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DIS-14001新版标准草案

? ISO 2003 – All rights reserved

Document type: International Standard

Document subtype:

Document stage: (30) Committee

Document language: E

D:\iknow\docshare\data\cur_work\41361929.doc STD Version 2.1b ISO TC 207/SC 1 N 384

Date: 2003-07-09

ISO/DIS 14001 ISO TC 207/SC 1/WG 1

Secretariat: BSI

Environmental management systems — Requirements with guidance for use

Systèmes de management environnemental — Exigences et lignes directrices pour son utilisation

ISO/CD 14001.2

ii ? ISO 2003 – All rights reserved

ISO/CD 14001.2

Contents Page

Foreword (v)

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ v i

1 Scope (1)

2 Normative references (1)

3 Terms and definitions (2)

4 Environmental management system requirements (4)

4.1 General requirements (4)

4.2 Environmental policy (4)

4.3 Planning (4)

4.3.1 Environmental aspects (4)

4.3.2 Legal and other requirements (4)

4.3.3 Objectives, targets and programme(s) (5)

4.4 Implementation and operation (5)

4.4.1 Resources, roles, responsibility and authority (5)

4.4.2 Competence, training and awareness (5)

4.4.3 Communication (6)

4.4.4 Documentation (6)

4.4.5 Document control (6)

4.4.6 Operational control (7)

4.4.7 Emergency preparedness and response (7)

4.5 Checking and corrective action (7)

4.5.1 Monitoring and measurement (7)

4.5.2 Evaluation of legal compliance (7)

4.5.3 Nonconformity and preventive and corrective action (8)

4.5.4 Records (8)

4.5.5 Internal environmental management system audit (8)

4.6 Management review (9)

Annex A (informative) Guidance on the use of the standard (10)

A.1 General requirements (10)

A.2 Environmental policy (11)

A.3 Planning (11)

A.3.1 Environmental aspects (11)

A.3.2 Legal and other requirements (13)

A.3.3 Objectives, targets and programmes (13)

A.4 Implementation and operation (14)

A.4.1 Resources, roles, responsibility and authority (14)

A.4.2 Competence, training and awareness (14)

A.4.3 Communication (15)

A.4.4 Documentation (15)

A.4.5 Document control (16)

A.4.6 Operational control (16)

A.4.7 Emergency preparedness and response (16)

A.5 Checking and corrective action (17)

A.5.1 Monitoring and measurement (17)

A.5.2 Evaluation of legal compliance (17)

A.5.3 Nonconformity and preventive and corrective action (17)

A.5.4 Records (17)

A.5.5 Internal environmental management system audit (18)

A.6 Management review (18)

? ISO 2003 – All rights reserved iii

ISO/CD 14001.2

Annex B (informative) Links between ISO 14001:200x and ISO 9001:2000 (19)

Bibliography (27)

iv ? ISO 2003 – All rights reserved

ISO/CD 14001.2

Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

ISO 14001 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 207, Environmental management, Subcommittee SC 1, Environmental management systems.

This second/third/... edition cancels and replaces the first/second/... edition (ISO 14001:1996), [clause(s) / subclause(s) / table(s) / figure(s) / annex(es)] of which [has / have] been technically revised.

? ISO 2003 – All rights reserved v

ISO/CD 14001.2

Introduction

Organizations of all kinds are increasingly concerned to achieve and demonstrate sound environmental performance by controlling the impact of their activities, products or services on the environment, taking into account their environmental policy and objectives. They do so in the context of increasingly stringent legislation, the development of economic policies and other measures to foster environmental protection, and a general growth of concern from interested parties about environmental matters and sustainable development.

Many organizations have un dertaken environmental “reviews” or “audits” to assess their environmental performance. On their own, however, these “reviews” and “audits” may not be sufficient to provide an organization with the assurance that its performance not only meets, but will continue to meet, its legal and policy requirements. To be effective, they need to be conducted within a structured management system and integrated with overall management.

International Standards covering environmental management are intended to provide organizations with the elements of an effective environmental management system which can be integrated with other management requirements, to assist organizations to achieve environmental and economic goals. These Standards, like other international Standards, are not intended to be used to create non-tariff trade barriers or to increase or change an organization’s legal obligations.

This International Standard specifies the requirements of such an environmental management system. It has been written to be applicable to all types and sizes of organizations and to accommodate diverse geographical, cultural and social conditions. The basis of the approach is shown in Figure 1. The success of the system depends on commitment from all levels and functions, especially from top management. A system of this kind enables an organization to establish and assess the effectiveness of procedures, to develop an environmental policy and objectives, achieve conformity with them, and demonstrate such conformity to others. The overall aim of this International Standard is to support environmental protection and prevention of pollution in balance with socio-economic needs. It should be noted that many of the requirements may be addressed concurrently or revisited at any time.

The revision has been focused on clarification of the 1996 edition to assist in understanding and has taken due consideration of the provisions of ISO 9001:2000 in order to enhance the compatibility of the two standards for the benefit of the user community.

Any changes in this revision should help understanding, implementation by users and environmental protection without resulting in additional or diminished requirements in comparison to ISO 14001:1996.

There is an important distinction between this International Standard, which describes the requirements for an organization's EMS, and can be used for certification/registration and/or self-declaration of an organization’s environmental management system, and a non-certifiable guideline intended to provide generic assistance to an organization for implementing or improving an environmental management system. Environmental management encompasses a full range of issues including those with strategic and competitive implications. Demonstration of successful implementation of this International Standard can be used by an organization to assure interested parties that an appropriate environmental management system is in place.

