unit8.翻译作业

Translation（正确运用There be句型翻译）

1.在公园里有很多人。

2.在河上有一艘船。

3.在这儿附近有一家医院。

4.在邮局对面有一个付费电话。

5.在中心大街上有两家饭店。

6.在银行和饭店之间有一家超市。

7.在警察局后面有两个图书馆。

8.在我家前面有一棵树和一个池塘。

9.在我们学校旁边有两家书店和一个公园。

10.在游泳池里有很多水。

北语网院20春《英汉／汉英翻译》作业_1答案

(单选)1：She does not photograph well. A：她不上镜。 B：他不爱照相。 正确答案：A (单选)2：随着人数的增加，他们力量也增加了。 A：As the increse of the number, their power is increased B： Their power increased with their number. 正确答案：B (单选)3：We stand now where two roads diverge. But unlike the roads in Robert Frost＇s familiar poem, they are not equally fair. A：我们站在两条路的岔路口，但是不像罗伯特熟悉的诗里那样，并不是同样的公平 B：我们正处在两条路的分岔口。但是并不像我们所熟悉的罗伯特的诗中所说的，这两条路是同样的好 正确答案：B (单选)4：I don＇t know how far I didn＇t run. A：我不知道跑了多远 B：我不知道还有多远我没有跑。 正确答案：A (单选)5：质量服务月 A：Quality Service Month B：Quantity Service Month 正确答案：A (单选)6：无事不登三宝殿。 A：I wouldn’t come to you if I hadn’t something to ask of you. B：I wouldn’t come to you if I hadn’t something for you. 正确答案：A (单选)7：Little remains to be said. A：简直没有什么可说的了 B：还能说一点。 正确答案：A (单选)8：ginger beer A：姜汁啤酒 B：姜汁汽水 正确答案：A (单选)9：走马观花 A：to appreciate flowers on a running horse

(完整word版)译林版八年级下册英语课文翻译

译林版八年级下册英语Unit7 Comic strip课文翻译 1. Eddie,more money is needed for charity. You have some pocket money left. Let's go and donate it. 埃迪，慈善机构需要更多的钱。你还剩下一些零花钱。让我们去把它捐了吧。 2. Now? It's time for lunch. 现在吗？到吃午饭的时间了。 3. Don't worry. We can have a big lunch after that. 别担心。捐钱之后我们可以吃一顿丰盛的午餐。 4. Hobo，let me have lunch first. I'm too weak to walk any further. 霍波，让我先吃午饭吧。我太虚弱，走不动了。 Come on，Eddie. We only have five kilometres left. 加油，埃迪。我们只剩下五千米了。 How charities help people 慈善机构如何帮助人们 The Class 1,Grade 8 students want to learn about international charities. They want to find out how these charities help people around the world. 八年级一班的学生想了解关于国际慈善机构的一些情况。他们想调查出这些慈善机构如何帮助世界各地的人们。 Task Write a report on the work of an international charity． 任务写一篇关于一个国际慈善机构的工作的报道。 Welcome to the unit A 部分翻译 Charities around the world 世界各地的慈善机构 Amy has collected some information about international charities. Help her match the logos with the charities. Write the correct names in the blanks. 埃米已经搜集了一些有关国际慈善机构的信息。帮助她把徽标和慈善机构的名字连接起来。在横线上写出正确的名字。 ORBIS 奥比斯 Oxfam 乐施会 UNICEF 联合国儿童基金会 WWF 世界自然基金会 2B 部分翻译 Mr Wu is asking the students about international charities. Work in groups and say what you know about charities. Use the conversation below as a model. 吴老师正在问学生关于国际慈善机构的事。分组练习，并且说说你所知道的关于慈善机构的事。用下面的对话作示范。 Mr Wu: Do you know about any international charities，class? 吴老师：同学们，你们知道一些关于慈善机构的事吗？ Daniel:Yes.I know about a charity called UNICEF. 丹尼尔：是的，我知道一个叫联合国儿童基金会的慈善机构。 Mr Wu:How does UNICEF help people? 吴老师：联合国儿童基金会是如何帮助人们的？

英文翻译练习作业

英文翻译练习（一） The status of Philosophy in Chinese culture has always been regarded as a comparison with that of religion in other cultures. In China, Philosophy is the concerned field by each educated one. Long time ago in China, a person would firstly accept enlightened education in Philosophy if he could be given education. Children should read the Analects, Mencius, The great Learning, The Doctrine of mean once they entered school. The Four Books were regarded as the most important documents after Song(regarded as “new Confucianism”in west).When children began to learn words, the commonly used textbook is Three Words, in which every three words a group, every six words one sentence, and the even sentence rhyme has rhyme, easy to read aloud and easy to remember. In fact, this book is used to learn words for Chinese children. The first sentence of Three Words “Man’s nature is good at birth.” Is the basic idea of philosophy of Mencius.

