Unit 1 The Happy Man讲稿
Unit 1 The Happy Man
Section One: Warm Up
I. Lead-in
Directions: Watch a video about the formula of happiness and discuss this question: what in your opinion are the main sources of happiness? The following quotations about happiness are for your reference. Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence. (Aristotle) Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony. (Mahatma Gandhi) Happiness is not a reward—it is a consequence. (Robert Ingersoll)
Happiness is different from pleasure. Happiness has something to do with struggling and enduring and accomplishing. (George Sheehan)
Happiness is not a station you arrive at, but a manner of traveling. (Margaret Lee Runbeck)
II. Background Information
About the Author
Bertrand Russell: a British philosopher and political activist. Russell became the best-known philosopher of his time because of the volume and clarity of his writing, and the vigor and prominence of his political activism. His major early work was The Principles of Mathematics, first published in 1903.
Section Two: Global Reading
I. Text Analysis
→What is the text mainly about?
In this article, the author points out that when the external circumstances are favorable, the greatest obstacle to happiness is self-centered passions. He proposes that one should d cultivate genuine interests in the outside world to get rid of the obstacle and achieve natural and healthy happiness. He believes that can one find the greatest joy of life.
II. Structural Analysis
Directions: Please divide the text into 3 parts and summarize the main idea of each part.
Part I Paragraphs 1-3 Introduction
In Paragraphs 1-3, the author points out clearly that the great est obstacle in people?s way to happiness is their excessive self-absorpt only by taking oneself as a member, rather than as the center, of the universe, ion.
Part II Paragraphs 4-5 Solution
In Paragraphs 4-5 the author offers his solution—to cultivate genuine interests, and introduces in detail the specific remedies for such self-centered passions as the sense of sin, self-pity and fear.
Part III Paragraphs 6-7 Discussion on Self-denial
Paragraphs 6 and 7 are devoted to the discussion of self-denial which, according to the author, is also a kind of self-centered passion.
Section Three: Detailed Reading
Analysis
Paragraphs 1-3 Introduction
Question:
What is the chief cause of unhappiness when actual circumstances are not unfavorable? (Paragraph 1)
→ Provided that the circumstances are not unfortunate, the main cause of unhappiness lies in self-centered passions and interests that make a prison where one is shut out from the outside world.
Paragraphs 4-5 Solution
Question:
How can one conquer all difficulties and reach the objective of happiness? (Paragraphs 4 )
→The first thing, of course, is to diagnose correctly his own trouble, and then to take corresponding actions. To sum up, the solution is to develop genuine interests, and thereby get outsid e of one?s own closed world.
Paragraphs 6-7 Discussion on Self-denial
Questions:
1) Why does traditional moralists? preaching fail to generate happiness? (Paragraphs 6 )
→Professional or traditional moralists tend to preach self-denial and, according to the author, have misplaced the emphasis. Conscious self-denial leaves a man self-absorbed and vividly aware of what he has sacrificed; therefore, he cannot really feel happy.
2) In the author?s view, how does his recommendation differ from that of the tr aditional moralist? (Paragraph 7)
→ Traditional moralists appeal to unselfish love which the author believes may encourage self-abnegation and make a barrier to real happiness. On the contrary, the author argues that the self and the rest of the world can be integrated, and real happiness can be attained, so long as we have genuine interests in persons or things outside ourselves.
Activity
According to the author, to achieve happiness one should cultivate genuine interests in the outside world. Do you agree with his opinion? What in your view is the real recipe for happiness?
→Open to discussion.
III. Words and Expressions
1. recipe (Paragraph 1) n.
Explanation:
a method or an idea that seems likely to have a particular result
e.g. He thinks the one recipe for success lies in hard work.
2. Joseph Wood Krutch (Paragraph 1)
Explanation:
American author, editor, and teacher. Highly regarded as a social and literary critic, Krutch?s writings include Edgar Allan Poe: A Study in Genius (1926), The Modern Temper (1929), Samuel Johnson (1944), and Henry David Thoreau (1948). After he moved to Arizona, he turned to the study of nature; his books in this field include The Twelve Seasons (1949) and The Voice of the Desert: A Naturalist’s Interpretation (1955).
3. creed (Paragraph 1) n.
Explanation:
system of beliefs or opinions, esp. religious beliefs
e.g. The laws apply to everyone irrespective of race, creed or colour.
4. exceptional (Paragraph 1) a.
Explanation:
very unusual
e.g. This deadline will be extended only in exceptional circumstances.
5. maladjustment (Paragraph 1) a.
Explanation:
inability to adjust to the demands of interpersonal relationships and the stresses of daily living.
e.g. Regular daydreaming was regarded as evidence of maladjustment or an escape from life?s realities
and responsibilities.
6. set about (Paragraph 1)
Explanation:
to start to do or deal with sth.
e.g. I tried to apologize, but I think I set about it the wrong way.
7. garment (Paragraph 1) n.
Explanation:
a piece of clothing
e.g. She pulled the garment on and zipped it up.
8. blast (Paragraph 1) n.
Explanation:
a sudden strong movement of wind or air
e.g. A blast of cold air swept through the hut.
9. harden (Paragraph 1) v.
Explanation:
to make sb. less kind or less affected by extreme situations
e.g. Life has hardened me.
In this job you have to harden your heart to pain and suffering.
10. at bottom (Paragraph 1)
Explanation:
in a basic way
e.g. Jealousy is, at bottom, a lack of self-confidence.