ISO/CD 14001.2

? ISO 2003 – All rights reserved vii NOTE This International Standard is based on the methodology known as Plan –Do –Check –Act (PDCA). PDCA can be briefly described as follows.

? Plan: establish the objectives and processes necessary to deliver results in accordance with the organization’s

environmental policy.

? Do: implement the processes.

? Check: monitor and measure processes against environmental policy, objectives, targets, legal and other

requirements, and report the results.

? Act:

take actions to continually improve performance of the environmental management system. Some organizations manage their operations via the application of a system of processes and their interactions, which can be referred to as the “process approach”. ISO 9001:2000 promotes the use of the process approach. Since PDCA can be applied to all processes, the two methodologies are considered to be compatible.

Figure 1 — Environmental management system model for this International Standard

Continual

improvement

Environmental policy

Planning

Implementation and operation

Checking and

corrective action

Management review

ISO/CD 14001.2

Guidance on supporting environmental management techniques are contained in other International Standards, particularly those on environmental management in the ISO 14000 series. Any reference to other standards is for information only.

This International Standard contains only those requirements that may be objectively audited for certification/registration purposes and/or self-declaration purposes. Those organizations requiring more general guidance on a broad range of environmental management system issues should refer to ISO 14004:200x, Environmental management systems – General guidelines on principles, systems and supporting techniques.

It should be noted that this International Standard does not establish absolute requirements for environmental performance beyond commitment, in the policy, to compliance with applicable environmental legal requirements, prevention of pollution and to continual improvement. Thus, two organizations carrying out similar operations but having different environmental performance may both comply with its requirements. The adoption and implementation of a range of environmental management techniques in a systematic manner can contribute to optimal outcomes for all interested parties. However, adoption of this International Standard will not in itself guarantee optimal environmental outcomes. In order to achieve environmental objectives, the environmental management system should encourage organizations to consider implementation of the best available techniques, where appropriate and where economically viable. In addition, the cost effectiveness of such techniques should be fully taken into account.

This International Standard does not include requirements specific to other management systems, such as those particular to quality management, occupational health and safety management, financial management or risk management. This International Standard does however enable an organization to align or integrate its own environmental management system with related management system requirements. It is possible for an organization to adapt its existing management system(s) in order to establish an environmental management system that complies with the requirements of this International Standard. It should be understood, however, that the application of various elements of the management system may differ due to different purposes and different interested parties.

.

COMMITTEE DRAFT ISO/CD 14001.2 Environmental management systems — Requirements with guidance for use

1 Scope

This International Standard specifies requirements for an environmental management system, to enable an organization to develop a policy and objectives taking into account legal requirements and information about significant environmental aspects. It applies to those environmental aspects which the organization can control and those which it can influence. It does not itself state specific environmental performance criteria.

This International Standard is applicable to any organization that wishes to:

a) implement, maintain and improve an environmental management system;

b) assure itself of its conformity with its stated environmental policy;

c) demonstrate such conformity with this international standard by:

?making a self-determination and self-declaration; or

?seeking confirmation of its self-declaration by a party external to the organization; or

?seeking certification/registration of its environmental management system by an external organization.

All the requirements in this International Standard are intended to be incorporated into any environmental management system. The extent of the application will depend on such factors as the environmental policy of the organization, the nature and location of its operations, and the conditions in which it functions. This International Standard also provides, in annex A, informative guidance on its use

NOTE For ease of use, the subclauses of clause 4 of this International Standard and annex A have related numbers; thus, for example, 4.3.3 and A.3.3 both deal with objectives and targets, and 4.5.5 and A.5.5 both deal with internal environmental management system audit.

2 Normative references

No normative references are included.

? ISO 2003 – All rights reserved 1

ISO/CD 14001.2

3 Terms and definitions

For the purpose of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions apply.

NOTE Terms are not defined where they retain their normal dictionary definition. Where bold type is used in a definition, this indicates a cross-reference to another term defined in this clause, and the number reference for the term is given in parentheses.

3.1

auditor

person with the competence to conduct an audit

[ISO 9000:2000, 3.9.9]

3.2

continual improvement

recurring process of enhancing the environmental management system(3.6) in order to achieve improvements in overall environmental performance(3.9) consistent with the organization’s (3.13) environmental policy (3.10)

NOTE The process need not take place in all areas of activity simultaneously.

3.3

document

information and its supporting media

NOTE: the medium can be paper, magnetic, electronic or optical computer disc, photograph or master sample, or a combination thereof

3.4

environment

surroundings in which an organization(3.13) operates, including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans, and their interrelation

NOTE Surroundings in this context extend from within an organization to the global system.

3.5

environmental aspect

element of an organization’s (3.13) activities or products or services that can interact with the environment (3.3)

NOTE A significant environmental aspect has or can have a significant environmental impact (3.5).

3.6

environmental impact

any change to the environment(3.3), whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organization’s (3.13) environmental aspects (3.4)

3.7

environmental management system

part of an organization's (3.13) management system used to develop and implement its environmental policy (3.10) and manage its interaction(s) with the environment (3.3)

NOTE 1 A management system is a set of interrelated requirements used to establish policy and objectives and to achieve those objectives

NOTE 2 A management system includes organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures (3.15), processes and resources

3.8

environmental management system audit

systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which the environmental management system) audit criteria set by the organization (3.13) are fulfilled

3.9

environmental objective

overall environmental goal, consistent with the environmental policy (3.10), that an organization (3.13) sets itself to achieve

3.10

environmental performance

measurable results of an organization’s (3.13) management of its environmental aspects (3.4)

NOTE In the context of environmental management systems (3.6), results can be measured against the organization’s environmental policy (3.10), environmental objectives (3.8) and environmental targets (3.11).

