研究生综合英语3 unit 1, 2,3,7,8 原文+译文+重点【辛辛苦苦总结的期末资料】

1.Unit One

A Question of Degree对学位的质疑

Perhaps we should rethink an idea fast becoming an undisputed premise of American life that a college degree is necessary(and perhaps even a sufficient) precondition for success.I do not wish to quarrel with the assumptions made about the benefits of orthodox education.I want only to expose its false god:the four-year, all-purpose,degree-granting college,aimed at the so-called college-age population and by now almost universally accepted as the stepping-stone to“meaningful”and “better”jobs.

What is wrong with the current college/work cycle can be seen in the following anomalies:we are selling college to the youth of American as a take-off pad for the material good life.College is literally advertised and packaged as a means for getting more money through“better”jobs at the same time that Harvard graduates are taking jobs as taxi drivers.This situation is perversion of the true spirit of a university，a perversion of a humane social ethic and，at bottom，a patent fraud.To take the last point first,the economy simply is not geared to guaranteeing these presumptive “better”jobs;the colleges are not geared to training for such jobs;and the ethical propriety of the entire enterprise is very questionable.We are by definition(rather than by analysis)establishing two kinds of work:work labeled“better”because it has a degree requirement tagged to it and nondegree work,which,through this logic, becomes automatically“low level”.

This process is also destroying our universities.The“practical curriculum”must become paramount;the students must become servants of big business and big government.Under these conditions the university can no longer be an independent source of scientific and philosophic truth-seeking and moral criticism.

Finally,and most important，we are destroying the spirit of youth by making college compulsory at adolescence,when it may be least congruent with emotional and physical needs;and we are denying college as an optional and continuing experience later in life,when it might be most congruent with intellectual and recreational needs.

Let me propose an important step to reverse these trends and thus help restore freedom and dignity to both our colleges and our workplaces.We should outlaw employment discrimination based on college degrees.This would simply be another facet of our“equal-opportunity”policy and would add college degrees to sex,age, race,religion and ethnic group as inherently unfair bases for employment selection.

People would，wherever possible，demonstrate their capacities on the job.Where that proved impractical，outside tests could still serve.The medical boards，bar exams，mechanical，mathematical and verbal aptitude tests might still be used by various enterprises.The burden of proof of their legitimacy，however，would remain with the using agencies.So too would the costs.Where the colleges were best equipped to impart a necessary skill they would do so，but only where it would be natural to the main thrust of a university endeavor.

The need for this rethinking and for this type of legislation may best be illustrated by a case study.Joe V.is a typical liberal-arts graduate，fired by imagination art and literature.He took a job with a large New York City Bank，where he had the opportunity to enter the“assistant manager training program”.The trainees rotated among different bank departments to gain technical know-how and experience and also received classroom instruction，including some sessions on“how to write a business letter.”The program was virtually restricted to college graduates. At the end of the line，the trainees became assistant bank managers：a position consisting largely of giving simple advice to bank customers and a modest amount of supervision of employees.Joe searched for some connection between the job and the training program，on the one hand，and his college-whetted appetites and skills on the other.He found nothing.

In giving Joe preference for the training program,the bank had bypassed a few enthusiastic aspirants already dedicated to a banking career and daily demonstrating their competence in closely related jobs.After questioning his superiors about the system,Joe could only conclude that the“top brass”had some very diffuse and not-too-well–researched or even well-thought-out conceptions about college men. The executives admitted that a college degree did not of itself ensure the motivation or the verbal or social skills needed.Nor were they about what skills were most desirable for their increasing diverse branches.Yet they clung to the college prerequisite.

Business allows the colleges to act as recruiting,screening and training agencies for them because it saves money and time.Why colleges allow themselves to act as servicing agents may not be as apparent.One reason may be that colleges are increasingly becoming conventional bureaucracies.It is inevitable,therefore,that they should respond to the first and unchallenged law of bureaucracy:expand!The more that college’s can persuade outside institutions to restrict employment in favor of their

clientele,the stronger is the college’s hold and attraction.This rational becomes even clearer when we understand that the budgets of public universities hang on the number of students“serviced”.Seen from this perspective,then,it is perhaps easier to understand why such matters as“university independence”or“the propriety”of using the public bankroll to support enterprises that are expected to make private profits, can be dismissed.Conflict of interest is difficult to discern when the interests involved are your own.

What is equally questionable is whether a college degree,as such,is proper evidence that new skills that are truly needed will be delivered.A friend who works for Manpower Training Program feels that there is a clear divide between actual job needs and college-degree requirements.One of her chief frustration is the knowledge that many persons with ability to do paraprofessional mental-health work are lost to jobs they could hold with pleasure and profit because the training program also require a two-year associate art degree.

Obviously,society can and does manipulate job status.I hope that we can manipulate it in favor of the greatest number of people.More energy should be spent in trying to upgrade the dignity of all socially useful work and to eliminate the use of human beings for any work that proves to be truly destructive of the human spirit. Outlawing the use of degrees as prerequisites for virtually every job that our media portray as“better”should carry us a long step toward a healthier society.Among other things,there is far more evidence that work can make college meaningful than that college can make work meaningful.

My concern about this degree/work cycle might be far less acute;however,if everyone caught up in the system were having a good time.But we seem to be generating a college population that oscillates between apathy and hostility.One of the major reasons for this joylessness in our university life is that the students see themselves as prisoners of economic necessity.They have bought the media message about better jobs,and so they do their time.But the promised land of“better”job is, on the one hand,not materializing,and on the other hand the students is by now socialized to find such“better”jobs distasteful even if they were to materialize.

One of the major improvements that could result from the proposed legislation against degree requirements for employments would be a new stocktaking on the part of all our educational https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6917772031.html,pulsory schools,for example,would understand that the basic skills for work and family life in our society would have to be compressed into those years of schooling.

