文件的英汉翻译,我们必须了解法律英语的一些特点。所谓法律英语,“是指法律界通用的书面英语(包括法律、法规、条例、规章、协定、判定和裁定等),尤其是指律师起草法律文件(合同、章程、协议、契约等)惯常使用的语 言。”[1] 法律英语在词汇、句式等方面都有它自己的特点。本文尝试归纳出法律英语在词汇方面的四大特点,并进而探讨一些具体的翻译方法和策略。1　专业性 “法律语言部分地是由具有特定法律意义的词组成,部分地是由日常用语组成。具有特定法律意义的词,在日常用语中即使有也很少 使用,如预谋、过失、非法侵害等。”[2] 除了具有特定法律意义的词之外,很多在日常生活中普遍应用的词汇,一旦到了法律文本中,便具有了区别于日常意义的法律意义。这也就是我们常 说的法律词汇的“专业性”。下表列举部分英语单词的普通意义和法律意义: 英语单词 日常意义法律意义adverse 相反的非法的battery 电池伤害、人身攻击condemn 谴责判刑、定罪declaration 声明、宣言申诉书exhibit 展出物证hear 听见听审immunity 免疫力豁免权leave 离开休庭proceed 进行起诉report 报告揭发sentence 句子判决undo 解开勾引、诱奸vacation 假期休庭期warrant 保证拘捕令 除了这些普通词汇所具有的专业意义之外,法律英语中还保留了一些外来词和旧体词,这也是法律词汇专业性的一个体现和标记。 外来词:现代法律词汇中保留一些来自拉文的词汇,如: ad hoc 专门地bona fide 真诚地 de facto 事实上的inter alia 除了别的因素以外in re 关于 mutatis mutandis 已作了必要的修订pari passu 按相同比例per se 自身pro bono 为了公益pro rata 按比例 第18卷3期2005年8月 中国科技翻译CHIN ESE SCIENCE &TECHNOLO GY TRANSLATORS JOURNAL Vol.18.No.3 Aug.2005 收稿日期:2005—03—09/14

法律英语词汇大全 完美版

法律渊源s o u r c e o f l a w 制定法 statute 判例法 case law; precedent 普通法 common law 特别法 special law 固有法 native law; indigenous law 继受法 adopted law 实体法 substantial law 程序法 procedural law 原则法 fundamental law 例外法 exception law 司法解释 judicial interpretation 习惯法 customary law 公序良俗 public order and moral 自然法 natural law 罗马法 Roman Law 私法 private law 公法 public law 市民法 jus civile 万民法 jus gentium 民法法系 civil law system 英美法系 system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系 civil law system 普通法 common law 大陆法 continental law 罗马法系 Roman law system 衡平法 equity; law of equity 日尔曼法 Germantic law 教会法 ecclesiastical law 寺院法 canon law 伊斯兰法 Islamic law 民法法律规范 norm of civil law 授权规范 authorization norm 禁止规范 forbidding norm 义务性规范 obligatory norm 命令性规范 commanding norm 民法基本原则 fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则 principle of equality 自愿原则 principle of free will 公平原则 principle of justice 等价有偿原则 principle of equal value exchange

法律英语常用词汇最全

法律英语常用词汇大全

法律英语常用词汇大全 一、律师部分 案件受理费court acceptance fee 案情重大、复杂important and complicated case 案由cause of action 案子case 包揽诉讼monopolize lawsuits 被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件) 被上诉人appellee 被诉人respondent; defendant 本案律师councel pro hac vice 本地律师local counsel 毕业证diploma; graduation certificate 辩护词defense; pleadings 辩护律师defense lawyer 辩护要点point of defense 辩护意见submission 财产租赁property tenancy 裁定书order; ruling; determination(指终审裁定) 裁决书award(用于仲裁) 裁决书verdict(用于陪审团) 采信的证据admitted evidence; established evidence 草拟股权转让协议drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests 查阅法条source legal provisions 产权转让conveyancing 出差go on errand; go on a business trip 出国深造further study abroad 出具律师意见书providing legal opinion 出示的证据exhibit 出庭appear in court 传票summons; subpoena 答辩状answer; reply 代理词representation 代理房地产买卖与转让agency for sale and transfer of real estate

