英语语法积累
英语语法积累
第一节名词与冠词
一. 名词的可数与不可数
1英汉两种语言关于数的概念的不同
●汉中认为可数而英不
认:clothing,furniture,information,homework,luggage,baggage,paper.●英中有时认为可数但汉却不认：coffee,noise.
●汉语意思相同但英语用法不同：laughter U/ a laugh 一阵笑
声，a note 一张纸币，a job.
2同一名词的可数与不可数
●物质名词在转化为表示具体的人或物的名词时后者是可
数a.从原料到制成品：two papers两份报纸，试卷，文件，论文，two cloths 两块桌布，iron铁—two irons 两只熨斗b.转化为与物质名词相关的其它物品或动物：chicken—two chickens 两只小鸡。
c.表示物质名词种类的时候：tea—various teas各种茶，some fruit 一些水果—some fruits 几种水果。
d.表示事件或在特定的场合（如酒吧，餐厅）表示具体的量：coffee—a coffee 一杯咖啡ice—an ice 一份冰淇淋some hair一些头发（泛指）--some hairs 几根头发
●有些抽象名词在词义转化后,也可以有复数形式,或与不定
冠词连用. A.从抽象概念转化为具有某种特性，状态，特
点，情感的人，物或事：difficulty—a difficulty一件难事，failure—a failure 一位失败者，一件失败的事。B.抽象名词意义具体化后，具有一种，一阵，一例，一项，一下，一顿等含义，food,fruit,fog,rain,wind常用不定冠词+抽象名词或不定冠词+形容词+抽象名词：smoke—a smoke抽一支烟，walk—a walk散一会儿步，life—a hard life.有时名词也可以用复数名词exercise—exercises 多项运动。C.抽象名词有时以复数形式出现，使一种语意强调的说法：thank—many thanks.
二.名词的单数与复数
1有些名词总是以复数形式出现：a.由两个部分构成的物品：c o mpasses[‘k^mp倒es]两脚规，scissors,crossroads.★由两个部分构成的事物的名词通常是复数，但若前面带有物量词时，其意义是单数还是复数取决于物量词本身：Do you know where my glasses are? Whom does this pair of glasses belong to? B.以-ing结尾的词：belongings,doings行为，sufferings,surroundings. C.表示数量众多：arms武器，ashes骨灰，clothes,conditions,woods 森林。D.表示双边关系：change seats with. E.一些习惯用语：make preparation, make arrangements,take pains下功夫。
2以s结尾的学科名词，仍是单数。
3有些以s结尾的名词单复数都有可能：means方法，works 工厂，著作。
4dozen,score等词表示约数，其后常加s,并后接of, three hundred of the people.
5集合名词的数：a.有些集合名词是不可数名词，它们表示同一类事物的总称：fruit, machinery机器，机构。A piece of 一件或一个clothing B有些集合名词总是用复数形式：These police are…..police/a policeman, people/a person, cattle/a cow, clothes,stuff, youth.要表示单数时，要用其它词汇。C.有些集合名词在表示组成该集体的成员时视复，用they or who指代，而表一个不可分割的整体时视单，用it or which指代:audience, family, the public,themajority,union,class,club,committee,crew,enemy,government,gro up,team.
三.名词的所有格
1名所可以表示所有，同位，主位，动宾，修饰等关系，the city of Beijing同位。
2名所的基本形式：名词+‘s多表示有生命的东西(Children’s Day,以s结尾的专有名词，且词尾读[z]的，可在词尾加’或‘s Dickens’ novels/Dickens’s novels.如果词尾不读[z]，加’s.在表店铺，某人家的名所后通常要省掉后面的名词：in the barber’s, drop in at his uncle’s. 或of+名词多表无生命的东西（若表时间，距离，自然现象，国家，城市，机构，度量衡时，也可用名词+’s: the earth’s atmosphere, China’s petrol, five minute’s walk, 2 miles’journey.）
3双重所有格：of+’s,用来表示部分概念或感情色彩，of前面的名词的前面一般要有a, two,any some,no, few,another等表示数量的词或this,that,these,those等限定词修饰，不可用the修饰，of后面的名词必须是指人的名词。
四.不定冠词的主要用法
1 不冠a位于辅音开头的单词：a one-eyed man
2当第一次提到某人，事，物时，用不冠可起介绍作用：He is a newcomer.
3a(n)+可单表泛指时，可指该类属中的任一员，但the+可单，表整个类属。
4不冠可说明事物的同一性质，特征，程度或大小表相同，相当于the same as. The two rooms are of a size.
5不冠用语表时间，速度，价格等意义的名词前表每一，相当every. Once a month.
6不冠用于人名前表对这个人不认识或表与某名人有类似性质的人。Everyone wishes to be a Lei Feng in his class.