新视野大学英语2第三版unit8 textA课文翻译.doc

Unit 8 Section A Animals or children?—A scientist's choice 动物还是孩子？——一位科学家的选择 1 I am the enemy! I am one of those cursed, cruel physician scientists involved in animal research. These rumors sting, for I have never thought of myself as an evil person. I became a children's doctor because of my love for children and my supreme desire to keep them healthy. During medical school and residency, I saw many children die of cancer and bloodshed from injury — circumstances against which medicine has made great progress but still has a long way to go. More importantly, I also saw children healthy thanks to advances in medical science such as infant breathing support, powerful new medicines and surgical techniques and the entire field of organ transplantation. My desire to tip the scales in favor of healthy, happy children drew me to medical research. 1 我就是那个敌人！我就是那些被人诅咒的、残忍的、搞动物实验的医生科学家之一。这些谣言刺痛了我，因为我从来没想到自己是一个邪恶的人。我成为一位儿科医生，因为我爱孩子，也因为我的最大愿望是让他们保持健康。在医学院学习和住院医生实习时，我看到了许多儿童死于癌症和受伤流血——虽然对此医学正取得很大进步，但远非完善。更重要的是，我还看到孩子们能保持健康得益于医学的进步，如婴儿呼吸支持器，功效强大的新药物和外科手术技术及整个器官移植领域的发展。我希望孩子们健康快乐，这促使我从事医学研究。 2 My accusers have twisted the truth into a fable and cast me as the devil. They claim that I have no moral compass, that I torture innocent animals for the sole purpose of career advancement, and that my experiments have no relevance to medicine. Meanwhile, an uncaring public barely watches, convinced that the issue has no significance, and publicity-conscious senators and politicians increasingly give way to the lobbying of animal rights activists. 2 控诉我的人把真相歪曲成一则神话，并把我描写成恶魔。他们声称我没有道德界限，我折磨那些无辜动物的唯一目的就是为了自己的职业升迁，而我的实验根本与医药毫不相关。与此同时，无动于衷的公众几乎不闻不问，相信这个议题毫无意义，而具有宣传意识的参议员和政治家们却对动物权利活动家的游说不断作出让步。 3We,in medical research,have also been unbelievably uncaring.We have allowed the most extr eme animal rights protesters to creep in and frame the issue as one of"animal fraud"and hatred. We have persisted in our belief that a knowledgeable public would consent to the importance of animal research for public health.Perhaps we have been mistaken in not responding to the emoti onal tone of the argument.Perhaps we should have responded to those sad slogans and posters of animals by waving equally sad posters of children dying of cancer or external wounds. 3我们这些从事医学研究的人也显得令人难以置信的冷漠。我们允许最极端的动物权利活动家渐渐侵入，任凭他们把此类研究诬陷为“动物欺诈”和对动物的仇恨。我们一直坚信，有知识的公众会赞同动物研究对公众健康的重要性。也许我们的错误是没有对这场争论的感性基调作出反应。也许我们早应该挥动着儿童死于癌症或外伤的同样令人伤心的海报，来回应那些关于动物受害的伤感标语及海报。 4In the animal rights forum,much is made of the volume of pain these animals experience in the name of medical science.Activists deny that we are trying to help and say it is evidence of our ev il and cruel nature.A more reasonable argument,however,can be advanced in our defense.Life i