3.11

environmental policy

overall intentions and direction of an organization (3.13) related to its environmental performance (3.9) as formally expressed by top management

NOTE The environmental policy provides a framework for action and for the setting of environmental objectives (3.8) and environmental targets (3.11)

3.12

environmental target

detailed performance requirement applicable to the organization (3.13) or parts thereof, that arises from the environmental objectives (3.8) and that needs to be set and met in order to achieve those objectives

3.13

interested party

person or group concerned with or affected by the environmental performance(3.9) of an organization (3.13)

3.14

organization

company, corporation, firm, enterprise, authority or institution, or part or combination thereof, whether incorporated or not, public or private, that has its own functions and administration

NOTE For organizations with more than one operating unit, a single operating unit may be defined as an organization.

3.15

prevention of pollution

use of processes, practices, techniques, materials, products or energy to avoid, reduce or control (separately or in combination) the creation, emission or discharge of any type of pollutant or waste, in order to reduce adverse environmental impacts (3.5)

NOTE Prevention of pollution can include source reduction or elimination, process, product or service changes, efficient use of resources, material and energy substitution, re-use, recovery, recycling, reclamation and treatment.

3.16

procedure

specified way to carry out an activity or a process

[ISO 9000:2000, 3.4.5]

NOTE Procedures can be documented or not.

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3.17

record

document stating results achieved or providing evidence of activities performed

4 Environmental management system requirements

4.1 General requirements

The organization shall establish, document, implement, maintain and continually improve an environmental management system in accordance with the requirements of this International Standard and determine how it will fulfil these requirements.

The organization shall define the scope of its environmental management system.

4.2 Environmental policy

Top management shall define the organization’s environmental policy and ensure that within the defined scope of its EMS it:

a) is appropriate to the nature, scale and environmental impacts of its activities, products and services;

b) includes a commitment to continual improvement and prevention of pollution;

c) includes a commitment to comply with applicable environmental legal requirements and other

environmental requirements to which the organization subscribes;

d) provides the framework for setting and reviewing environmental objectives and targets;

e) is documented, implemented and maintained;

f) is communicated to all persons working for or on behalf of the organization;

g) is available to the public.

4.3 Planning

4.3.1 Environmental aspects

The organization shall establish and maintain (a) procedure(s):

?to identify the environmental aspects of its activities, products and services within the defined scope of the environmental management system, that it can control and those which it can influence taking into account planned or new developments, or new or modified activities, products and services; and

?to determine those aspects that have or can have significant impact on the environment (i.e. significant environmental aspects).

The organization shall document this information, and keep it up-to-date.

The organization shall ensure that the significant environmental aspects are considered in developing, implementing and maintaining its environmental management system.

4.3.2 Legal and other environmental requirements

The organization shall establish and maintain (a) procedure(s):

?to identify and have access to

i) applicable legal requirements related to the organization’s environmental aspects, and

ii) other environmental requirements to which the organization subscribes;

?to determine how these requirements apply to its environmental aspects.

The organization shall ensure that environmental legal and other environmental requirements to which the organization subscribes are considered in developing, implementing and maintaining its environmental management system.

4.3.3 Objectives, targets and programme(s)

The organization shall establish and maintain documented environmental objectives and targets, at relevant functions and levels within the organization.

The objectives and targets shall be measurable where practicable and consistent with the environmental policy, including the commitments to prevention of pollution, compliance with legal and other environmental requirements and continual improvement.

When establishing and reviewing its objectives and targets an organization shall consider the legal and other environmental requirements, its significant environmental aspects, its technological options and its financial, operational and business requirements, and the views of interested parties.

The organization shall establish and maintain (a) programme(s) for achieving its objectives and targets. It shall include:

a) designation of responsibility for achieving objectives and targets at relevant functions and levels of the

organization;

b) the means and time-frame by which they are to be achieved.

4.4 Implementation and operation

4.4.1 Resources, roles, responsibility and authority

Management shall ensure the availability of resources essential for the implementation and control of the environmental management system. Resources include human resources and specialized skills, internal infrastructure, technology and financial resources.

Roles, responsibilities and authorities shall be defined, documented and communicated in order to facilitate effective environmental management.

The organization’s top management shall appoint (a) specific management representative(s) who, irrespective of other responsibilities, shall have defined roles, responsibilities and authority for:

a) ensuring that an environmental management system is established, implemented and maintained in

accordance with the requirements of this International Standard;

b) reporting on the performance of the environmental management system to top management for review

andas the basis for improvement

4.4.2 Competence, training and awareness

The organization shall ensure that any person(s) performing tasks on its behalf that have the potential to cause (a) significant environmental impact(s) identified by the organization is (are) competent on the basis of appropriate education, training, or experience.

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The organization shall identify training needs associated with its environmental aspects and its EMS. It shall provide training or take other action to meet these needs.

The organization shall establish and maintain procedures to make persons working for it or on its behalf aware of:

a) the importance of conformity with the environmental policy and procedures and with the requirements of

the environmental management system;

b) the significant environmental impacts, actual or potential, of their work and the environmental benefits of

improved personal performance;

c) their roles and responsibilities in achieving conformity with the environmental policy and procedures and

with the requirements of the environmental management system, including emergency preparedness and response requirements;

d) the potential consequences of departure from specified operating procedures.

4.4.3 Communication

With regard to its environmental aspects and environmental management system, the organization shall establish and maintain procedures for:

a) internal communication between the various levels and functions of the organization;

b) receiving, documenting and responding to relevant communication from external interested parties.

