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Mobility of heavy metals from tailings to stream waters in a mining activity contaminated site

Mobility of heavy metals from tailings to stream waters

in a mining activity contaminated site

A.Concas a ,C.Ardau b ,A.Cristini

b,c

,P.Zuddas

b,z

,G.Cao

a,c,d,e,*

CRS4(Center for Advanced Studies,Research and Development in Sardinia),Parco Scienti?co e Tecnologico POLARIS,

Edi?cio 1,09010Pula,Cagliari,Italy

Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra,Universita

`degli Studi di Cagliari,Piazza d’Armi,09123Cagliari,Italy c

Centro Interdipartimentale di Ingegneria e Scienza Ambientali,Via San Giorgio 12,09123Cagliari,Italy

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica e Materiali,Universita

`degli Studi di Cagliari,Piazza d’Armi,09123Cagliari,Italy e

Laboratorio di Cagliari del Consorzio Interuniversitario ‘‘La Chimica per l’Ambiente’’,INCA,Via San Giorgio 12,09123Cagliari,Italy

Received 16March 2005;received in revised form 27July 2005;accepted 6August 2005

Available online 10October 2005

Abstract

In this paper the results of a recent characterization of Rio Piscinas (SW of Sardinia,Italy)hydrological basin are reported.In such area (about 50km 2),previous mining activities caused a serious heavy metal contamination of surface waters,groundwater,soils and biota.Acid mine drainage phenomena were observed in the area.The main sources of contamination are the tailings stored in mine tunnels and abandoned along ?uvial banks.A methodological approach was adopted in order to identify relations between tailings and water contamination.Representative samples of tailings and stream sediments samples were collected.XRD analyses were performed for mineralogical characterization,while acid digestion was carried out for determining metal contents.Batch sequential leaching tests were performed in order to assess metal mobility.Also groundwater and stream water were sampled in speci?c locations and suitably character-ized.All information collected allowed the understanding of the e?ect of tailings on water contamination,thus contrib-uting to the qualitative prediction of pollution evolution on the basis of metal mobility.Finally,a potential remediation strategy of stream water is proposed.ó2005Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.

Keywords:Acid mine drainage;Metal contamination;Tailings;Water characterization;Remediation hypothesis

1.Introduction

Metal contamination and acid mine drainage (AMD)are very important concerns where waste materials con-taining metal-rich sulphides from mining activity have been stored or abandoned.These issues became dra-matic in Sardinia (Italy)where a large portion of the island (about 4000km 2versus a total area of 24000km 2)has been exploited through intensive mining activ-ity in the last two centuries.

Corresponding author.Address:Dipartimento di Ingegne-ria Chimica e Materiali,Universita

`degli Studi di Cagliari,Piazza d ?Armi,09123Cagliari,Italy.Tel.:+39706755058;fax:+39706755067.

E-mail address:cao@visnu.dicm.unica.it (G.Cao).z

Deceased author.

Chemosphere 63(2006)244–253

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7c739536.html,/locate/chemosphere

In this paper the contaminated area located in the SW of Sardinia (cf.Fig.1),of the hydrological basin of ‘‘Piscinas’’stream,is considered.In this area,the ore deposits have been intensively mined in order to ex-tract lead and zinc minerals since the beginning of 19th century and up to 1992.From a geological point of view,the investigated area involves the Paleozoic basement,the Oligocene volcanic sedimentary complex and the quaternary lithi?ed sandstones and coastal sands (Care-dda et al.,1999).Metalliferous veins,mostly directed SW–NE,are associated to the Hercynian granitic rocks and form the ore deposits of the ‘‘Montevecchio ?s mine’’.The orebody consists of argentiferous galena,sphalerite in a gangue containing quartz,Fe,Ca and Mg carbonates and clays;minor minerals are pyrite,chalcopyrite,barite,cerussite,anglesite and smithsonite (Chessa et al.,1995).

The most important aquifer of the area is located in the huge ore-bodies of the ‘‘Montevecchio-Ingurtosu ?s’’mines crossing the Paleozoic basement lithologies.The most important springs of this aquifer are mining galler-ies mouths and in particular the so called ‘‘Fais ?Shaft’’(cf.point F in Fig.1)characterized by a ?ow of about 20l s à1.

Rio Piscinas hydrological basin including Rio Irvi ?s and Rio Roja Cani ?s sub-basins has an extension of 47.18km 2.Rio Piscinas is about 12.72km long,while Rio Irvi and Rio Roja Cani are 11.06km and 6.40km long,respectively.The annual average ?ow at the Pisc-inas outlet (including the Irvi ?s and Roja Cani ?s contri-butions)has been evaluated to be of about 280l s à1by means of statistical models.In this case the main environmental concern is the presence of waste tailings generated during mineral pro-cessing.Tailings were dumped over an extensive area along the riverbeds,being now abandoned (Caredda et al.,1999).Tailings were also used for mine tunnels re?lling.Main tailings heaps (cf.Fig.1)are located close to ‘‘Sanna ?s’’?oatation plant and Rio Roja Cani and near Rio Piscinas outlet.A destroyed dam due to previ-ous mining activity can be also found.Previous studies (Caboi et al.,1993;Fanfani et al.,1997)have shown that tailings are characterized by high concentrations of hea-vy metals such as Ni,Co,Cu,Zn,Cd,and Pb,suscepti-ble of leaching by surface and ?ltrating waters.Tailings also contain residual concentrations of pyrite that en-ables generation of AMD.

During 1997,acidic and strongly metal contaminated groundwater ?ooded into ‘‘Irvi’’stream (a ‘‘Piscinas’’stream a?uent)after springing from the ‘‘Fais ?Shaft ?s’’mouth.The over?ow is the direct consequence of pump-ing stoppage after mine closure and subsequent ground-water raising.Due to the low hydraulic transmissivity of the local hydrogeological unity,water may be drained underground through the abandoned tunnels rather than through the rock fractures.Therefore groundwater came into contact with the crushed sulphides,or pyrite-rich waste-rocks present inside tunnels after mine clo-sure,thus enabling the generation of AMD (Blowes et al.,1994).As the water table reached the topograph-ical level of the ‘‘Fais ?Shaft ?s’’mouth,contaminated groundwater sprung,?ooding into ‘‘Irvi’’stream.This event (hereafter named ‘‘Fais Event’’)led to a dramatic damage of Rio Irvi and Rio Piscinas ?uvial

ecosystem,

Fig.1.Map of the investigated area.The pre?x R,P,I,F indicates sampling points.

A.Concas et al./Chemosphere 63(2006)244–253245

which became acidic and contaminated by dissolved metals.In particular the transition from typical under-ground reductive conditions to atmospheric oxidative ones allows the oxidation of ferrous ions and the conse-quent precipitation of ferric hydroxides which led to a red colouring of the Irvi?s?uvial bed.The aim of this work is therefore to environmentally characterize Rio Piscinas hydrological basin through geochemical analy-sis of surface waters,groundwater,tailings and stream sediments.Leaching behaviour of tailings will be also investigated.Finally,a possible remediation strategy of stream water pollution based on the collected data is proposed.

2.Materials and methods

Sampling and analysis for both solid and liquid sam-ples was performed according to the most recent Italian Regulation on site contamination matter(MinAmb, 1999).In particular water sampling and analysis were carried out according to the protocol formulated by Cidu(1996,1999).Every measurement was performed in triplicate.