Colleges and universities,on the other hand,might be encouraged to be unrestricted,as continuous and as open as possible.They would be released from the pressures of ensuring economic survival through a practical curriculum.They might best be modeled after museums.Hours would be extensive，fees minimal，and services available to anyone ready to comply with course-by-course demands.College under these circumstances would have a clearly understood focus，which might well be the traditional one of serving as gathering place for those persons who want to search for philosophic and scientific“truths”.

This proposal should help our universities rid themselves of some strange and gratuitous practices.For example，the university would no longer have to organize itself into hierarchical levels：B.A.,M.A.,PH.D.There would simply be courses of greater and lesser complexity in each of the disciplines.In this way graduate education might be more rationally understood and accepted for what it is——more education.

The new freedom might also relieve colleges of the growing practice of instituting extensive“work programs,”“internships”and“independence study”programs.The very names of these enterprises are tacit admissions that the campus itself is not necessary for many genuinely educational experiences.But,along with “external degree”programs,they seem to pronounce that whatever one has learned in life by whatever diverse and interesting routes cannot be recognized as increasing one’s dignity,worth,usefulness or self-enjoyment until it is converted into degree credits.

The legislation I propose would offer a more rational order of priorities.It would help recapture the genuine and variegated dignity of workplace along with the genuine and more specialized dignity of the university.It would help restore to people of all ages and inclinations a sense of their own basic worth and offer them as many roads as possible to reach Rome.

Vocabulary

1.What look like generous hire-purchase terms are fundamentally just encouragement to the customer to spend his very last penny.【at bottom】

2.A lot of viewers complain that there is too much crime and needless sex and violence on TV.【gratuitous无端的】

3.I read a brief extract of Erving Goffman's new detective novel on the train and it has rather aroused my appetite for mysteries.【whetted引起】

4.The article simply records the political changes of the last year,but it doesn't offer an honest appraisal of the government's achievements.【stocktaking评价估量】

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6917772031.html,st week the city government warned that it would consider legislation to forbid smoking in public places.【outlaw不合法】

6.Is it not something of an oddity to have a President of one political persuasion and a Prime Minister of another.【anomaly异常】

7.These bigger companies have the money,but they don't always have the expertise to get the job done right.【know-how技能】

8.As a member of the club,you must abide by its rules and regulations,otherwise you'll be punished severely.【comply with遵照，遵守】

9.Asked whether she would like to work with Jack in my office，Mary replied"No" with obvious distaste.【patent显然的】

10.There are many priorities,but reducing the budget deficit as soon as possible is more important than anything else.【paramount最高的】

1.What monstrous perversion扭曲of the human spirit leads a sniper to open fire on a bus carrying children

2.His writing is so diffuse冗长，obscure and overwrought that it is difficult to make out what it is he is trying to say

3.We were in a hurry so we decided to bypass忽略Canterbury because we knew there'd be a lot of traffic there.

4.The office director insisted that there was no question as to the propriety合适of

how the benevolent funds were raised.

5.Hector has been trying to get his job upgraded升级for years,but management won't because they'd have to pay him more.

6.As a moody young adolescent,Mandy oscillates波动between joyous enthusiasm and melodramatic despair,most especially when it comes to boys.

7·How successful they were would hang on坚持下去the speed with which the product could be distributed to the shops.

8.Judging by the books sold，this young writer seems to have a strong hold over the reading public.

9.If I were you,I would never allow my daughter to attend a such apathy冷漠exists among both the students and teachers.

10.She rose,came up to me and said:“Could you provide me with a clear rationale 解释for taking this course of action"

2.Unit Two The Middle Class中产阶级

The middle class is distinguishable more by its earnestness and psychic insecurity than by its middle income.I have known some very rich people who remain stubbornly middle-class,which is to say they remain terrified at what others think of them,and to avoid criticism are obsessed with doing everything right.The middle class is the place where table manners assume an awful importance...The middle class,always anxious about offending,is the main market for"mouthwashes," and if it disappeared the whole"deodorant"business would fall to the ground.

中产阶级有另别于其他阶级的特征是他们一本正经的生活态度和缺乏安全感的精神状态，而不是他们的中等收入。我认识一些很富有却固执地保留着中产阶级心态的人，也就是说他们仍旧会因为别人对他们的看法而感到恐慌，并且为了避免他人的批评，一味追求将每件事做得恰如其分。中产阶级极其强调餐桌礼仪的重要性。中产阶级的人士总是担心自己会由于个人卫生方面的问题而冒犯他人因此便成了“漱口剂”的主要市场。如果中产阶级消失了的话，那么整个“除臭剂”产业就会倒闭。

If physicians tend to be upper-middle-class,dentists are gloomily aware that they're middle,and are said to experience frightful status anxieties when introduced socially to"physicians'，--as dentists like to call them.(Physicians call themselves doctors,and enjoy doing this in front of dentists,as well as college professors,chiropractors,and divines.)如果说内科医生通常属于中上层阶级，那么牙科医生则沮丧地意识到自己属于中层阶级;在社交场合牙医们被介绍给”内科大夫”(牙医们喜欢这么称呼内科医生)时，据说牙医们往往会经历一番可怕的地位焦虑。(内科生们称自己为大夫，并乐于在牙医以及大学教授、按摩医师或枚师面前如此自称)

"Status panic":that's the affliction of the middle class,according to C.Wright Mills,Z author of White Collar and The Power Elite.Hence the middles'need to accumulate credit cards and take in The New Yorker，which it imagines registers upper-middle taste.Its devotion to that magazine,or its ads,is a good example of Mills's description of the middle class as the one that tends“to borrow status from higher elements.”The New Yorker advertisers have always known this about their audience,and some of their pseudo-upper-middle gestures in front of the middles are hilarious.Like one recently flogging expensive stationery,here,a printed invitation card.The pretentious Anglophile spelling of the second word strikes the right opening note:

