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Unreal conditionals

Unreal conditionals
Unreal conditionals

Unreal conditionals (虚拟语气)by wanghouxia 教学设计与反思:I.基本概念:虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是__________ 或__________,而是说话人的________________________等。

II.基本用法:

1.可用于非真实条件句中。分为3类:与_______ 相反的假设;与_______ 相反的假设;与_______相反的假设。具体结构如下:

(1)与现在事实相反:从句:if +主语+动词过去式(be动词用were);主句:主语+would/could/might/should+动原

Practice:如果我是你,我就会去上夜校。

If I _______ you, I _________________night school.

(2)与过去事实相反:从句:if +主语+动词过去完成式;主句:主语+would/could/might/should+have+过去分词)

Practice:要是想到的话,我本应该跟母亲谈的。

I_________________my mother if I___________ it.

(3)与将来事实相反:从句:①if +主语+动词过去式;②if+主语+wereto+动词原形③if+主语+should+动词原形

主句:主语+would/could/might/should+动原

Practice:如果有必要的话,我6点来。

If it _________ necessary,I ___________ at six.

如果明天下雪,我们就拍照。If it _____ _____ snow, we _____ _____ photos. 2.用于名词性从句中。具体见一本通P311-312.

III.主要考试热点:

1.省略if的条件句用法

把条件从句中含有:were, should ,had, could 的这些次移到句首,去掉if,等同与原句。如:

If I were you, I would apply for the job.= ____ ____ ____ , I would apply for the job.

If you had worked hard, you would have passed the important test.= ____ ____ ____ hard, you would have passed the important test

If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.=_____ _____ _____ tomorrow, I would stay at home.

2.和情态动词一起(表推测)的用法:

should /shouldn’t have done = ought /oughtn’t to have done_______________ can/could have done ________________________

can’t/couldn’t have done _____________________

may/might have done _______________________

need/needn’t have done ________________________

3.混合条件句(见一本通P310)

4.名词性从句中的虚拟语气:教学设计与反思:(1)wish 的用法:表示现在、过去、将来难以实现的愿望。

Practice: 但愿我的家乡四季如春。(现在)

I wish it _____ spring in my hometown all the year around.

他真希望没有失去那次机会。(过去)He wishes he ______ ______ the chance. 我希望你以后能安静一些(事实上你还一直在吵)。(将来)

I wish you _____ _____quiet.

(2)insist,suggest,advise,recommend,propose,order,command,require,demand,re quest (一个坚持两个命令三个要求四个建议) 及其它们对应的名词形式(suggestion,advice, proposal, idea, opinion;order, request,requirement)。(3)as if/though 见一本通P312考点四。

5.这些词或短语也可用于虚拟语气,必须记住:

without, but for ________, if not for…__________,but that_________,if only____________, suppose_______, or/otherwise________,in case________, for fear that___________

6.一些固定句式(主要是名词性从句):

It is (high) time that S did/were (或者S should do) …..

would rather sb did /had done sth.

It is/was important (necessary, natural, strange, surprising) that S (should) do sth.……

It is / was a pity (a shame, no wonder) that……

It is/was suggested (desired,ordered, required, proposed,decided……) that S (should) do sth.

IV.Practice: 先完成一本通P309.

1.06.福建If it were not for the fact that she _______ sing, I would invite her to the party. A.couldn’t B.shouldn’t C.can’t D.might not

2.06江西---The weather turned out to be fine yesterday.

----I _____ the trouble to carry my umbrella with me. A.should have taken

B. could have taken

C. needn’t have taken

D. mustn’t have taken

3.06 湖北___________ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.

A.Would you be

B.Should you be

C.Could you be

D.Might you be

4.08江苏调研---Jenny took the 8:00 bus to Guangzhou this morning.

--- Really? He _____ the 9:00 train. It’s much more comfortable and safer to travel by train.

A.could have taken

B.should take

C.must have taken

D.can take

5.08江苏大联考I ____ 100 metres in twelve seconds, but there was something wrong with my left foot.

A.must have run

B.may have run

C.shouldn’t have run

D.could have run

6.---You didn’t wait for MR.smith last night, did you?

--- No,but we _____ .He didn’t return home at all.

A.couldn’t have waited

B.needn’t have

C.didn’t need to

D.should wait

7.There was a lot of fun at yesterday’s party. You ____ come , but why didn’t you? A.might have B.should C.must have D.ought to have

8.It was playing computer games that cost the boy plenty of time that he _____ doing his lessons. A.might have spent B. must have spent

C ought to have spent D. could have spent

9.07南通一模---How did you do in the test?

---Not so well. I _____ much better but I misread the directions for writing.

A.will have done

B. could have done

C.must have done

D. may have done

10.07温州二模---I don’t know what I _____ without the suitcase you lent me. --- Glad to have been of some help to you.