Representative stream sediments samples were col-lected along the more contaminated stretches of Rio Irvi,Rio Piscinas and Rio Roia Cani?uvial beds and banks(cf.points I4,P5,R4in Fig.1),in parallel with waters samples,in order to estimate the level of heavy metals bound to the solid-phase.Therefore solid sample names are the same of the corresponding water ones fol-lowed by the su?x‘‘stream’’.Also tailings samples were collected in the most important heap of the area that is located near the‘‘Sanna?s’’?oatation plant(cf.point R2 in Fig.1).Moreover,?uvial?ooding led to transporta-tion and mixing of these tailings with stream sediments along the Rio Piscinas up to the outlet where the pres-ence of a destroyed dam led to the creation of contami-nated-solids heap.Also samples of the resulting material were collected(cf.point P5in Fig.1).These last two samples were named with that one of the sampling point followed by the su?x‘‘tail’’,although P5sample is a mixture of tailings and stream sediments.All solid samples were collected at a depth of20cm,in order to exclude high-weathered material.After granulometric characterization,analyses were carried out on solid samples following quartering and grinding.

X-ray di?raction(XRD)was used to identify crystal-line phases in solid samples.Analyses were performed with RIGAKU GEIGERFLEX di?ractometer using CuK a Ni-?ltered radiation(k=15418A?).XRD data were collected between10and702h.Solid samples were also grinded and sieved at2mm and then undergone digestion with‘‘aqua regia’’in order to evaluate the acid-soluble portion of metals.The solutions were ana-lyzed by ICP-OES,ARL3520.

The evaluation of the leaching behaviour of tailings was performed according to the most recent Italian Environmental Regulation(MinAmb,1997)on leaching test matter.The test consists of contacting the solid with distilled water in1:5volume ratio being water replaced eight times at pre-established instants.After?ltering with0.45l m pore-size membrane,a proper amount of 1M nitric acid solution is added to each eluate sample until pH equal to2is reached.The resulting solutions are then analyzed separately by ICP-OES and/or ICP-MS (PE Elan5000).

Water sampling was made in April2002.The choice of the sampling points was carried out on the basis of the investigation performed before1997(Caboi et al., 1993,1996)in order to assess possible changes in water chemistry after‘‘Fais Event’’.In particular stream water sampling took place in the locations named P1,P2,P3, P5,P6,R2,R4,I2,I3,I4,reported in Fig.1while groundwater sampling involved only the acquifer that springs at the Fais Shaft?s mouth(cf.point F in Fig.1).

Water samples were?rst?ltered and then tempera-ture,pH,redox potential,alkalinity and conductivity were measured.Sample stabilization was carried out in-situ using1%v/v HNO3for the analysis of most cat-ions by ICP-OES and ICP-MS.A sample aliquot was acidi?ed with0.2%v/v HCl to evaluate As by?ow-injec-tion-hydride generation and ICP-MS.An un?ltered ali-quot of each sample was acidi?ed with0.2%H2SO4and KMnO4crystals were added for the determination of Hg by?ow-injection-vapour generation and ICP-MS.The non acidi?ed aliquots were employed for important an-ions analysis by ion chromatography(IC Dionex DX 120-Software Peak Net.V.5.1).Data quality checks, performed by duplicate analyses using di?erent methods and analysing a certi?cate reference material(NIST SRM1643d),show a precision and accuracy for all ele-ments less than10%.

3.Results and discussion

Granulometric analysis of tailing sample R2tail mostly exhibits a grain size ranging from500to 120l m and a signi?cant percentage($15%)of?ne par-ticles(<75l m).

XRD analysis of R2tail sample(cf.Fig.2a)highlights the presence of two predominant crystalline phases,sid-erite(FeCO3)and quartz(SiO2).Siderite is probably a secondary mineral phase resulting from pyrite oxida-tion-weathering.It may be postulated that di?usion of atmospheric oxygen through the unsaturated zone of the tailings heap may lead to the oxidation of original pyrite which may give rise to the dissolution of primary mineral phases and the formation of secondary mineral phases(i.e.siderite)which,on the other hand,may undergo to re-dissolution at speci?c pH conditions

246 A.Concas et al./Chemosphere63(2006)244–253

(pH$5).Therefore the presence of siderite may under-line an advanced process of weathering and oxidation of tailings which is partially responsible for AMD phenomena.

XRD spectrum of P5tail(cf.Fig.2b)shows the pres-ence of quartz,sphalerite(ZnS)and gypsum(CaSO4?2H2O)as main crystalline phases.Sphalerite represents a typical constituent of sulphide mineralization while gypsum is probably present as a secondary mineral phase as the result of precipitation occurring when sul-phate-enriched waters(as consequence of AMD)cross

carbonatic rocks.

In particular high values of zinc concentration de-tected in contaminated groundwater,(Caboi et al., 1996),seem to be strictly correlated with the presence of sphalerite in tailings.Because of low solubility of this sulphide,release of zinc occurs primarily as a result of complexation reactions occurring after oxidation ones rather than dissolution.In fact lattice energy of sphaler-ite is nearly similar to that of calcite(Dang et al.,2002), thus indicating that such a sulphide may be unstable in a strongly chemical weathering area.Therefore,the huge release of zinc in waters is the result of oxidative reaction occurring between sphalerite in tailings and oxygen dis-solved in?ltrating water.Such a reaction may be sche-matically described as follows(Dang et al.,2002):

ZnSesolTt2eO2T

!eZn2tT

teSO2à

Oxidation of S2àto SO2à

allows the immediate break down of sulphide lattice resulting in the release of zinc to the environment.

Stream sediment spectra are similar for all samples. Main crystalline phases in sample R4(cf.Fig.2c)are quartz,siderite,sphalerite and gypsum,while in sample I4,together with quartz and gypsum,also nontronite

eeMt

n H2OTFe3t

eSi4àx Al xTO10eOHT

Tis detected. Stream sediment and tailing mineralogy is very similar because?uvial?ooding caused a very strong mixing of such materials.

Analytical results of the acid soluble portion of met-als reported in Table1show an high amount of heavy metals bound to the solid phase.The corresponding level is sometimes higher in stream sediments than in tailings (see for example R2tail and R4stream).This result would indicate that since the closure of mining activities,great amounts of contaminants are moved from contamina-tion sources(tailings)through super?cial waters as pre-ferred pathway of migration.The transfer of heavy metals from stream waters to stream sediments probably occurs through two main paths,i.e.precipitation(when pH of stream water rises)and adsorption.Decreasing in water turbulence and evaporation during summer also favour metal precipitation from waters to stream sediments.

Analytical results of leachability test for tailings sam-ples are reported in Table2,being the time at which the leachate was analyzed,reported in the same column of samples acronym.From Table2it could be shown that metals are leached from tailings with very high concen-trations,thus con?rming that these materials,although subjected to a prolonged weathering process,have not lost their capability to release contaminants into the environment.When considering tailings(R2tail)sampled from Laveria Sanna(cf.Table2),release of heavy metals is generally enhanced during the last steps of the leach-ing test due to a more prolonged interaction

between

water and solids as well as the formation of inorganic complexes of the type HSà.

For the case of tailings(P5tail)sampled nearby Pisc-inas stream outlet(cf.Table2)which represent at the same time a source and a sink of contaminants,Zn and Cd are mainly released during the?rst steps.This peculiar behavior underlines that a high amount of these metals is not very strongly bonded to the solid-phase and can easily return in solution.