法律英语词汇

一、 action 诉讼 to bring an action/lawsuit against sb. 向某人提起诉讼，到法院告某人 defendant 被告 appellant 上诉人 appellee 被上诉人 cause of action 案由 transaction 交易 to join sb. as plaintiff/defendant 与某人共同起诉、把某人作为第三人被告合并起诉to make a complete determination of a controversy彻底解决争端 to be liable 负有责任 to rest on 依靠，依赖 adversary 敌手，对手；敌对的 adversary system 抗辩制 advocate 用户，提倡；拥护者，辩护者 produce 拿出，出示 evidence 证据 inquisitorial 纠问的 civil law tradition 大陆法传统 presentation 介绍，陈述 intervene 干涉，介入 safeguard 预防措施，保证条款；保护 prevalence 流行，盛行 manifold 多种多样的 contest 比赛 interested 有利害关系的 resolution 解决 to bear the burden of 承担 to reduce... to 把.....降为，把......归纳为 unbiased 无偏见的 satisfy 满足，符合 critic 批评者 merit 事实真相，是非曲直 phase 阶段 reside 属于，归于 affirmative 肯定的，积极的 join 合并 to be liable to sb. for sth. 因某事对某人负有责任 to rest on 依靠 to reside in/with 属于 二、 allege 声称 allegation 声称

常用法律英语词汇

常用法律英语词汇 Ab initio 从开始形容事件由开始时的状态，例如合约从开始便已经无效，称为“The contract was void ab initio”。 Accused 被告Accused通常指刑事案件的被告，民事诉讼的被告称为Defendant；而申索案件中的被索偿的一方称为Respondent（答辩人）。 Acquittal 罪名不成立刑事案件经审讯后，被告罪名不成立被释放，称为“The accused is acquitted”。Acquittal是名词。 Adjourn 休庭，押后法庭在聆讯途中暂时休庭30分钟，称为“adjourned for 30 minutes”。如要将聆讯押后再排期重审，称为“adjourned to a date to be fixed”。 Affidavit 誓章以宗教仪式发誓后签署的书面证供称为Affidavit，而以真诚发誓所签署的证供称为Affirmation，两者的格式用词有些分别，但主要作用相同。 Allegation 声称诉讼陈词中未经证实的声言，例如：The Plaintiff alleged that his loss was due to the Defendant’s breach of contract，原告声称他的损失是被告违约所引致。Allegation是名词。Assault 殴打，侵犯以武力侵犯他人的行为，称为Assault，一般性质的殴打，称为“Common Assault”；严重者称为Aggravated Assault；未经许可触摸他人身体，可以被控非礼，称为Indecent Assault。As is 现状“As is”常用于物业买卖的合约中，指物业的现状。“The prop erty is and will be sold on an “as is” basis …”即物业将会以其现状出售。 Bail 保释刑事案中的疑犯或被告，可以暂时被释放。保释可以是有条件的，也可以是无条件的。保释的条件包括缴交指定金额的保释金、提供人事担保及定时向警署报到等。 Balance of Probabilities 可能性较高者这是民事案件中举证的标准，法庭对原告和被告所提出的证据，认为那一方的可信性较高，便会判处该方胜诉。相对刑事案而言，民事案中败诉的后果一般都只是经济利益，所以法庭对举证的要求，相对也较刑事案为低。 Beyond reasonable doubt无合理疑点这是刑事案件中举证的标准，控方向法庭提出的证据，必须是在合理的情况下并无疑点，法庭才会判处被告有罪。刑事罪的后果对被告而言，较为严重，举证标准的要求也因此而较民事案严格，如果法庭认为证据有任何疑点，都会将疑点的利益“benefit of doubt”归于被告。 Binding 有约束力的“binding”通常的解释是连结一起，但法律上则多用作有约束力的，例如：This provisional agreement is a binding contract。这份临时协议是有法律约束力的。 Body Corporation