A.would have done

B. would do

C. should have done

D.should do

11.07成都二模You _____me up so early. I don’t have to go to school today and

I can sleep for more hours. A.needn’t wake B.don’t need to wake

C.needn’t have woken

D.didn’t need to wake

12.07福建质检You _____ the boys.Before you did that, as a matter of fact, they had regretted the fight and agreed to make peace.

A.needn’t have separated

B. mustn’t have separated

C. wouldn’t have separated

D.couldn’t have separated

13.07湖北重点高中联考---Well,I’m patient enough to listen to your excuse for your poor production? --- I’m sorry, but the production____up rapidly under more favorable conditions.

A.would have gone

B.will have gone

C.should go

D.must have gone

14.06温州二模How I wish I could bring some laughter to my students who ______ so hard.

A.will work

B.had worked

C.have been working

D.were working

15.07杭州模拟I noticed that my grandmother was very upset when I told her about the accident, so I wished I_____ it to her. A.did not mention B.have not mentioned C.do not mention D.had not mentioned

16.07杭州模拟I f you had got up early, you _____ here on time.

A.would reach

B. would have reached

C. have reached

D. had reached

17.07黄冈模拟The picture exhibition bored me to death. If only I_____ to it.

A.had not gone

B.have not gone

C.did not go

D.can’t have gone

18.06北京东城一模---Jack and David are brothers.

---Oh, I _______ why they looked so alike.

教学设计与反思:

A.was wondering

B.wonder

C.have wondered

D.will wonder

19. Everything if Albert hadn’t called the fire brigade.

A.will be destroyed

B. will have been destroyed

C. would be destroyed

D. would have been destroyed

20. The business is risky. But_______ , we would be rich.

A. should we succeed

B. we should succeed

C. might we succeed

D. would we succeed

21. What would have happened, ________,as far as the river bank?

A.Bob had walked farther

B. if Bob should walk farther

C. had Bob walked farther

D.if Bob walked farther

22. I _____ you some money, but I hadn’t any on me then.

A. would lend

B. would have lent

C. could lend

D. may have lent

23. ______ today, he would get there by Friday.

A. Was he leaving

B. If he leaves

C. Were he to leave

D. If he is leaving

24. Supposing this ship ,do you think there would be enough life jackets for all the passengers?

A.were to sink

B. has sunk

C. was sinking

D. sunk

25. I don’t think he’ll attend the party, and ______ he attend it, what would he wear? A. were B. had C. did D. should

26.——My boss often made me work day and night.

—— If I _____ you, I ______ the job

A.am, will give up

B. had been, would have given up

C. were, would give up

D. had been, would give up

27. ——You can ask your brother for help.

——He isn’t at home. If he ____, I ___.

A.were, would

B. is, would

C.is, will

D. were, will

28. ——Are you thinking about going to Dalian for the vacation?

—— No, but if I _____ time, I ————— very glad to go there.

A. have, will be

B. had had, would have been

C. had, would be

D. had had, would be

29.——Sally finally got here from Chicago.

—— If she_____ earlier, we _____ her to the party then.

A.came, would take

B. had come, would have taken

C. comes, will take

D. had come, would take

30. If you _______ George, would you please tell him to ring me?

A.saw

B. were to see

C. had seen

D. see

. key:I.真实的,客观的;猜测、假设、或主观愿望

现在,过去,将来

(1)were ,would go to

(2)should have talked with, had thought of

were, would come

were to, would take

III.1. Were I you,

Had you worked; Should it rain

2.本(不)该做某事而实际未做/做了;本来可以做某事而实际未做/过去有可能发生某事而事实上并未发生;过去不可能做某事;过去可能做了某事(表猜测);过去有/没有必要做某事而实际未做/做了。

4.Were; hadn’t lost; would be

5.要不是;如果不是;要不是;要是…就好了;假设;否则;以防/万一;担心/害怕(不情愿)

IV.1-5CCBAD 6-10CDCBA 11-15CAACD 16-20BAADA 21-25ABCAD 26-30BACBD

A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D.

A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D.