Practice:
Translate the following sentence into English
虽然他秉性是保守的, 但他骨子里对政策并不感兴趣。(点击该句，出现下面的译文。)
(=Though by instinct conservative, he was at bottom uninterested in policy.)
11. untoward (Paragraph 1) a.
Explanation:
unusual and unexpected, and usually unpleasant
e.g. It?s important that nothing untoward should happen during his visit.
Transformation:
untowardly ad.
untowardness n.
12. promiscuity (Paragraph 2) n.
Explanation:
the state of including a wide range of different things
e.g. the risks of promiscuous sexual behaviour
13. recipient (Paragraph 3) n.
Explanation:
a person who receives sth.
e.g. recipients of awards/services/funds
Synonym:
receiver
14. potent (Paragraph 3) a.
Explanation:
having or able to exert great power
e.g. Advertising is a potent force in showing smoking as a socially acceptable habit.
15. bestow (Paragraph 3) v.
Explanation:
to give formally or officially
e.g. The Queen has bestowed a knighthood on him.
The trophy was bestowed upon the winner.
16. be encase in (Paragraph 4)
Explanation:
be completely covered or surrounded by sth.
e.g. His broken leg was encased in plaster.
17. simulated (Paragraph 4) a.
Explanation:
not real, but made to look, sound, or feel real
e.g. She looked at the report with simulated interest.
Synonym:
fake
Transformation:
simulate v.
simulation n.
18. dispel (Paragraph 4) v.
Explanation:
drive sth. away
e.g. The company is trying to dispel rumours about a take-over.
Synonyms:
disperse, drive away, scatter
Practice:
Translate the following sentence into English.
他愉快的笑声消除了她的恐惧。
(=His cheerful laughter dispelled her fears.)
19. spontaneously (Paragraph 4) ad.
Explanation:
in a natural, often sudden way, without any planning or without being forced
e.g. She laughed spontaneously.
Transformation:
spontaneous a.
spontaneity n.
20. immemorial (Paragraph 4) a.
Explanation:
that has existed for longer than people can remember
e.g. My family has lived in this area from time immemorial.
21. Boy Scout (Paragraph 4) n.
Explanation:
an organization of boys, founded in England in 1908 by Lieut. Gen. Sir Robert S. S. Baden-Powell, that seeks to develop certain skills in its members, as well as character, self-reliance, and usefulness to others 22. flinch (Paragraph 4) v.
Explanation:
to draw away involuntarily, usually out of fear or disgust
e.g. He did not flinch from his duty.
Translate the following sentence into English.
在困难面前我们决不退缩。
(=We never flinch from difficulties.)
23. thereupon (Paragraph 5) ad.
Explanation:
immediately after something else has happened, and usually as a result of it
e.g. Thereupon the whole audience began cheering.
24. hedonist (Paragraph 6) n.
Explanation:
a person who believes that pleasure is the most important thing in life
Transformation:
hedonistic a.
hedonism n.
25. agent (Paragraph 6) n.
Explanation:
a person or thing that has an important effect on a situation
e.g. The charity has been an agent for social change.
26. succour (Paragraph 6) v.
Explanation:
to help sb. who is suffering or having problems
e.g. Helicopters fly in appalling weather to succour shipwrecked mariners.
27. ardent (Paragraph 7) a.
Explanation:
very enthusiastic and showing strong feelings about sth./sb.
e.g. He?s been one of the most ardent supporters of the administration?s policy.
28. abnegation (Paragraph 7) n.
Explanation:
the act of not allowing yourself to have sth. that you want; the act of rejecting sth.
e.g. Men with that capacity for self-abnegation do not reach a Presidency.
Only spontaneous love flowing with sincere generosity and self-abnegation can fertilize the soul of others.
Synonym:
denial
29. antithesis (Paragraph 7) n.
Explanation:
a contrast between two things
e.g. There is an antithesis between the needs of the state and the needs of the people.
30. billiard-ball (Paragraph 7) n.
Explanation:
a small, hard ball used in cue sports, such as carom billiards, pool, and snooker
31. pit against (Paragraph 7)
Explanation:
to set sb. or sth. in opposition to sb. or sth. else
e.g. I?d like to pit my wits against the best.
IV. Sentences
[1] …that happiness is impossible without a creed of a more or less religious kind. (Paragraph 1) Paraphrase: → Without following with a somewhat religious awe and devotion a strict set of principles which include the idea of self-sacrifice and other similar ideas, the realization of happiness
would be impossible.
Translation: →如果没有一种多少带有宗教色彩的信仰，那么幸福是不可能的。
[2]It is thought by many who are themselves unhappy that their sorrows have complicated and highly intellectualized sources. (Paragraph 1)
Paraphrase: → Many unhappy people think their unhappiness is a reflection of their profundity. Translation: →许多自己并不幸福的人认为，他们的忧伤有着复杂而高深的原因。
[3] But the thorns tear the warm garment and the cold blasts penetrate through the rents, and the man who has become accustomed to its warmth suffers far more from these blasts than a man who has hardened himself to them from the first. (Paragraph 1)
Paraphrase:→ But, reality is, after all, reality, and all illusions and self-deceptions will break up some day.
Anyone who has indulged himself in such illusions is more vulnerable than those who have
faced up to difficulties all along.
Translation:→然而现实的荆棘撕破了长袍，寒冷刺骨的风从撕裂处长驱直入，这时已经习惯了温暖舒适的人，比一个从开始就经受了磨练的人，要遭受更多的痛苦。
[4] The happy man is the man who lives objectively, who has free affections and wide interests, who secures his happiness through these interests and affections and through the fact that they, in turn, make him an object of interest and affection to many others. (Paragraph 3)
Paraphrase:→One can be happy so long as he has developed affections and interests that are not self-centered. Through giving affection and interest to other people, one may receive interest
and affection from others in return.
