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跨文化交际教案chapter 4 interculture communication

跨文化交际教案chapter 4 interculture communication
跨文化交际教案chapter 4 interculture communication

Chapter IV Intercultural Communication

ⅠTeaching Objectives

1.To identify the definitions of intercultural communication, interpersonal communication,

intracultural communication, cross-cultural communication, international communication, interethnic communication, interracial communication, interregional communication.

2.To understand the four fundamental values of western ethics.

3.To understand the different ethics that belongs to the different part of the world.

4.To understand the definition and main components of intercultural communication.

ⅡLeading in

ⅢT eaching Procedures

Step 1

Have students listen to the lead-in case What is Wrong?

Ask students warming-up questions:

●What is going wrong in this case?

●Have you ever misunderstood someone who came from a different culture?

●What is intercultural communication?

●What intercultural communication skills do you know? Please list some of them.

Step 2

Culture and Communication

The metaphor of the journey and the map can help us understand the relationship between culture and communication. Cultures are both the maps of a place (the rules and conventions) and the journeys that take place there (actual practices).

Intercultural communication defined

Forms of Intercultural communication

a. Interpersonal Communication

b. Intracultural Communication

c. International Communication

d. Interethnic Communication

e. Interracial Communication

f. interregional Communication

4.3.1 Interpersonal communication

Interpersonal communication is a form of communication that involves

both to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretations

Intracultural communication is defined as communication between and among members

Generally, people who are of the same race, political persuasion, and religion or who share the same interests communicate intraculturally.

4.3.3 International communication

4.3.4 Interethnic communication

4.3.5 Interracial communication

Interracial communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from

4.3.6 Interregional communication

Interregional Communication refers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominant culture within a country.

Intercultural communication ethics

4.4.1 Western ethics

Being free to act consistent with one’ own principles.

Impartiality; giving each person his or her legitimate due or portion of the whole.

Accountability for the consequences of one’s actions, including a failure to act.

Partiality to those who cannot protect themselves and to whom we are in special relationships.

4.4.2 African ethics

rights.

4.4.3 Buddhist ethics

Value is placed which are to be pursued for the betterment of the person if not in this life, then in the next.

4.4.4 Hindu ethics

Hinduism strives for the for including individualism, to merge with the absolute.

4.4.5 Islamic ethics

Traditional Islamic perspectives on ethics are based on its religious concepts. There are different rules of ethical conduct for women and for men.

Step3

Raising Intercultural Awareness:

采访外国人:教师布置学生就某些特定问题采访一些外国人,并引导学生比较不同的受访者做出的回答,以及他们对采访和采访问题所表现出的态度和反应。

活动目的:该课堂活动旨在帮助学生了解不同文化对待某些事物看法和态度的异同。 活动过程描述:

步骤一:

教师课前布置学生就某些共性的问题对外国人进行采访。最好每1至2位学生采访1位外国人,这有助于学生拥有足够的信息资源进行比较。

表7-6 样卷

步骤二:

采访结束后,教师在课堂上引导学生就采访结果进行比较和讨论。

步骤三:

教师引导学生对采访过程进行讨论:

(1)你是否对采访对象的某些言语或行为感到惊讶?为什么?

(2)假如你是受访者,你会如何回答样卷中的问题?

(3)你如何评价自己在这次采访中的英语交际能力?

步骤四:

教师要求学生阅读下列一首小诗,并抒发其感想。

步骤五:

学生讨论该课堂活动的目的和从中获得的启发。

Step4

Homework and After-class activities

●Write a paper on Ethical Perspectives from Different Religions

●Surf on the internet to collect the information about the traditional Chinese ethics

Step5

Test Your Intercultural Competence

_____1.Generally, I am comfortable interacting with a group of people from different cultures.

_____2.I am tense and nervous while interacting in group discussions with people from different cultures.

_____3.While conversing with a person from a different culture, I feel very relaxed.

_____4.I’m afraid to speak up in conversations with a person from a different culture.

_____5.I face the prospect of interacting with people from different cultures with confidence.

_____6.My thoughts become confused and jumbled when interacting with people from different cultures.

_____https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6a17078173.html,municating with people from different cultures makes me feel uncomfortable. ⅣSupplimentary Materials

1. Key Terms:

1.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural

perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.(跨文化交际是指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人们之间进行的交际)

2.The term cross-cultural communication is typically used to refer to the study of a particular

idea or concept within many cultures. The goal of such investigations is to conduct a series of intercultural analysis in order to compare one culture to another on the attributes of interests.