条件句逻辑与汉语条件句的解释

条件句逻辑与汉语条件句的解释 条件命题 P → Q 前件:antecedent 后件:consequent 条件连词:→(箭头) →真值表 Conditional (where P is the antecedent and Q, the consequent; or P is the protasis and Q, the apodosis): P→Q 111 100 011 010 Modus Ponendo Ponens (MPP) 肯定前件律 A,A→B┝B Modus Tollendo Tollens (MTT) 否定后件律 ~B, A→B┝~A (1)P → Q (2)~Q → ~P (contraposition 质位互换)

充分条件同(1) 必要条件: (3)Q → P 对(3)作质位互换,得(4) (4)~P → ~Q (同(3)的必要条件关系) 举例: (5)So long as we scatter it, thought force is of little use to us, but as soon as we are prepared to take the trouble necessary to harness it, all knowledge is ours. (6)只要使用这种洗涤剂,便可洗得干干净净。 (7) 只要把球传给队友,他们就能得分。 (8) 只要你脸蛋长得还算过得去,哪怕一个字也不认识,也照样能当演 员。 以上充分条件句 (9)Nothing terrible will befall if you eat a piece of pizza — only if you exist on a diet of nothing but pizza. (10) We all agree that small stores are important, but they can remain viable only if they can carry out their trading on Sundays.

指示条件句

指示條件句 指示條件句(indicative conditionals)是條件句的一種,其與虛擬條件句(subjunctive conditionals)在英文裡都具有”If…then…”這樣的句型,而它們之間的差別則在於動詞的語氣(mood)上。指示條件句與虛擬條件句在動詞語氣上的不同,並不意味著兩者非得有不同的語意論(semantics)不可。有些哲學家,如M. Woods和R. Stalnaker,便認為這兩者的差異其實是在語用(pragmatics)而非在語意上,但也有一些哲學家,如D. Lewis和F. Jackson,則認為它們是兩種在語意上截然不同的條件句。我這次演講的焦點集中在指示條件句的語意論以及這兩種條件句的關聯之上。 指示條件句的語意論自古以來即有爭議;有關指示條件句語意上的爭論至少可以追溯至斯多葛(Stoics)時期。根據Sextus Empiricus的說法,斯多葛學派中就有四種關於指示條件句語意論的看法:(1) Philo認為指示條件句中的”If…then…”為真值函數的連接詞;”If P then Q”在前件真而後件假時為假,在其他的情形下則為真。(2) Philo的老師Diodorus則認為指示條件句所表達的是涉及時的全稱性命題;”If P then Q”為真的條件是:在過去、現在和未來中,沒有任何時間裡P為真而Q卻為假。(3) Chrysippus認為”If…then…”為非真值函數的連接詞;”If P then Q”這樣的條件句表達了某種其前件與後件間在容貫性上的關聯:”If P then Q”為真若且惟若肯定其前件而否定其後件會導致不一致。(4) 最後,當時還有一些哲學家(已無法考據是誰)反對前述三種看法,他們認為,”If P then Q”這樣的條件句為真若且惟若Q在實質上「被包含在」(included)前件中。 對於這四種看法,我們可以用當代的邏輯符號來加以重新表述如下:(1) Philo認為”If P then Q”的意思就是”P ?Q”,其中”?”代表實質蘊含(material implication);(2) Diodorus認為”If P then Q”的意思是”(t)(P is true-at-t ? Q is true-at-t)”,其中”t”是時間變數;(3) Chrysippus認為”If P then Q”的意思是”□(P ?Q)”,其中”□”代表「必然地」這個模態詞;(4)至於其他主張「包含」關係的學者,因其文獻早已喪失且「包含」一詞語意過於含混,已無法精確地用當代術語來加以表示。 中世紀哲學家們延續了斯多葛時期對條件句的討論,但問題似乎從「指示條件句的語意論為(1)至(4)中的哪一個?」轉移到「是否有好幾種在語意上不同的指示條件句?」這個問題之上。比方來說,Boethius便似乎認為至少有兩種不同的指示條件句,一種斷言其前後件間有某種必然性的關聯,另一種則否。但中世紀學者對指示條件句的討論過於晦澀,並且他們的討論與當時哲學家們對consequentia的看法夾雜不清。因而這些討論雖然有趣,成果卻不豐碩。 廿世紀對指示條件句語意論的主流立場基本上是回到了Philo的主張:”If

英语专项 语法 时态 12 条件句之零条件 讲解+练习+答案 zero conditional

Zero Conditional 零条件句 主谓模块 ? If people eat too much, they get fat. 如果人们吃得太多,就会发胖。 ? If you touch a fire, you get burned. 如果你碰了火,你会被烧伤的。 ? People die if they don't eat. 人不吃东西就会死。 ? Snakes bite if they are scared. 蛇害怕就会咬人 ? If babies are hungry, they cry. 如果婴儿饿了,他们会哭。 用法总结 This conditional is used when the result will always happen. So, if water reaches 100 degrees, it always boils. It's a fact. I'm talking in general, not about one particular situation. 当结果总是会发生时使用零条件句。所以,如果水达到100度,它总是沸腾。这是一个事实。这里指的是一般的正常情况,不是某个特定的情况。 The 'if' in this conditional can usually be replaced by 'when' without changing the meaning. 此条件中的“if”通常可以替换为“when”,其含义不变。 For example: If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils. (It is always true, there can't be a different result sometimes). 例如: 如果水达到100度,就会沸腾。 (这是一个科学事实)。 If I eat peanuts, I am sick. (This is true only for me, maybe, not for everyone, but it's still true that I'm sick every time I eat peanuts). 如果我吃花生,我就生病。 (只有我才是这样,也许不是每个人都是这样,但每次吃花生我都会生病)。The difference between the first and the zero conditionals is that the first conditional is about a specific situation, but the zero is talking in general. 第一条件句和零条件句的区别在于,第一条件句是关于一个特定情况的,而零条件句是指一般情况。