Assuming that the total metal content in these sam-ples coincide with the acid soluble portion reported in Table1,the cumulative extraction of the most important metals was calculated by means of the following

equation: E jet nT%?P n

i?1

V elet iTáC el

et iT

q solid

áW solid

á100

where E j(t n)(%),represents the cumulative extraction at the time t n for the j metal,V el(t i)the volume of eluate at

the same time,C el

j (mg là1)the concentration of the j me-

tal in the eluate,q solid

j (mg kgà1)the concentration of the

j metal in the solid phase(evaluated through an appro-priate mass balance using the acid digestion data),while

W solid

j (kg)is the weight of solid sample used during the

leaching test.

Cumulative extraction of metals is shown in Fig.3 for both tailings samples R2tail and P5tail.Fig.3allows one to point out the di?erent behavior of the two sam-ples.At the end of the test,tailings sampled from Lave-ria Sanna(R2tail)release percentage concentrations of metals generally less than0.15%for all elements except Co(16.6%)and Ni(4.8%).In particular,release of Co and Ni is signi?cantly greater in sample R2tail than in P5tail and drastically increases in the last steps of the test, thus indicating the presence of these metals as primary mineral phase in R2tailings.Tailings sampled nearby Piscinas outlet(P5tail)show a higher capability of release for Cd(0.2%),Mn(0.2%),Zn(0.2%)and Pb(0.2%).

Groundwater samples were collected only at the Fais Shaft?s mouth where?ooding occurred(point F in Fig.1).Results of groundwater analysis are shown in Table3.A comparison of such results with the ones ob-tained during the environmental monitoring of water quality conducted by Biddau et al.(2001)during year 2000,is shown in Fig.4.The comparison is reported in terms of percentage variation of metal ion concentra-tion and shows a great increase in the period2000–2002 of As concentration(+261%),Cu(+61%),Pb(+39%), Cd(+69%),thus indicating that the contribution to water contamination is evolving towards an increase of the most hazardous metals.On the other hand an impor-tant decrease may be detected for the case of Ni(à38%), Ba(à100%),Mn(à18%)and HCOà

(à70%),while Zn and pH remain substantially constant.Note also from Table3that Zn concentration is still very high thus con-?rming that the role of sphalerite in tailings is very important as far as Zn contamination of groundwater is concerned.

Analytical results of the investigated water samples are reported again in Table3.Waters sampled in the upper course of Rio Piscinas stream(P1–P2stretch)con-tain high bicarbonate concentration and show moderate salinity and low metal concentrations.Moderate in-crease of heavy metal and sulphates concentrations is observed downstream the con?uence of Rio Piscinas with the waters of Rio Roja Cani(P3).In particular Zn and Cd concentration increases two orders of magni-tude in the P2–P3stretch(ranging from0.1to12mg là1 and from2.3to170l g/l,respectively)while Ni and Pb concentrations increase by one order of magnitude (ranging from1.4to16l g là1and from17to150l g là1, respectively).

In the medium-lower course of Rio Piscinas stream waters?ow underground and re-emerge near the outlet, downstream to the con?uence with Rio Irvi stream(P5 and P6)with a high salinity and signi?cant metal sul-phate concentration.In this last stretch the contamina-tion level of the waters greatly increases.In particular, Fe,Mn and Co concentration increases by three orders of magnitude in the P3–P5stretch(ranging from0.08to 54mg là1,0.05to59mg là1and 1.9to1500l g là1, respectively),Ni concentration increases by two orders of magnitude(ranging from16to3200l g là1),while Zn,Cd and Cu concentrations increase by one order

Table1

Acid soluble portion of metals in tailings and stream sediments

Sample ID Cd

[mg kgà1]Co

[mg kgà1]

Stream sediments

I4stream18953718003481413004100 R4stream13019490768002900281240020800 P5stream573821052500310028310011800 Tailings

R2tail7115846450036002541007300 P5tail534317355500340052530017500 248 A.Concas et al./Chemosphere63(2006)244–253

of magnitude (ranging from 12to 620mg l à1,170to 1800l g l à1and 5.4to 24l g l à1,respectively).

Lower pH (4.45in P5and 4.73in P6)con?rms the presence of AMD.The water acidi?cation process seems to be a consequence of high Fe 2+concentrations in waters over?owing from the Fais Shaft (240mg l à1).In fact Fe 2+ions,produced by pyrite oxidation are ?rst oxidized to Fe 3+and then undergo precipitation as Fe(III)-hydroxides leading to a H +production accord-ing to the following reactions (Banks et al.,1997;Jam-bor and Blowes,1998;Burke and Banwart,2002):FeS 2es Tt71O 2

eg TtH 2O eaq T!Fe 2teaq Tt2SO 2à4eaq Tt2H t

eaq T

e1TFe 2teaq Tt1O 2

eg TtH teaq T!Fe 3teaq Tt1H 2O eaq Te2TFe 3teaq Tt3H 2O eaq T

!Fe eOH T3es Tt3H teaq Te3TFeS 2es Tt14Fe 3teaq Tt8H 2O eaq T

!15Fe 2teaq Tt2SO 2à4eaq Tt16H

e4T

Low waters pH also favours the residence of heavy metals in solution leading to an ampli?cation of water-contamination.

The comparison with the data collected in the last 10years highlights a substantially steady situation as far as the contamination level in the medium course of the Piscinas stream is concerned.Therefore the contribution of the Roia Cani ?s waters to the Piscinas contamination is not changed.

The contamination level in the lower course of Pisc-inas stream,due to the contribution from Irvi stream,is instead greatly increased.In particular,the compari-son between 1996data (cf.Caboi et al.,1996)collected before ‘‘Fais Event’’,and 2002ones showed that Ni,Co,As,Zn and Fe concentration increased from 70to 3200l g l à1,4to 1500l g l à1,0.3to 8.6l g l à1,37to 620mg l à1and 0.01to 54mg l à1,respectively.

Pollution characterization has shown that the most urgent problem is related to the springing of contami-nated groundwater at the Fais Gallery.In order to re-store the ?uvial ecosystem,a remediation plant hypothesis is proposed.In particular the collection of contaminated groundwaters springing at the Fais Gal-lery and their on-site treatment may be accomplished through the plant shown in Fig.5,which should be de-signed for an annual average ?ow of 30l s à1.The ?rst stage of the proposed process is water equalization in order to guarantee a constant feed to the plant.Neutrali-zation with basic compounds (i.e.NaOH,Ca(OH)2),followed by a solid–liquid separation stage,may be used with the aim of removing heavy metals and reduce water acidity.Ionic exchange or adsorption with natural zeo-lites (Cincotti et al.,2001)may be foreseen as ?nal step

T a b l e 2A n a l y s i s o f t h e e l u a t e f r o m l e a c h i n g t e s t (s a m p l e R 2t a i l ,P 5t a i l )

S a m p l e I D

A g (l g l à1)

A l (l g l à1)

B a (l g l à1)B i (l g l à1)

C d (l g l à1)

C o (l g l à1)C u (l g l à1)F e (l g l à1)L i (l g l à1)M n (l g l à1)

M o (l g l à1)N i (l g l à1)

P b (l g l à1)R b

(l g l à1)S e (l g l à1)

S r (l g l à1)

T l (l g l à1)

U (l g l à1)V

(l g l à1)Z n (l g l à1)