4.4.4 The organization shall decide whether to communicate externally about its significant environmental aspects and document its decision. If the decision is to communicate, the organization shall establish (a) method(s) for this external communication.Documentation

The environmental management system documentation shall include:

a) environmental policy, objectives and targets;

b) description of the main elements of the environmental management system and their interaction and

reference to related documents;

c) documents and records required by this International Standard;

d) documents and records determined by the organization to be necessary to ensure the effective planning,

operation and control of processes that relate to its significant environmental aspects; and

4.4.5 Control of documents

Documents required by the environmental management system and by this International Standard shall be controlled. Records are a special type of document and shall be controlled according to the requirements given in 4.5.4.

The organization shall establish and maintain (a) procedure(s) to::

a) approve documents for adequacy prior to issue,

b) review and update as necessary and re-approve documents,

c) ensure that changes and the current revision status of documents are identified,

d) ensure that relevant versions of applicable documents are available at points of use,

e) ensure that documents remain legible and readily identifiable,

f) ensure that documents of external origin determined by the organization to be necessary for the planning

and operation of the environmental management system are identified and their distribution controlled, and

g) prevent the unintended use of obsolete documents, and to apply suitable identification to them if they are

retained for any purpose.

4.4.6 Operational control

The organization shall identify those of operations that are associated with the identified significant environmental aspects consistent with its environmental policy, objectives and targets. The organization shall plan these operations, , in order to ensure that they are carried out under specified conditions by:

a) establishing and maintaining documented procedures to control situations where absence of documented

procedures could lead to deviations from the environmental policy and the objectives and targets;

b) stipulating operating criteria in the procedures;

c) establishing and maintaining procedures related to the identifiable significant environmental aspects of

goods and services used by the organization and communicating applicable procedures and requirements to suppliers and contractors.

4.4.7 Emergency preparedness and response

The organization shall establish and maintain (a) procedure(s) to:

a) identify potential emergency situations and potential accidents that can have (an) impact(s) on the environment, and how it will respond to them;

b) respond to actual emergency situations and accidents and prevent or mitigate associated environmental impacts.

The organization shall periodically review and, where necessary, revise its emergency preparedness and response procedures, in particular, after the occurrence of accidents or emergency situations.

The organization shall also periodically test such procedures where practicable.

4.5 Checking and corrective action

4.5.1 Monitoring and measurement

The organization shall establish and maintain (a) procedure(s) to monitor and measure, on a regular basis, the key characteristics of its operations that can have a significant environmental impact. The procedure(s) shall include the documenting of information to monitor performance, applicable operational controls and conformity with the organization's environmental objectives and targets.

The organization shall calibrate and maintain monitoring and measurement equipmentand shall retain associated records.

4.5.2 Evaluation of compliance

The organization shall establish and maintain (a) procedure(s) for periodically evaluating compliance with applicable environmental legal requirements and other environmental requirements to which the organization subscribes to meet the organization’s commitment to compliance.

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4.5.3 Nonconformity, corrective and preventive actions

The organization shall establish and maintain (a) procedure(s) for controlling non-conformities and for taking corrective and preventive actions . The procedures shall include:

a) identification of actual nonconformity(-ies) and correct and mitigate their environmental impact(s);

b) investigation and elimination of the cause(s) of (an) actual nonconformity(-ies), in order to prevent

recurrence;

c) determination of action to eliminate the causes of potential non-conformities to prevent their occurrence;

Any action taken to identify, correct, mitigate, prevent or eliminate the causes or effects of actual and potential nonconformity(-ies) shall be appropriate to the magnitude of problems and the environmental impact encountered.

The organization shall review the actions taken and implement and document changes resulting from corrective and preventive action.

NOTE Nonconformity is non-fulfilment of a requirement.

4.5.4 Records

The organization shall establish and maintain records as necessary to demonstrate conformity to the requirements of its EMS and of this International Standard, including evaluation of compliance with environmental legal requirements and other environmental requirements to which the organization subscribes and the implementation of procedures and results achieved.

The organization shall establish and maintain (a) procedure(s) for the identification, storage, protection, retrieval, retention and disposal of records.

Records shall be and remain legible, identifiable and traceable.

4.5.5 Internal audit

The organization shall ensure that internal environmental management system audits are conducted at planned intervals to:

a) determine whether the environmental management system

1) conforms to planned arrangements for environmental management including the requirements of this

International Standard; and

2) has been properly implemented and is maintained; and

b) provide information on the results of audits to management.

An audit programme shall be planned, established and maintained by the organization, taking into consideration the environmental importance of the operation(s) concerned and the results of previous audits. An audit procedure shall be established and maintained that addresses the following:

the responsibilities and requirements for planning and conducting audits, and for reporting results;

?the determination of audit criteria, scope, frequency and methods.

Selection of auditors and conduct of audits shall ensure objectivity and the impartiality of the audit process. 4.6 Management review

Top management shall review the organization’s environmental management system, at planned intervals, to ensure its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness. This review shall include assessing opportunities for improvement and the need for changes to the environmental management system including the environmental policy and environmental objectives and targets. The results of the management reviews shall be documented.

The input to management review shall include, among other information:

?results of environmental management system audits,

?communication from external interested parties,

?the performance of the environmental management system,

?the extent to which objectives and targets have been met,

?status of corrective and preventive actions,

?follow-up actions from previous management reviews,

?changing circumstances, and

?recommendations for improvement.

The outputs from the management review shall include any decisions and actions related to possible changes to environmental policy, objectives and other elements of the environmental management system, consistent with the commitment to continual improvement.