条件句与蕴涵

条件句Conditionals ?What's in an if? ?一个条件句就是一个具有“如果a,那么c”形式的句 子,我们用符号表示a→c来表示。逻辑学家把a称作条件句的前件,把c称作条件句的后件。 ?关于条件句最基本的推理是“假言推理”(modal ponens):a,a→c/c。 ?不过,条件句确实令人迷惑不解的。 ?我们来看一下为何条件句是令人迷惑不解的。

?如果我们知道逻辑式a→c,那我们似乎可以推理得出? (a&?c)(肯定a同时否定c是不正确的)。 ?比如假设:如果你赶不上汽车,那么就会迟到。我们 可以推理得到,你会赶不上汽车而又不迟到为假。 ?相反,如果知道逻辑式?(a&?c),似乎我们据此推理 得到a→c。 ?比如假设,你去看电影不会不花钱(你去看电影而又 不花钱为假),可以推理得出,如果你去看电影,你就会花钱。

逻辑式?(a&?c)常写成a?c,被称为推论条件句。因此a→c似乎与a?c表达相同的意思。尤其当我们分析他们的真值时,它们必然具有相同的真值表。 a c a?c T T T T F F F T T F F T

?但是这张真值表很奇怪。它表明,如果c(后件)在一 个情形下(第一和第三行)为真,那么条件句a→c也为真。这似乎很难是正确的。比如,北京是中国的首都为真;但是条件句“如果北京不是中国的首都,那么北京就是中国的首都”很明显为假。 ?同样,如果a(前件)为假(第三行和第四行),那么 逻辑式a→c也为真。这也是很难是正确的。条件句 “如果南京是中国的首都,那么上海也是中国的首都” 很明显也为假。 ?那么哪里出错了呢?

英语语法——if第二条件句虚拟语气选择填空练习1verbs-second-conditional1

topic: CONDITIONALS: The second conditional structure 1 REMEMBER: The second conditional is used to talk about unreal situations in the present (things that are impossible, that won't happen, etc.) Choose the correct response for each of the sentences: 1. If my grandfather were younger, He _________ so many things. a) wouldn't forget b) didn't forget 2. If I _________ more money, I would buy a new car. a) would have b) had 3. If she had an umbrella, she _________ wet. a) wouldn't get b) didn't get 4. If we ________ a car, we would get there in 30 minutes. a) would have b) had 5. I ________ more careful if I were you. a) would be b) were 6. If animals could talk, I wonder what they ________? a) said b) would say 7. If she ________ harder, she would make more money. a) will work b) worked 8. If he changed jobs, He ________ much happier. a) will be b) would be 9. If it wasn't raining, we ________ to the beach. a) would go b) will go 10. You wouldn't feel so tired if you ________ more. a) will sleep b) slept

英语语法——if条件句混合训练选择填空练习1verbs-conditionals-mixed1

topic: CONDITIONAL TENSES For each sentence, choose the correct tense of the verb. 1. If I ________ you, I would apologize to her right away. (to be) a) was b) were c) have been 2. If I run into her, I ________ her that you're looking for her. (to tell) a) would tell b) tell c) will tell 3. If you ________ that again, I will call the police. (to do) a) to do b) do c) will do 4. He would never have asked her out on a date if she ________ him first. (to kiss) a) hadn't kissed b) didn't kiss c) will not kiss 5. If you were her, what ________? (to do) a) would you do b) did you do c) do you do 6. If she hadn't gone to England, she ________ Orlando Bloom. (to meet) a) would not meet b) did not meet c) would not have met 7. If it doesn't start snowing, we ________ this evening. (to go skiing) a) won't go skiing b) wouldn't go skiing c) don't go skiing 8. If you had saved some money earlier, you ________ broke right now. (to be) a) would not have been b) will not be c) are not 9. If I ________ at the airport so late, I would not have missed my flight. (to arrive) a) didn't arrive b) hadn't arrived c) would not arrive 10. If you buy one t-shirt, you ________ the second one free (to get). a) will have gotten b) would get c) get

人教版英语book6unit2grammarandusage虚拟条件句教案

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