根据《白领》和《权力精英》的作者C·赖特·米尔斯的说法，最折磨中产阶级的正是他们的“地位恐慌”。因此，他们才需要申请越来越多的信用卡，订阅《纽约客》杂志，因为在他们看来，这本杂志体现了中上层阶级的品味。中产阶级对这份杂志、或其中的广告的热爱，恰好印证了米尔斯对他们的描绘:中产阶级往往“借助更高的社会元素来提高自己的社会地位。”《纽约客》杂志的广告商深谙其读者的心理，而他们在中产阶级面前摆出的“伪中上层阶级”姿态有时十分滑稽可笑:比如，最近一份推销昂贵信笺的广告，确切地说是一个印制精美的广告。请帖开头的第二个单词格外醒目，其故作娇饰的英式拼写honour使这张请帖一开始就给人中上层阶级品位的感觉。

In honour of

Dr.and Mrs.Leonard Adam Westman,

Dr.and Mrs.Jeffrey Logan Brandon

request the pleasure of your company for

[at this point the higher classes might say cocktails，or,if thoroughly secure, drinks.But here,“Dr.”And Mrs.Brandon are inviting you to consume specifically一]

Champagne and Caviar

on Friday,etc.，etc.

Valley Hunt Club,

Stamford,Conn.，etc.

The only thing missing is the brand names of the refreshments.

为款待

里奥纳多·亚当·威斯特曼博士和夫人

兹定于

本周五于康涅狄格州斯坦福镇狩猎谷俱乐部

杰弗里·洛根·布兰登博士和夫人

谨备——到这儿，上层阶级可能会说明是“鸡尾酒”，或者，彻底安全的做法是注明“酒”。但这里，布兰顿”博士”和夫人邀请您特别享用的是—香槟和鱼子

酱，敬请光临

唯一没有注明的恐怕就剩各式点心的品牌了。

If the audience for that sort of thing used to seem the most deeply rooted in time and place,today it seems the class is the most rootless.``Members of the middle class are not only the sort of people who buy their own heirlooms,silver,etc.They're also the people who do most of the moving long-distance(generally to very unstylish places)，commanded every few years to pull up stakes by the corporations they're in bondage to.They are the geologist employed by the oil company，the computer programmer, the aeronautical engineer,the salesman assigned a new territory,and the "marketing"(formerly sales)manager deputed to keep an eye on him.These people and their families occupy the suburbs and developments.Their“Army and Navy，”as William H.White，Jr.says,is their corporate employer.

如果说追求这类东西的中产阶级读者，曾一度看起来像是在美国历史最悠久

根基最深厚的一个群体的话，那么今天的中产阶级却似乎是最缺乏根基的群体中产阶级的成员们不仅仅是那些购买自己的传家宝，银器等的人;他们还是最

常长途搬迁的一群人(通常都搬往那些极不时髦的地方)，每隔几年就得在所属公司的命令下搬家。他们是石油公司雇用的地质学家，电脑程序设计师，航空工幸师，或是被派往新市场的推销员，以及受公司委派去监督推梢员的“市场部”(前称“梢售部”)经理。这些人和他们的家人居住在郊区和开发区。正如小H"

特所说，他们受雇的公司就就是他们赖以生存的“陆军和海军基地”。

IBM and DuPont hire these people from second-rate colleges and teach them that they are nothing if not members of the team.Virtually no latitude is permitted to individuality or the milder forms of eccentricity，and these employees soon learn to avoid all ideological statements,notably，as we'll see,in the furnishing of their living rooms.Terrified of losing their jobs,these people grow passive，their humanity diminished as they perceive themselves mere parts of an infinitely larger structure.And interchangeable parts,too“The training makes our men interchangeable,”an IBM executive was once heard to say.

IBM和杜邦公司从一些二流大学招聘到这些雇员，并教育他们:如果不成为这个团队的一员他们就什么都不是。这里简直就没有表现个性的自由，也决不容许哪怕是表现式较为温和的怪僻反常。这些雇员们很快就学会了如何避免表达自己的意识形观念，最为显著的是，我们可以看看他们都是怎样来装黄他们的起居室的。由惧怕失去工作，这些人变得越来越消极，他们的人性也逐渐被磨灭，因为他们把自己当作一个无限庞大的机构中微不足道的小部件。而这些小部件，是可以随意被替换的。IBM的一位行政主管就曾说过:“公司的培训使我们的雇员可以互换更替。”

It's little wonder that treated like slaves most of the time,the middle class lusts for the illusion of weight and consequence.One sign is their quest for heraldic validation.("This beautiful embossed certificate will show your family tree").Another is their custom of issuing annual family newsletters announcing the most recent triumphs in the race to become"professional":

由于大部分时间都被当作奴隶对待，中产阶级那种渴望身份尊贵的幻想也就不足为奇了。其中的一个标志便是他们对确定家族纹章的探求(“这张印有美丽的压纹的证书能显示您的家谱，’);另一个标志是他们热衷于每年发布家族时事通讯，宣告家族成员在成为“专业人士”的角逐中所取得的最新成果:

John，who is now22，is in his first year at the Dental School of Wayne State University.

Caroline has a fine position as an executive secretary for a prestigious firm in Boise,Idaho.

约翰，二十二岁，在韦恩州立大学牙医学院攻读第一学年课程。

卡罗琳在爱达荷州博伊西市一家很有声望的公司谋得了一个相当不错的职位，担任行政秘书。

Sometimes these letters really wring the heart，with their proud lists of new “affiliations"achieved during the past year:“This year Bob became a member of the Junior Chamber of Commerce,the Beer Can Collectors League of North America，the Alumni Council of the University of Evansville，and the Young Republicans of Vanderburgh County.”Nervous lest she be considered nobody，the middle-class wife is careful to dress way up when she goes shopping.She knows by instinct what one middle-class woman told an inquiring sociologist:``You know there's class when you're in a department store and a well-dressed lady gets treated better.”