Translation:→一个幸福的人，以客观的态度安身立命，他具有自由的爱和广泛的兴趣，凭着这些爱和兴趣，同时凭着它们使他成为他人的爱和兴趣的对象，他获得了幸福。
[5] To be the recipient of affection is a potent cause of happiness, but the man who demands affection is not the man upon whom it is bestowed. (Paragraph 3)
Paraphrase:→ To be able to receive affection from others can certainly make a person happy. But if such affection is not given out of their free will, but as a result of a demand or even coercion, then
he who receives such a reluctant offer still can not be made happy.
Translation:→能成为被爱的对象，固然是幸福的一大源泉，然而索取爱的人并不就真的能够得到爱。
[6] The man who receives affection is, speaking broadly, the man who gives it. (Paragraph 3) Paraphrase:→In normal cases, the gain of affection is a natural reward of one?s offer of affection. Translation:→广义说来，得到爱的人正是给予爱的人。
[7] …if he is to get outside it, it must be by genuine interests, not by simulated interests adopted merely as a medicine. (Paragraph 4)
Paraphrase:→If one wants to break the deadlock of self-centered passions, he should try to cultivate some real interests in the outside world. In the process, he must be sincere and devote
himself wholeheartedly. If he only wishes to better his miserable condition by imitating
others? behavior, then nothing will be changed, for his concern is still confined exclusively to
himself.
Translation:→如果他要跳出来，他就得借助于真实的兴趣，而不是指望那些被当作药物一般接受的做作的兴趣。
[8] What the objective interests are to be that will arise in you when you have overcome the disease of self-absorption must be left to the spontaneous workings of your nature and of external circumstances. (Paragraph 5)
Paraphrase:→ When you have escaped from the firm grip of your self-centered passions, you will find some genuine interests towards the outside world being cultivated. Yet, you cannot decide
these types of interests in advance. They are actually the result of the joint workings of your
nature and external circumstances.
Translation:→当你战胜了自我专注的毛病，至于以后能有什么样的客观兴趣，那只能是你的天性和外界环境的自然而然的结果，你就不必为此徒费心神了。
[9] Conscious self-denial leaves a man self-absorbed and vividly aware of what he has sacrificed; in consequence it fails often of its immediate object and almost always of its ultimate purpose. (Paragraph 6) Paraphrase:→ If one makes deliberate efforts in sacrificing his desires or interests, he is actually thinking too much of himself and attaching more weight to his behavior of sacrifice than others?
benefit. Therefore, his unnatural efforts will neither bring real pleasure to others, which is
the immediate object of his self-denial, nor enhance his moral level, which is his ultimate
purpose.
Translation:→有意识的自制，使一个人变得专注于自我，并清楚地知道他所作的牺牲，这样做的结果只能是：在当前的目标上，他往往失败；在最后的目标上，他几乎总会落空。[10] What is needed is not self-denial, but that kind of direction of interest outward which will lead spontaneously and naturally to the same acts that a person absorbed in the pursuit of his own virtue could only perform by means of conscious self-denial. (Paragraph 6)
Paraphrase:→As one whose purpose is the pursuit of his own virtue may achieve it through painful efforts of self-denial, he may achieve it easily and naturally through cultivating genuine
interests toward the outside world.
Translation:→人们需要的并不是自我克制，而是那种外向型的兴趣，后者能产生自发的、不做作的行为。这种行为在一个专注于追求自身修养的人那儿，是只有依靠有意识的自我克制
才能做到的。
[11] The moralist, however, is too apt, though this is not, of course, universally true, to stress the act rather than the state of mind. (Paragraph 6)
Paraphrase:→It is quite often the case that the moralist would place much emphasis on what people should do, but care little about whether they do such things painfully or happily. Translation:→不过，道德家往往——当然并非总是——重视行为，而轻视心理状态。
[12] The effects of an act upon the agent will be widely different, according to his state of mind at the moment. (Paragraph 6)
Paraphrase:→ The effects an act has on its performer may be very different according to the mood of the performer the moment he performs it.
Translation:→其实，不同行为的效果之所以存在着巨大的差别，乃是因为行为者当时的心理状态不同。
[13] …but it should undoubtedly be of such a nature that one?s own happiness is bound up in its success. (Paragraph 7)
Paraphrase:→ If love is as healthy and nice as it should be, then happiness should undoubtedly base itself upon the realization, rather than the denial, of love.
Translation:→然而，毫无疑问的是，爱应该具有这种性质，即一个人能从成功的爱情中获得幸福。
[14] Undoubtedly we should desire the happiness of those whom we love, but not as an alternative to our own. (Paragraph 7)
Explanation:→No doubt, it is a virtue that we should wish those whom we love happiness, but it is utterly wrong to think that our own happiness is incompatible with theirs, and the former
would have to be sacrificed in order to achieve the latter.
Translation: →毋庸置疑，我们应该希望自己所爱的人幸福，但不应该用它取代我们自己的幸福。
[15] All unhappiness depends upon some kind of disintegration or lack of integration; there is disintegration within the self through lack of coordination between the conscious and the unconscious mind; there is lack of integration between the self and society where the two are not knit together by the force of objective interests and affections. (Paragraph 7)
Paraphrase:→ Unhappiness is in most cases a result of conflict within oneself and separation between the self and the outside world, or conflict between care for the self and for social concerns. Such
lack of unity is due to the lack of outward interests and affections.