广州版初中英语八年级下册Unit 1—8课文与对照翻译

Unit 1 Helping those in need Voluntary work Three teenagers offered to do some voluntary work during the school holidays. They wrote the following reports. I did some voluntary work in a children’s hospital . The children there all suffer from serious illnesses. we organized a painting competition for them. I meet a girl called Cindy .She wanted to paint a picture of the park near her home. I went there and took some photos of it. Cindy used them for her painting. Betty There are many children without parents .I met some of these children with my mother .we taught them to tell stories .This helps them express their feelings. One child said ,”My friends don’t understand my pain. We spend time with a girl called Vivien. Her parents died in a car accident, and she is unhappy and very lonely. She needs friendship. My mother and I will continue to visit Vivien. Mark I want to help disabled children. They have difficulty walking or moving. I taught them to sing because music can bring them joy and peace. I met a boy called Tim. He hurt his legs in an accident ,but he has lots of courage. We need to help children like Tim and raise their spirits . I will continue to do voluntary work in the future. Annie 译文： 三名青少年在学校放假期间主动做一些志愿工作。他们写了以下报告。 我在一家儿童医院做了一些义工。那里的孩子都患有严重的疾病。我们为他们组织了一次绘画比赛。 我遇到了一个叫辛蒂的女孩，她想画一幅她家附近的公园的照片。我去那里拍了一些照片。辛蒂用它们来画画。贝蒂 有很多孩子没有父母。我和妈妈认识了一些这样的孩子。我们教他们讲故事。这帮助他们表达他们的感受。一个孩子说：“我的朋友不理解我的痛苦。 我们和一个叫费雯的女孩共度时光。她的父母死于车祸，她很不开心，很孤独。她需要友谊。我母亲和我将继续拜访费雯。作记号 我想帮助残疾儿童。他们行走或行走有困难。我教他们唱歌，因为音乐能给他们带来欢乐和和平。 我遇到了一个叫蒂姆的男孩。他在一次事故中弄伤了双腿，但他有很大的勇气。我们需要帮助像蒂姆这样的孩子，振作起来。今后我会继续做义工。安妮 Unit2 Body language

英语翻译作业

Americans are much more likely than citizens of other nations to believe that they live in a meritocracy, i.e. Government by people selected according to merit. But this self-image is a fantasy: America actually stands out as an advanced country in which it matters most who your parents were, the country in which those born on one of society’s lower rungs have the least chance of climbing to the top or even to the middle. And if you ask why America is more class-bound in practice than the rest of the Western world, a large part of the reason is that our government falls down on the job of creating equal opportunity. The failure starts early: in America, the holes in the social safety net mean that both low-income mothers and their children are all too likely to suffer from poor nutrition and receive inadequate health care. It continues once children reach school age, where they encounter a system in which the affluent send their kids to good, well-financed public schools or, if they choose, to private schools, while less-advantaged children get a far worse education. 美国人可能比任何其他国家的人都更相信他们生活在一个精英制度之下，人们推选的政府也是据其优势。然而，这个自我形象是一种幻想：作为先进国家，实际上美国的突出特点是出身至关重要，在这个国度里，来自社会底层的人几乎没有机会爬到社会中层，更不用说社会顶层。 如果你要问为什么实际上美国比其他西方国家都要阶级分明，主要原因就是我们的政府在创造公平机会方面的失败。 这种不公平很早以前就开始了：在美国，由于社会安全网存在漏洞，这就意味着低收入的母亲和他们的孩子完全有可能存在营养不良，得不到足够的医疗服务。孩子到了上学年龄这种情况也不会得到改观，他们所遇到的体制是富人可以送自己的孩子到资金充足的好的公立学校上学，如果愿意，还可以从送到私立学校上学，而穷人孩子接受的教育却非常差。