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Annex A

(informative)

Guidance on the use of the standard

NOTE This annex gives additional information on the requirements and is intended to avoid misinterpretation. This annex only addresses the environmental management system requirements contained in clause 4. While this information is consistent with the requirements of clause 4, it is not intended to add to, subtract from, or in any way change these requirements

A.1 General requirements

It is intended that the implementation of an environmental management system described by this International Standard will result in improved environmental performance. The environmental management system provides a structured process for the achievement of continual improvement, the rate, extent and timescale of which will be determined by the organization in the light of economic and other circumstances.

This International Standard is based on the concept that the organization will periodically review and evaluate its environmental management system in order to identify opportunities for improvement and their implementation. Improvements in its environmental management system are intended to result in further improvements in environmental performance The management system requirements described in this International Standard enable an organization to:

a) establish an appropriate environmental policy;

b) identify the environmental aspects arising from the organization’s past, existing or planned activities,

products or services, to determine the environmental impacts of significance;

c) identify the applicable environmental legal requirements and other environmental requirements;

d) identify priorities and set appropriate environmental objectives and targets;

e) establish a structure and (a) programme(s) to implement the policy and achieve objectives and targets;

f) facilitate planning, control, monitoring, preventive and corrective action, auditing and review activities to

ensure both that the policy is complied with and that the environmental management system remains appropriate;

g) be capable of adapting to changing circumstances.

An organization with no existing environmental management system should, initially, establish its current position with regard to the environment by means of a review. The aim should be to consider all environmental aspects of the organization as a basis for establishing the environmental management system.

The review should cover four key areas:

a) an identification of significant environmental aspects;;

b) legal and other environmental requirements

c) an examination of all existing environmental management practices and procedures;

d) an evaluation of feedback from the investigation of previous emergency situations.

In all cases, consideration should be given to normal and abnormal operations within the organization, and to potential emergency conditions.

A suitable approach to the review may include checklists, interviews, direct inspection and measurement, results of previous audits or other reviews depending on the nature of the activities.

An organization has the freedom and flexibility to define its boundaries and may choose to implement this International Standard with respect to the entire organization, or to specific operating units of the organization. The organization should define and document the scope of its environmental management system. Scoping is intended to clarify the boundaries of the organization to which the environmental management system will apply, especially if the organization is a part of a larger organization at a given location. Once the scope is defined, all activities, products and services of the organization within that scope need to be included in the environmental management system. In setting the scope, the credibility of the environmental management system will depend upon the choice of organizational boundaries. Where a part of an organization is excluded from the scope of its environmental management system, the organization should be able to explain the exclusion. If this International Standard is implemented for a specific operating unit , policies and procedures developed by other parts of the organization can be used to meet the requirements of this International Standard, provided that they are applicable to the specific operating unit that will be subject to it.

The level of detail and complexity of the environmental management system, the extent of documentation and the resources devoted to it will be dependent on the size of an organization and the nature of its activities. This may be the case in particular for small and medium-sized enterprises.

A.2 Environmental policy

The environmental policy is the driver for implementing and improving the organization’s environmental management system so that it can maintain and potentially improve its environmental performance. The policy should therefore reflect the commitment of top management to compliance with applicable environmental legal requirements and other environmental requirements, prevention of pollution and continual improvement. The policy forms the basis upon which the organization sets its objectives and targets. The policy should be sufficiently clear to be capable of being understood by internal and external interested parties and should be periodically reviewed and revised to reflect changing conditions and information. Its area of application (i.e. scope) should be clearly identifiable and should reflect the unique nature, scale and environmental impacts of the activities, products and services within the defined scope of the environmental management system.

The policy should be communicated to all persons who work for, or on behalf of, the organization. The policy should also be communicated to contractors working at the organization's facility. Communication to contractors can be in alternative forms to the policy statement itself such as rules, directives, procedures and may therefore only include pertinent sections of the policy. The organization’s top management should define and document its environmental policy within the context of the environmental policy of any broader corporate body of which it is a part and with the endorsement of that body.

NOTE Top management may consist of an individual or group of individuals with executive responsibility for the organization.

A.3 Planning

A.3.1 Environmental aspects

Subclause 4.3.1 is intended to provide a process for an organization to identify environmental aspects and determine those that are significant,which should be addressed as a priority by the organization’s environmental management system.

An organization should identify its environmental aspects within the scope of its environmental management system, taking into account the inputs and outputs (both intended and unintended) associated with its current and relevant past activities, products and services, planned or new developments, or new or modified ? ISO 2003 – All rights reserved11

activities, products and services. This process should consider normal operating conditions, shut-down and start-up conditions, as well as reasonably foreseeable situations.

Organizations do not have to consider each product, component or raw material input individually. They may select categories of activities, products and services to identify their aspects.

Although there is no single approach for identifying environmental aspects, the approach selected could for example consider:

e) emissions to air;

f) releases to water;

g) releases to land;

h) use of raw materials and natural resources;

i) local/community environmental issues;

j) use of energy;

k) energy emitted;

l) waste and byproducts;

m) physical attributes;

In addition to environmental aspects an organization can control directly, an organization should also consider aspects that it can influence, e.g. related to goods and services used by the organization and products and services that it provides.

Consideration should therefore be given to those direct and indirect aspects created by the organization's activities, products and services, such as:

n) product design and development;

o) packaging and mean of transportation of product and goods;

p) portfolio of products and services;

q) environmental performance and practices of contractors, subcontractors and suppliers;

r) waste management;

s) extraction and distribution of raw materials and natural resources;

t) distribution, use and end of life of products; and

u) those associated with wildlife and biodiversity.