(跨文化交际通常是指在多种文化内对某一观点或概念进行的研究。此种研究是以兴趣为基础,其目的是通过跨文化分析进行文化间的比较。)

3.Interpersonal communication is a form of communication that involves a small number of

individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability both to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretations from them.(人际交际是指少数人之间的交往,他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息又能立即从对方那里获得解释。)

4.Intracultural communication is defined as communication between and among members of

the same culture. Generally, people who are of the same race, political persuasion, and religion or who share the same interests communicate intraculturally.(内文化交际是指同一文化内其成员之间的交际。总的来说,同一种族、政治倾向、宗教或者具有同样兴趣的人们之间的交际就是内文化交际。)

5.International communication takes place between nations and governments rather than

individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized. (国家间的交际是指国家和政府而非个人之间的交际。此种交际非常正式和仪式化)

6.Interethnic communication refers to communication between people of the same race but

different ethnic backgrounds.(跨民族交际是指同一种族不同民族背景的人们之间的交际)7.Interracial communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages

are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics. (跨种族交际是指信息源和信息接收者来自不同的种族,这些种族具有不同的身体特征。)

8.Interregional Communication refers to the exchange of messages between members of the

dominant culture within a country. (跨地区交际是指一个国家内主流文化成员之间的信息交换过程。)

2. Additional Information:

1.Communication: the Process of Understanding and Sharing Meaning

The word communication is used in a variety of ways. Before we use the term any further, we should establish a common understanding of its definition. Communication comes from the Latin communicare, which means to make common. This original definition of the word is consistent with the definition of communication used in this text.

In this text, communication is defined as the process of understanding and sharing meaning. Communication is considered a process because it is an activity, exchange, of set of behaviors—not an unchanging, static product, in which we participate. David Berlo, a well-known communication figure, probably provides the clearest statement about communication as a process.

Berlo wrote: If we accept the concept of process, we view events and relationships as dynamic, ongoing, ever-changing, continuous. When we label something as a process, we also mean that it does not have a beginning, an end, a fixed sequence of events. It is not static, at rest. It is moving. The ingredients within a process interact, each affects all of the others.

What is an example of how a process operates in everyday communication? Picture two students passing on the sidewalk between classes and exchanging a few sentences. Did this very tiny communication episode really begin and end with their first and last word: Do we have to consider that both of them spoke to each other in English, that they must have had some prior encounter, or that they would not have stopped to exchange messages, If they have a common understanding of what was said, then they must share some experiences that shape their perceptions similarly. Didn’t their message go beyond the words to how they looked, if they smiled, and how much volume they use? Did the episode end with the last word and look or was it used to solidify their relationship: would their brief conversation be thought about later that day and the next, and did it lead to another meeting that night? Communication is a complicated process. It is variable, active, and dynamic. It starts long before the words begin to flow and can last long after the words stop.

Communication is a process that requires understanding. Your professor asks, what is the ontogeny of your misogeny? You hear the words, but you may not be able to understand or interpret them, An Asian student who has to struggle with English as a second language may have the same trouble with words that most Americans regard as easy to understand. Understanding, or grasping, the meaning of another person’s message does not occur unless the two communicators can elicit common meanings for words, phrases, and nonverbal codes. The importance of this kind of understanding was emphasized by humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers in his book On Becoming a Person., He wrote, I have found it of enormous value when I can permit myself to understand another person.

In addition to understanding, communication involves sharing. Consider the popular use of the word sharing. We share a meal, we share an event, we share a sunset. Sharing is a gift that people exchange. We can also share with ourselves when we allow ourselves time to relax and daydream, time to consider who we are and what our goals are. We share with others when we talk to them alone or in larger groups. Regardless of the context, communication involves sharing.

What exactly is understood and shared in the communication process? When you use language for expression, meaning is the shared understanding of your feelings. When you use language for pragmatic purposes, meaning is the appropriate response that indicates the message was understood. For example, you ask for a drink, and the other person gives you one. Meaning is the message you construct in your mind as you interpret the message sent.

An example of how meaning operates is the Rodney King incident in which people around the world saw an African American being beaten by Los Angeles police. The meaning of the videotaped event was whatever interpretation people developed in their own minds. Most people

perceived the incident as police power gone away. When the jury acquitted the police, many people interpreted the decision as a miscarriage of justice. Everyone who saw the videotapes of who read about the verdict constructed their own meaning, their own interpretation of the incident. The meaning attributed to the incident fashioned responses from agreement, to disbelief, to violence.

(Source: Judy Cornelia Pearson, Paul Edward Nelson. Understanding and Sharing An Introduction to Speech communication .Wm .C. Brown Communications, Inc.1994.5-8) Questions:

1.How do you understand the statement that communication is a process of understanding and sharing?

2.What is understood and shared in a successful interaction?

3.What must speakers share if they want to understand each other in a conversation?

4.What implications does this passage have on the study of intercultural communication?

2.Students can be divided into several groups to discuss the topic---what intercultural communication competence should a person have to be an effective intercultural communicator?

Good intercultural communicators have personality strength (strong sense of self and socially relaxed), communication skills (verbal and nonverbal), psychological adjustment (ability to adapt to new situations), and cultural awareness (understanding how people of different cultures think and act).These areas can be divided into eight different skills: self-awareness, self-respect, interaction, empathy, adaptability, certainty, initiative and acceptance.

4.3 Cross-cultural tips

4.3.1 Chinese Culture

The Ethical Principles of Confucianism

Confucianism had been regarded as an ethic-political system in ancient China. For more than two thousand years it has moulded and shaped the civilization of China and exerted a profound influence upon almost one fourth pf the human race.