有时候，这些书信看来着实令人心碎，里面不无自豪地列出了家族成员在过去一年中所建立的新“关系”:今年鲍勃成了初级商会的成员，北美啤酒罐收集者联盟盟员，伊万斯威尔大学校友会理事，以及凡德伯格县青年共和党组织成员。”由于害怕自己被人看轻，中产阶级的家庭主妇们在出门购物时总是精心打扮。正如一位中产阶级妇女对从事调查的社会学家所言,她凭直觉知道，”当你在百货商店购物时就会明白，等级是存在的。穿戴体面的女士总能得到更好的服务。

"One who makes birth or wealth the sole criterion of worth”:that's a conventional dictionary definition of a snob，and the place to look for the snob is in the middle class.Worried a lot about their own taste and about whether it's working for or against them，members of the middle class try to arrest their natural tendency to sink downward by associating themselves,if ever so tenuously，with the imagined possessors of money，power,and taste.

字典中对“势利小人”的通常释义是“把出身或财富当作判断价值的唯一标准的人”，而中产阶级正是寻找势利之徒的最佳场所。中产阶级的成员总在为自己的品味烦恼，为这些品味是否对自己有利而忧心忡忡，为了阻止他们身份下降自然趋势，他们总是想方设法使自己同想象中的那些金钱、权力和品味的拥有攀上关系，无论这种关系是多么不堪一击。

"Correctness"and doing the right thing become obsessions,prompting middle-class people to write thank-you notes after the most ordinary dinner parties, give excessively expensive or correct presents,and never allude to any place一Fort Smith,Arkansas,for example一that lacks known class.It will not surprise readers who have traveled extensively to hear that Neil Mackwood,"'a British authority on snobbery，finds the greatest snobs worldwide emanating from Belgium,which can also be considered world headquarters of the middle class.

中产阶级一心追求的是“正当得体和做事恰如其分，这种追求促使他们在最普通的聚会后也要写封感谢函，赠送于昂贵或“得体”的礼物，在谈话中绝不会提及任何缺乏知名等级的地方一一例如，阿肯色州的史密斯堡。游历过很多地方的读者恐怕不会惊讶于英国势利学究权威内尔·麦克伍德的发现:全世界最众多的势利之徒源于比利时，而这个国家也可以被看作是全世界中产阶级的大本营。

The desire to belong,and to belong by some mechanical act like purchasing something,is another sign of the middle class.Words like club and guild(as in Book-of-the-Month Club and Literary Guild")extend a powerful invitation.The middle class is thus the natural target for developers'ads like this:You Belong in Park Forest!The moment you come to our town you know You're Welcome.You're part of a big group...中产阶级的另一个标志是他们渴望有所依附，并通过某种类似于购物的机械行为来寻求这种从属感。“俱乐部”或“协会”(如每月读书俱乐部“和文学协会，’)等用语对他们总是具有强大的诱惑力。因此，中产阶级自然也就成为下面这类房地产开发商广告所针对的市场目标了:您属于森林公园住宅区!一旦光临我们的社区，您便能感受到我们对您的热烈欢迎。您是这个大集体的一分子……

Oddity，introversion，and the love of privacy are the big enemies,a total reversal of the values of the secure upper orders.Among the middles there's a convention that erecting a fence or even a tall hedge is an affront.And there's also a convention that you may drop in on neighbors or friends without a telephone inquiry first.Being naturally innocent and well disposed and aboveboard，a member of the middle class finds it hard to believe that all are not.Being timid and conventional,no member of the middle class would expect that anyone is copulating in the afternoon instead of the evening,clearly,for busy and well-behaved corporate personnel，the correct time for it.When William H.White,Jr.was poking around one suburb studying the residents, he was told by one quintessentially middle-class woman:“The street behind us is nowhere near as friendly.They knock on doors over there.’古怪、内向和钟爱隐私是中产阶级的大忌，而这点同地位稳固的上层阶级的价值观截然相反。中产阶级有这样一条准则:筑一排栅栏或哪怕是高一点的树篱，也是对他人的有意冒犯。此外，他们还有一种习俗:你可以不用事先打电话询问，就可以去拜访你的左邻右舍或亲朋好友。一位天性率真、心地善良、做事开诚布公的中产阶级人士往往很难相信其他人并非都是如此的。当小威廉·H·怀特在某个郊区研究那儿的居民四处探问时，一位典型的中产阶级妇女告诉他:“我们后面那条街上的人一点儿也不友善，他们那儿串门还要敲门。”

If the women treasure“friendliness,”the men treasure having a genteel occupation(usually more important than money)·with emphasis on the word(if seldom the thing)executive.(As a matter of fact,an important class divide falls between those who feel veneration before the term executive and those who feel they want to throw up.)Having a telephone-answering machine at home is an easy way of simulating(at relatively low cost)high professional desirability，but here you wouldn't think of a facetious or eccentric text(delivered in French，for example·or in the voice of Donald Duck'S or Richard Nixon')asking the caller to speak his bit after the beeping sound.For the middle-class man is scared.如果说女人们珍视“友善”，男人们则珍视拥有一份气派的职业(这通常比金钱更重要)，尤其看重“执行官”这个头街(而很少在乎具体做什么工作)。(事实上，阶级之间的一个重要分界线便是人们时“执行官”一词的态度，是油然而生敬意，还是感到恶心难受。)想要仿效专业人士的气派，一种简单的做法就是在家里安装录音电话(花费相对较低)，但你决不会指望在蜂鸣声过后会听到一段滑稽的或古怪的提示话语(例如用法文，或者模仿唐老鸭或尼克松总统的声音)要求来电者留言。这是因为中产阶级

都很胆小怕事。

As C.Wright Mills notes,“He is always somebody's man，the corporation's,the government's,the army’s...”One can't be too careful.One“management adviser"told Studs Terkell':"Your wife，your children have to behave properly.You've got to fit in the mold.You've got to be on guard.”In Coming Up for Air George Orwell，is speaking for his middle-class hero,gets it right:如赖特·米尔斯所说，“他总是从属于某人的，从属于公司、政府、军队的……”身处中产阶级的人再怎么小心谨慎也不为过。一位“管理顾问”告诉斯塔兹·特克尔:“你的妻子和孩子都要举止得体。你必须适应这种生活模式。你必须谨慎自己的言行。”乔治·奥威尔在《为舒畅而来》一文中为他书中的中产阶级英雄辫护，把这一点说得十分明白:

There's a lot of rot talked about the sufferings of the working class.I'm not so sorry for the proles myself.…The prole suffers physically,but he's a free man when he isn't working.But in every one of those little stucco boxes there's some poor bastard who's never free except when he's fast asleep.