全新版第二版第一册unit8课文翻译电子教案

全新版第二版第一册u n i t8课文翻译

A fable for tomorrow (Rachel Carson) There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to live in harmony with its surroundings. The town lay in the midst of a checkerboard of prosperous farms, with fields of grain and hillsides of orchards where, in spring, white clouds of bloom drifted above the green fields. In autumn, oak and maple and birch set up a blaze of color that flamed and flickered across a backdrop of pines. Then foxes barked in the hills and deer silently crossed the fields, half hidden in the mists of the fall mornings. 从前在美国中心有一个小镇，那里的万物看上去都与其四周的环境融洽相处。小镇的四周是像棋盘交错的生意盎然的农庄，还有一块块的田地和一座座遍布山坡的果园。春天来了，白色的鲜花云彩般地漂浮在田野上；秋天到了，橡树、枫树和桦树色彩斑斓，在一片松树林间火焰般地燃烧与跳跃。小山上狐狸吠叫，田野间小鹿静静地跃过，所有的一切都在秋天清晨的薄雾中半隐半现。 Along the roads, laurel, viburnum and alder, great ferns and wildflowers delighted the traveler's eye through much of the year. Even in winter the roadsides were places of beauty, where countless birds came to feed on the berries and on the seed heads of the dried weeds rising above the snow. The countryside was, in fact, famous for the abundance and variety of its bird life, and when the flood of migrants was pouring through in spring and fall people traveled from great distances to observe them. Others came to fish the streams, which flowed clear and cold out of the hills and contained shady pools where trout lay. So it had been from the days many years ago when the first settlers raised their houses, sank their wells, and built their barns. 在路的两旁，一年中许多时候，月桂树、荚莲、桤木、蕨类植物和各样的野花都能让过往的行人赏心悦目。即使是冬天，路边的景色依旧是美不胜收，那里无数的小鸟来觅取浆果莓和露在雪地上的枯枝上的种子。事实上，这乡村正是由于鸟类的数量和种类之繁多而出名的。在候鸟群潮涌而来的春秋季节，人们从大老远的地方慕名前来欣赏。还有的人来这里的小溪垂钓。清冽的溪水从山中流出，溪水中有许多鳟鱼藏身的背阴的水潭。所以，从许多年前开始，第一批居住者就在这里盖房挖井，搭起了自己的谷仓。 Then a strange blight crept over the area and everything began to change. Some evil spell had settled on the community: mysterious maladies swept the flocks of chickens; the cattle and sheep sickened and died. Everywhere was a shadow of death. The farmers spoke of much illness among their families. In the town the doctors had become more and more puzzled by new kinds of sickness appearing among their patients. There had been several sudden and unexplained deaths, not only among adults but even among children, who would be stricken suddenly while at play and die within a few hours. 后来，一种奇怪的摧毁力悄然袭击了这个地区，所有的一切都开始变了。某种邪恶的符咒笼罩了这个社区：神秘的疾病攻击了鸡群，牛、羊也纷纷病死，到处都有一层死亡的阴影。农夫们谈论

北语20春《英汉／汉英翻译》作业1答案

20春《英汉／汉英翻译》作业1 试卷总分:100 得分:100 一、单选题(共15 道试题,共75 分) 1.It is a wise man that never makes mistakes. A.只有聪明的人才不会范错误 B.再聪明的人也会范错误。 答案:B 2.I＇m not a little afraid of snakes. A.我一点也不怕蛇 B.我非常怕蛇。 答案:B 3.He is a Napoleon of finance. A.他是金融界的拿破仑 B.他是金融界的巨头。 答案:B 4.I don＇t know how far I didn＇t run. A.我不知道跑了多远 B.我不知道还有多远我没有跑。 答案:A 5.中国政府决定，要用3年左右时间使大多数国有企业走出困境。 A.The Chinese government has decided to take about three years to extricate most state-owned enterprises from their difficulties B.Chinese government decides to help most national enterprises going out obstacle with about 3 years. 答案:A 6.You can never be too careful about English-Chinese translation A.作英译汉时，不能太仔细 B.作英译汉时，越仔细越好。 答案:B 7.在这个紧要关头，我们尤其不该为了已经无法挽回的事情相互埋怨。 A.At a critical time we especially should not blame one for what has already happened B.The last thing we should do at this crucial moment is blaming one another for what can not be undone. 答案:B 8.The burning question of my childhood had been richly answered. A.我小时候梦寐以求想得到答案的问题，终于得到了圆满的回答 B.我儿童时代在心中燃烧的问题，终于得到了充分的回答。

人教版八年级下册英语课文翻译

人教版八年级下册英语课文翻译 第一单元 UNIT 1 2d 莉萨，你好吗?我头痛，并且脖子不能动。我该怎么办?我应该量体温吗?不，听起来不像是你发烧。周末你做什么了?我整个周末都在玩电脑游戏。那很可能就是原因。你需要离开电脑休息几次。是的，我想我是一个姿势坐得太久没有移动。我认为你应该躺下休息。如果明天你的头和脖子还痛的话，就去看医生。好的。谢谢，曼迪。 3a 昨天上午九点，26路公交车正行驶在中华路上，这时司机看到一位老人躺在路边。在他旁边的一位妇女在喊救命。公交车司机，24岁的王平，没有多想就停下了公交车。他下了车并且问那个妇女发生了什么事。她说那个人有心脏病，应该去医院。王先生知道他必须快点行动。他告诉乘客他必须送老人去医院。他希望大部分或全部乘客下车去等下一辆班车。但出乎他的意料，他们都同意和他一起去。一些乘客帮助王先生把那个老人移到公交车上。 多亏了王先生和乘客们，医生及时挽救了老人的生命。“许多人因为不想有麻烦而不想帮助别人，这令人难受，”一位乘客说。“但是这位司机没有考虑自己。他只考虑挽救一条生命。”