Translation:→所有的不幸都基于某种分裂或不和谐：有意识和无意识之间的不和谐，导致自我的分裂；自我和社会的连结要靠客观兴趣和爱的力量，一旦缺乏这种力量，又会导致自我
和社会之间的不和谐。
[16] It is in such profound instinctive union with the stream of life that the greatest joy is to be found. (Paragraph 7)
Paraphrase:→If one is to find the greatest joy of life, he should break the bondage of his ego and naturally consider himself an equal and a part of all human beings in the stream of life. Translation:→将自我完全自然地融化于生命之流中去吧，美妙无穷的幸福在向你招手！
Section Four: Text Appreciation
The author avoids making anything complicated and intellectualized, but takes an approach based on common sense, born of his own experience and observation, in very simple and lucid language. The success in employing very simple and lucid language to present the author?s ideas lies in some specific tricks, among which are repetition, exemplification and analogy.
Discuss and answer the following questions:
1. The important points of the article are emphasized by way of repetition. Find out the sentences with
repetition and tell the effects they achieve.
1)(Paragraph 1)
“It is thought by many, among whom I think we must include Mr. Krutch, whom we considered in an earlier chapter, that happiness is impossible without a creed of a more or less religious kind. It is thought by many who are themselves unhappy that their sorrows have complicated and highly intellectualized sources.”
In this sentence, “it is thought by many that…”is repeated. The repeated structure introduces the public?s view on causes of happiness and unhappiness.
2)(Paragraph 1)
“The man who is unhappy will, as a rule, adopt an unhappy creed, while the man who is happy will adopt a happy creed; each may attribute his happiness or unhappiness to his beliefs, while the real causation is the other way round”. In the first half of this sentence, not only such words as “unhappy”
“happy” “adopt” “creed” are repeated, but the structure “the man who is …will adopt …creed” is repeated as well. The repetition constitutes a contrast between the happy man and the unhappy man.
3)(Paragraph 1)
“If, for example, his trouble is due to a sense of sin, conscious or unconscious, he can first persuade his conscious mind that he has no reason to feel sinful, and then proceed, by the kind of technique that we have considered in an earlier chapter, to plant this rational conviction in his activity. If he succeeds in dispelling the sense of sin, it is probable that genuinely objective interests will arise spontaneously.
If his trouble is self-pity, he can deal with it in the same manner after first persuading himself that there is nothing extraordinarily unfortunate in his circumstances. If fear is his trouble, let him practice exercises designed to give courage.”
In this sentence, “if” and “his trouble” are repeated, presenting ways to overcome different troubles.
2.Exemplification is also employed in this article. Find out the sentences with examples and tell what
they are intended to prove.
1)“Do you say to yourself in advance, …I should be happy if I could become absorbed in
stamp-collecting?, and thereupo n set to work to collect stamps, for it may well happen that you will fail altogether to find stamp-collecting interesting.” (Paragraph 5)
(An example to prove that only genuine interests can be of any use to you.)
2)“If you see a child drowning and save i t as the result of a direct impulse to bring help, you will
emerge none the worse morally. If, on the other hand, you say to yourself, “It is the part of virtue to succour the helpless, and I wish to be a virtuous man, therefore I must save this child”, yo u will be an even worse man afterwards than you were before.” (Paragraph 6)
(An example to show that the effects of an act upon the agent will be widely different, according to his state of mind at the moment.)
3) “If a man were to invite a lady to marr y him on the ground that he ardently desired her happiness
and at the same time considered that she would afford him ideal opportunities of self-abnegation, I think it may be doubted whether she would be altogether pleased.” (Paragraph 7)
(An example to show the nature of love is that one?s own happiness is bound up in its success.) 3. Analogy is also one of the tricks the author uses to make his otherwise very difficult ideas vivid and
clear. Find out the sentences with analogy, and analyze their implied meanings.
“But the thorns tear the warm garment and the cold blasts penetrate through the rents, and the man who has become accustomed to its warmth suffers far more from these blasts than the man who has hardened himself to them from the first.” (Pa ragraph 1)
Here, harsh realities are compared to “the thorns” and “the cold blasts”, which we are advised to get mentally prepared to face up to, if we wish to avoid being hurt by fortune?s spite.
