初中 高中衔接英语知识讲解

才全英语初中高中衔接英语知识讲解

第1讲：名词考点集汇，讲解和训练

一、名词的数

1．单数和复数

可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾―-s‖构成，其主要变法如下：

（1）一般情况在词尾加-s，例如：book→books，girl→girls，boy→boys，pen→pens,doctor→doctors, boy→boys。

（2）以s，x，ch，sh，结尾的词加-es，例如：bus→buses，class→classes

box→boxes，watch→watches，brush→brushes。

（3）以ce, se, ze,（d）ge结尾的名词加s，例如：orange—oranges。

（4）以辅音母加y结尾的词变―y‖为―i‖再加-es,例如：city→cities, factory→factories, country→countries, family→families。但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s，如：boy→boys, day→days。

（5）以o结尾的词多数都加-es。例如:hero→heroes，pota to→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。例如：zoo→zoos，radio→radios，还有某些外来词也只加-s，例如：photo→photos，piano→pianos。

（6）以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f为v再加-es，例如：knife→knives，leaf→leaves, half→halves。

（7）少数名词有不规则的复数形式，例如：man→men，woman→women，tooth→teeth，foot→feet，child→childr en，mouse→mice。

【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women。例如：an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；man, woman等作定语时，它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定，如：men workers，women teachers。

有个别名词单复数一样，例如：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时，可以加复数词尾。（8）单数形式但其意为复数的名词有：people, police等。

（9）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式，中间加连字符。例如an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。

（10）还有些名词仅有复数形式，如：trousers，clothes，chopsticks，glasses，goods，ashes，scissors，compasses。

（11）只用作单数的复数形式的名词有：

科学名词：physics, mathematics/maths游戏名称：bowls专有名词：the United States, Niagara Falls其他名词：news, falls 2．不可数名词―量‖的表示方法在英语中，不可数名词如果要表示―量的概念‖，可以用以下两种方法：

（1）用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少，例如：

The rich man has a lot of money．There is some milk in the bottle．

Is there any water in the glass？I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice．

（2）用a piece of 这类定语，例如：

a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread a bottle of orange a glass of water（milk） a cup of tea

a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice

如果要表示―两杯茶‖、―四张纸‖这类概念时，在容器后加复数，例如：

two cups of tea four pieces of paper three glasses of water

不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等来修饰。

二、名词的所有格名词所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。

1. 表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加's,其复数形式是s'，例如：a student's room, students' rooms, father's shoes。

2. 如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加's，如：Children's Day。

3. 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用's，例如：a twenty minutes' walk，ten miles' journey，

a boat's length，two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth。

4. 无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，例如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。

5. 双重所有格，例如：a friend of my father's。

【注意】如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示―分别有‖，例如：John's and Mary's rooms（约翰和玛丽各有一间，共两间）；Tom's and Mary's bikes（两人各自的自行车）。

两个名词并列，只有一个's，则表示―共有‖，例如：John and Mary's room（约翰和玛丽共有一间）；Tom and Mary's mother（即Tom与Mary是兄妹）。

【演练】

1．--- Where have you been, Tim?--- I’ve been to ______.

A. the Henry house

B. the Henry family

C. The Henry’s home

D. Henry’s

2．In England, if ____ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper. A. food B. lunch C. breakfast D. dinner 3．You looked for it twice, but you haven’t found it. Why not try ____ . A. three times B. a third time C. the third time D. once 4．--- They are thirsty. Will you please give them ______ ?--- Certainly.

A. some bottles of waters

B. some bottles of water

C. some bottle of water

D. some bottle of waters

5．Mike hurt one of his ______ in the accident yesterday. A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear

6．There is some _______ on the plate. A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears

7．In England, the last name is the _______ . A. family name B. middle C. given name D. full name

8．They are going to fly _______ to Beijing. A. Germen B. Germany C. Germanys D. Germans

9．The______ has two _______ . A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch

10．The little baby has two _______ already. A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths

11．What’s your _______ for being late again? A. idea B. key C. excuse D. news

12．--- It’s dangerous here. We’d better go out quickly.--- But I think we should let _______ go out first.

A. woman and children

B. women and child

C. woman and child

D. women and children

13．--- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign ―_______ ‖on the door of his shop.--- Thanks.

A.ENTRANCE

B.BUSINESS HOURS

C.THIS SIDE UP

D.NO SMOKING

14．Are they going to have a picnic on _______ ? A. Children’s Day B. Childrens’s Day C. Childrens Day D. Children Day 15．Where are the students? Are they in _______ ? A. the Room 406 B. Room 406 C. the 406 Room D. 406 Room

【练习答案】 1.D 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.B

第2讲：形容词、副词考点集汇，讲解和训练

1. 形容词的用法

(1) 形容词在句中作定语, 表语, 宾语补足语。例如：

Our country is a beautiful country. （作定语）The fish went bad.（作表语）We keep our classroom clean and tidy.（作宾语补足语）

(2) 形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词时,形容词放在名词后面。

I have something important to tell you.Is there anything interesting in the film.