7用于抽象名词前Have a try
8用于专有名词前He is a Chinese.
9与动词同源的名词前一般要加不冠。Sleep a sound sleep睡得很香。
五.定冠词的主要用法
1the+集合名词或复数名词表对某一特指的群体作一般性的
陈述the police want to know
2these/those+adj.表一类人
3前提到过的名词，再提到，在前加the
4表宇宙中唯一的事物前加the,world,universe.
5在only,same前加the . it’s all the same to me.
6西洋乐器前加the,中国乐器不加★表课程不加she makes her living by teaching violin.
7用于表具体的地点，方位，时间或某天的一部分，to the right 朝右边
8the more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you’ll make.
9by+the +计量单位名词by the pound, by the hour, by the foot. by weight按重量计
10the+表国的形容词表该国全体人民the+Swedish
12the+姓氏复数表一家人或夫妇二人the whites
13四季前不加the,但在某一年的某一季节中加in the summer of 1987
14在逢十的年份前加the,表世纪的某个年代
World warⅡ ended in the 1940’s.20世纪40年代
15在either of, all of, one of 后的名词前加the或其他限定词all of the students
16hit sb. On the nose=hit sb.’s nose, pull sb. By the arm
17用于由普通名词构成的国家,党派,巨大建筑,朝代,时代及江
河湖海泊洋,运河,海峡,山脉,群岛,报纸,杂志等专有名词前.the United Nations,the Ming Dynasty, the Alps阿尔卑斯山，the Philippines菲律宾群岛，the Red Sea,the Suez Canal苏伊士运河，the Sun Moon Lake日月潭，the Hudson River哈得逊河，the Yangtze River长江，the Pacific太平洋，the Times泰晤士报，the Himalayan Mountains喜马拉雅山脉★表示独立的岛屿，孤立的山峰的名词前不用冠词Mt. Jade玉山，Mt. Ali阿里山，Mount Tai, Mount
E Mei峨嵋山。
六.不用冠词的情况
1物质名词，抽象名词和某些专有名词不加冠词：money is not everything.金钱不是万能的, in space。
2用可复表类别泛指时，名词前不加冠词
3表学科语言名词前不加★表语言名词之后有language时要加the. The English language
4星期，月份，节日，假日，三餐前不用冠词，但三餐前有形容修饰时，要加不定冠词
5球类和游戏活动前不加
6称呼语，家庭成员和家里雇佣的厨师，保姆等名词前不加。Ask nurse to take mother in the open air.
7名词前有物代，指示代词或不定代词(some,any,no,every ,each），不加
8在单名+after/to/in/by+同一单名中，名前不加，hand in
hand,shoulder to shoulder.
9两个并列的形容词最高级修饰同一个名词是，第二形容前不加the . the tallest and strongest boy in our school
10表职称，头衔的名词在句中作同位语，表语，宾语补足语，主语补足语，一般不加，作主语，宾语反之，该职称，头衔范围必须是唯一的，否可加
11child 名句首，用零冠词的单名as/though she is,
12形容词最高级前有物代或名所，不加
13no such后名不加
14never,ever置于作主语的名前，不加
15同一个人兼多个身份的情况，只在第一名前加，a cooker and writer
16连系动词turn后的名词前不加。主语是复数时，表语仍用单数。Later they turned thief.
七.用冠词与不用冠词的特定情况
1在take part in, one, catch hold of 中，名前不加，但名被形容修饰时，要加不定冠词
2在有关场所的名词前，有冠表具体场所，没则指该场所的功能，作用等抽象意义。In office执政/in the office, in prison 坐牢/in the prison,go to college上大学/go to the college到大学去★有些词用活不用the是出于习惯：go to the office/university/countryside, go to town,in town.
3有无冠词意义不一样
In word(s)口头上,at a time 一次，一度，of age成年/of an age/ of the age当代，in crowds成群地/in a crowd在人群中，have words with争吵，four of us/ the four of us我们四人（共有四人），in future 从今以后，by day在白天in front of在什么前面范围以外/in the front of在什么前部，范围以内，in course of在什么过程中/in the course of在什么期间，attend church礼拜。
八.冠词的位置
冠词一般放在前，除以下：
1名短中有many,such,what修饰时，不定冠放这些词后，what a kind man
2形容词前有so,too,how,however,as 修饰，不定冠放在形容后，名前so big a fool
3不冠可放在rather,quitr前或后，但一定要放在fairly前
4名短中有both,all,half,twice,double,exactly,just修饰，the 放在这些词后面，just the person,half the way,both the sides.