“关于劳动阶级的苦难，有过许多蠢话。我自己并不为无产者感到特别难过……无产者承受着身体上的痛苦，但他不劳动的时候却是个自由人。可是在每一栋灰泥涂饰的小房子里，总有某个可怜虫，除了酣睡时，从来就不知道自由是什么滋味。”

Because he is essentially a salesman，the middle-class man develops a salesman's style.Hence his optimism and his belief in the likelihood of self-improvement if you'll just hurl yourself into it.One reason musicals like Annie and Man of La Marechaz make so much money is that they offer him and his wife songs,like “Tomorrow”and“The Impossible Dream”that seem to promise that all sorts of good things are on the way.

由于本质上是推销员，中产阶级人士就形成了一种推销员式的风格。因此他有着乐观的性格，并且坚信:只要自己全力以赴，自我改善是完全可能实现的。《安妮》和((拉·曼恰的男人》这样的音乐剧之所以有那么高的票房收入，原因之一就是:它们为中产阶级的男士及其妻子提供了诸如《明天》、《不能实现的梦想》这一类的歌曲，这些歌曲似乎在向人们承诺，所有美好的事物都将来临。

A final stigma of the middle class,an emanation of its social insecurity，is its habit of laughing at its own jests.Not entirely certain what social effect he's transmitting,and yet obliged,by his role as"salesman，”to promote goodwill and optimism,your middle-class man serves as his own enraptured audience. Sometimes,after uttering some would-be clever formulation in public，he will look all around to gauge the response of the audience.Favorable,he desperately hopes.

中产阶级的最后一个特征，源于这个阶级的社会不安定感，就是他们总是习惯性地取乐于自己所讲的笑话。由于他无法十分肯定自己的笑话会引起何种社会效应，而其“推销员”的角色又迫使他必须促进和乐观精神，于是这位中产阶级人士就充当起听了自己的笑话而欣喜若狂的听众来。有时候，他当众说出几句自以为聪明的套话后，便会环顾四周以捕捉听众的反应。赞同的反应吧，他心里急切盼望着。

The young men of the middle class are chips off the old block.If you want to know who reads John T.Molloy'sz'books,hoping to break into the upper-middle class by formulas and mechanisms,they are your answer.You can see them on airplanes especially,being forwarded from one corporate training program to another.

中产阶级的年轻人酷似他们的父辈。如果你想知道哪些人在读约翰"T"莫罗伊的作品，希望通过某些手段和技巧打入中上层阶级，这些年轻人就是你的答案。你常常能在飞机上遇见他们，因为他们要参加一个又一个的公司培训项目而飞往各处。

Their shirts are implausibly white,their suits are excessively dark，their neckties resemble those worn by undertakers,and their hair is cut in the style of the1950s. "Their talk is of the bottom line，and for no they are likely to say no way.Often their necks don't seem long enough.and their eyes tend to be too much in motion，flicking back and forth rather than up and down.They will enter adult life as corporate trainees and，after forty-five faithful years，leave it as corporate personnel，wondering whether this is all.

他们的衬衫白得让人难以置信，套装的颜色过于深暗，领带模仿殡葬员的风格，而发型还是五十年代的样式。他们谈的都是“实质问题，’;需要说“不”时，他们可能会说“不可能”。他们的脖子常显得不够长，眼球的转动显得过于频繁，眼神总是前后躲闪，而非上下打量。他们以公司实习生的身份进入成年期，经过四十五个兢兢业业的年头后，以公司员工的身份离开公司，心里迷惑着这是否就是人生的全部。

Vocabulary

1.At that time some farmers often hired out their slaves,sometimes even allowing them to share in the earnings to buy their way out of enslavement.[bondage奴役]

2.You don't need to put on your best clothes to go to the pub,John，honey.jeans and

a T-shirt will do.【dress up打扮】

3.With friends,Mrs.Allen sometimes indirectly mentioned a feeling that she herself

was to blame for her son's financial predicament.【alluded to提及】

4.Jack is very reliable,but he has that reserve and slight coldness of manner which is typically English.【quintessentially典型的】

5.Mr.Maude says he and his wife are going to leave the place where they have been living and go to live in California.【pull up stakes搬家】

6.He was known as Mad Shelley partly because of his oddness and partly because of his violent temper.【eccentricity古怪】

7.Mr.Smith was privately not at all displeased that one of his hefty daughters should be very like him in appearance and character.【酷似其父的a chip off the old block】

8.Anne feigned pleasure at seeing Simon，whom she had worked with in a firm5 years ago,but really she wished he hadn't come.【simulated假装高兴】

9.Mother Theresa became an object of widespread reverence because of her unceasing work for the old，the sick,the disabled and the poor.【尊敬；崇拜veneration】

10.As we sat waiting for Carol，Jim made a flippant comment about her always being

half an hour late.【facetious轻浮的】

1.My little son doesn't feel well disposed towards my neighbors ever since their dog bit him last year.

2.Neither Isabel nor Irma could take in this new situation or size up what Mrs. Curry's revelation meant to them.

3.We must all do something to help rather than merely wringing our hands in despair and saying how awful the situation is.

4.Her husband had such a problem with introversion that he even hesitated to go out for dinner with friends,especially if he hadn't known them for a long time.

5.If an extraterrestrial object had hit the Earth，it would have made a crater100miles across and thrown up an immense cloud of dust.

6.We all know Mr.Roger's overseas investments were made as a hedge against rising inflation in this country.

7.When asked by the investigator,the man replied:“All I know about Antony's own financial dealings,which are always aboveboard.