The control and influence of the environmental aspects of products supplied to an organization can vary significantly, depending on its market situation and its suppliers. An organization that is responsible for its own product design can influence such aspects significantly by changing, for example, a single input material, while an organization that needs to supply according to externally determined product specifications may have little choice.

With respect to products provided it is recognized that organizations may have limited control over the use and disposal of their products, e.g. by users, but they can consider, where practicable, to communicate proper

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城市绿地分类标准 HEN system office room 【HEN16H-HENS2AHENS8Q8-HENH1688】

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ISO90012015标准质量管理体系最新版标准

ISO9001:2015标准目录 范围1 规范性引用文件2 术语和定义3 组织的背景4 理解组织及其背景4.1 4.2 理解相关方的需求和期望 4.3 质量管理体系范围的确定 4.4 质量管理体系 5 领导作用 5.1 领导作用和承诺质量方针5.2 组织的作用、职责和权限5.3 策划6 6.1 风险和机遇的应对措施6.2 质量目标及其实施的策划变更的策划6.3 支持7 资源7.1 7.2 能力7.3 意识7.4 沟通形成文件的信息7.5 8 运行运行的策划和控制8.1 市场需求的确定和顾客沟通8.2 8.3 运行策划过程外部供应产品和服务的控制8.4 产品和服务开发8.5 8.6 产品生产和服务提供产品和服务放行8.7 8.8 不合格产品和服务 9 绩效评价 9.1 监视、测量、分析和评价 9.2 内部审核 9.3 管理评审 10 持续改进 10.1 不符合和纠正措施 10.2 改进 附录 A 质量管理原则 文献 1 范围 本标准为有下列需求的组织规定了质量管理体系要求: a)需要证实其具有稳定地提供满足顾客要求和适用法律法规要求的产品和服务的能力; b)通过体系的的有效应用,包括体系持续改进的过程,以及保证符合顾客和适用的法律法规要求,旨在增强顾客满意。 注1:在本标准一中,术语“产品”仅适用于: a) 预期提供给顾客或顾客所要求的商品和服务; b) 运行过程所产生的任何预期输出。

注2:法律法规要求可称作为法定要求。 2 规范性引用文件 下列文件中的条款通过本标准的引用而构成本标准的条款。凡是注日期的引用文件,只有引用的版本适用。 凡是不注日期的引用文件,其最新版本(包括任何修订)适用于本标准。 ISO9000:2015 质量管理体系基础和术语 3 术语和定义 本标准采用ISO9000:2015 中所确立的术语和定义。 4 组织的背景环境 4.1 理解组织及其背景环境 组织应确定外部和内部那些与组织的宗旨、战略方向有关、影响质量管理体系实现预期结果的能力的事务。 需要时,组织应更新这些信息。 在确定这些相关的内部和外部事宜时,组织应考虑以下方面: a) 可能对组织的目标造成影响的变更和趋势; b) 与相关方的关系,以及相关方的理念、价值观; c) 组织管理、战略优先、内部政策和承诺; d) 资源的获得和优先供给、技术变更。 注1:外部的环境,可以考虑法律、技术、竞争、文化、社会、经济和自然环境方面,不管是国际、国家、地区或本地。 注2:内部环境,可以组织的理念、价值观和文化。 4.2 理解相关方的需求和期望 组织应确定: a) 与质量管理体系有关的相关方 b) 相关方的要求 组织应更新以上确定的结果,以便于理解和满足影响顾客要求和顾客满意度的需求和期望。 组织应考虑以下相关方: a) 直接顾客 b) 最终使用者 c) 供应链中的供方、分销商、零售商及其他 d) 立法机构 e) 其他 注:应对当前的和预期的未来需求可导致改进和变革机会的识别。 4.3 确定质量管理体系的范围 组织应界定质量管理体系的边界和应用,以确定其范围。 在确定质量管理体系范围时,组织应考虑: a) 标准4.1 条款中提到的内部和外部事宜 b) 标准4.2 条款的要求 质量管理体系的范围应描述为组织所包含的产品、服务、主要过程和地点 描述质量管理体系的范围时,对不适用的标准条款,应将质量管理体系的删减及其理由形成文件。 删减应仅限于标准第7.1.4 和8 章节,且不影响组织确保产品和服务满足要求和顾客满意的能力和责任。过程外包不是正当的删减理由。