积累：take notice of ,fix one’s mind on,have a good knowledge of了解，名复表泛指，弄清特指与泛指，名词单复数是基础a knife and fork一套刀叉，attitude towards,this is not the right moment to invite me.approach to,by means of,head of cattle,a friend of my brother’s,the Great Depression,a某一，一个，the whole+n.=all the+n. Of all the reasons for my choice,my father’s advice was the有一定范
围most important one. On a Friday 某个星期五
第二节形容词和副词
一.定语的一般顺序
限定词(定冠/不冠/物代/指示代)+表顺序的词（序数词/only,next,last,same）+表数目的词（基数词/many/other/several）+描述性形容(interesting+大小/长短/高低/新旧/样式)+颜色+类属性形容（国籍/材料/作用类别，adult,Pacific）+n. the first two beautiful little yellow wooden flower vases.
二.形容词与副词比较级和最高级的基本用法
1原级：as…as…中第一个as为副词，第二个为连词we have produced as many goods as we did last year. J is a boy as good as p=j is as good a boy as p=j is such a good boy as p.
2比较级it is less cold today than it was yesterday.不如，many more 只修饰可复名，much more既可修饰不可名，也可构成比较级many more workers还有很多工人，more and more funny, the+比较级+of the two+名词结构
3最高级有表示范围的短语或从句，常用的修饰语有序数词，much,far and away,almost,nearly,far放在最高级之前，而by far 可放前或后，almost the best，the second longest river
三.比较级表示最高级含义
1比较级+than any other+可单
2比较级+than all (the) other+可复
3no/nothing/never…+比较级nothing is more valuable than time.
4否定词+不冠+形容词比较级+名词或否定词+副词比较级表从未I have never seen a better one
四.形容词和副词的特殊表达法
1as such表上文所指明的事或人。He is a child,and must be treated as such.他是孩子，必须被当作孩子来对待。As much表与。。。同量pay twice as much for it. As many与。。。一样多I found two mistakes in as many lines.我在两行中发现了两个错误。
2the same +名+as表同等比较
3比较级前可用a little,a bit,many.much,a great deal,a lot,slightly表不定量，far,completely,still表程度或更进一步
4no more than 只不过，并不比。。。no less than 多达little more than差不多，much less更不用说，more than 不仅仅
五.比较句式中的省略
1在as…as…中，可省略整个谓语部分，保留主语she sings as well as her sister.也可省去部分谓语，保留主语和be,have或助动词j has done as much homework as you have.也可省去主语和谓语，只剩状语
2在than从句中跟1一样，也可省去主，谓，保宾；也可省去主，保部分谓his speed of doing the work was much faster than had expectes.也可省去整个than从句he is much healthier.
3为了避免重复，我们用that代不可名，用those代可复，用
one代可单。
积累：as far as远到，至于it looks like the weather is changing for the worse.省略weather. of the two letures,the first was by far the better.强调两者中较什么的一个，the+比较级。隐含比较级。Feel secure about everything无忧无虑。You can never be too careful with that.在小心也不为过。
第三节代词
一.人称代词的常见用法
1人称代词的排序
单数二三一,you,he and I ，但承担责任时为一二三。复数一二三。
2 在无动词的分句中，人称代词常用其宾格me?
3人称动词的类指（一般的人或事物）用法：A.we or you表类指，泛指一般人，包括听说双方在内think before you act.
B.they 表类指，指有关方面，不包括听说双方在内I don’t think they will raise the price of oil.
C.it 表类指，一般泛指不可数事物。阴性代词she ,her 可用来指代国家，车，飞机，船，以表亲切，但注意不要滥用。
二.替代词的用法
1名词性替代：ones 泛指，指同一类中的任何一个。it可指代可或不可，指同一个，that 指可或不可，表特指
2动词性替代：so,it可接在do 后，表一个已经完成的行为。
Do so 较正式，非正式用do,do it/that/this.替代动词+状语用do so/do,替代动词+宾语用do it
3分句性替代：so ,not常接在语气较为委婉的动词后，以替代that 从句，有believe,think,hope,expect,suppose,imagine,say,hear,guess,be afraid. So 表肯定。否：don’t+believe/think/expect/suppose+so或believe,think,expect,suppose,hope,be afraid,否只not hear+not
三.it的用法
1it 可指时间，天气，温度，距离，环境等
2it指无需区分性别，无独立思考能力的baby，指心目中不清楚的人或谈话双方所指的人或事
四.几个主要不定代词的含义和用法
all指两个以上可和不可名连用，both 只能和可名连用neither of +冠词/物代/指示代词复名，作主语时，谓语可用单或复，none表三个或三个以上none of+复名/代词/单集合名词，谓可用单或复。any可修饰可单，表三或三以上的任一个★以any 开头的句子，不可以用not来否定.each指两个或两个以上的人或物中的每个，侧重指个体，作代词常与of连用every侧重指三者以上的人或物的全体。How many/much? None.what…?nothing who…?nobody /no one.another可单独使用，也可用于单数名前，泛指三者或三者以上的另外某一个人或物，还可用于数量词+复名，表再wait another five minutes再等
五分钟。Some/any/no other +单名，the other特指两个人或物中的另外一个或另外的某些人或物。Some/any/much/many/数词+more need a few more还要几个。Something可用于表邀请，征询意见的委婉问句中could you do something for me?everything用于否定句，表部分否定，全否要用nothing/ not anything. Money isn’t everything.