Confucianism has left us a rich literary heritage known as the Four Books and Five Classics; The Great Learning (《大学》), The Mean (《中庸》), Analects (《论语》), and Mencius (《孟子》); Book of Change(《易经》), Book of History (《尚书》), Book of Odes (《诗经》), Book of Rites (《礼记》) and Spring and Autumn Anna ls(《春秋》) For six centuries (1313—1905) these four texts became the elementary requirements of Chinese education in the feudal society and served as the basis of the civil service examination (科举考试) by which scholars were selected for official posts at various levels of the government.

The ethical principle of Confucianism is its discovery of the ultimate in the moral character of human relationships in which Confucius offered the solution for the ills and evils of his day. That is the well-known Five Relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-and-younger brother, and friend-friend. The responsibilities ensuing from

these relationships are mutual and reciprocal. A minister owes loyalty to his ruler, and a child filial respect to his parent. But the ruler must care for his subjects, and the parent for the child. Just as Confucius said of the doctrine of reciprocity and neighborliness: "Within the four seas all men are brothers. " ( 四海之内皆兄弟) " Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you. " (己所不欲,勿施于人)

Confucius' central doctrine is that of the virtue of ren (仁). What is ren? Ren is translated variously as goodness, benevolence, humanity, and human-heartedness. In short, ren means affection and love. "A man of ren loves others" (任者爱人) .Fan Chi asked about " ren". Confucius said, "Love all men. " (樊迟问任,子曰“爱人”)

The ethical thought of Confucius can be summed up as the following five cardinal virtues;

1. ren (仁), the will to show benevolence to others (the root)

2. yi (义), righteousness by justice (the trunk)

3. li ( 礼), moral ways of conduct (the branches)

4. zhi (智), wisdom (the flower)

5. xin (信), faithfulness (the fruit)

In my opinion Confucianism's greatest contribution to the Chinese nation is its shaping and moulding of the Chinese character and national soul and its founding of the complete system of knowledge. Just as Dr. Sun Yat-sen said; "Therefore the old morals of loyalty (忠) and piety (孝), affection and love (仁爱), faithfulness and righteousness(信义), are superior to those of the foreign countries, let alone that of peace and harmony (和平). These high standards of morals are our national spirit. "(所以中国从前的忠孝、仁爱、信义种种就倒地,固然是驾乎外国人,说到和平的道德,更是驾乎外国人。这种特别好的道德,便是我们的民族精神。《孙中山选集》684页)

The complete system of knowledge is laid down in the book of Great Learning:

The way of the Great Learning lies in illustrating virtue, rejuvenating the people, and reaching perfection. ... The ancients who wished to illustrate virtue throughout the world

would first govern well their own state. To govern their state well, they would first regulate their families. To regulate their families, they would first cultivate their own personality. To cultivate their personality they would rectify their minds. To rectify their minds, they would first strive to be sincere in their thoughts. Wishing for sincerity in their thoughts, they would expand their knowledge. The expansion of knowledge lay in the investigation of things. (The Text of Confucius)

【原文】大学之道,在明明德,在亲民,在止于至善。……

古之君子欲明明德于天下者,先治其国。欲治其国者,先齐其家。欲齐其家者,先修其身。欲修其身者,先正其心。欲正其心者,先诚其意。欲诚其意者,先致其知。致知在格物。[《大学》·孔经]

【今译】最大的学问,在于弘扬道德,是人们革故鼎新,从而达到至善至美的理想境界。……古之君子要想发扬光大美德于天下,想要治理好自己的国家;要想治理好自己的国家;想要治理好自己的家庭;要想治理好自己的家庭,想要修养好自己的本身;要想修养好自己的本身,先端正自己的思想;要想端正自己的思想,想要使自己的意念诚实,先要获得知识。获得知识的目的,在于懂得事物的道理。

4.3.2 The Comparison of Western and Eastern Customs

中国和英语国家送礼习俗的差异

中国和英美等西方国家在什么场合,给什么人,送什么样的礼物上有差异,而且在送礼的方式上也有不同的习俗。

首先,西方人在赠送礼物时注重礼品的包装。买来或自制的礼物一般要用彩色礼品纸包起来,然后用彩带扎起,或用胶条封住。有的礼物虽然有包装盒,但送礼时还是要再包装一下。如果送一瓶酒作礼物,最好要酒瓶外面有包装纸的那一类。圣诞节时赠送给每个人的礼物可以放在一两个大盒子里,里面的小礼物可不必再包装。有时送礼,还要在礼物上加上个人标记,或缀上姓名首字母组成的交织图案。这样做的一个缺陷是,一旦物品标上了首字母就无法再退换。因此,在为贵重礼品标上姓名首字母之前,必须确定该礼品是受礼者需要或喜欢的东西,而且式样、颜色和尺寸都合适。如果送礼者确有把握,标上姓名首字母可以使许多礼物更加美观。当然,在受礼人接受了礼物之后再标上姓名首字母亦无不可。如果赠送标有首字母的手帕或其他礼物,对女人要用教名的首字母,对男人则用姓的首字母。关于礼品的包装和外观,有好长一段时间中国人不太重视。有时,中国的一些礼品是上乘的,但包装却不雅观,这无疑减轻了礼品的含义。这种状况正在发生变化。一些商店,尤其是礼品店,增加了包装服务,这为中国人送礼时重视礼物外观包装起到了促进作用。