R 2t a i l

2h 0.077556<0.151.52.14.41943.9171.13.7776.5<1.3840.39<0.20.4690R 2t a i l

8h 0.0883132<0.151.30.83.42382.8211.42.8984.8<1.3780.3<0.20.4493R 2t a i l

24h <0.03137562<0.151.41.62.9934.47.724.3274.4<1.31060.34<0.20.28107R 2t a i l

48h 0.29103261<0.151.87.62.25512212.79.81165.5<1.31240.32<0.20.6283R 2t a i l

72h 0.07104354<0.152.9163.332615834.4161014.9<1.31570.28<0.20.75103R 2t a i l

102h 0.6132380<0.156711.48619269249426.1<1.32350.25<0.20.48121R 2t a i l

168h 0.2662390<0.157.47935.17994010452.83911148.5<1.34100.29<0.20.39304R 2t a i l 384h 146252<0.155.43535.23492110664.8

125239

6.4

<1.3

3330.25

<0.20.45

149

P 5t a i l

2h 0.0855350.241888.7112118620.2853838.32.2820.27<0.20.4720748P 5t a i l

8h <0.036343<0.151128.57.159221890.2639858.11.4590.2<0.20.5311799P 5t a i l

24h 0.044044<0.15126164.8843811820.224326812<1.31150.35<0.2<0.2512054P 5t a i l

48h 0.04318136<0.15115251814293625970.9542164171.61350.32<0.21.811437P 5t a i l

72h 0.483765<0.15115295.36683237670.345142121.61300.33<0.20.9310927P 5t a i l

102h 0.294069<0.155817202.2693374100.6544100121.51320.29<0.20.347200P 5t a i l

168h 0.299364<0.151411442.723218123901.12761068.1<1.3950.16<0.20.381461P 5t a i l 384h 0.128955<0.157.94071118618125706.4

1447312

<1.3

1060.22<0.20.44

416

A.Concas et al./Chemosphere 63(2006)244–253

249

in order to assure the lowest possible heavy metal con-centrations in the ?nal e?uent.Recycling of water into the plant from sludge dewatering and ion exchange sec-tions is suggested.The reuse of ?nal e?uent in the agri-cultural ?eld may be foreseen while sludge produced during clari?cation phase will be directed to land?lls or recycled in the hydrometallurgic industry (Jha et al.,2001).Other remediation strategies have to be developed to achieve the complete reclamation of the site.In par-ticular,tailings heaps may be treated or encapsulated in order to minimise their interactions with rainfall and ?uvial waters.Also dredging of contaminated stream sediments seems to be a required operation in order to obtain a more rapid reclamation of the

site.

Fig.3.Cumulative extraction of heavy metals from tailing samples during the leaching test.

250 A.Concas et al./Chemosphere 63(2006)244–253

4.Concluding remarks

Comparison between new and old data(cf.Caboi et al.,1993,1996;Chessa et al.,1995;Caredda et al., 1999)pointed out a signi?cant heavy metals contamina-tion of super?cial waters in the investigated area.In par-ticular,since1997,the contamination has increased along the medium-lower course of Irvi stream and in the lower course of the Piscinas stream as far as in the outlet.Such contamination increasing is due to the Fais Event.The environmental contamination can be as-cribed to three main reasons:

(1)The tailings heaps near Laveria Sanna are deeply

cut by the uncontrolled?ow of the Roia Cani

stream.The tailings-waters interaction causes con-

taminants dispersion along the stream course both

by dissolution and solid transport.The contami-nation level of some metal(i.e.Cd,Co,Fe,Mn, Ni,Pb and Zn)did not change signi?cantly during the last10years.According with the leaching test results,that pointed out a slow but continuous contaminants release,it is possible to expect that environmental contamination will continue for a long period of time without a suitable remediation activity.The contamination of Roja Cani stream in?uences the chemical composition of Piscinas stream waters,which shows a worsening quality downstream to the con?uence.

(2)The over?owing of high contaminated ground-

water from Fais Gallery drains into the Irvi stream.

Before this event,the Irvi stream waters were sub-stantially clear and uncontaminated.The waters pollution became then worse and strongly visible

Table3

Analytical data of water samples from the Piscinas Area

Parameter UM Sample ID

F P1P2P3P5P6R2R4I2I3I4

T°C1913141421211314181922 pH 6.017.628.027.59 4.45 4.737.137.137.67 6.56 4.19 Eh mV301480496538544507524576389246535 Conductivity l S cmà15230757749814455043801260105063050305350 Ca mg là1470383540380380885635450430 Mg mg là1350222225270270533521330320 Na mg là1907171691001005667638993

K mg là11844416138631817 HCO3mg là162180160130––3544715–

Cl mg là184120120120120130721101208594 SO4mg là142003538110315031005203008440003800 SiO2mg là120402923242477111817 Fe mg là12400.080.090.0854490.080.020.01200140 Mn mg là1980.070.030.0559580.60.20.028893 Zn mg là17800.70.11262061076453710730 Ag l g là10.45<0.02<0.02<0.020.350.350.030.080.050.40.4 Al l g là11402615011065508.7 6.2 6.56095 As l g là1170<0.7<0.7<0.78.6 5.2<0.7<0.7<0.711044

B l g là13904152611301201409332370240 Ba l g là11336383613142328471314 Cd l g là11100 2.1 2.3170180017009906504210001100 Co l g là12900 1.90.16 1.915001400177.10.3327002700 Cr l g là1 6.8 2.2 2.5 1.9 1.4 1.9 1.30.94<0.3 3.3 1.9 Cu l g là1 4.2 2.4 3.3 5.424228.8129.4 4.27.7 Hg l g là1 2.20.60.50.8 1.3<0.140.40.46<0.5 1.8 1.8 Li l g là1870.56 2.8 5.566651413128483 Mo l g là10.870.250.220.190.260.22<0.06n.d.0.530.740.36 Ni l g là14600 5.3 1.41632003100110571043004100 Pb l g là1570411715080077027071046280780 Rb l g là137 4.3 2.6 3.119188.85 2.93532 Se l g là131 1.5 1.4 1.82322 3.8 2.8 2.22323 Sr l g là1730160150160700710290220150710700

Tl l g là18.9<0.07<0.07<0.07 3.4 3.10.320.280.168.47.3 U l g là10.720.380.390.29n.d.n.d.n.d.<0.17<0.170.530.45 V l g là1–147.150.60.60.270.660.650.370.49

A.Concas et al./Chemosphere63(2006)244–253251

due to the red colouring of bed stream sediments as a consequence of abundant Fe(III)-hydroxides pre-cipitation.Moreover,these phenomena produce a waters pH-lowering and favors the heavy metal dis-solution.Downstream of the con?uence with Pisc-inas stream,waters show a drastic increase of heavy metals concentration.This contribution is de?-nitely higher than the one due to Roja Cani stream.Such considerations demonstrate that the highest priority is the treatment of waters springing at the Fais Shaft.A potential remediation strategy is pro-posed to this aim.

(3)The tailings presence in the lower course of the

Piscinas stream is close to the outlet.The

contami-

Fig.4.Variation (%)of metal concentration in waters pertaining to Fais Gallery during the period 2000–2002.

252 A.Concas et al./Chemosphere 63(2006)244–253

nation along this stretch was pointed out in previ-

ous samplings campaigns since1992(cf.Caboi

et al.,1993)and however is still di?cult to evalu-

ate their contribution due to the superimposition

of Fais Event e?ects.

Acknowledgement

This paper is dedicated to the memory of our col-league Paola Zuddas for her invaluable contribution during the course of this work.

The?nancial support of Provincia di Cagliari and particularly the willingness to cooperate provided by Ing.Ignazio Farris and Dott.Amin Kamenei,is grate-fully acknowledged.