五．Each other两者之间或三者以上；在强调两者不同时，用one…another… it’s one thing to know and another to teach.懂是一回事，教又是另一回事。
六.代词的其他用法
1反身代词不可单独作主语they themselves found out the place.
2对人口，数字，价格等的提问，常用what. What is the population of china?
3下列物代习惯上不省略：do one’s homework/lessons,shake one’s head,wash one’s hands,love one’s country…
积累：something of a 可以说是，可以算得上，second to none 首屈一指，have none of不理会，不接受。It is/has been+时间段+since。。。自从。。。以来已有多长时间。It is/was +时间点+when…当。。。时候。It be +时间段+before表语多是long,not long,3 days.时态多是一般将或过去时。。。之后。。。shall I come this weekend o r next weekend? If you like,you can come at either两者或两者以上time. He didn’t choose either of the coats and went away
without looking at a third one. Many people have been ill from a strange disease these days, one 单泛we’ve never heard of before.否定句中，如果前面有some,any,every,most,several,数字+none.body heals itself.no one 不跟of连用。要对so,as敏感。Do you like it泛指生活环境，情况here? Oh,yes.the air,the weather,the way of life.everything is so nice. To know more about the b museum,you can use the internet or go to the library ,or both.
第四节介词和连词
一.介词的主要用法
1介宾: between you and me
2短语以this,last,next,every,each,some,all,one开头时和today之类的词之前不用介
3concerning,considering,including起介词作用，无被动形式
4object to ,devote to, stick to+-ing
5above/past超出。。。的范围或能力
6部分介可作副词
7to 给，对，for,为，替跟to的动词：give,offer,take,,leave,send,lend,return,pass,pay,hand,show,sell,owe,tell,te ach,promise.跟for的动词：buy,get,make,cook,save,find,order,point,draw,choose,keep,build.两者都能跟，但含义不同：write,sing,read,do,bring,fetch.
8in turn 依次/by turns轮流；in the field在田野里，在某一领域
/on the field在战场上，in half=into halves分成两半/into three parts 9表示起因的介词
at多表某种情绪的起因，如与吃惊的过去分词或形容词连用。For 多与表情感的抽象名词或动词连用
from常接抽象名词表自然或间接原因
of多表自身原因，如病因，死因
over多用于cry,weep,laugh等带有感情色彩的词后
with与表情绪的形容词和身体动作或状态的动词连用，表某种心理状况的原因，jump with joy,red with cold
10在某一天的上午或下午，晚上之前应用on在前面有几点几分之类的短语前须用in 。at six in the morning of last Sunday. 11表飞机，轮船到达城市用arrive at,火车，汽车用in
12表无厢无舱的交通工具一般用on ,有的则in or on,car用in ,get into a car,get out of a car
二．需要注意的介词短语
At sunrise/sunset,at daybreak在黎明时，at New Year,at Christmas,at a time每次，一次，一度at all times随时at one time曾经，同时，at the moment ,all at once同时，突然，一起，at表状态，at No.23, At a distance在稍远处，at cost of,in honour of,in memory of,in (the) face of,in pain,in one’s search for,on New Year’s Day,on Christmas Day,on leave休假，on business,on a visit,on TV通过电视，by land 由陆地，by all means务必，by means of,for a time暂时，一度，for
the moment目前，for an instant一会儿，for the benefit/good of
积累：from behind the door,since before the new term,serve the people,either…or…或者。。。或者。。。or/or else否则She worked hard,yet she failed.然而，in terms of。according to 多引证来源。Now and then偶尔，On journey 在旅行中to you I owe,owe sth.to sb. For sth.,get it from on the river,read between the lines,it’s really hot for 对。。。来说January in Beijing now.leave by the back door方式。To the point 中肯。Modern equipment and no smoking are two of the things I like about working here.关于。At will随意，feel at home精通，Shanghai World Expo, although…yet.
第五节数词和主谓一致
一.数词
1基数词的结构特点:A 在表达上十位与个位之间要加连字符twenty-oneB在百位与十位之间要用and连接Chundred前有several,some,every few修饰时，后面不加-s.