客人赠送礼物时,主人应双手接受,握手,并感谢对方。英语国家的人们接受礼物后习惯于当面打开包装,欣赏一下礼品。有时送礼人还会对礼品作一些介绍或说明。在一个多人参加的聚会上,主人和客人还愿意一起欣赏大家带来的礼物和写的贺词,人们不注重礼物的轻重,但却注重赠礼者的一番心意。有人贺词写得幽默生动,常令听者捧腹,还有人专门收集这类贺卡或贺词。如果礼物是现金或支票,不要当众宣布钱的数目,受礼者说些适当的话并致谢意就可以了。

在一些场合送礼是不必要的,如果有个别人送了,主人可当着送礼人的面打开,但不要引起其他客人的注意,因为这样做会使没有带礼品的人感到难堪。

在英语国家,有时人们并不清楚在诸如圣诞节、生日庆典结婚典礼等场合送什么礼物好,于是便询问受礼者想要什么。遇到这种情况,如果受礼者知道对方的经济承受能力,可以明白提出自己想要的东西,否则,可以告诉对方一个大概的礼品范围,诸如厨房用品、装

饰用品等,由送礼人决定具体送什么。

中国人在送礼和受礼的方式上与英语国家的差异表现在以下几个方面。首先,中国人对自己送的礼物一般不事声张。有的给受礼人说一声,递给他或她就可以了。有的人则一声不吭地把礼物放在桌子上或者房间任何其他方便的地方;受礼者接到礼物后—般要客气或推辞几句:“让你破费了!”.“又让你花钱了!”“你们家有老人,带回去给老人用u巴广等等。另外,中国人一般不会当着客人的面打开礼物欣赏。这样做会让人觉得主人特别计较客人带的礼物,给人一种小气的印象。另外,中国人在客人告辞时还有回赠一些小东西或食品的习惯。有时,由于某种原因,中国人会拒收某些礼物。遇到这类情况,主人一般会在24小时之内将礼物退还给送礼者。退还礼物时要表示感谢,并说明为什么不能接受礼品。在商业活动中,千万不可把关系搞僵。中国人一旦接受了他人的礼物还有回礼的习俗,这就是中国人“礼尚往来”的传统。上面说过,可在客人告辞时回赠某种适当的礼物。有时,人们则隔一段时间,找一个恰当的场合登门回拜,顺便带给对方一些礼物表示感谢。也可以在对方婚丧嫁娶等日子里送上适宜的礼物以致谢意。一般说来,中国人没有补送礼物的习惯。对于祝寿或婚嫁之类的大事情,事后补送礼物是失礼的表现。当然,还应该记住,给老人送礼时忌送钟,因钟与“终”谐音,送终即为老人处理后事,那是不吉祥的事情,要绝对避免。

4.3.3 The comparison of Western and Eastern etiquette

宗教婚礼礼仪

据统计,西方所有的婚礼中,采用传统的宗教婚礼几乎占65%,他们总是在一个教会或大教堂里举行婚礼。其特点是具有庄重的宗教誓盲,由亲朋好友作为见证人。

1)基督教婚礼

基督教婚礼要求双方中至少有一人已经受洗礼并加入基督教教会。如两人都没有受洗礼,则需一人先进行成年人的受洗。主要步骤有:取得法定合格证明,与教区牧师取得联系,进行三个礼拜天的结婚预告的宣读,以征求教会教徒们的意见,然后由教区牧师颁发结婚证书。传统的基督教结婚仪式安排比较复杂,参加人员也较多,各类人员按礼仪到齐后,新郎穿着礼服,由男傧相陪同,站在教堂圣坛前等候新娘。队列行进由招待员先行,然后是女傧相、伴娘和监护人、持花女童和手执戒指的人,再后面是新娘,她身着白纱婚礼服,头披白纱,手戴白手套,捧着花束,伴着“婚礼进行曲”的乐声,挽着她父亲的手臂,缓步进入教堂,徐徐走向圣坛,后有侍童殿后。当新娘来到圣坛前,她摘下手套,连同花束一并交给伴娘,手也不再挎着父亲的胳膊,然后走到新郎的左边。这时主持婚礼的牧师先问:“是谁把这个女人给你的?”新娘的父亲回答;“是我。”父亲说完这句话后便在就近座位上坐下来,听牧师和结婚当事人之间的谈话。

牧师通常用类似祈祷的虔诚,解释婚礼仪式的意义作为开始:“亲爱的兄弟姐妹们,我们一起聚集在上帝面前…”是传统的导言,然后,牧师分别同男女双方是否愿意以对方为妻(夫),一直到死也永不分离。两人分别回答“是”,然后朗诵结婚誓言:

“我——娶(嫁给)你——作为我的结发妻子(丈夫),从今天起,不论好坏,不论富贵和贫穷,不论生捕和健康,我们永远相爱,直到死亡把我们分开。根据上帝神圣的仪式,我与你结婚。——从此时此刻起,我得到你作为我的妻子(丈夫),与你结合并共同承担将要来临的一切,无论是付出和接受,诉说和倾听,受激励和响应。在我们生活的任何时刻,用我的整个生命和我所有的一切,忠诚于你。”