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A.Concas et al./Chemosphere63(2006)244–253253

控制软件说明书

控制软件说明书 PC端软件FTM 安装及应用系统运行环境：操作系统中英文Windows 98/2000/ NT/XP/WIN7/ Vista，最低配置 CPU：奔腾133Mhz 内存：128MB 显示卡：标准VGA，256色显示模式以上硬盘：典型安装 10M 串行通讯口：标准RS232通讯接口或其兼容型号。其它设备：鼠标器开始系统系统运行前，确保下列连线正常： 1：运行本软件的计算机的RS232线已正确连接至控制器。 2：相关控制器的信号线，电源线已连接正确；系统运行步骤： 1：打开控制器电源，控制电源指示灯将亮起。绿色，代表处于开机运行状态；橙色代表待机状态。 2. 运行本软件找到控制软件文件夹，点击FWM.exe运行。出现程序操作界面：

根据安装软件版本不同，上图示例中的界面及其内容可能会存在某些差别，可咨询我们的相关的售后服务人员。上图中用红色字体标出操作界面的各部分的功能说明： 1. 菜单区：一些相关的菜单功能选择执行区。 2. 操作区：每一个方格单元代表对应的控制屏幕，可以通过鼠标或键盘的点选，拖拉的方式选择相应控制单元。 3.功能区：包含常用的功能按钮。 4.用户标题区：用户可根据本身要求，更改界面上的标题显示 5.用户图片区：用户可根据本身要求，更改界面上的图片显示，比如公司或工程相关LOGO图片。 6.附加功能区：根据版本不同有不同的附加项目。 7.状态区：显示通讯口状态，操作权限状态，和当前的本机时间，日期等。如何开始使用 1. 通讯设置单击主菜单中“系统配置”――》“通讯配置” 选择正确的通讯端口号，系统才能正常工作。可以设置打开程序时自动打开串口。 2.系统配置

The way常见用法

The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法： 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which（最为正式的用法） 3)the way + 省略（最为自然的用法）举例：I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法：在当代美国英语中，the way用作为副词的对格，“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2）The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3）The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4）The way =because

统一认证系统_设计方案

基础支撑平台

第一章统一身份认证平台一、概述建设方案单点登录系统采用基于Liberty规范的单点登录ID-SSO系统平台实现，为数字化校园平台用户提供安全的一站式登录认证服务。为平台用户以下主要功能：为平台用户提供“一点认证，全网通行”和“一点退出，整体退出”的安全一站式登录方便快捷的服务，同时不影响平台用户正常业务系统使用。用户一次性身份认证之后，就可以享受所有授权范围内的服务，包括无缝的身份联盟、自动跨域、跨系统访问、整体退出等。提供多种以及多级别的认证方式，包括支持用户名/密码认证、数字证书认证、动态口令认证等等，并且通过系统标准的可扩展认证接口（如支持JAAS），可以方便灵活地扩展以支持第三方认证，包括有登录界面的第三方认证，和无登录界面的第三方认证。系统遵循自由联盟规范的Liberty Alliance Web-Based Authentication 标准和OASIS SAML规则，系统优点在于让高校不用淘汰现有的系统，无须进行用户信息数据大集中，便能够与其无缝集成，实现单点登录从而建立一个联盟化的网络，并且具有与未来的系统的高兼容性和互操作性，为信息化平台用户带来更加方便、稳定、安全与灵活的网络环境。单点登录场景如下图所示：

一次登录认证、自由访问授权范围内的服务单点登录的应用，减轻了用户记住各种账号和密码的负担。通过单点登录，用户可以跨域访问各种授权的资源，为用户提供更有效的、更友好的服务；一次性认证减少了用户认证信息网络传输的频率，降低了被盗的可能性，提高了系统的整体安全性。同时，基于联盟化单点登录系统具有标准化、开放性、良好的扩展性等优点，部署方便快捷。二、系统技术规范单点登录平台是基于国际联盟Liberty规范（简称“LA”）的联盟化单点登录统一认证平台。 Liberty规范是国际170多家政府结构、IT公司、大学组成的国际联盟组织针对Web 单点登录的问题提供了一套公开的、统一的身份联盟框架，为客户释放了使用专用系统、不兼容而且不向后兼容的协议的包袱。通过使用统一而又公开的 Liberty 规范，客户不再需要为部署多种专用系统和支持多种协议的集成复杂度和高成本而伤脑筋。 Liberty规范的联盟化单点登录SSO（Single Sign On）系统有以下特点： (1). 可以将现有的多种Web应用系统联盟起来，同时保障系统的独立性，提供单点登录服务；

智能窗户控制系统软件说明

智能窗户控制系统软件V1.0设计说明目录前言 (1) 第一章软件总体设计 (1) 1.1. 软件需求概括 (1) 1.2. 定义 (1) 1.3. 功能概述 (1) 1.4. 总体结构和模块接口设计 (2) 第二章控制系统的总体设计 (3) 2.1. 功能设计 (3) 第三章软件控制系统的设计与实现 (5) 3.1. RF解码过程程序设计介绍 (5) 3.2. RF对码过程设计 (6) 3.3. 通信程序设计 (8) 3.4. IIC程序设计介绍 (9) 3.5. 接近开关程序设计 (12) 3.6. 震动开关检测程序设计 (13) 3.7. 墙面按键程序设计 (15) 第四章智能窗户控制系统的设计 (17) 第五章实测与结果说明 (18) 第六章结论 (18)

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The way的用法及其含义(二)

The way的用法及其含义（二）二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语： 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势，忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中

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门禁考勤管理软件使用说明书

软件使用基本步骤

一．系统介绍―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――2二．软件的安装――――――――――――――――――――――――――――2 三．基本信息设置―――――――――――――――――――――――――――2 １）部门班组设置―――――――――――――――――――――――――3 ２）人员资料管理―――――――――――――――――――――――――3 ３）数据库维护――――――――――――――――――――――――――3 ４）用户管理―――――――――――――――――――――――――――3 四．门禁管理―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――4 １）通迅端口设置―――――――――――――――――――――――――4２）控制器管理――――――――――――――――――――――――――4３）控制器设置――――――――――――――――――――――――――6４）卡片资料管理―――――――――――――――――――――――――11 ５）卡片领用注册―――――――――――――――――――――――――12６）实时监控―――――――――――――――――――――――――――13 五．数据采集与事件查询――――――――――――――――――――――――13 六．考勤管理―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――14 1）班次信息设置――――――――――――――――――――――――――14 2）考勤参数设置――――――――――――――――――――――――――15 3）考勤排班――――――――――――――――――――――――――――15 4）节假日登记―――――――――――――――――――――――――――16 5）调休日期登记――――――――――――――――――――――――――16 6）请假/待料登记―――――――――――――――――――――――――17 7）原始数据修改――――――――――――――――――――――――――17 8）考勤数据处理分析――――――――――――――――――――――――17 9）考勤数据汇总―――――――—――――――――――――――――――18 10）考勤明细表—―――――――――――――――――――――――――18 11）考勤汇总表――――――――――――――――――――――――――18 12）日打卡查询――――――――――――――――――――――――――18 13）补卡记录查询—――――――――――――――――――――――――19

(完整版)the的用法

定冠词the的用法：定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way...