2序数词的结构特点：the twenty-first, the hundredth
3分数：二又六分之五two and five sixths 1/2 a/one half 1/4 a/one quarter
4表达倍数关系的句式：主+谓+倍数程度+the+度量名词+of+比较对象；主+谓+倍数程度+what从句；主+谓+adj./adv.的比较级+than+比较对象+by+倍数，一倍用once,两倍用double/twice 二.主谓一致
1原则：语法一致，意义一致，邻近一致，★语法一致与意义一致发生冲突时，坚持语法一致more than one student has passed the driving test.
2谓语用单数的情况：a.不可数作主语时b.不定式短语，动名词短语，从句作主语时★what从句作主语时，取决于表语是复还是单what he wants are two book s. What从句表所说的话或所做的事时用单what he said has left us much to think about. C.主是形单意单的词主是单，后面跟as well as,with,together with,besides,except,but,including,rather than时，后面用单；主是each 或单主被each/every修饰时，用单★单的并列主被every,each,many a,no修饰时，用单every desk and chair is new. Each 作主的同位语时由前面的主决定they each have;主是被either,neither修饰或主是either,neither,the other时，用单either of the answers is right. 主是a kind/sort/type of+单/复名时由kind决定D。主是形复意单时:以s结尾的国名，人名，书名，组织机构等专有名词作主；one and a half+复名作主时，用单。
3谓语用复数的情况：A 主是形单意复时：people,police,the+表国籍，民族的形容词作主，可表该国全体人民B 主是形复意复的词：某些具有抽象意义的复数名词作主时，the surroundings are usually quiet here。One or two+复数名词作主语时，用复★前面有pair等物量词，由物量词决定。
4谓用单或复都可：A表时间金钱距离重量的复名被看作整
体时，enemy,crew,team,group,crowed,family,class,population,committee 强调整体时，用单B 由and连接的并列名词作主时，谓用复reading and writing are both important.若该结构表一个单一的概念或指同一人，物时，谓用单，但两名词前加一个冠词the math teacher and class teacher is strict. Bread and butter is their daily food.Cwhawhich,who,some,any,more,most,all等词作主语时，根据实际意义决定all is silent.万籁俱寂。D。none作主时，若指代可数名，谓用单或复，指不可名，用单E。half of,part of,most of,eighty percent of,one third of,the rest of+名/代，由名/代决定F。单复同形的名作主时，谓语根据主的意义定all means have been tried. Every means has been tried.G.加法乘法后的谓用单或复，减除只能用单thirty-five divided by five is seven.
5谓语与相邻的主一致：A。not…but…,or连接两并列的主，谓根靠近的主一致are neither you nor he ….?B.here is a pen and two pieces of paper for you或其他状语提前的倒装句。
积累：当先行词为one of+名复，定语从句中的谓用复，为the(only) one of+名复时，用单。The/these/those+adj.+谓复，★the+形容词表抽象事物时，谓用单the beautiful gives people pleasure.Gate four. According to my father,movies,such as the one you talked about yesterday, are not worth seeing. Seated at the front were some VIPs from the company. Displaying feelings,at one point,means expressing those feelings through a facial reaction. Two dozen/score of,
the first three of the five chapters in the book is easy,but the rest are difficult.
第六节情态动词和虚拟语气
一.几组情态动词的区别
1can/could表主观能力，不表示意愿，be able to 表主观意愿，强调克服困难去做某事，成功做成某事，它的将来是时用will be able to
2can/could 表潜在的可能性或理论上或逻辑判断上存在的可能性，may/might表事实上的可能性。推测过去发生的可能性程度，肯：must>could>may>might,否：can/could/might
3情态动+动进行式：can 后面跟进行式表可能正在进行的动作
4表对将来或现在发生的事，要用must do 表猜测，否用can’t do.
二．几个情态动使用的特定范围
1表推测时，can 不能用在肯定句中，但could可以，may/might 不能用在疑问句中。
2作为情态动，need/dare不能用在肯定句中，条件状语从句除外，否则须当作实义动
3回答由could/might引起的表请示的一般疑问句时，只能用can/may回答。Could I borrow your book? Yes,of course you can.
三.虚拟语气的应用
1错综时态虚拟条件句：if he had studied hard,he would pass the exam tomorrow.
2had/shoule/were 提到句首，if可省略，从句应倒装，had it not been for
3含蓄条件句：非真实条件句有时不用条件句而用短语，或通过上下文含蓄地表达出来，但在意义上它们仍是条件句，常用without,otherwise,but for.