随后,新郎给新娘戴上结婚戒指,接着是祝福,唱赞美祷,参加婚礼的人齐诵“主祷文”,牧师祷告说过“阿门”之后,新婚夫妇由至亲及主要宾客陪同,进入圣坛后面的祈祷室,签署登记本。签毕后再出来,此时乐师再奏“婚礼进行曲”,新娘挽着新郎的右臂,慢慢走出教堂,整个婚礼遂告结束。

2)天主教婚礼

天主教的婚礼是教堂所承认作为上帝恩赐的七种圣礼之一。这种婚礼一般由诵读三段经文、结婚仪式本身、结婚感恩祷告和最后的祝福组成,而且这种仪式经常在教堂的一次弥撒中举行。

3)东正教婚礼

东正教婚礼是在东正教教堂通向祭坛和圣殿的圣门前举行。在这里,放置了一张桌子,在它上面摆放着圣经,一只高脚酒杯,一个十字架、蜡烛和鲜花。在仪式进行过程中,新娘和新郎始终拿着象征上帝之光的蜡烛,新娘的花束或是放在桌子上,或是由一个陪伴者拿着。同样,花环或花冠被放在这对未婚未妇的头上。为了尊敬圣父、圣子、圣灵这三位一体,他们围绕着桌子走三圈。

东正教允许不同信仰者之间通婚,但必须有一个配偶或一个证人是东正教教徒。并且教会要求东正教成员结婚之前在星期天接受圣礼。

传统中式婚礼礼仪

传统婚礼即以传统为主导的婚礼仪程。它和现代婚礼最大的一个区别就在于迎娶。在现在的农村,乃至城市的大部分地区,这种婚礼方式还是相当普遍的。通常的情形是,新郎由傧相和其他随从人员陪同,一起乘车去新娘家里迎接新娘。接了新娘返回男家时,鞭炮齐鸣。之后在鞭炮声中送新郎新娘入洞房,稍事休息后即开始举行婚仪。

婚仪举行的场所,一般宥两个,一是在家里,这是现阶段我国婚仪常见的举行场所,在广大农村几乎没有例外,其仪式也还有传统的“一拜天地,二拜高堂,夫妻对拜”。一般请族中或村中威望高、办事好的人主持,此外,还有专在宴席上代主家张罗的。城市里的婚仪除在家里外,也有在饭店和其他公共场所举行的。这种情形,往往将迎亲和婚仪分割,将婚仪和喜宴合一。一般的婚仪程序是:

一是奏喜庆音乐。司仪宣布婚礼开始,新郎新娘随乐曲声双双步入宴会厅。

二是行鞠躬礼。按司仪的安排,此礼通常分三个层次进行:首先,新人向尊长和前辈亲友——行鞠躬礼;其次,薪郎、新娘互相行鞠躬礼;最后,新人向全体来宾行鞠躬礼。

三是介绍人讲话。介绍人可以简要介绍一下双方的恋爱经过,并祝福新郎新娘婚后幸福。

四是尊长或父母讲话。可以由来宾或亲友中辈分、声望较高的人即兴讲话,向新郎新娘表示祝贺。

五是新婚夫妇讲话。如新郎新娘都不擅讲话,也可采用变通办法,要新郎新娘唱一支歌,以示对所有到会者的感谢。

六是宴会开始。司仪或家长领新郎新娘向众位宾客敬酒,往往从主桌开始,逐宴向来宾敬酒一轮,众人欢宴,婚礼仪式至此即告一段落。

ⅤReferences

1.跨文化交流Larry A. Samovar & Richard E. Porter 北京大学出版社2004 Page 15

2. 跨文化交际学贾玉新上海外语教育出版社1997 Page 23—28

3. 跨文化交际导论宋莉哈尔滨工业大学出版社2004 Page 3—15

4. 全球环境中的跨文化沟通Linda Beamer & Iris Varner 清华大学出版社2003 Page 31

5. 跨文化英语教程许力生上海外语教育出版社2004 Page 60—61

6. Intercultural Communication in Contexts Judith N.Martin & Thomas K. Nakayama.

McGraw-Hill Publishing House1997, Page 41—58

7. American Cultural Patterns Edward C. Stewart & Milton J.Ben nett Intercultrual Press.Inc. Page

1—12

跨文化交际案例分析(共7个)

《跨文化交际学概论》第七章社会交往五、宴请招待p132 Case One: Setting Rules for a Guest – American Hospitality 案例: When Zhang Tao traveled in America, he lived in the home of his American friend, Bill. Once after he had traveled back, he found Bill was in a bad mood. When he asked what the problem was, Bill told Zhang Tao that his son Adam got furious about the noise Zhang made when walking upstairs and also because he was using too much water in the solar powered shower and Adam had to have his shower in cold water. Bill told Zhang Tao that he should walk more softly in future, and have a fast shower to save water. Zhang Tao felt uneasy. How could the host set such rules for his guest! Question: Why did Zhang Tao feel uneasy? 分析: 1) In China, when people host someone, they put the guest in the place of honor to show hospitality. They try to take care of the guest,and try to make the guest feel comfortable and at ease. 2) In America, people tend to give the guest great freedom and treat a guest more casually, naturally and truthfully. 3) Zhang Tao knew he was a guest, and thought in terms of Chinese expectations of hospitality. He thought Bill should treat him courteously instead of setting rules for him. 4) Since Zhang Tao lived in American surroundings, he should have known about the customs there sooner. Case Two: 案例: Lin had traveled 20 hours from Beijing to New York. He needed a good meal. His American friend, Mike, met him. But Mike only offered him a plate of roasted chicken and a glass of orange juice. Lin was used to having a main course, and asked Mike if he had any rice. Mike said he only had fried noodles, and Lin had to make do with it. Though Lin knew Americans didn’t care very much about what food they ate, he still felt surprised because he had taken Mike to the most famous duck restaurant in Beijing -- Quanjude -- when he arrived in Beijing. Question: Why did Lin feel surprised? Offer some advice to him about adjusting to his new environment in America.