青年人文素养中三个模块
第一编演讲技巧 说话和事业的进展有很大的关系，是一个人力量的主要体现。——富兰克林 广义的演讲技巧包括准备素材的能力、语言组织的能力等，还包括在演讲过程中的肢体语言、形态语言等多种呈现方式。演讲技巧呈现出一个人在面对大众、正式场合下的应变能力与口才。当代青年所要面对的类似的正式场合比较多，这些场合是青年能够展示自我，获得更好发展的重要机会，因而，具备一定的演讲技巧则成为了青年人文素养中重要的一个部分。 一、文献综述 1、概念界定 演讲又叫讲演或演说，是指在公众场所，以有声语言为主要手段，以体态语言为辅助手段，针对某个具体问题，鲜明、完整地发表自己的见解和主张，阐明事理或抒发情感，进行宣传鼓动的一种语言交际活动。演讲的技能技巧不仅仅体现在演讲比赛等具体活动中，更体现在日常的生活与工作当中，体现在与人交往的过程中以及面对大局进行自我展示的过程中。演讲的技巧，是口语表达的能力，对于演讲者的重要性是不言而喻的，它是演讲者必须具有的首要素质也是基础素质。一个人的演讲稿写得再好，其感情再丰富，然而难以通过优秀的演讲技巧表达出来，就没有资格进行演讲，也难以呈现出动人的演讲效果，更是无法参与相关比赛的。然而，演讲技巧并不是天生的，是可以通过后天的努力、培训而获得的。 2、理论基础 对于演讲技巧，从基本能力掌握方面来说，从语言表达的角度，在理论方面，需要以下三方面的个人能力： （1）语言思维要求 语言思维指的是在个人的语言表达之前，在人的头脑组织过程中具备的一定的思维逻辑能力。这种思维逻辑能力，是使得演讲者在演讲过程中能够及时反应，协调组织与表达的重要保证。具体来说，具备良好的演讲能力的人，其在语言思维方面需要具备以下几个特征： 首先，严密性。这要求演讲者在演讲过程中能够选择最恰当的词汇，采用最为有效的语言组织形式，通过严密的语法组织形式，将自己想要表达的思想、内容准确无误的表达出来。一般来看，一个人的逻辑思维如果很严密的话，其自身进行语言组织的能力就更高，在语言表达的组织方面也就更为有效，自身进行表达时效率也就会更高。
unit2 colours 第一课时教学设计
Unit 2 Colours 第一课时（总第7课时） 授课时间：2014.10 学习内容：A Let’s talk Draw and say 一、学习目标 (1)知识和能力：要求学生能理解对话对话大意，能用正确的语音，语调朗读对话，并能在语境中运用Good morning 。向他人表达问候，用This is …去介绍他人，能正确使用Miss , Mr 称呼他人。 (2)过程和方法：合作法,讨论法,让学生在情景中学. (3)情感、态度和价值观：学会问候他人，向他人介绍朋友。 二.学习重点:要求学生能理解对话对话大意，能用正确的语音，语调朗读对话，并能在语境中运用Good morning 。 三.学习难点: 向他人表达问候，用This is …去介绍他人，能正确使用Miss , Mr 称呼他人。 四.突破重难点的策略和方法:通过课堂设计的活动，加深对新知识的理解，培 养学生在生活中运用语言的能力以及分析问题和解决问题的能力。 五.教学手段: 教师准备录音机和本课时录音带、Let’s learn单词卡片，教师准备本课时的单词卡片和人物头饰。 六.课时安排:1课时 七.教学流程：
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生物必修三《稳态与环境》 第一章人体的内环境与稳态 一、内环境：（由细胞外液构成的液体环境） 细胞内液（细胞质基质、细胞液） （存在于细胞内，约占2/3） 1.体液血浆 细胞外液＝内环境（细胞直接生活的环境）组织液 （存在于细胞外，约占1/3）淋巴等 2.内环境的组成及相互关系 细胞内液组织液血浆 淋巴（淋巴循环） 3、细胞外液的成分 a.水，无机盐（Na+, Cl- ），蛋白质（血浆蛋白） b.血液运送的物质营养物质：葡萄糖甘油脂肪酸胆固醇氨基酸等 废物：尿素尿酸乳酸等 气体：O2、CO2等 激素，抗体，神经递质维生素 c.组织液，淋巴，血浆成分相近，最主要的差别在于血浆中含有很多的蛋白质，细胞外液是盐溶 液，反映了生命起源于海洋， d.血浆各化学成分的种类及含量保持动态的稳定，所以分析血浆化学成分可在一定程度上反映体 内物质代谢情况，可以分析也一个人的身体健康状况 ?细胞外液又称内环境（是细胞与外界环境进行物质交换的媒介） ?血细胞的内环境是血浆 ?淋巴细胞的内环境是淋巴 ?毛细血管壁的内环境是血浆、组织液 ?毛细淋巴管的内环境是淋巴、组织液 4、理化性质（渗透压，酸碱度，温度） a.渗透压：一般来说，溶质微粒越多，溶液浓度越高，对水的吸引力越大，渗透压越高，血浆渗 透压的大小主要与无机盐，蛋白质的含量有关。人的血浆渗透压约为７７０kpa，相当于细胞内液的渗透压。 功能：是维持细胞结构和功能的重要因素。 典型事例：（高温工作的人要补充盐水；严重腹泻的人要注入生理盐水，海里的鱼在河里不
能生存；吃多了咸瓜子，唇口会起皱；水中毒；生理盐水浓度一定要是0.9%；红细胞放在清水中会胀破；吃冰棋淋会口渴；白开水是最好的饮料；） b.酸碱度正常人血浆近中性，7.35--7.45 缓冲对：一种弱酸和一种强碱盐H2CO3／NaHCO3 NaH2PO4/Na2HPO4 CO2+H2O H2CO3H+ + HCO3- c.温度：有三种测量方法（直肠，腋下，口腔），恒温动物（不随外界温度变化而变化）与变温 动物（随外界温度变化而变化）不同．温度主要影响酶。 ?内环境的理化性质处于动态平衡中． ?内环境是细胞与外界环境进行物质交换的媒介。 ?直接参与物质交换的系统：消化，呼吸，循环，泌尿系统 ?间接参与的系统（调节机制）：神经－体液（内分沁系统）－免疫 ?人体稳态调节能力是有一定限度的．同时调节也是相对的。 5、组织水肿形成原因： 1)代谢废物运输困难：如淋巴管堵塞 2)渗透问题；血浆中蛋白质含量低 ①过敏，毛细血管通透性增强，蛋白质进入组织液 ②营养不良 ③肾炎，蛋白尿，使血浆中的蛋白质含量低。 6、尿液的形成过程 尿的形成过程：血液流经肾小球时，血液中的尿酸、尿素、水、无机盐和葡萄 糖等物质通过肾小球的过滤作用，过滤到肾小囊中，形成原尿。当尿液流经肾 小管时，原尿中对人体有用的全部葡萄糖、大部分水和部分无机盐，被肾小管 重新吸收，回到肾小管周围毛细血管的血液里。原尿经过肾小管的重吸收作用， 剩下的水和无机盐、尿素和尿酸等就形成了尿液。 二、稳态 （1）概念：正常机体通过调节作用，使各个器官、系统协调活动， 共同维持内环境的相对稳定状态叫做稳态。 （2）意义：维持内环境在一定范围内的稳态是生命活动正常进行的 必要条件。 （3）调节机制：神经——体液——免疫调节网络 1、单细胞（如草履虫）直接与外界环境进行物质交换 2、多细胞动物通过内环境作媒介进行物质交换 3、组织液、淋巴的成分与含量与血浆相近，但又不完全相同，最主要的差别在于血浆中含有较多的蛋白质，而组织液淋巴中蛋白质含量较少。 4、内环境的理化性质：渗透压，酸碱度，温度 ①血浆渗透压大小主要与无机盐、蛋白质含量有关；无机盐中Na+、cl-占优势 细胞外液渗透压约为770kpa 相当于细胞内液渗透压； ②正常人的血浆近中性，PH为7.35-7.45与HCO 3-、HPO 4 2-等离子有关；
unit2第一课时