4ask/demand/decide/prefer/insist/command/order等表建议，请求，命令，主张之类的动后用should+动原，idea/plan等名词后的表语从句或同位语从句it’s necessary/important/better/natural/strange/surprising/a pity/a shame/no wonder/for fear that/in case引导的状语从句,用同虚拟
5在wish后的宾语从句须用虚拟，与过去事实相反，过去完成时；现在，过去时；将来，would+动原。同if only. How I wish I were a bird!wish 后接that从句不能用来表祝愿。
6as if/as though:过去，过去完成时；现在，过去时；将来，would/were going to+动原。As if 可跟在look,seem,taste,smell等连系动词后而引导一个表语从句，若表的情况是真，可用陈述语气. It looks as if it is going to rain.
7in order that/so that:现在，may/can+动原；过去，might/could+动原
8would rather/had rather接省去that的从句：过去，过去完成时；
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大学英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如： I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间 接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给 我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
英语语法专业术语新
英语语法专业术语 语法 grammar 句法 syntax 词法 morphology 结构 structure 层次 rank 句子 sentence 从句 clause 词组 phrase 词类 part of speech 单词 word 实词 notional word 虚词 structural word 名词 noun 专有名词 proper noun 普通名词 common noun 可数名词 countable noun 不可数名词 uncountable no 抽象名词 abstract noun 具体名词 concrete noun 物质名词 material noun 集体名词 collective noun 个体名词 individual noun 介词 preposition 连词 conjunction 动词 verb 主动词 main verb 及物动词 transitive verb 不及物动词 intransitive verb 系动词 link verb 助动词 auxiliary verb 情态动词 modal verb 规则动词 regular verb 不规则动词 irregular verb 短语动词 phrasal verb 限定动词 finite verb 非限定动词 infinite verb 使役动词 causative verb 感官动词 verb of senses 动态动词 event verb 静态动词 state verb 感叹词 exclamation 形容词 adjective
副词 adverb 方式副词 adverb of manner 程度副词 adverb of degree 时间副词 adverb of time 地点副词 adverb of place 修饰性副词 adjunct 连接性副词 conjunct 疑问副词 interrogative adverb 关系副词 relative adverb 代词 pronoun 人称代词 personal pronoun 物主代词 possessive pronoun 反身代词 reflexive pronoun 相互代词 reciprocal pronoun 指示代词 demonstrative pronoun 疑问代词 interrogative pronoun 关系代词 relative pronoun 不定代词 indefinite 物主代词 possessive pronoun 名词性物主代词 nominal possessive 形容词性物主代词 adjectival possessive pronoun 冠词 article 定冠词 definite article 不定冠词 indefinite article 数词 numeral 基数词 cardinal numeral 序数词 ordinal numeral 分数词 fractional numeral 形式 form 单数形式 singular form 复数形式 plural form 限定动词 finite verb form 非限定动词 non-finite verb form 原形 base form 从句 clause 从属句 subordinate clause 并列句 coordinate clause 名词从句 nominal clause 定语从句 attributive clause 状语从句 adverbial clause 宾语从句 object clause 主语从句 subject clause 同位语从句 appositive clause 时间状语从句 adverbial clause of time 地点状语从句 adverbial clause of place
薄冰实用英语语法详解
被动语态 现在范畴一般现在时am/is/are made 现在进行时am / is /are being made 现在完成时has/have been made 过去范畴一般过去时was/were made 过去进行时was/werebeingmade 过去完成时had been made 将来范畴一般将来时shall/will be made 将来完成时shall/will have been made 过去将来时should/would be made 过去将来完成时should/would have been made 1. 被动语态的各种时态 被动语态（The Passive Voice）是动词的一种形式，表示主语是谓语动词的承受者。被动 语态便于论述客观事实，故常用于科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍以及景物描写。被动语态没有将来进行时、过去将来进行时和完成进行时形式。 (1) 一般现在时的被动语态 I am not so easily deceived. 我不会轻易上当受骗的。 Computers are widely used in the world. 计算机在世界范围内得到广泛应用。 (2) 一般过去时的被动语态 The car was seriously damaged. 汽车受到严重损坏。 Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 印刷术是由中国传入欧洲的。 (3) 现在进行时的被动语态 The question is being discussed at the meeting. 这个问题现在正在会上讨论。 The children are being taken care of by their aunt. 孩子们现在正由其姑妈照看。 (4) 过去进行时的被动语态 When I called, tea was being served. 当我来访时，正值上茶之际。 When they arrived，the experiments were being made. 他们到达时，实验正在进行。
初中英语语法知识—名词的经典测试题含答案(3)