博思软件操作步骤

开票端操作说明双击桌面“博思开票”图标，单击“确定”，进入开票界面：一、开票：日常业务——开票——选择票据类型——增加——核对票号无误后——单击“请核对票据号”——输入“缴款人或缴款单位”——选择”收费项目”、“收入标准”——单击“收费金额”。（如需增加收费项目，可单击“增一行”）（如需加入备注栏（仅限于收款收据）），则在右侧“备注”栏内输入即可）确认无误后，单击“打印”——“打印” 二、代收缴款书：日常业务——代收缴款书——生成——生成缴款书——关闭——缴款——输入“专用票据号”——保存——缴款书左上角出现“已缴款”三个红字即可。三、上报核销：日常业务——上报核销——选择或输入核销日期的截止日期——刷新——核销。（注意：“欠缴金额”处无论为正或为负均不可核销，解决方法见后“常见问题”）

常见问题一、如何作废“代收缴款书” 日常业务——代收缴款书——缴款——删除“专用票据号”和“缴款日期”——保存——作废。二、上报核销时出现欠缴金额，无法完成核销，或提示多缴。 1、首先检查有没有选择好截止日期，选择好后有没有点击“刷新”。 2、其次检查有没有做代收缴款书。注意：最后一张缴款书的日期不得晚于选择上报核销日期。 3、若上述方法仍无效，则可能是由于以前作废过票据而未作废缴款书。解决方法：首先作废若干张缴款书（直到不能作废为止），然后重新做一张新的缴款书。再核销。三、打开“博思开票”时，出现“windows socket error：由于目标机器积极拒绝，无法连接。（10061），on API’connect’” 单击“确定”，将最下面一行的连接类型“SOCKET”更换为“DCOM”，再点“连接” 即可。四、如何设置密码双击桌面“博思开票”，单击登录界面的右下方“改口令”输入用户编号、新密码和确认密码，单击“确认”即可。五、更换开票人名称或增加开票人进入开票系统——系统维护——权限管理 1、更换开票人名称：单击“用户编码”——删除“用户名”——输入新的开票人名称 ——单击“保存用户”即可。 2、增加开票人：单击“新增用户”——输入“用户编码”和“用户名”——单击“保存用户”——单击新增的用户编码——将右边的“权限列表如下”下面的“所有”前的小方框勾上——单击右侧“保存用户权限”。六、重装电脑系统 1、由于博思开票软件安装在D盘，所以重装电脑系统前无需做任何备份。 2、重装系统后，打开我的电脑—D盘，将“博思软件”文件夹复制到桌面上（或U盘）。 3、将安装时预留的安装光盘放入主机，打开后找到“票据核销及管理_开票端(江西欠缴不能上报版)”（或者进入D盘----开票软件备份目录勿删文件夹里也可找到）。双击，按提示点击“下一步”，直到“完成”。 4、双击桌面任务栏右下角“博思开票服务器”，将其关闭（或右键点击“博思开票服务器”——“关闭服务器”）。（这一步若找不到“博思开票服务器”，也可以用重启电脑来代替） 5、将刚才复制到桌面（或U盘）的“博思软件”再复制粘贴回D盘，若提示“此文件夹已包含名为博思软件的文件夹”，点击下面的“全部”。 6、双击桌面“博思开票”——输入用户编码(001)——确定。 7、确认原来的票据数据没有丢失后，将桌面（或U盘）的“博思软件”文件夹删除。

控制系统使用说明

控制系统使用说明系统针对轴流风机而设计的控制系统, 系统分为上位监视及下位控制两部分本操作为上位监控软件的使用说明: 1: 启动计算机: 按下计算机电源开关约2秒, 计算机启动指示灯点亮, 稍过大约20秒钟屏幕出现操作系统选择菜单, 通过键盘的“↑↓”键选择“windows NT 4.0”菜单，这时系统进入WINDOWS NT 4.0操作系统，进入系统的操作画面。 2：系统操作系统共分：开机画面、停机画面、趋势画面、报警画面、主机流程画面、轴系监测画面、润滑油站画面、动力油站画面、运行工况画面、运行记录画面等十幅画面，下面就十幅画面的作用及操作进行说明 A、开机画面：开机：当风机开始运转前，需对各项条件进行检查，在本画面中主要对如下指标进行检查，红色为有效： 1、静叶关闭：静叶角度在14度

2、放空阀全开：放空阀指示为0% 3、润滑油压正常 4、润滑油温正常 5、动力油压正常 6、逆止阀全关 7、存储器复位：按下存储器复位按钮，即可复位，若复位不成需查看停机画面。 8、试验开关复位：按下试验开关按钮即可，试验开关按钮在风机启动后，将自动消失，同时试验开关也自动复位。当以上条件达到时，按下“允许机组启动”按钮，这时机组允许启动指示变为红色，PLC机柜里的“1KA”继电器将导通。机组允许启动信号传到高压柜，等待电机启动。开始进行高压合闸操作，主电机运转，主电机运转稳定后，屏幕上主电机运行指示变红。这时静叶释放按钮变红，按下静叶释放按钮后，静叶从14度开到22度，静叶释放成功指示变红。应继续观察风机已平稳运行后，按下自动操作按钮，启机过程结束。 B、停机画面：停机是指极有可能对风机产生巨大危害的下列条件成立时，PLC 会让电机停止运转： 1、风机轴位移过大

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“tｈｅwａｙ+从句”结构的意义及用法首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Ｒead the foｌloｗｉnｇpassagｅａnd talkａbout ｉt wi ｔh your classmaｔes．Try tｏｔeｌl whaｔyｏu thiｎk ｏf Tom aｎd ｏｆｔhe ｗay the chiｌｄrenｔrｅated ｈim. 在这个句子中，ｔhe waｙ是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in whｉch的定语从句。下面我们将叙述“the ｗaｙ+从句”结构的用法。 1.tｈe wａy之后，引导定语从句的关系词是tｈat而不是hoｗ,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典＞＞中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：Ｔhｉs is ｔｈeｗayｈowｉtｈａppened. This is the way how he ａlwａｙs treats me. 2．在正式语体中,thaｔ可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中，ｔhat则往往省略。由此我们得到theｗay后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) tｈe ｗaｙ＋ｔhａt-从句２）the way +ｉn whiｃh－从句3) the ｗay +从句例如：Ｔｈe way(in whiｃh ，thａt) ｔhｅｓｅｃomｒade ｓloｏｋａｔｐrobｌems is wrong．这些同志看问题的方法

不对。Ｔｈｅｗａy(that ,ｉn ｗhiｃh)yoｕ’ｒe doinｇit is comple ｔeｌy crａzy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Wｅａdmiｒｅd him for thｅｗay ｉｎｗhｉch he fａｃeｓdiｆficultieｓ． Waｌlａｃe ａｎd Ｄarwiｎｇreed ｏn the way ｉｎwhi ｃh ｄｉfｆｅrｅnt forms ｏf life had ｂegｕn.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 Thｉs is ｔｈe ｗaｙ（tｈａｔ) hｅdｉd it. I lｉkeｄｔhe waｙ(ｔhat) ｓｈeｏｒganized ｔhe ｍeetｉng． 3.theｗay(tｈat)有时可以与hｏw(作“如何”解）通用。例如： That’s tｈe ｗaｙ(tｈaｔ) shｅspoke. = Tｈat’s how shｅspoke.