跨文化交际

Intercultural communication is a form of global communication. It is used to describe the wide range of communication problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds.As a separate notion, it studies situations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact. Aside from language, intercultural communication focuses on social attributes, thought patterns, and the cultures of different groups of people. It also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. Intercultural communication plays a role in social sciences such as anthropology, cultural studies, linguistics psychology and communication studies. Intercultural communication is also referred to as the base for international businesses. There are several cross-cultural service providers around who can assist with the development of intercultural communication skills. Research is a major part of the development of intercultural communication skills. As we all know, there are so many differences between culture of the East and West that I can not list all of their different aspects. I will focus on the differences of diet custom and teaching system. For your better understand , I will set examples of China and America. It is no doubt that it is a tradition to use chopsticks for Chinese. But people in America prefer to forks and knives. This different result is based on different food they are like .Americans choose to eat beefsteak, bread, and salad, while Chinese people choose noodles, pancakes and rice. What is more, the custom of drinking tea in China and drinking coffee in America are stand out particularly .However, there is a trend that the food in both countries has been mixture. For example, the coffee and bread have introduced to China. The famous KFC is very popular at children. The gap of teaching system between China and America is big. Chinese students always complain about their homework. Too much homework has limited the time to exercise and relax. They have to recite many things as to get a high mark. Homework comes the first to them. In my opinion, the study in America is more interesting .Teachers pay attentions t o training students? skills in thinking in realistic life not to emphasis on the importan ce of memories. In a addition, the rate of going to school ,the salary of teaching ,and t he job of graduates are quite different, too. I should say that China government should make great efforts to improve its teaching system. I am also expect to be one day ,the West give more cheers to our country. “Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the me mbers of one category of people from another.” It is inevitable that the cultural difference has impact on business. For example, when a company is having meeting, the word “table” they mention in American Engli sh means to put something on the agenda, but in British English it means to put somet hing off the agenda. This example indicated how the culture affects the business. In Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differe

《跨文化交际学概论》课后习题答案

第一讲跨文化交际 1. 在你的日常活动中哪些是比较典型的跨文化交际? 答:(1)具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程就是跨文化交际。 (2)日常活动中比较典型的跨文化交际有: ①中外领导人谈判、进出口公司的工作人员与外国商人谈生意; ②和外国旅游者、外国留学生、外国教师交往; ③阅读外国小说、观看外国电影、电视节目。 2. 你认为强调个人之间的文化差异有什么利弊? 答:强调个人之间的文化差异有如下利弊: (1)利:每个人都隶属于若干群体,而且没有哪两个人隶属的群体是完全相同的。即使在同一群体中,每个人的态度、价值和信念也不会完全一样。因此,每个人都应该被认为是独特的。强调个人的差异,就是在从地区、职业、年龄、性别等方面来研究不同文化对个体的影响,这有助于跨文化交际深入开展。 (2)弊:过于强调个人之间的文化差异也有一定的弊端。个体只是一种或多种文化的具体情况。根据传统的观念,文化通常不是指个人行为,而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯,个人之间的差异研究只有在把他们当作群体代表时才有意义。过于强调个人文化之间的差异会使跨文化交际变得非常繁琐,实际上取消了跨文化研究的意义。 3. 我国的地区文化差异是否可以作为跨文化交际研究的重要方面? 答:我国的地区文化差异可以作为跨文化交际研究的重要方面。 (1)跨文化交际研究的重要性排序如下:主流文化—亚文化—地区文化—小群体文化。 (2)地区文化的差异是跨文化交际研究的重要课题之一。我国幅员辽阔、地域广袤,地势高低起伏,地形复杂多变,由于空间分布差异,各地区形成了具有各自地方特斯的区域文化。 (3)同时,我国是一个多民族国家,每个民族都有自己的民族文化传统,这些也构成了地区文化的一部分。这些地区文化从总体上看,特点显著,区别性强,差异性大,值得进行跨文化研究。

(完整word版)跨文化交际教学大纲

《跨文化交际》 课程教学大纲 课程名称:英语教学论 课程类别:专业必修课 考核类别:考试 适用对象:本科 适用专业:英语 总学时、学分:36学时2学分 一、课程教学目的 该课程旨在扩大学生的知识面,对西方文化的不同层面有所了解,以提高学生的交际能力。在传统的外语教学中, 人们往往忽视文化的重要作用, 只注重语言能力的培养而未能顾及交际能力的提高。近年来国内学者认识到外语教学必须引进文化知识的对比,训练学生灵活运用语言知识, 更好地与外国人沟通, 减少和避免误解。 1