城市绿地系统规划与布局.doc

城市绿地系统规划与布局 一、基本概念 1、城市绿地 城市是人类社会活动和经济活动高度集中的地区,是市民生活的环境载体。绿地一词的定义和范围,各国的法律规范和学术研究对它的解释也不尽相同,在西方城市规划概念中一般不提“城市绿地”,而是称为开敞空间。城市中的绿地对于城市的形态、功能具有很大的影响,它是城市的有几座城部分。 我国现行标准城市绿地是:城市建成区或规划区内覆有人工(或自然)植被的用地,指以自然植被和人工植被为主要存在形态的城市用地。它包含两个层次的内容:一是城市建设用地范围内用于绿化的土地;二是城市建设用地之外,对城市生态、景观和居民休闲生活具有积极作用、绿化环境较好的区域。 2、绿地系统的定义及特征 所谓绿地系统,是由一定质和量的各类绿地相互联系、相互作用而形成的具有生态效益、社会效益和经济效益的绿色有机整体。 城市绿地系统具有以下基本特征: (1)整体性特征城市绿地系统中,不同的绿地类型既相对独立又有机联系,发挥各自不同的作用;绿地类型的有机结合使得整个绿地系统发挥更多的综合功效。 (2)层次性特征现代城市绿地系统都具有一定完的内部也随着时间、季节的更替转换,发生着变化,导致整个城市绿地系统整的层次结构体系,按照规模及精细程度可以从大到小分为宏观层次、中观层次和微观层次。 (3)互动性特征包括绿地系统各层次、要素内部的互动和绿地系统与城市其他系统间的互动。 (4)时间性特征绿地系统是一种有生命的系统。根据植物生长和植物群落演替的规律,植物景观会随时间、季节、年龄逐渐产生周期性的变化,绿地系统的时间性演变特征。 (5)开放性特征城市绿地是城市环境中唯一有生命的面向每一个居民的市政基础服务设施,是向公众开放的开敞空间。 二、城市绿地生态系统服务功能 1、提供生态产品城市绿地系统作为自然生态系统的一个重要组成部分,成为城市重要的 生态产品生产者。 (1)城市绿地中的绿色植物通过光合作用降低环境中二氧化碳的浓度,在城市低空范围内调节和改善城区的碳氧平衡,缓解和消除局部缺氧,以改善局部地区的空气 质量。 (2)长沙市绿地具有提供清洁水源和保持水土的作用。 (3)城市绿地具有明显改善城市小气候,提高生活环境质量的作用。 (4)城市绿地可以结合观赏种植一些有经济价值的植物,既可以售出又可以丰富人们生活。 2、保护生物多样性城市中不同群落类型配植的绿地可以为不同的野生动物提供相应的 生活空间,另外与城市绿地系统的建设对于保护和维持生物多样性具有决定性作用。3、防灾减灾合理布置尘世绿地可以增强城市防灾减灾的能力,维持城市生态系统的平 衡。 (1)植物群落通过降低风速二起到减尘作用,并可有效地减少地面尘土进入空气。(2)植物可以降低沙尘暴对城市的影响。

ISO90012015 标准关键点整理

ISO9001:2015 版标准关键点整理 一、2015 版标准哪个条款与组织的环境有关?如何理解?审核时如何关注? 1、2015 版标准有两个新的条款与组织的环境有关,它们分别是条款4.1“理解组织及其环境”和条款4.2“理解相关方的需求和期望”。这两个条款均要求组织确定影响质量管理体系策划的事宜和要求。 2、条款4.1“理解组织及其环境”。组织环境是指对组织建立和实现目标的方法有影响的内部和外部因素的组合。每一个企业都是不一样的,每一个组织在设计它的qms的时候都要考虑并确定与其战略和目标相关并影响体系达到预期结果的内部和外部因素是什么?这是建立体系的出发点,是从根本上使质量管理体系与组织真正共处一个经营环境之中。內部因素包括:组织的价值观、文化、知识和绩效等。外部因素包括:法律的、技术的、竞争的、市场的、文化的、社会的和经济的环境等。这些内外因素可能是不断变化的,因此应定期对其进行监视和评审;审核时应关注:1)关注审核方案的策划,对于组织环境要做尽可能细致的了解。2)一阶段审核(包括文件审核)需要获取除企业提供的文件以外的更多的信息;3)审核计划要考虑分别从管理层、体系主管部门、主要生产部门、对顾客感受的监控部门收集证据4)审核时通过对4.1 条款涉及的有关活动及输出的了解,判断组织质量管理体系与其环境的适宜性。4)审核报告应体现“评价技术”的价值,以适应新版标准“更加关注结果”的要求。

3、4.2“理解相关方的需求和期望”。相关方也称利益相关方。指影响或受组织的决策或活动影响或自认为受到影响的相关方,典型的利益相关方可以是:顾客、组织所有者、组织内部人员、供方、银行、联合会、合作伙伴或协会,可能包括竞争者或持反对意见的压力集团。组织的生存,客观上离不开相关方,所以组织不仅要确保关注顾客要求,而且对质量管理体系利益相关方的要求也应进行确定,并监视和评审所确定的相关方及其要求;审核时应关注:1)关注审核前的策划,对于组织的利益相关方及要求要做尽可能细致的了解。2)审核计划要考虑分别从管理层、体系策划部门了解相关信息。3)审核时通过对4.2 条款涉及的有关活动及输出(收集信息的方式、建立相关的准则)的了解,判断组织利益相关方及要求的适宜性。4)利益相关方及其要求可能是不断变化的,审核时应关注组织定期监控及评审的情况。 二、“产品”和“服务”的联系和区别 1、联系:“产品”和“服务”同属输出,同为过程的结果。大多数情况下,术语“产品”和“服务”会通常在一起使用。组织提供给顾客或外部供方提供给组织的大部分输出往往同时包含产品和服务。 2、区别: 1)是否与顾客接触:产品是指在供方和顾客之间未发生任何必然交易的情况下,可以实现产品的生产。服务是至少有一项活动必须在供方和顾客之间的接触面上完成。 2)产品的主要特征是有形的。服务是无形的输出。

ISO90012015年质量管理体系版标准

---------------------考试---------------------------学资学习网---------------------押题------------------------------ ISO9001:2015标准 目录 1 范围 2 规范性引用文件 3 术语和定义 4 组织的背景 4.1 理解组织及其背景 4.2 理解相关方的需求和期望 4.3 质量管理体系范围的确定 4.4 质量管理体系 5 领导作用 5.1 领导作用和承诺 5.2 质量方针 5.3 组织的作用、职责和权限 6 策划 6.1 风险和机遇的应对措施 6.2 质量目标及其实施的策划 6.3 变更的策划 7 支持 7.1 资源 7.2 能力 7.3 意识 7.4 沟通 7.5 形成文件的信息 8 运行 8.1 运行的策划和控制 8.2 市场需求的确定和顾客沟通 8.3 运行策划过程 8.4 外部供应产品和服务的控制 8.5 产品和服务开发 8.6 产品生产和服务提供 8.7 产品和服务放行