统一身份认证平台讲解

统一身份认证平台设计方案 1）系统总体设计为了加强对业务系统和办公室系统的安全控管，提高信息化安全管理水平，我们设计了基于PKI/CA技术为基础架构的统一身份认证服务平台。 1.1.设计思想为实现构建针对人员帐户管理层面和应用层面的、全面完善的安全管控需要，我们将按照如下设计思想为设计并实施统一身份认证服务平台解决方案：内部建设基于PKI/CA技术为基础架构的统一身份认证服务平台，通过集中证书管理、集中账户管理、集中授权管理、集中认证管理和集中审计管理等应用模块实现所提出的员工帐户统一、系统资源整合、应用数据共享和全面集中管控的核心目标。提供现有统一门户系统，通过集成单点登录模块和调用统一身份认证平台服务，实现针对不同的用户登录，可以展示不同的内容。可以根据用户的关注点不同来为用户提供定制桌面的功能。建立统一身份认证服务平台，通过使用唯一身份标识的数字证书即可登录所有应用系统，具有良好的扩展性和可集成性。提供基于LDAP目录服务的统一账户管理平台，通过LDAP中主、从账户的映射关系，进行应用系统级的访问控制和用户生命周期维护

管理功能。用户证书保存在USB KEY中，保证证书和私钥的安全，并满足移动办公的安全需求。 1.2.平台介绍以PKI/CA技术为核心，结合国内外先进的产品架构设计，实现集中的用户管理、证书管理、认证管理、授权管理和审计等功能，为多业务系统提供用户身份、系统资源、权限策略、审计日志等统一、安全、有效的配置和服务。如图所示，统一信任管理平台各组件之间是松耦合关系，相互支撑又相互独立，具体功能如下： a)集中用户管理系统：完成各系统的用户信息整合，实现用户生命周期的集中统一管理，并建立与各应用系统的同步机制，简化用户及其账号的管理复杂度，降低系统管理的安全风险。

威利普LEDESC控制系统操作说明书

LED-ECS编辑控制系统V5.2 用户手册目录第一章概述 (3) 1.1LED-ECS编辑控制系统介绍 (3) 1.2运行环境 (3) 第二章安装卸载 (3) 2.1安装 (3) 2.2卸载 (5) 第三章软件介绍 (5) 3.1界面介绍 (5) 3.2操作流程介绍 (13) 3.3基本概念介绍 (21) 第四章其他功能 (25) 4.1区域对齐工具栏 (25) 4.2节目对象复制、粘贴 (26) 4.3亮度调整 (26) 第五章发送 (27) 5.1发送数据 (27) 第六章常见问题解决 (28) 6.1计算机和控制卡通讯不上 (28) 6.2显示屏区域反色或亮度不够 (29)

6.3显示屏出现拖尾现象，显示屏的后面出现闪烁不稳定 (29) 6.4注意事项 (31) 6.5显示屏花屏 (31) 6.6错列现象 (32) 6.7杂点现象 (32) 第一章概述 1.1LED-ECS编辑控制系统介绍 LED-ECS编辑控制系统，是一款专门用于LED图文控制卡的配套软件。其具有功能齐全，界面直观，操作简单、方便等优点。自发布以来，受到了广大用户的一致好评。 1.2运行环境 ?操作系统中英文Windows/2000/NT/XP ?硬件配置 CPU:奔腾600MHz以上内存:128M 第二章安装卸载 2.1LED-ECS编辑控制系统》软件安装很简单，操作如下：双击“LED-ECS编辑控制系统”安装程序，即可弹出安装界面，如图2-1开始安装。如图所示图2-1 单击“下一步”进入选择安装路径界面，如图2-2，如果对此不了解使用默认安装路径即可图2-2 图2-3 单击“完成”，完成安装过程。 2.2软件卸载如图2-2 《LED-ECS编辑控制系统V5.2》提供了自动卸载功能，使您可以方便的删除《LED-ECS编辑控制系统V5.2》的所有文件、程序组件和快捷方式。用户可以在“LED-ECS编辑控制系统V5.2”组中选择“卸载LED-ECS编辑控制系统V5.2”卸载程序。也可以在“控制面板”中选择“添加/删除程序”快速卸载。卸载程序界面如图2-4，此时选择自动选项即可卸载所有文件、程序组和快捷方式。图2-4 第三章、软件介绍

way 用法

表示“方式”、“方法”，注意以下用法： 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式，通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如： Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法，其后可接不定式或of doing sth。如： It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句，但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如：我不喜欢他说话的态度。正：I don’t like the way he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法： That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看，你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题： ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A，而不选其他几项，则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法，下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。一、in a way的用法表示：在一定程度上，从某方面说。如： In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注：in a way也可说成in one way。二、on the way的用法 1、表示：即将来(去)，就要来(去)。如： Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示：在路上，在行进中。如： He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示：(婴儿)尚未出生。如： She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子，现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children，and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了，另一个又快生了。三、by the way的用法

财政票据网络版电子化系统开票端操作手册

财政票据(网络版)电子化系统开票端操作说明福建博思软件股份有限公司

目录 1.概述业务流程流程说明：

1.单位到财政部门申请电子票据，由财政把单位的基本信息设置好并审核完后，财政部门给用票单位发放票据，单位进行领票确认并入库。 2.在规定时间内，单位要把开据的发票带到财政核销，然后由财政进行审核。系统登录登入系统界面如图：登录日期：自动读取主服务器的日期。所属区划：选择单位所属区划编码。【00安徽省非税收入征收管理局】所属单位：输入单位编码。用户编码：登录单位的用户编码【002】用户密码：默认单位密码为【123456】验证码：当输入错误时，会自动换一张验证码图片；记录用户编码：勾选系统自动把用户编码保存在本地，第二次登录不需要重新输入。填写完正确信息，点【确定】即可登入系统。进入系统进入系统界面如图：当单位端票据出现变动的时候，如财政或上级直管下发票据时，才会出现此界面:

出现此界面后点击最下方的确认按钮，入库完成。当单位端票据无变动时，直接进入界面： 2.基本编码人员管理功能说明：对单位开票人员维护，修改开票人名称。密码管理修改开票人员密码，重置等操作。收发信息查看财政部门相关通知等。

3.日常业务电脑开票功能说明：是用于开票据类型为电子化的票据。在电脑开票操作界面，点击工具栏中的【增加】按钮，系统会弹出核对票号提示框，如图：注意：必须核对放入打印机中的票据类型、号码是否和电脑中显示的一致，如果不一致打印出来的票据为无效票据，核对完后，输入缴款人或缴款单位和收费项目等信息，全部输入完后，点【增加】按钮进行保存当前票据信息或点【打印】按钮进行保存当前票据信息并把当前的票据信息打印出来；点电脑开票操作界面工具栏中的【退出】则不保存。在票据类型下拉单框中选择所要开票的票据类型，再点【增加】进行开票。

统一身份认证平台讲解-共38页知识分享

统一身份认证平台讲解-共38页

提供基于LDAP目录服务的统一账户管理平台，通过LDAP中主、从账户的映射关系，进行应用系统级的访问控制和用户生命周期维护管理功能。用户证书保存在USB KEY中，保证证书和私钥的安全，并满足移动办公的安全需求。 1.2.平台介绍以PKI/CA技术为核心，结合国内外先进的产品架构设计，实现集中的用户管理、证书管理、认证管理、授权管理和审计等功能，为多业务系统提供用户身份、系统资源、权限策略、审计日志等统一、安全、有效的配置和服务。如图所示，统一信任管理平台各组件之间是松耦合关系，相互支撑又相互独立，具体功能如下：

控制软件操作说明书

创维液晶拼接控制系统软件操作指南【LCD-CONTROLLER12】请在使用本产品前仔细阅读该用户指导书

温馨提示:: 温馨提示 ◆为了您和设备的安全，请您在使用设备前务必仔细阅读产品说明书。 ◆如果在使用过程中遇到疑问,请首先阅读本说明书。正文中有设备操作的详细描述,请按书中介绍规范操作。如仍有疑问,请联系我们,我们尽快给您满意的答复。 ◆本说明书如有版本变动,恕不另行通知,敬请见谅！