二、课程教学要求 该课程教学要求学生提高对文化差异的敏感性, 更有效地与外国人进行交际,为英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高奠定基础。 三、先修课程 跨文化交际是英语专业的必修课, 是在完成了精读、泛读、综合英语、写作等基本技能训练后开设的,旨在增强文化差异的敏感性,增强跨文化交际意识,有助于英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高。因此,学生先期完成英语听说读写等技能训练基本课程,如《基础英语》、《英国文学选读》等课程。 四、课程教学重、难点 该课程教学重点在于培养学生对英语国家文化的 2

了解及跨文化交际意识, 提高驾驭英语语言的能力, 从而使其能得体地运用语言与操英语的外国人士进行交流。教师的讲授重点是帮助学生认识中西文化的异同,分析文化差异的根源, 帮助学生深化对西方文化的理解。中西文化的差异在表层上很容易识别,但对造成差异的原因却需追根溯源。东西方在历史,思维方式以及哲学等方面的差异则是造成中国学生对西方文化不解的主要原因,也是该课程的难点。 五、课程教学方法(或手段) 教学方法:以课堂讲授为主,适当组织课堂讨论,鼓励学生充分利用课外资源进行探索性、研究性学习。 六、课程教学内容 Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures(4学时) 3

跨文化交际案例分析答题技巧

汉硕案例分析答题技巧 最近很多人问关于汉语国际教育考试中的案例分析题该怎样答,我根据自己的粗浅经验,现总结如下: 1.答题思路:按照发现问题-- 分析问题-- 解决问题的思路。具体如下:(1)发现问题:也就是提出问题。在所给的案例中,某个出国教汉语的志愿者教师或来中国教外语的外教等,遇到了什么样的困难。遇到的困难可能是课堂教学时的,比如学生上课都不积极回答问题,不愿意参与老师精心设计的课堂活动,或者问老师一些可能涉及到“隐私”的问题;也可以是这位老师在生活上遇到的问题,比如无法与当地人沟通或交流(语言障碍,文化障碍),无法适应当地人的生活,或不理解当地人做某事时为什么会采取那样的方式,等等。注意:遇到的问题可能是多方面的,要从多角度分析,一般情况下,也不只是一个问题,所以,要按条来答。 (2)分析问题:要求你具体分析一下这位老师或某人遇到这种困难是什么原因引起的,主要是文化方面的原因,可能还涉及到一些他所采用的文化策略等。比如,他由于对对方国家文化不了解,对方国家可能很注重“隐私”,而在我们国家这不被看做是“隐私”。同时要求你分析出我们的母语文化具有什么样的特点,最主要的是和对方国家有什么不一样,哪里不一样,因此造成了他在文化方面的不适应,以至于教学和生活中都出现了问题或遇到了困难。关于他所使用的文化策略,主要就是他自身有没有做到尊重当地的文化,有没有试着去融入这种文化,接受这种文化,还是一味的采取排斥策略,认为自己的一切都好,别人的一切都不好。这就是分析问题了。 (3)解决问题:这是最关键的部分了。怎么解决他遇到的问题或困难?你自己提出个对策就行了,当然,要根据一些你所知道的文化常识和应对策略。比如首先尊重当地文化,多和当地人交流,努力让自己适应当地人的文化和生活方式,做到求同存异,等等。这里需要注意的就是,有些文化的知识是很灵活的,比如中国人的谦虚、中庸的思想等等,都是我们日常生活就知道的,就是稍微总结一下,理顺一下,就能答题了。关于这个,如果时间还来得及,就看一下程裕祯的《中国文化要略》,看一下中国文化的特点等,很多东西是很细致的,自己要稍加总结。如果时间不是很充分了,就把刘珣的《对外汉语教育学引论》上的关于“跨文化交际”的那个章节仔细看一下,我觉得应对这道题应该够用了。 2.答题方法:其实思路清晰了就很好弄了,老师会看你的逻辑分析能力。强烈建议大家一定要分条论述,千万别想到哪说到哪,写出一大片,阅卷老师还得自己去给你找点,这样,老师会很疲劳的,老师最不喜欢的就是这种思维混乱的。所以说,大家答题时我觉得可以按两种方法来写: 第一种:按发现问题---分析问题---解决问题来写,一共三条,然后在每条的下边分几个小点,因为发现的问题肯定不止一个,相应的分析问题和解决问题也会不止一条。 第二种:按一共出现了几个问题分条,第一条,问题1:发现问题--分析问题--解决问题;问题2:发现问题--分析问题--解决问题;问题3--以此类推。 总结一下,以上两种方法都各有利弊,因为有时不同的问题是由同一个原因产生的,或者需要同一种解决策略。所以,大家可以根据自己的喜好来选择其中一种。按以上的问题全部分析完以后,最好再来个综述,大致总结一下,字数不用太多,就是有个小结尾。 最后,要跟大家说的是,字数和字迹的问题。这个案例分析要求是1000字以上

跨文化交际导论(含答案)