2b 他失去了手臂但还在爬山 阿伦?罗尔斯顿是一个对爬山感兴趣的美国人。作为一名登山者，阿伦习惯于冒险。这是关于做危险运动的令人兴奋的事情之一。有许多次，阿伦因为(意外)事故几乎失去生命。在2003年4月26日，在犹他州登山时他发现自己在非常危险的处境。 在那天，当阿伦独自登山时，他的手臂被压在落在他身上的一块2000千克的岩石下。因为他的手臂不能自由活动，他在那儿待了五天，希望有人会发现他。但当时他的水喝完了，他知道他将不得不采取措施来挽救自己的生命了。他不愿那天就死去。因此他用刀子切除了他的一半右臂。然后，他用左臂给自己打上绷带以至于他不会失去太多的血。这之后，他爬下山寻求帮助。 在他失去手臂之后，他写了一本名为《生死抉择》(又译作《生死两难》)的书。他的意思是“处于一个你似乎无法摆脱的困境之中。”在这本书中，阿伦讲述了关于做出明智抉择和掌握自己生命的重要性。他对登山如此酷爱以至于即使这次经历之后他还继续爬山。 我们有和阿伦一样的勇气吗?在我们发现自己处于进退两难的处境之 前以及在我们不得不做出生死抉择之前，让我们来想想它。

全新版第二版第一册unit8课文翻译讲课教案

A fable for tomorrow (Rachel Carson) There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to live in harmony with its surroundings. The town lay in the midst of a checkerboard of prosperous farms, with fields of grain and hillsides of orchards where, in spring, white clouds of bloom drifted above the green fields. In autumn, oak and maple and birch set up a blaze of color that flamed and flickered across a backdrop of pines. Then foxes barked in the hills and deer silently crossed the fields, half hidden in the mists of the fall mornings. 从前在美国中心有一个小镇，那里的万物看上去都与其四周的环境融洽相处。小镇的四周是像棋盘交错的生意盎然的农庄，还有一块块的田地和一座座遍布山坡的果园。春天来了，白色的鲜花云彩般地漂浮在田野上；秋天到了，橡树、枫树和桦树色彩斑斓，在一片松树林间火焰般地燃烧与跳跃。小山上狐狸吠叫，田野间小鹿静静地跃过，所有的一切都在秋天清晨的薄雾中半隐半现。 Along the roads, laurel, viburnum and alder, great ferns and wildflowers delighted the traveler's eye through much of the year. Even in winter the roadsides were places of beauty, where countless birds came to feed on the berries and on the seed heads of the dried weeds rising above the snow. The countryside was, in fact, famous for the abundance and variety of its bird life, and when the flood of migrants was pouring through in spring and fall people traveled from great distances to observe them. Others came to fish the streams, which flowed clear and cold out of the hills and contained shady pools where trout lay. So it had been from the days many years ago when the first settlers raised their houses, sank their wells, and built their barns. 在路的两旁，一年中许多时候，月桂树、荚莲、桤木、蕨类植物和各样的野花都能让过往的行人赏心悦目。即使是冬天，路边的景色依旧是美不胜收，那里无数的小鸟来觅取浆果莓和露在雪地上的枯枝上的种子。事实上，这乡村正是由于鸟类的数量和种类之繁多而出名的。在候鸟群潮涌而来的春秋季节，人们从大老远的地方慕名前来欣赏。还有的人来这里的小溪垂钓。清冽的溪水从山中流出，溪水中有许多鳟鱼藏身的背阴的水潭。所以，从许多年前开始，第一批居住者就在这里盖房挖井，搭起了自己的谷仓。 Then a strange blight crept over the area and everything began to change. Some evil spell had settled on the community: mysterious maladies swept the flocks of chickens; the cattle and sheep sickened and died. Everywhere was a shadow of death. The farmers spoke of much illness among their families. In the town the doctors had become more and more puzzled by new kinds of sickness appearing among their patients. There had been several sudden and unexplained deaths, not only among adults but even among children, who would be stricken suddenly while at play and die within a few hours. 后来，一种奇怪的摧毁力悄然袭击了这个地区，所有的一切都开始变了。某种邪恶的符咒笼罩了这个社区：神秘的疾病攻击了鸡群，牛、羊也纷纷病死，到处都有一层死亡的阴影。农夫们谈论着家中的许多疾病；镇上的医生也越来越因病人中出现的新的病症而感到迷惑。在成人和孩子中发生了好几起突发的不明其由的死亡，那些孩子在玩耍中突然病倒，几小时后就死去了。 There was a strange stillness. The birds, for example - where had they gone? Many people spoke of them, puzzled and disturbed. The feeding stations in the backyards were deserted. The few birds seen anywhere were moribund; they trembled violently and could not fly. It was a spring without voices. On the mornings that had once throbbed with the dawn chorus of robins, catbirds, doves, jays, wrens, and scores of other bird voices there was now no sound; only silence lay over the fields and woods and marsh 这里是一派奇怪的寂静。就说鸟儿们吧---它们都去哪儿了？许多人说起鸟儿的时候都充满了迷惑与不安。他们后院的饲养站已经没有鸟儿光顾了。随处能见到的几只鸟都奄奄一息。他们猛烈地颤抖，却飞不起来。这是一个无声的春天。曾经是震动着画眉鸟、猫鸟、鸽子、樫鸟、欧鹪和许多鸟儿的黎明合唱声的清晨如今却寂然无声。田野间、树林中和沼泽地里也是一片寂静。 On the farms the hens brooded, but no chicks hatched. The farmers complained that they were unable to raise any pigs - the litters were small and the young survived only a few days. The apple trees were coming into bloom but no bees droned among the blossoms, so there was no pollination and there would be no fruit. 在农庄，母鸡下蛋却孵不出小鸡。农夫们抱怨无法养猪，因为刚生下的猪崽太小了，小猪也只能活几天的功夫。苹果树开花了，可是没有蜜蜂在花丛中嗡嗡地采蜜，没有蜜蜂的授粉，也就没有任何果子。 The roadsides, once so attractive, were now lined with browned and withered vegetation as though swept by fire. These, too, were silent, deserted by all living things. Even the streams were now lifeless. Anglers no longer visited them,