蒙城县职教中心职高二英语学科集体备课稿 主备：刘波；辅备：高洁、欧玉强、任宏、王伶俐、武克友、孙琼、代盼盼 课题：Unit2 life is all about choices 第一课时reading 教师寄语：Self-confidence is the cornerstone of our success. 自信是成功的基石 Discussion Q: 1.What is your biggest decision you have ever made?why did you made that decision? 2.If you have a chance to chose one thing from the following things,which one do you want most?(e.g a good college a warm family a better self 一个更好的自己 a good mood) 3.人生最重要的是选择方向不对努力白费 life is all about choices 1.what kind of young man Mike was? (he was the kind of guy you love to hate,he was really tireless and care-free young man.) 2.What are the two choices Mike would choose every day? (he can choose to be in a good mood or to be in a bad mood) 3.What are two kinds of attitude one must choose from life? (an optimistic attitude or and a pessimistic attitude) 效果监测 1. Mike was always in a bad mood. ( F )
unit2lookatme第一课时教案
unit 2 look at me 第一课时教案 教学重点：学生学习早上（上午）问候语 Good morning. 及介绍人物用语 This is …。 教学难点：介绍人物用语 This is …一句的发音较难，口型和发音不易到位，教师要适当提示，切不可盲目纠正发音，从而挫伤孩子的学习积极性。 教具准备： 1、Cheng Jie ,Mike, Wu Yifan, Sarah, Zip, Zoom 的头饰。 2、为 Let’s play 准备所需要的 Kitty, Mickey 等卡通人物的手偶或头饰。 3、教材相配套的教学课件 [Unit 2 Let’s talk/A] 4、教材相配套的教学录音带 5、教师准备一个小木偶 教学过程 1、热身、复习 (Warm-up/Revision) （1）教师播放第一单元的歌曲 Hello，师生共唱。教师边唱边用体态语示范和学生问候，并鼓励学生边唱边和戴有歌曲中人物头饰的同学打招呼。 （2）用所学打招呼用语，师生互相问候。Hello/Hi, what’s your name? Hello/Hi, I’m… （3）让学生用自己的英语名字，自由下座位同别人打招呼并询问姓名。此时，学生可将制作的英文名卡戴在胸前。（还可戴上其它一些头饰，扮演不同人物，练习打招呼和自我介绍。） 2、呈现新课 (Presentation) （1）教师用木偶的形式介绍自己和朋友的姓名。 将本单元的单元双面对开情景图展现在学生面前，（熟悉的木偶剧表演现场，学生们如亲临其境一样。教师可将此项内容再现）自然形成打招呼的氛围。 （2）教师告诉学生英语的打招呼用语有很多，除Hello/Hi 以外，在早上或上午可用 Good morning. 来进行。同时教师出示表示上午的图片，或在黑板上画一个升起的太阳，并在旁边标上时间7：30和 Good morning.一句。（在图案旁边板书Good morning.）然后教师用学生的英文名字，以不同的身份和学生打招呼。用Hello/Hi, A. 和Good morning, A. 两种方法同时进行（A代表人名）。 （使学生了解到，这两种方法都是在打招呼，但不同点在于Good morning.可用于上午或早上，Hello/Hi 可用于所有时间段。） （3）师生共同观看本部分的教学课件。[Unit 2 Let’s talk/A] （4）再次观看本部分课件，教师指导学生进一步理解课件内容，并用中、英文提问，引导学生用学过的句子练习回答This is …。 T: Who’s this? 这是谁呀？ T: This is John. 这是John 。 T: Where are they going? 他们要去哪？ T: To school. 去学校。（T代表教师说） （5）学生扮演不同角色练习Let’s talk/A 。 （教师向学生打招呼：T: Good morning. I’m Miss Wang /Mr. … What’s your name? 学生回答 S: My name’s …此时，教师主动与学生握手并说T: Nice to meet you. 鼓励学生回答 S: Nice to meet you, too.） （6）教师介绍卡通人物Kitty, Mickey并进行交流。还可用头饰或简笔画，并让学生先简单了解称谓词Miss, Mrs , Mr。
最新初中英语面试试讲稿模块三篇
开场白 Good morning, everyone. My name is XXX. It’s my pleasure to stand here and show you my trial teaching. I hope you will enjoy my performance and have a great time here. Now Let’s get ready for class. Today we are going to learn xxx. At first, let’s review the words and phrases in the last class. …… Very good. Now, let’s go to the reading part. Please turn to page XXX. (Reading teaching) Step1.Lead-in Let’s have a free talk about XXX---and then discuss the question in pre-reading on page XXX,I will ask someone to talk about your ideas. Step2.Fast reading Read the passage as quickly as you can and find the topic sentence of each paragraph. Time’s up. Now, please ask my questions. Questions:1.what’s the general idea of the test? 2.which one is the topic sentence of the first paragraph? 3.divide the passage into 3 parts and think about the main ideas. find out the answers of the questions on page XXX. Step3 Intensive reading Read the passage carefully again and underline the new words and phrases. Now, listen to the tape of paragraph one. Pay attention please. Well, look at the blackboard. These are the new words and phrases of this paragraph. Read after me, XXX go. Now you read it one by one. Let’s start from XXX. Look here please. This is the sentence pattern.