8.My spirits sank when I realized that on my salary I couldn't afford the new car which I had promised to buy for my fiancee.

9.In some countries,especially in the United States,being an unmarried mother no longer carries the social stigma that it used to.

10.The council's answer to the population expansion is to build high blocks of flats, but that's where the plan falls to the ground who wants to live in them?

Unit three

How we listen to music我们怎样听音乐

We all listen to music according to our separate capacities.But,for the sake of analysis,the whole listening process may become clearer if we break it up into its component parts,so to speak.In a certain sense we all listen to music on three separate planes.For lack of a better terminology,one might name these:(1)the sensuous plane,(2)the expressive plane,(3)the sheerly musical plane.The only advantage to be gained from mechanically splitting up the listening process into these hypothetical planes is the clearer view to be had of the way in which we listen.

The simplest way of listening to music is to listen for the sheer pleasure of the musical sound itself.That is the sensuous plane.It is the plane on which we hear music without thinking,without considering it in any way.One turns on the radio while doing something else and absent-mindedly bathes in the sound.A kind of brainless but attractive state of mind is engendered by the mere sound appeal of the music.

You may be sitting in a room reading this book.Imagine one note struck on the piano. Immediately that one note is enough to change the atmosphere of the room——proving that the sound element in music is a powerful and mysterious agent, which it would be foolish to deride or belittle.

The surprising thing is that many people who consider themselves qualified music lovers abuse that plane in listening.They go to concerts in order to lose themselves. They use music as a consolation or an escape.They enter an ideal world where one doesn't have to think of the realities of everyday life.Of course they aren't thinking about the music either.Music allows them to leave it,and they go off to a plane to dream,dreaming because of and apropos of the music yet never quite listening to it.

Yes,the sound appeal of music is a potent and primitive force,but you must not allow it to usurp a disproportionate share of your interest.The sensuous plane is an important one in music,a very important one,but it does not constitute the whole story.

There is no need to digress further on the sensuous plane.Its appeal to every normal human being is self evident.There is,however,such a thing as becoming more sensitive to the different kinds of sound stuff①as used by various composers.For all composers do not use that sound stuff in the same way.Don't get the idea that the value of music is commensurate with its sensuous appeal or that the loveliest sounding music is made by the greatest composer.If that were so,Ravel would be a greater creator than Beethoven.The point is that the sound element varies with each composer,that his usage of sound forms an integral part of his style and must be taken into account when listening.The reader can see,therefore,that a more conscious approach is valuable even on this primary plane of music listening.

The second plane on which music exists is what I have called the expressive one. Here,immediately,we tread on controversial https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6917772031.html,posers have a way of shying away from any discussion of music's expressive side.Did not Stravinsky himself proclaim that his music was an"object",a"thing",with a life of its own,and with no other meaning than its own purely musical existence?This intransigent attitude of Stravinsky's may be due to the fact that so many people have tried to read different meanings into so many pieces.Heaven knows it is difficult enough to say precisely what it is that a piece of music means,to say it definitely,to say it finally so that everyone is satisfied with your explanation.But that should not lead one to the other extreme of denying to music the right to be"expressive".

My own belief is that all music has an expressive power,some more and some less, but that all music has a certain meaning behind the notes and that that meaning behind the notes constitutes,after all,what the piece is saying,what the piece is about.This whole problem can be stated quite simply by asking,"Is there a meaning to music?" My answer to that would be,"Yes."And"Can you state in so many words what the meaning is?"My answer to that would be,"No."Therein lies the difficulty.

Simple-minded souls will never be satisfied with the answer to the second of these questions.They always want music to have a meaning,and the more concrete it is,the better they like it.The more the music reminds them of a train,a storm,a funeral,or any other familiar conception the more expressive it appears to be to them.This popular idea of music's meaning——stimulated and abetted by the usual run of musical commentator——should be discouraged wherever and whenever it is met. One timid lady once confessed to me that she suspected something seriously lacking in her appreciation of music because of her inability to connect it with anything definite.That is getting the whole thing backward,of course.

Still,the question remains.How close should the intelligent music lover wish to come to pinning a definite meaning to any particular work?No closer than a general concept,I should say.Music expresses,at different moments,serenity or exuberance, regret or triumph,fury or delight.It expresses each of these moods,and many others, in a numberless variety of subtle shadings and differences.It may even express a state of meaning for which there exists no adequate word in any language.In that case, musicians often like to say that it has only a purely musical meaning.They sometimes go father and say that all music has only a purely musical meaning.What they really mean is that no appropriate word can be found to express the music's meaning and that,even if it could,they do not feel the need of finding it.

But whatever the professional musician may hold,most musical novices still search for specific words with which to pin down their musical reactions.That is why they always find Tchaikovsky easier to"understand"than Beethoven.In the first place,it is easier to pin a meaning-word on a Tchaikovsky piece than on a Beethoven one.Much easier.Moreover,with the Russian composer,every time you come back to a piece of his,it almost always says the same thing to you,whereas with Beethoven it is often quite difficult to put your finger right on what he is saying.And any musician will tell you that this is why Beethoven is the greater composer.Because music which always says the same thing to you will necessarily soon become dull music,but music whose meaning is slightly different with each hearing has a greater chance of remaining alive.

Listen,if you can,to the forty-eight fugue themes of Bach's Well Tempered Clavichord(a piece of music composed by Bach with48preludes and fugues which represented the first wholehearted use of the equally tempered scale throughout all keys).Listen to each theme,one after another.You will soon realize that each theme mirrors a different world of feeling.You will also soon realize that the more beautiful a theme seems to you,the harder it is to find any word that will describe it to your complete satisfaction.Yes,you will certainly know whether it is a gay theme or a sad one.You will be able,in other words,in your own mind,to draw a frame of emotional feeling around your theme.Now study the sad one a little closer.Try to pin down the exact quality of its sadness.Is it pessimistically sad?Is it fatefully sad or smilingly sad?