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跨文化交际学概论笔记 第一章跨文化交际 一、什么是跨文化交际——具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程跨文化交际之所以在今天日益引起人们的注意,主要原因是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展,使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。L.S.Harms 认为,在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段:语言的产生;文字的使用;印刷技术的发明;近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展;跨文化交际。近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。 二、第二章跨文化交际学 跨文化交际学在美国Intercultural Communication (与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切) 1.首先在美国兴起。美国有来自各个国家的移民,有各自的文化系统和风俗习惯,逐渐在美国社会形成了多元文化的格局;美国与各国交往频繁。 2.Edwar Hall 《无声的语言》跨文化交际学的奠基之作。认为不同文化背景的人们在使用时间、空间表达意义方面表现出明显的差异。(对时间、空间、交际的关系作了深入探讨) 3.1970 年是具有重要意义的一年在这一年,国际传播学会承认跨文化交际学是传播学的一个分支,成立了跨文化交际学分会。1972 年,第一届跨文化交际学国际会议,日本东京。 第四章交际 一、交际与传播 这两词来源于同一英语communication表示的是同一个概念,不同学科背景的人采用不同术语。有语言学背景的学者大多使用“交际”,从事传播学教学和研究的学者都采用“传播”。 三、传播的种类 传播可分为人类传播和非人类传播;人类传播又可分为社会传播和非社会传播。非社会传播指内向传播(自我传播),社会传播包括人际传播,组织传播,大众传播。 内向传播(intarpersonal communication)只一个人自己脑子里在自我交流活动或是自言自语 人际传播(interpersonal communication)两个人或以上的信息传受过程。如交谈,书信,小组讨论,大会演讲等。 组织传播(organizational communication)在学校,公司,工厂,机关,军队,党派,群众团体等内部的传播,不都是自上而下的,可具有不同模式,纵式或横式,要注意因文化差异造成的传播不通的局面。 大众传播(mass communication)职业化的传播机构利用机械化,电子化的技术手段向不特定的多数人传送信息的行为或过程,如报刊杂志,广播电视,因特网信息等。 第四章语言交际 一、语言与文化密不可分 (语言反映一个民族的文化,同时有受到文化的巨大影响。)语言与文化有着密切的关系。由于语言的产生和发展,人类文化才得以产生和传承。不存在没有语言的文化,也不存在没有文化的语言。广义的文化包括语言,同时文化又无时无刻不在影响语言,使语言为了适应文化发展变化的需要而变得更加精确和缜密。语言既是文化的载体,又是文化的写照。 E.g.①亲属称谓是语言反映文化的一个突出例证。汉族不仅注重长幼顺序,而且对于是父系、母系或婚系亦十分重视。古人有强烈的传宗接代的观念,按血缘远近区别亲疏,家族里又有内外嫡庶之别。——后来亲属称谓的简化,意味着家族关系在社会生活中不占那么重要的地位。在我国个别地区的亲属称谓中,只有男性称谓,没有女性称谓,可能是古代父系社会的

跨文化交际学概论__胡文仲版

第一部分绪论:跨文化交际与跨文化交际学 第一章跨文化交际 一、什么是跨文化交际——具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程跨文化交际之所以在今天日益引起人们的注意,主要原因是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展,使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。L.S.Harms 认为,在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段:语言的产生;文字的使用;印刷技术的发明;近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展;跨文化交际。近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。 二、对跨文化交际的不同理解:有的人认为每个人在文化上都是独特的,所以任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。有的人认为,不同国籍人们之间的文化差异与不同职业的人们之间的文化差异并没有什么本质上的区别,只是程度上的差异。有的人认为,跨文化交际研究应该把重点放在亚文化系统的语篇系统方面。有的人认为,作大范围的国与国之间的对比对于改进跨文化交际益处不大,应该把眼光放在更具体的文化差异上。跨文化交际研究的范围应该也包括地区、职业、年龄、性别等方面的文化差异的探讨。文化通常不是指个人的行为,而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯。作者认为作跨国、跨种族、跨民族研究不仅应该是跨文化交际研究包括的内容,而且应该是放在首位的。至于地区、

阶级、阶层、职业、性别、年龄等不同层次的差异也应该给予关注。至于个人之间的差异的研究只是在我们把他们当做群体的代表时才有意义。在研究一个国家的文化特点时,我们的眼光首先应集中在它的主流文化主流文化上,其次才注意它的亚文化和地区文化的特点。主流文化-主流文化-亚文化-地区文化-小群体文化(不同年龄、职业、性别群体的文化) 三、第二章跨文化交际学 跨文化交际学在美国Intercultural Communication (与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切) 1.首先在美国兴起。美国有来自各个国家的移民,有各自的文化系统和风俗习惯,逐渐在美国社会形成了多元文化的格局;美国与各国交往频繁。 2.Edwar Hall 《无声的语言》跨文化交际学的奠基之作。认为不同文化背景的人们在使用时间、空间表达意义方面表现出明显的差异。(对时间、空间、交际的关系作了深入探讨) 3.1970 年是具有重要意义的一年,在这一年,国际传播学会承认跨文化交际学是传播学的一个分支,成立了跨文化交际学分会。1972 年,第一届跨文化交际学国际会议,日本东京。 4.70 年代,影响最大的书籍Samovar&Richard《跨文化交

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