常用法律英语词汇注解(英汉对照)(1)考研英语

Ab initio 从开始形容事件由开始时的状态，例如合约从开始便已经无效，称为“The contract was void ab initio”。 Accused 被告 Accused通常指刑事案件的被告，民事诉讼的被告称为Defendant；而申索案件中的被索偿的一方称为Respondent（答辩人）。 Acquittal 罪名不成立刑事案件经审讯后，被告罪名不成立被释放，称为“The accused is acquitted”。Acquittal是名词。 Adjourn 休庭，押后法庭在聆讯途中暂时休庭30分钟，称为“adjourned for 30 minutes”。如要将聆讯押后再排期重审，称为“adjourned to a date to be fixed”。 Affidavit 誓章以宗教仪式发誓后签署的书面证供称为Affidavit，而以真诚发誓所签署的证供称为Affirmation，两者的格式用视行┓直穑 饕 饔孟嗤 ? Allegation 声称诉讼陈词中未经证实的声言，例如：The Plaintiff alleged that his loss was due to the Defendants breach of contract，原告声称他的损失是被告违约所引致。Allegation是名词。Assault 殴打，侵犯以武力侵犯他人的行为，称为Assault，一般性质的殴打，称为“Common Assault”；严重者称为Aggravated Assault；未经许可触摸他人身体，可以被控非礼，称为Indecent Assault。As is 现状“As is”常用于物业买卖的合约中，指物业的现状。“The property is and will be sold on an “as is” basis …”即物业将会以其现状出售。 Bail 保释刑事案中的疑犯或被告，可以暂时被释放。保释可以是有条件的，也可以是无条件的。保释的条件包括缴交指定金额的保释金、提供人事担保及定时向警署报到等。 Balance of Probabilities 可能性较高者这是民事案件中举证的标准，法庭对原告和被告所提出的证据，认为那一方的可信性较高，便会判处该方胜诉。相对刑事案而言，民事案中败诉的后果一般都只是经济利益，所以法庭对举证的要求，相对也较刑事案为低。 Beyond reasonable doubt无合理疑点这是刑事案件中举证的标准，控方向法庭提出的证据，必须是在合理的情况下并无疑点，法庭才会判处被告有罪。刑事罪的后果对被告而言，较为严重，举证标准的要求也因此而较民事案严格，如果法庭认为证据有任何疑点，都会将疑点的利益“benefit of doubt”归于被告。 Binding 有约束力的“binding”通常的解释是连结一起，但法律上则多用作有约束力的，例如：This provisional agreement is a binding contract。这份临时协议是有法律约束力的。 Body Corporation 法人团体经法律程序而产生具有与自然人相同法律地位的组织，例如：根据公司条例注册成立的有限公司Limited Company，可以拥有资产，可以向外借贷，可以提出控诉，也可以被申索。法人团体没有自然的死亡因素，所以必须经法律程序才可以将它消除。 Burden of Proof举证责任无论是刑事或民事案件，提出控诉的一方，都负有举证的责任，即是向法庭提出证据，支持控诉和申索的事由。虽然在一般的情况下，向法庭举证是主控和原告的责任，但如果被告在刑事案中被法庭判罪之后，再被受害人以民事追讨赔偿，则在有关的民事诉讼中，如果被告否认他对受害人的损失需要负上赔偿的责任，被告便有责任向法庭举证，支持他的抗辩。Cause of Action诉讼理由提出诉讼，必须要有合理的事实根据，缺乏合理的诉讼理由，对方不但可以向法庭请求剔除有关的诉讼，同时可以要求赔偿浪费了的律师费及其它费用。 Caution

法律英语词汇大全(完美版)

t h e i e 法律英语 法律渊源 source of law 制定法 statute 判例法 case law; precedent 普通法 common law 特别法 special law 固有法 native law; indigenous law 继受法 adopted law 实体法 substantial law 程序法 procedural law 原则法 fundamental law 例外法 exception law 司法解释 judicial interpretation 习惯法 customary law 公序良俗 public order and moral 自然法 natural law 罗马法 Roman Law 私法 private law 公法 public law 市民法 jus civile 万民法 jus gentium 民法法系 civil law system 英美法系 system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系 civil law system 普通法 common law 大陆法 continental law 罗马法系 Roman law system 衡平法 equity; law of equity 日尔曼法 Germantic law 教会法 ecclesiastical law 寺院法 canon law 伊斯兰法 Islamic law 民法法律规范 norm of civil law 授权规范 authorization norm 禁止规范 forbidding norm 义务性规范 obligatory norm 命令性规范 commanding norm 民法基本原则 fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则 principle of equality 自愿原则 principle of free will 公平原则 principle of justice 等价有偿原则 principle of equal value exchange