(3) 用and 或or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。

Everybody, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting.You can take any box away, big or small.

(4) the＋形容词表示一类人或物The rich should help the poor.

2. 副词的用法

(1) 副词在句中可作状语,表语和定语。

He studies very hard. （作状语）Life here is full of joy. （作定语）When will you be back? （作表语）

副词按其用途和含义可分为下面五类：

1)时间副词

时间副词通常用来表示动作的时间。常见的时间副词有：now today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, late, early, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always等。例如：

He often comes to school late. What are we going to do tomorrow? He is never been to Beijing.

2)地点副词

地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点。常见的地点副词有：here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, down, up, off, on, in, out等。例如：

I met an old friend of mine on my way home. He went upstairs. Put down your name here.

3)方式副词

方式副词一般都是回答―怎样的？‖这类问题的，其中绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly构成的, 有少数方式副词不带词尾-ly, 它们与形容词同形。常见的方式副词有：anxiously, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, proudly, rapidly, suddenly, successfully, angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alone, high, straight, wide等。例如：

The old man walked home slowly. Please listen to the teacher carefully. The birds are flying high. He runs very fast.

4)程度副词

程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词，有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语。常见的程度副词有：much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply, hardly, partly等。例如：

Her pronunciation is very good. She sings quite well. I can hardly agree with you.

5)疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词。常见的疑问副词有：how, when, where, why等。例如：

How are you getting along with your studies? Where were you yesterday? Why did you do that?

(2)副词在句中的位置

1)多数副词作状语时放在动词之后。如果动词带有宾语，则放在宾语之后。例如：

Mr Smith works very hard. She speaks English well.

2)频度副词作状语时，通常放在行为动词之前，情态动词，助动词和be动词之后。例如：

He usually gets up early. I’ve never heard him singing.She is seldom ill.

3)程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词和副词的前面, 但enough作副词用时，通常放在被修饰词的后面。例如：

It is a rather difficult job. He runs very fast. He didn’t work hard enough.

4)副词作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：

On my way home, I met my uncle. The students there have a lot time to do their own research work.

(3)部分常用副词的用法

1) very, much

这两个副词都可表示―很‖，但用法不同。Very用来修饰形容词和副词的原级，而much用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级。例如：She is a very nice girl

I’m feeling much better now.

Much可以修饰动词，而very则不能。例如：

I don’t like the idea much.They did not talk much.

2) too, either

这两个副词都表示―也‖，但too用于肯定句，either用于否定句。例如：

She can dance, and I can dance, too. I haven’t read the book and my brother hasn’t either.

3) already, yet

already一般用于语肯定句，yet一般用于否定句。例如：

He has already left. Have you heard from him yet? He hasn’t answered yet.

4) so, neither

so和neither都可用于倒装句，但so表示肯定，neither表示否定。

例如：My brother likes football and so do I. My brother doesn’t like dancing and n either do I.

3. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级

(1) 两个人或事物的比较时（不一定每一方只有一个人或一个事物），用比较级。

Our teacher is taller than we are.The boys in her class are taller than the boys in your class.

(2) most 同形容词连用而不用the,表示"极,很,非常, 十分"。

It's most dangerous to be here.在这儿太危险。

(3)―The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级...‖表示―越... 就越...‖。The more you study, the more you know.

(4) ―形容词比较级+ and + 形容词比较级‖, 表示― 越来越...‖。It's getting hotter and hotter.

(5) 主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。

This box is as big as mine.

(6) the + 形容词，表示某种人。He always helps the poor.

(7) 形容词和副词最高级用于三个或三个以上的人和物进行比较。

Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.

【演练】

1．There are many young trees on sides of the road. A. every B. each C. both D. all

2．--- It’s so cold today.--- Yes, it’s than it was yesterday. A. more cold B. more colder C. much colder D. cold 3．Little Tom has friends, so he often plays alone. A. more B. a little C. many D. few 4．She isn’t so at maths as you are. A. well B. good C. better D. best

5．Peter writes of the three. A. better B. best C. good D. well

6．He is enough to carry the heavy box. A. stronger B. much stronger C. strong D. the strongest

7．I bought exercise-books with money. A. a few; a few B. a few; a little C. a little; a few D. a little; a little

8．The box is heavy for the girl carry. A. too; to B. to; too C. so; that D. no; to

9．The ice in the lake is about one meter . It’s strong enough to skate on. A. long B. high C. thick D. wide 10．Wu Lin ran faster than the other boys in the sports meeting. A. so B. much C. very D. too

11. Jone looks so _______ today because she has got an ―A‖ in her maths test. A. happy B. happily C. angry D. angrily

12. The smile on my father’s face showed that he was ______ with me. A. sad B. pleased C. angry D. sorry

13. ---Mum, could you buy me a dress like this? ---Certainly, we can buy ______ one than this, but ______ this.