一、选择题 1．Peter would like a bowl of ________noodles. A．tomato and egg B．tomato and eggs C．tomatoes and eggs D．tomatoes and egg 2．________wild animals are disappearing because of the ________of their living areas. A．The number of; lost B．The number of; losing C．A number of; lose D．A number of; loss 3．I’m hungry. I want some _________. A．water B．bread C．toys D．homework 4．Is it a picture_________ your school? A．of B．to C．and D．with 5．There are two________ near our school. A．shoe shops B．shoes shops C．shoe's shops D．shoes' shops 6．---- _________ is it from Nanjing to Beijing? --- It’s less than three ___________ flight. A．How long, hour’s B．How far, hour’s C．How long, hours’D．How far, hours’ 7．There is a______ shop and two_______ shops not far away from my school. A．sports; shoe B．sports; shoes C．sport; shoe D．sport; shoes 8．—I hear your family have made up their ________ to India next month. Have a pleasant journey. —Thank you. A．mind travelling B．minds travelling C．mind to travel D．minds to travel 9．—Do you know Shanghai is one of _______ in the world? —Yes, it’s bigger than _______ city in China. A．the biggest city; any B．the biggest cities; any C．the biggest cities; any other D．the biggest cities; the other 10．Some ________went to Japan to help when they knew that many ________ lost their homes in the earthquake. A．Germen; Japanese B．Frenchmen; Japaneses C．Germans; Japanese 11．There________some water in the bottle. A．is B．am C．are D．be 12．________the________Mike’ s and Jack’s? A．Is, rooms B．Are, room C．Are, rooms D．Is, room 13．Good food and_______help her_______better. A．exercise; study B．exercise; studies
小学四年级牛津英语语法总结
重点语法知识 冠词： ?不定冠词： a/an 表示不确定的“某一个” a用在辅音开头的名词前 an用在元音(a、e、i、o、u )开头的名词前 an + apple 、orange、 egg、elephant、 insect 、umbrella、 old、 hour、 honest ?定冠词：the表示特定的这个或那个 the sun 定冠词the用于特指、独一无二（the sun）、形容词最高级、序数词、海洋江河山脉岛屿等专有名词（the Yangtze River）、方位词、乐器（play the piano）、时间（in the morning） ?零冠词：球类运动（play football）、时间（at night）、季节月份星期（in spring ,in September, on Monday）、 名词复数: ?一般情况,单词变复数只需加s,如book—books, friend→friends; cat→cats ?凡是以s、ss, z、x、ch、sh或o结尾的词，后面只需加es。如； bus→buses; fox→foxes；等。 ?结尾以y ，而y之前是元音字母的话，只需加s 就行了。如； toy—toys、boy—boys.如果y前是辅音，去y加ies ?以-f或-fe结尾的名词，多为将-f或-fe改变为-ves。例：knife→knives; life→lives; leaf→leaves。反例：roof→roofs ?以o 结尾的词，有生命加es 如；potato--- potatoes。但没有生命的加s (除个别特殊的) ?不规则变化单词 child---children tooth---teeth man…men woman…women mouse…mice foot…fe et ?单复数相同的词；fish sheep deer …… ?如果是不可数，例如液体，粉状的没有单复数形式。 如water milk jam meat flour rice power paper cloud honey sugar rice bread salt air juice pepper grass work
英语语法专业术语表达
英语语法专业术语表达( The Noun 名词 The Pronoun 代词 The Numeral 数词 The Verb 动词 The Adjective 形容词 The Adverb 副词 The Article 冠词 The Preposition 介词 The conjunction 连词 The Interjection 感叹词Classification of Nouns 名词的分类Common Nouns 普通名词 Proper Nouns 专有名词Countable Nouns 可数名词Uncountable Nouns 不可数名词The Singular Form 单数形式 The Plural Form 复数形式Individual Nouns个体名词Collective Nouns集体名词
Material Nouns物质名词Abstract Nouns抽象名词 The Possessive Case所有格Personal Pronouns 人称代词Possessive Pronouns物主代词Self Pronouns反身代词Demonstrative Pronouns指示代词Interrogative Pronouns疑问代词Conjunctive Pronouns连接代词Relative Pronouns关系代词Indefinite Pronouns不定代词 The Subjective Case主格 The Objective Case宾格Cardinal Numerals基数词Ordinal Numerals 序数词Fractional Numerals分数词Notional Verbs实意动词 Link Verbs 连系动词 Auxiliary Verbs助动词 Modal Verbs情态动词 Transitive Verbs及物动词Intransitive Verbs不及物动词
写作中真正实用的英语语法