Start Unit2 第一课时
Start Unit2 第一课时 学习目标】 1.复习巩固字母Aa—Hh 。 2.复习打招呼的用语、朋友见面的问候语和应答。 3.七个表示物体的单词的熟练掌握。 4.确认物体的句型：What is this in English? 【重点、难点】 1.七个表示物体的单词map、 ruler、 pen、 orange、 key、 jacket、 quilt的熟 练掌握。 2.确认物体的句型：What is this in English? It's/ a /an/ map/ orange/ jacket/ key/ pen /ruler /quilt. 3. 区分a和an的用法。 【导学指导】 温故知新 1.按照字母顺序准确默写上单元学过的八个字母的大小写。 2.小组合作用英语完成对话。 1)熟识朋友见面的问候语和应答。 ——Hello, Frank! —— Hi, Cindy! How are you? —— I'm fine/OK, thanks. 2) 一天见面打招呼的用语。 ---Good morning, Helen! --- , Bob! ---Good , Eric! ---Good afternoon, Grace! ---Good evening, Helen! ---- , Dale! ---Hi, Alice! ---Hi, Cindy! ---Hello, Frank! ---Hello, Dale! 3）小组比一比唱一首英语歌曲。 自主互助学习 1.看图认一认1a中理解的字母，并把它写下来。小组讨论答案，教师巡回检查。 2.看图认物品，努力用英语说出理解的物品，小组比一比，哪一个小组理解的物品 多。 共同探究 1.师生互动 老师举起一把钥匙说： What's this in English ? It's a key . 重复并让学生跟读，再用 a pen，a ruler 等实物反复操作，让学生观察拼写，掌握发音，接下来学生问，老师答。 2. 小组互动。 1) 看图片或者用实物小组做对话练习。 2）听 1a 录音，指出听到的物品。
Unit2Myschoolbag第一课时教案
Unit 2 My schoolbag 一．教学目标： 1.能听、说、认读单词：Chinese book ，English book ，math book ，notebook ，story – book and schoolbag 。 2.能听懂Let’s do口令，并做出相应的动作。 二.教学重难点： 1.重点：听、说、认读相关单词。 2.难点：根据指令熟练地做出相应动作。 三．课前准备： 语文书，数学书，英语书等相关用书，书包，录音机 四.预习目标： 试读单词 五.教学步骤： 1.warm-up T:在开始新课前，让我们一起来做一个三年级上册的let’s do,看一看同学们文具都准备好了吗。有没有养成良好的学习习惯。 播放let’s do. 2.Presentation T: Good job!同学们都养成了良好的学习习惯。今天老师也带来了一件学习用品。拿出书包。 S:…… T: Clever.今天我们一起来学习新单元Unit 2 My schoolbag. T: This is my bag . What’s in it ? Please guess . （将学生猜对的物品逐一展示） 2、教学新单词 （1）拿班中一个学生的书包，提问： T：This is somebody’s schoolbag . What’s in it ? S1：……（提示，用英文说不出来的名称，用中文表示）
（2）逐一出示语文、英语、数学、笔记本四本书，教师边说英文，让学生直观认读Chinese book ，English book ，math book ，notebook 。 （3）引出新词“story book” 学生基本掌握以上四个新词后，提问个别学生：Which book do you like ? 部分学生回答后，继续提问：Do you known which book I like ? 这时我边出示：I like English book and story – book . 请学生跟读“story - book”。 （4）“跟我指” 将五种书名贴在黑板上，让学生在教师的指令下，正确指出并跟说，认读。（5）听录音：“Let’s learn” 听两遍，然后跟读，让学生尽可能模仿录音里的读音上、语调。 以组为单位比一比，哪个组模仿的像，让学生评价。 （6）Let’s do ①教师指令，学生做动作。 如：show me your Chinese book . Please put your notebook on the desk . …… ②听录音：Let’s do 听两遍，然后边做动作边跟录音读。 ③同桌合作，一人指令，一人做动作，然后交换角色继续操练。 （7）听录音做练习题
七上Unit2第一课时教学设计