8.8 不合格产品和服务 9 绩效评价 9.1 监视、测量、分析和评价 9.2 内部审核 9.3 管理评审 10 持续改进 10.1 不符合和纠正措施 10.2 改进 附录A 质量管理原则 文献 1 范围 本标准为有下列需求的组织规定了质量管理体系要求: a)需要证实其具有稳定地提供满足顾客要求和适用法律法规要求的产品和服务的能力; b)通过体系的的有效应用,包括体系持续改进的过程,以及保证符合顾客和适用的法律法规要求,旨在增强顾客满意。 注1:在本标准一中,术语“产品”仅适用于: a) 预期提供给顾客或顾客所要求的商品和服务; b) 运行过程所产生的任何预期输出。 注2:法律法规要求可称作为法定要求。 2 规范性引用文件 下列文件中的条款通过本标准的引用而构成本标准的条款。凡是注日期的引用文件,只有引用的版本适用。

绿地分类

城市绿地分类 1.建国以来 , 有关的行政主管部门、研究部门和学者从不同的角度出发 , 提出过多种绿地的分类方法。世界各国由于国情不同 , 绿地规划、建设、管理、统计的机制不同 , 所采用的绿地分类方法也不统一。 本标准从我国的具体情况出发 , 根据各地区主要城市的绿地现状和规划特点 , 以及城市建设发展尤其是经济与环境同步发展的需要 , 参考国外有关资料 , 以绿地的功能和用途作为分类的依据。由于同一块绿地同时可以具备游憩、生态、景观、防灾等多种功能 , 因此 , 在分类时以其主要功能为依据。 与绿地相关的现行法规和标准主要有 : 《中华人民共和国城市规划法》、《城市绿化条例》、《城市用地分类与规划建设用地标准》 GBJ137 、《公园设计规范》 CJJ48 、《城市居住区规划设计规范》 GB50180 和《城市道路绿化规划与设计规范》 CJJ75 等。这些法规和标准从不同角度对某些种类的绿地作了明确规定。从行业要求出发编制本标准时 , 与相关标准进行了充分协调。 2.本标准将绿地分为大类、中类、小类三个层次 , 共 5 大类、 13 中类、 11 小类 , 以反映绿地的实际情况以及绿地与城市其他各类用地之间的层次关系 , 满足绿地的规划设计、建设管理、科学研究和统计等工作使用的需要。 3.为使分类代码具有较好的识别性 , 便于图纸、文件的使用和绿地的管理 , 本标准使用英文字母与阿拉伯数字混合型分类代码。大类用英文 GREEN SPACE ( 绿地 ) 的第一个字母 G 和一位阿拉伯数字表示 : 中类和小类各增加一位阿拉伯数字表示ι如 :G l表示公园绿地 ,G11表示公园绿地中的综合公园 ,G11l表示综合公园中的全市性公园。 本标准同层级类目之间存在着并列关系, 不同层级类目之间存在着隶属关系 , 即每一大类包含着若干并列的中类 , 每一中类包含着若干并列的小类。 绿地分类

论城市绿地系统的组成及分类

论城市绿地系统的组成及分类 论城市绿地系统的组成及分类作者:佚名 时间:2008-10-13 浏览量: 内容提要:在分析一般城市绿地分类方法的同时提出新的分类法,进一步阐明了城市绿地系统的组成与分类的原则及依据。并对不同类型城市绿地的含义内容和空间属性作了论述。 城市绿地系统是一个由各类城市绿地互相联系组合而成的一个稳定持久的城市绿色环境体系。城市绿地系统组成内容丰富多样,国内各地区和城市各有差异。在绿地的分类上也是方法多样,国内外许多专家学者都作了研究和探讨,但一般都是从某一个角度或出于自己研究目的或多或少地存在着概念含混、依据不一、内容交叉等问题。本文试图通过对城市绿地系统组成及绿地分类方法的分析研究,探讨出一种新的分类和命名方法,并进一步明确各类绿地的含义内容和空间特征,为今后的城市绿地系统规划建设提供理论参考。

、城市绿地系统的组成 .1城市绿地与绿地系统的含义 城市用地构成中有一个重要组成部分即“绿地”,其改善城市生态环境不可替代的重要性,已越来越受到人们的重视。所谓“绿地”,《辞海》释义为“配合环境创造自然条件,适合种植乔木、灌木和草本植物而形成一定范围的绿化地面或区域”;或指“凡是生长植物的土地,不论是自然植被或人工栽培的,包括农林牧生产用地及园林用地,均可称为绿地”。由此可见,“绿地”包括三层含义: ①由树木花草等植物生长所形成的绿色地块,如森林、花园、草地等; ②植物生长占大部的地块,如城市公园、自然风景保护区等; ③农业生产用地。而城市绿地则可理解为位于城市范围的绿地。

需要指出的是,我国许多城市所做的绿地规划赋予城市绿地的含义只是前两个方面,不包括城市范围的农地,即狭义的城市绿地,也就是一些专家学者提出的“城市绿化用地”或“城市园林绿地”。 所谓城市绿地系统,是由一定质与量的各类绿地相互联系、相互作用而形成的绿色有机整体,也就是城市中不同类型、不同性质和规模的各种绿地,共同组合构建而成的一个稳定持久的城市绿色环境体系。 .2城市绿地系统的组成 城市绿地系统的组成因国家不同,其内容各有差异。如: 前苏联城市绿地系统一般包括城市居住区与市内公园、花

ISO90012015标准条款及初解读

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