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邀请名人做广告，只要商品确实是货真价实，名人又愿意，这应该是广告技巧的上策，会产生很强的名人效应。但是商品质量差，广告又言过其实，又请名人做广告，这种广告一时也会产生一些好的影响，但最终是砸了自己的牌子，也塌了名人台，影响名人的信誉，因此名人在接受时要慎之又慎。请名人做广告，付给的报酬高得惊人，而一些名人尤其是政界和科学界的名流往往不肯抛头露面。这样西方国家的一些广告商便在平民中千方百计物色酷似名流的人来做广告，甚至被弄去参加开业典礼或者开张剪裁以招徕生意。局外人往往不明真相而受蒙骗。正因为真假难分，名人替身常遭不测。 To invite those eminent persons to help make advertisements should be regarded as one of the best ad strategies and could of course, produce a spectacular VIP effect, provided that those eminent persons are perfectly willing to accept the invitation and, more importantly, the commodities to be advertised are genuine and their prices fair. Sometimes, while a commodity is of inferior quality, the ad is full of words lavishing praise on it. If, under such a circumstance, an eminent person comes to help make the ad, the ad could, if anything, be temporarily successful before it turns the brand of the commodity in question notorious and more disastrously, ruins the reputation of the eminent person thereafter. It is precisely for this reason that the eminent persons are well advised to think more than twice before agreeing to appear on a commercial. Despite the fact that an eminent person could be paid a staggering sum of money after he or she helps make a commercial ad, some eminent persons, those in political and scientific circles in particular, are averse to public exposures. As a result, some advertisers in Western countries have had to try every means possible to scout among the populace at large men or women that are very copies of the eminent persons they are after. Once recruited, an eminent person’s substitute, apart from appearing on an ad, is often made to show up on certain high profile occasions, such as opening ceremonies or ribbon cutting ceremonies, with a view to soliciting customers. Outsiders, unable to distinguish a real eminent person from his substitute, are usually taken in. However, not every hired substitute is lucky. Some of them may become victims of unexpected attacks aimed at the real eminent persons and suffer unfortunately, for them. Work Produced against the grain and in marginality by George Steiner in After Babel: This book was written under somewhat difficult circumstances .I was at the time increasingly marginalized and indeed isolated within the academic community. This is not ,necessarily, a handicap. Tenure in the academy today ,the approval of one’s professional peers, the assistance and laurels in their giving, are not infrequently symptoms of opportunism and mediocre conventionality. A degree of exclusion, of compelled apartness, may be one of the conditions of valid work. In the humanities,in the disciplines of intuitive discourse, committees, colloquia, the conference circuit are the bane. Nothing is more ludicrous than the roll-call of academic colleagues and sponsors set out in grateful footnotes at the bottom of trivia. In poetics ,in philosophy, in hermeneutics, work worth doing will more often than not be produced against the grain and in marginality.