Unit2 This is my sister. 教学设计 (Period1 SectionA 1a-1c) 牡丹江市第二十一中学栾艳凤一、教学目标 在本节课结束时，学生将能够学会表述家庭成员的称谓，学会用特殊疑问句来询问家人的称谓和介绍家人。 知识与能力 能听懂有关介绍家庭成员的对话，并能根据提供的信息介绍家人。 过程与方法 采用role-play、pairwork的学习方式，利用图片、听力材料等来展开课堂教学。 词汇教学 采取头脑风暴、快问及图片匹配的方式进行教学，让学生唤醒已有知识，在情境中操练、理解含义，并学会运用； 听力教学 采取听，圈出所听到的单词的方式； 口语教学 采取 pairwork 问答式的口语交际活动及role-play角色扮演的形式进行操练； 语法教学 总结规律、抓住特征、模仿操练。 情感态度与价值观 通过谈论家庭生活这一话题，引导学生正确理解家庭的真正意义，教育学生体贴父母，关爱家人。 二、教学重难点 教学重点
（1）掌握家庭成员的称谓。 （2）能够简单介绍人物关系。 （3）能够指认人物关系。 教学难点 介绍家庭成员时对名词单复数与谓语一致性的正确使用。 三、教学策略 词汇教学 采取头脑风暴、快问及图片匹配的方式进行教学，让学生在情境中操练、理解含义，并学会运用； 听力教学 采取听，圈出所听到的单词的方式； 口语教学 采取 pairwork 问答式的口语交际活动及role-play角色扮演的形式进行操练； 语法教学 总结规律、抓住特征、模仿操练。 四、教学过程 Step 1：A guessing game 借助一个简单的图画A house + ? = Home，引起学生的关注。 【设计意图】 导入单元话题，让学生了解Family的意义所在。 Step 2： Watch a video: Father and Mother, I love you. 利用多媒体呈现一个关于家庭的公益广告视频，既让学生充分了解本单元的话题，
演讲与口才训练模块
训练模块训练内容解决的问题和效果 第一模块： 1.克服紧张，树立自信1、克服紧张的常见7种方法，首先是树立自信.自 信是一种习惯，是骨子里面透露出来的。站在台上别 人看的是您的状态，您的精气神. 2、克服紧张的办法之一是做运动.深呼吸，正面的 暗示等.取主要的疋登口演练50次。 3、注意自己言行举止里面，渗透着自信.向犀利哥学 习. 4、黄金三点论.使人记忆深刻.使讲话有条理. 5、看100集的演讲视频.登台锻炼50次，您讲话水 平就提升一次层次 95%的人在公共场合讲话会紧张.95%的人不懂得 最基本的演讲上台礼仪；从内在”突破当众 讲话紧张怯场根源，重塑您的自信与勇气，让您 在不同场合、面对不同观众、针对不同主题都能 够自信、从容、轻松、镇定的表达自己的思 想…… 第二模块：1?登台礼仪2?态势语言3?眼神手势训练1、演讲三要素. 2、态势语言决定个人的魅力.气质。 3、十二种常见手势. 4、用炒采方式来训练手势 5、只要讲话，就要注意自己的态势语言. 6、最重要的态势语言是气质 您登台发言的整体形象，是您的一面镜子！反射出您 是自信还是自卑 从登台礼仪基本功训练，从登台发言的行姿、 走姿、站姿、手势、表情、眼神进行实战训练， 通过训练展示您良好的形象，树立您卓越的个 人魅力.... 第三模块： 1. 目光?气质自信等态势? 2. 言行举止的自信训练? 3. 大爱天下和帮助别人。1, 培养气质的9种方法 2, 演练训练舞台的自信。 3, 精彩演讲的取决于三大方面 4, 平时在言行举止方面修炼自己的自信 5, 训练自信而坚定的眼神 6, 所有成功的人他们都是统一种行为？这样行为是什 么呢，就是帮助别人 人的一切心理活动都是通过目光和表情来表达 的，我们的培训让您能够与台下听众自信、从容 地进行目光交流…… 第四模块：1.爱心体验我们是为了爱而来到这个世界上的。利用爱”的力 量去处理管理，爱”是世界上最厉害的武器。 爱的八个境界：爱自己、爱伴侣、爱家族、爱公司团 队、爱社区、爱民族、爱生灵万物 4500元的教练技术”的课程的精华 完善气质， 培养博爱”的胸怀 第五模块： 1. 演讲的开头结尾介绍 2. 演讲口才的培养积累方法 3. 模仿希特勒的演讲1, 演讲是提升 一个人自信最好的方法. 2, 成长需要出丑，出丑才会成长.热爱丢脸. 3, 演讲之前提两个背景.问两个问题等常见 4, 演讲的9种开头方式. 5, 在最咼潮的时候可以结束演讲 5. 演讲台之前，做运动会使您不紧张. 6. 口才的积累是烂熟于心很多的话语.故事.要说出来， 而不是在心里想.或写出来. 7. 演讲的高境界是像希特勒一样的 沉稳.态势语言.感情发挥 开头是讲者与听众建立沟通的第一座桥梁，结尾 则往往具有画龙点睛的效果。开头吸引人，结尾 留住人……一一有重点，不空洞”掌握叙事的神 奇魔法万能公式”，让您当众发言重点突出，场 景再现…… 第六模块： 1.语气和语调.发声练习1、说话的时候要用有话谱”使语气抑扬顿挫. 2、咬字千斤重，听者自动容. 3、说话时的用丹田来用力.不要扯嗓子”来叫喊. 4、用第二张嘴”来咬字发声. 5、抑扬顿挫是根据感情来发挥.不同场合调动不 掌握当众发言的核心技巧，帮您在当众发言时做 到言之有物；言之有序；言之有理；言之有文； 言之有趣；精彩发言开头、内容、结尾技巧；应 用这些技巧，让您的发言精彩纷呈，掌声不断， 充分彰显个人口才魅力 ..