Let us suppose that you are fortunate and can describe to your own satisfaction in so many words the exact meaning of your chosen theme.There is still no guarantee that anyone else will be satisfied.Nor need they be.The important thing is that each one feels for himself the specific expressive quality of a theme or,similarly,an entire piece of music.And if it is a great work of art,don't expect it to mean exactly the same thing to you each time you return to it.

九年级英语unit3课文翻译

unit3 Could you please tell me where the restroom are ? sectionA 2d 何伟：这就是欢乐时代公园——我们这座城市最大的游乐园。 爱丽丝：就要玩各种游乐项目了，我好兴奋呀！ 何伟：我们先玩那样呢？有太空世界、水世界、动物世界…. 爱丽丝：在我们决定前，麻烦你先告诉我哪儿有洗手间吗？ 何伟：什么？休息室？你想要休息了？我们可还没有开始玩呢！ 爱丽丝：不是的，我不是指休息的地方。我是说…..你知道，一间洗手间或卫生间。 何伟：嗯….那么你是指….卫生间吗？ 爱丽丝：对啦！不好意思，也许中国人说英语不常用restroom 这个词。 何伟：就是的，我们常说toilets 或washroom 。不过，厕所在哪里。 爱丽丝：知道了，我一会儿就好！ 何伟：没问题，你不必赶的。 Section A 3a 欢乐时代公园————总是欢乐时光 [ 爱丽丝和何伟在太空世界] 爱丽丝：我不知道我们接下来该去哪里。 何伟：去玩玩那边那个新项目怎样？

爱丽丝：啊…..看上去挺吓人的。 何伟：勇敢些！我保证会很好玩！如果害怕就喊出来或抓住我的手。 【乘坐后…..】 爱丽丝：你是对的，这真好玩！我起先有些害怕，但喊叫真管用。何伟：瞧：这并不糟糕，对吧？你需要去尝试，否则永远不会知道你能行。 爱丽丝：是这样的，我真高兴自己尝试了这个项目。 何伟：现在你想去水世界吗？ 爱丽丝：当然，但我饿了。你知道哪里有又好吃又快的地方？ 何伟：当然知道！我建议去水世界的水城餐馆他们做得很好吃。 爱丽丝：太好了，我们去吧！ 何伟：[在去水城餐馆的路上，爱丽丝与何伟路过鲍勃叔叔的餐厅] 爱丽丝：你瞧！这间餐厅看上去很有意思。牌子上写着有个摇滚乐队每晚在演奏。 何伟：我们为何不回头过来在这吃晚饭？咱们去问一下乐队演出几点开始。 【爱丽丝和何伟向门口的员工走去】 爱丽丝：劳驾，请问你们乐队今天晚上何时开始演奏？ 何伟：八点。那时人总是很多，所以得来早一点才有桌子。 爱丽丝：好的，谢谢！ Section B 2b 请问，你可以…..吗？

八上英语unit3课文原文

unit3 section A 2d A: Did you like the singing competition yesterday, Anna? B: Oh, it was fantastic! Nelly sang so well! A: Well, I think Lisa sang better than Nelly. B: Oh, which one was Lisa? A: The one with short hair. I think she sang more clearly than Nelly. B: Yes, but Nelly danced better than Lisa. A: You can tell that Lisa really wanted to win, though. B: Well, everyone wants to win. But the most important thing is to learn something new and have fun. unit3 section B 2b My mother told me a good friend is like a mirror. I'm quieter and more serious than most kids. That's why I like reading books and I study harder in class. My best friend Y uan Li is quiet too, so we enjoy studying together. I'm shy, so it's not easy for me to make friends. But I think friends like books-you don't need a lot of them as long as they are good. It's not necessary to be the same. My best friend Larry is quite different from me. He is taller and more outgoing than me. We both like sports, but he plays tennis better, so he always wins. However, Larry often helps to bring out the best in me. So I'm getting better at tennis. Larry is much less hard working, though. I always get better grades than he does, so maybe I should help him more.

2014人教新目标九年级英语unit3课文及详解

UNIT 3 Could you please tell me where the restrooms are? Language Goals: Ask for information politely; Follow directions SectionA 1a Where can you do the things below? Match each thing with a place in the picture. Many different answers are possible. Excuse me, could .you tell me where I can(1) ? Yes. There’s a (2 ) on(3) . Excuse me, do you know where I can (4) ？Sure. There’s a(5) on(6 ). get some money 取到一些钱 get some information about the town 获取关于这座城镇的一些 信息 get some magazines 得到/买到一些 杂志 buy a newspaper 买一份报纸have dinner 吃晚餐 buy some stamps 买一些邮票 get a dictionary 得到一本 字典 get a pair of shoes 买一双鞋 1b Listen and complete the conversations in the picture in 1a. 1c Make conversations using the information in 1a. Then talk about your own city. A: Excuse me, could you please tell me how to get to the bookstore? B: Sure, just go along Main Street until you pass Center Street. The bookstore is on your right, next to the bank. A:

新世纪大学英语综合教程2unit3课文翻译

UNIT3 追梦 ——亚历克斯·哈利1)很多年轻人告诉我，他们想当作家。我总是鼓励这些人，但我也会解释，“当作家”和写作是有区别的。在多数情况下，这些人是在梦想名利，而不是在打字机前独自度过漫长的时间。我对他们说，“你得渴望写作，而不是渴望当作家。” 2)孤独、冷清、低薪，这就是写作的现实写照。幸运之神会眷顾一些作家，但数以千计的人心中的渴望永远无法满足。就算是成功者，大多也曾长期无人问津、穷困潦倒，包括我。 3)我离开工作了20年的美国海岸警备队成为一名自由作家时，前途一片渺茫。唯一拥有的是一个儿时的朋友乔治，他跟我在田纳西州的亨宁一起长大。乔治在格林尼治村公寓看门，他在那里帮我找了间腾出来的储藏室。那儿很冷，又没有卫生间，可是我不在乎。我马上买了一部二手的打

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Journey Down the Mekong 在湄公河下来的旅程 PART 1 THE DREAM AND THE PLAN My name is Wang Kun. Ever since middle school, my sister Wang Wei and I have dreamed about taking a great bike trip. Two years ago she bought an expensive mountain bike and then she persuaded me to buy one. Last year, she visited our cousins, Dao Wei and Yu Hang at their college in Kunming. They are Dai and grew up in western Yunnan Province near the Lancang River, the Chinese part of the river that is called the Mekong River in other countries. Wang Wei soon got them interested in cycling too. After graduating from college, we finally got the chance to take a bike trip. I asked my sister, "Where are we going?"It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends. Now she is planning our schedule for the trip.