一、功能特点二、技术参数三、控制系统连接示意图四、基本操作五、故障排除六、安全注意事项

一、功能特点创维创维--液晶液晶拼接拼接拼接控制器特点控制器特点 ★采用创维第四代V12数字阵列高速图像处理技术视频带宽高达500MHZ，应用先进的数字高速图像处理算实时分割放大输入图像信号，在多倍分割放大处理的单屏画面上，彻底解决模/数之间转换带来的锯齿及马赛克现象，拼接画面清晰流畅，色彩鲜艳逼真。 ★具有开窗具有开窗、、漫游漫游、、叠加等功能以屏为单元单位的前提下，真正实现图像的跨屏、开窗、画中画、缩放、叠加、漫游等个性化功能。 ★采用基于LVDS 差分传送技术差分传送技术，，增强抗干扰能力采用并行高速总线连接技术，上位控制端发出命令后，系统能快速切换信号到命令指定的通道，实现快速响应。采用基于LVDS 差分传送技术，提高系统抗干扰能力，外部干扰对信号的影响降到了最低，并且，抗干扰能力随频率提高而提升。★最新高速数字阵列矩阵通道切换技术输入信号小于64路时，用户不需要再另外增加矩阵，便可以实现通道之间的任意换及显示。 ★断电前状态记忆功能通过控制软件的提前设置，能在现场断电的情况下，重启系统后，能自动记忆设备关机前的工作模式状态。 ★全面支持全高清信号处理器采用先进的去隔行和运动补偿算法，使得隔行信号在大屏幕拼接墙上显示更加清晰细腻，最大限度的消除了大屏幕显示的锯齿现象，图像实现了完全真正高清实时处理。纯硬件架构的视频处理模块设计，使得高清视频和高分辨率计算机信号能得到实时采样，确保了高清信号的最高视频质量，使客户看到的是高质量的完美画质。

工会经费收入专用收据(1)

工会经费收入专用收据(1) 福州博思软件开发有限公司 2010年6月目录第一部分初始安装 ....................................................... (1) 1.1系统安装 (1) 1.2系统登录 ............................................................ (4) 第二部分组成模块介绍 ................................................... (4) 2.1模块组成 (4) 2.1.1票据资料 .......................................................... (5) 2.1.2用户管理 .......................................................... (5) 2.1.3 票据领用 (6) 2.1.4电脑开票 .......................................................... (6) 2.1.5手工开票 .......................................................... (7) 2.1.6 手工批开票 (7) 2.1.7票据查询 .......................................................... (8) 第三部分软件操作 ....................................................... (9) 3.2用户管理 (10)

统一身份认证系统技术方案

智慧海事一期统一身份认证系统技术方案

目录目录...................................................................................................................................................... I 1.总体设计 (2) 1.1设计原则 (2) 1.2设计目标 (3) 1.3设计实现 (3) 1.4系统部署 (4) 2.方案产品介绍 (6) 2.1统一认证管理系统 (6) 2.1.1系统详细架构设计 (6) 2.1.2身份认证服务设计 (7) 2.1.3授权管理服务设计 (10) 2.1.4单点登录服务设计 (13) 2.1.5身份信息共享与同步设计 (15) 2.1.6后台管理设计 (19) 2.1.7安全审计设计 (21) 2.1.8业务系统接入设计 (23) 2.2数字证书认证系统 (23) 2.2.1产品介绍 (23) 2.2.2系统框架 (24) 2.2.3软件功能清单 (25) 2.2.4技术标准 (26) 3.数字证书运行服务方案 (28) 3.1运行服务体系 (28) 3.2证书服务方案 (29) 3.2.1证书服务方案概述 (29) 3.2.2服务交付方案 (30) 3.2.3服务支持方案 (36) 3.3CA基础设施运维方案 (38) 3.3.1运维方案概述 (38) 3.3.2CA系统运行管理 (38) 3.3.3CA系统访问管理 (39) 3.3.4业务可持续性管理 (39) 3.3.5CA审计 (39)

大屏幕控制系统软件详解说明V6.(完整)

大屏幕控制系统软件详解说明一软件安装安装注意事项：非专业人事安装：安装前请先关闭防火墙（如360安全卫士，瑞星，诺盾等），等安装完并且成功启动本软件后可重新开启防火墙；专业人事安装：先把防火墙拦截自动处理功能改为询问后处理，第一次打开本软件时会提示一个拦截信息；安装前请校对系统时间,安装后不能在错误的系统时间下运行/启动软件,否则会使软件注册失效，这种情况下需要重新注册； Windows 7,注意以下设置 0.1)打开控制面板 0.2) 选择系统和安全 0.3) 选择操作中心 0.4) 选择更换用户帐户控制设置 0.5)级别设置，选择成从不通知１．软件解压后，请选择双击，进入安装界面如图１，图２图1

图2 ２．选择键，进入下一界面如图3 图３ 3.选中项，再按键，进入下一界面如图４

图4 4.选择键，进入下一界面如图５图５５.选中项，再选择键，进入下一界面如图６

图６６.选择键，进入下一界面如图７图８７.选择键，软件安装完成二软件操作选择WINDOWS 下开始按钮，选择程序，选择Wall Control项，点击Wall Control软件进入大屏幕控制系统软件主界面如图9所示,整个软件分为3个区，标题区，设置区，功能区

图9 1.1标题区大屏幕控制系统软件(只有管理员才可设置此项目) 1.2设置区 1.2.1系统高级功能：管理员登录。产品选型：选择拼接盒型号。定时系统：设置定时时间。幕墙开机：开机幕墙关机：关机退出：退出软件系统。 1.2.2设置串口设置：设置使用的串口参数。矩阵设置：设置矩阵的相关参数。幕墙设置：幕墙设置参数。幕墙颜色：幕墙颜色设置。标志设置：更改幕墙名称。系统设置：控制软件系统设置。 1.2.3工具虚拟键盘：虚拟键盘设置。硬件注册：可以通过时钟IC注册处理器的使用权限。 1.2.4语言中文选择:选择软件语言类型为中文。Ｅnglish:选择软件语言类型为英语。

The way的用法及其含义(一)

The way的用法及其含义（一）有这样一个句子：In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. 1770年，这间琥珀屋按照她的要求完成了。 the way在句中的语法作用是什么？其意义如何？在阅读时，学生经常会碰到一些含有the way 的句子，如：No one knows the way he invented the machine. He did not do the experiment the way his teacher told him.等等。他们对the way 的用法和含义比较模糊。在这几个句子中，the way之后的部分都是定语从句。第一句的意思是，“没人知道他是怎样发明这台机器的。”the way的意思相当于how；第二句的意思是，“他没有按照老师说的那样做实验。”the way 的意思相当于as。在In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted.这句话中，the way也是as的含义。随着现代英语的发展，the way的用法已越来越普遍了。下面，我们从the way的语法作用和意义等方面做一考查和分析：一、the way作先行词，后接定语从句以下3种表达都是正确的。例如：“我喜欢她笑的样子。” 1. the way+ in which +从句 I like the way in which she smiles. 2. the way+ that +从句 I like the way that she smiles. 3. the way + 从句(省略了in which或that) I like the way she smiles. 又如：“火灾如何发生的，有好几种说法。” 1. There were several theories about the way in which the fire started. 2. There were several theories about the way that the fire started.