第三节写作中真正实用的英语语法 据考证，“语法”一词源于希腊语“Grammatike”，意指体现于写作过程中的“文字的技巧”，它是语言运用的规则，构建句子的框架，遣词造句的黏合剂，也是英语各项技能的基础，尤其在写作过程中起着举足轻重的作用。 但四、六级考试改革中对语法题目的减少使很多人误以为语法的地位被削弱，加之近年来重视综合技能的各类语言理论的出现，使得一部分考生在写作复习过程中完全摈弃对语法部分的准备，久而久之，形成了“轻语法，重语感”的习惯。而另一部分考生则缺乏必要的语法运用能力，他们可以准确解答语法题目，却不能在作文中灵活运用语法写出漂亮句子。这些考生文章的共同特点就是只有其意，不见其形。 语言是思维的外衣，准确的语法是高分作文的重要必备条件。如果考生能在写作中娴熟地运用语法技巧，就可以使文章逻辑严密，形神兼备。 鉴于语法体系庞大繁杂而备考时间有限，此节内容无法涵盖整个语法体系，只能选择写作中出现频率较高的语法进行重点讲解，如状语前置、倒装、虚拟语气、强调句等，并辅以例句讲解，希望能够帮助考生扫除写作中的语法障碍，轻松闯关。 状语前置 一般而言，英语句子中，状语成分的位置是可前可后的。但状语的前置是六级作文中常用的句式。所谓状语前置，就是把修饰动词的状语结构，如分词短语，介词短语，动词不定式结构等放到句首。 这一句式的最大优点就是断句自然，让单调的句子有跳跃的节奏感。请看下面句子： 1）With the expansion of industrialization, requirement for energy all over the world is on the rise.（随着工业化进程的发展，全世界的能源需求都在增加。） 2）Once lushly forested, this region has seen more than 80% of its original vegetation cut down or burned. (这个地区曾经丛林密布，但现在80% 的原生植被被砍伐或焚烧。) 3）To reach millions of people who watch television, advertisers are willing to pay big money. (为了能抓住千千万万的电视观众，广告商们不惜花费巨额资金。) 在以上例句中，状语的前置使得句子结构分明，避免了后置的平庸化，尤其是第二个句子中的状语部分，既简洁又有力，本身就是一个出彩的表达，如果放置到句尾就不会出现这种效果了。而第三句中不定式目的状语的前置还在一定程度上起到了强调的作用。 倒装 倒装又分为全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词置于主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did等,并将其置于主语之前。倒装的作用是为了强调或平衡句子结构。 倒装本身是较复杂的高级结构，如果在六级写作中能加以正确运用，就特别
初中英语语法知识—名词的经典测试题附解析(5)
一、选择题 1．—_________ is it from Wuxi to Shanghai? —It’s about ________ drive. A．How long; a two hours’B．How far; a two-hours C．How far; two hours’D．How long; a two-hour 2．________the________Mike’ s and Jack’s? A．Is, rooms B．Are, room C．Are, rooms D．Is, room 3．— Do you know all the names in your class, Mr King? —No, only part of them. A．student B．students C．student’s D．students’4．Alan usually goes to Harbin in .He likes playing with snow. A．May B．July C．September D．November 5．Is it a picture_________ your school? A．of B．to C．and D．with 6．—Let’s make a banana milk shake. —How many ________ do we need? A．bananas B．cup of milk C．honey 7．—Do _________ like going to ___________? —I don’t know. A．woman teachers, clothes shops B．women teachers, clothes shops C．woman teachers, sport shops D．women teachers, vegetables shops 8．—I hear your family have made up their ________ to India next month. Have a pleasant journey. —Thank you. A．mind travelling B．minds travelling C．mind to travel D．minds to travel 9．—Do you know Shanghai is one of _______ in the world? —Yes, it’s bigger than _______ city in China. A．the biggest city; any B．the biggest cities; any C．the biggest cities; any other D．the biggest cities; the other 10．—What does your mother have for dinner？ — A．Chickens and tomato B．Chicken and tomatoes．C．Chicken and tomato．11．My sister and I like eating two _______ and some _______ for dinner. They are really delicious. A．salad; eggs B．salads; eggs C．salad; eggs D．salads; egg 12．—Do you think it is _______good advice? —Yes, it’s really _______useful suggestion.
牛津英语A牛津英语语法和练习题优选稿
牛津英语A牛津英语语 法和练习题 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]
（四） 一、用所给词的适当形式填空： 1 This is _____(I) new classmate._____(she) name’s Sally. 2 That’s _____(we) English teacher. 3 _____(he) brother is my classmate. 4 _____(I) deskmate is Jill,_____(she) hair is long. 二、读句子，用适当的代词填空。 1Jack is my friend.______ sister is Kitty. 2What’s Jack’s sister’s name_ ____ name’s Kitty. 3Mr Li is our teacher.______ has got a red car. 4Who’s you r father?The tall man is _____ father. 5Has your brother got a big ball?No,_____ hasn’t. 6My father is a doctor._____is tall._____ car is black. 7-Is that ____ ruler- Yes,it’s _____ ruler. 8Eddie and I are cclassmate.That’s _____ classroom, 9-Are ____ in Class2 Yes,___ am. 10Look at these trees.____ are tall and green.______ roots(根) are long.