人教版九年级英语Unit课文翻译

Unit1 How?can?we?become?good?learners? Section?A??2d? -----安妮，我有点紧张，我必须读完一本书，以便下周一作报告。? -----听起来不太糟糕。? -----但我是一个读书很慢的人。? -----一开始只管快速阅读获取文章大意就好了，不要逐字逐句的读，按词组阅读。? ----但我很多单词都不懂，我不得不用字典。? ----尽量通过阅读上下文来猜测单词的意思，可能你知道的比你预象的要多。? ----那听起来很难!? ----哦，耐心点，这得花时间。你可以每天通过阅读你喜欢的东西得到提高。你读得越多，你(阅读的速度)就越快。 Section?A??3a? 我是如何学会学习英语的 去年，我不喜欢我的英语课。每节课像是一个噩梦。老师说的太快以至于我大多数时候都听不太懂。因为我糟糕的发音，我害怕问问题。我只是躲在我的课本后面，从来不说一句话。? 后来有一天我看了一部叫做《玩具总动员》的英语电影。我爱上了这部既激动人心又滑稽有趣的电影！就这样我也开始看其他的英文电影。虽然我无法听懂那些角色所说的全部内容，但他们的肢体语言和面部表情帮助我理解了意思。我也意识到我可以通过只听关键词来理解意思。通过听英文电影中的对话，我的发音也变的更好了。我发现听一些有趣的内容是学习语言的秘诀。我还学到了一些有用的句子比如“这简直是小菜一碟”或者“你活该”。我起初不理解这些句子，但是因为我想理解这个故事，所以我查了字典。? 现在我真的喜欢我的英语课。我想学习生词和更多的语法，那样我对英语电影就能有更好的理解了。 Section?B??2b? 怎么成为一个成功的学习者呢? 每个人天生就拥有学习的能力。但是你能否学习的好取决于你的学习习惯。研究显示成功的学习者有一些共同的好习惯。? 1.培养他们对所学东西的兴趣? 研究显示，如果你对某事物感兴趣，你的大脑会更活跃而且对你来说长时间地关注那个事物也容易些。善于学习的人经常把他们需要学的事物与一些有趣的事物联系起来。比如，如果他们需要学习英语而且他们喜欢音乐或者体育，他们就可以听英文歌曲或者看英文版的体育节目。这样他们就不会感到乏味了。? 2.练习并从错误中学习?

新职业英语2unit1unit3原文译文

Unit 1 Each day, many people are looking for trends in workplace clothing, so that they can “fit in”with the fashionable or well-dressed crowd. They believe that dressing in the latest fashion trends may give them the reputation of being fashionable and trendy. While it is more than possible to do this, you need to display caution. 许多人每天都在捕捉职场时装的潮流，以便能与那些衣着时尚得体的人们步调一致。他们认为按最新潮流穿衣打扮能为自己赢得时尚和时髦的好名声。尽管这样做合情合理，你还是要小心谨慎。 What many people do not realize is that there are a number of pros and cons of relying on workplace fashion trends. One of those pros was mentioned above. When you wear a fashionable outfit to work, there is a good chance that you will receive a lot of compliments on your outfit. This is a nice feeling and it is one that makes many feel proud. 许多人并没有意识到，追随职场时装潮流有利也有弊。好处之一，正如上面所提到的，穿一套时髦的衣服去上班，很可能会得到一堆夸奖。这种感觉很不错，也让人引以为豪。 But the truth is that there are many more cons of relying on workplace fashion trends than there are pros. For instance, workplace fashion trends do not always distinguish between jobs and careers. If you work at a trendy coffee shop or retail store, chances are that the dress code would be casual clothing. However, if you work at a law office or an insurance company, you may be required to dress more professionally. Unfortunately, many workplace fashion trends are designed for the working population in general, not specific careers. This is where you can run into trouble if you are not careful. 然而事实上这种追随弊大于利。例如，职场时装潮流往往不区分工作和职业。在一家新潮的咖啡馆或零售店工作，着装要求很可能是休闲服。而在一家法律或保险公司上班，着装则需要更职业化。不幸的是，很多职场新潮时装是为工作中的一般大众而设计，而非为特定职业设计。因此一不小心就可能出问题。 Before relying on workplace fashion trends, you will want to take a good, close look at the trend in question. For instance, does the trend require the wearing of a skirt or a dress, no matter what the length? If so, it is important that you look at what you do for a living. If you are in a professional office setting, a dress may be perfect for you. On the other hand though, if you work in a retail store as a manager, a dress or skirt may actually get in the way and hamper your efforts to work and be productive. 在追随这种时装潮流之前，要好好地仔细审视一下所谓的潮流。比如，潮流是不是时兴半身裙或连衣裙，而不论其长短呢？如果确实如此，那么最重要的是要考虑自己的工作性质。如果是办公室的职业白领，连衣裙就非常适合。但如果是在零售店当经理，连衣裙或半身裙则可能会妨碍工作，影响工作效率。 By wearing trendy workplace fashion pieces, many people are given compliments, but not always. The last thing that you want to do is get a bad name for yourself instead of compliments. That is why it is also advised that you take what others may think of you into consideration. You need to make sure that the impression that you would be making is a good one. 很多人会因为穿了时髦的职场时装而备受称赞，但事情并非总是如此。最不希望