A. a better; better than

B. a worse; as good as

C. a cheaper; as good as

D. a more important; good as

14. ---This digital camera is really cheap! ---The ______ the better. I’m short of money, you see.

A. cheap

B. cheaper

C. expensive

D. more expensive

15. If you want to learn English well, you must use it as _______ as possible. A. often B. long C. hard D. soon

16. Paul has ______ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely. A. many B. some C. few D. more

17. English people _____ use Mr. Before a man’s first name. A. never B. usually C. often D. sometimes

18. ---One more satellite was sent up into space in China in May. ---Right. The government spoke ______ that.

A. highly for

B. high of

C. well of

D. highly of

19. ---Remember this, children. ______ careful you are, ______ mistakes you will make. ---We know, Miss Gao.

A. The more; the more

B. The fewer; the more

C. The more; the fewer

D. The less; the less

20. I have ________ to do today. A. anything important B. something important C. important nothing D. important something 【练习答案】1.C 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.C 10.B 11.A 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.A 16.C 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.B

第3讲：动词考点集汇，讲解和训练

1.动词的时态

英语时态用共有十六种时态，其中常用的有8种，它们是：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时。

（1）一般现在时的基本用法

1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。

时间状语：ev ery…, sometimes,at…, on Sunday

I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。

The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.

3) 表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall.

【注意】此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..

4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。I don't want so much.

5) 某些动词如come, go, move, stop, leave, arrive, be, finish, continue, start 等，在一般现在时句中可用来表示将来肯定会发生

的动作。The train comes at 3 o'clock.

6) 在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，一般现在时代替一般将来时。

I'll help you as soon as you have problem.Tell Xiao Li about it if you meet him.

（2）一般过去时的用法：

表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况，通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词，词组或从句,如yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。

I worked in that factory last year.

【注意】1) 过去经常反复发生的动作，也可用used to或would加动词原形来表达，例如：I used to go fishing on Sundays.

2) ―used to‖也可用于表示过去曾经存在过的状态。例如：This river used to be clean.

（3）一般将来时的用法

1）表示将来的动作或状态。例如：I shall attend the meeting tomorrow.

2）表示将来反复发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：He will go to see his mother every Saturdays.

3）表示将来的意愿，决心，许诺，命令等时常用will，征求对方意见，主语是第一人称时，常用shall。

I will do my best to catch up with them.Shall I open the door?

4）be + going + 动词不定式。也是一种将来时句型，表示打算，计划，最近或将来要作的某事。

I am going to Beijing next week.

5）be + 动词不定式。表示有职责，义务，可能，约定，意图等。There is to be a meeting this afternoon.

We are to meet the guests at the station.

6）be about + 动词不定式，表示马上，很快作某事。They are about to leave.

（4）现在进行时的用法

1）现在进行时的用法表示说话者说话时正在发生或者进行的动作，它注重

现在正在进行的动作，而不管动作从什么时间开始，到什么时间结束。

What are you doing now? I am looking for my key.

2）现在进行时表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作（但说话时这个动作不一定在进行）。

The students are preparing for the examination.

3）某些动词的现在进行时可以表示即将发生的动作，这些动词有arrive, come, leave, start等。

They are going to Hong Kong tomorrow.

【注意】有些动词一般不可以用于进行时态

①表示状态的动词，尤其是静态动词，如：be, have

②表示认识、知觉和情感的动词，如：know, think, hear, find, see, like, want, wish, prefer等。

（5）现在完成时的用法

1) 现在完成时表示在说话之前已经完成或刚完成的动作。

I have bought a ten-speed bicycle.They have cleaned the classroom.

2) 现在完成时表示动作从过去开始持续到现在，或者还有可能持续下去的动作或状态。现在完成时常与for 和since 引

导的短语或从句连用。

We have lived here since 1976.They have waited for more than two hours.

【注意】一般过去时与现在完成时的区别

过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响；一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用。

试比较：I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了，不涉及现在）

I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）

（6）过去进行时的用法

表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。例如：I was watching TV when she came to see me.

【注意】过去进行时和一般过去时都是过去发生的事情，但过去进行时侧重表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或所处的状态，强调动作的连续进行，而一般过去时则表示单纯的过去事实，例如：

They were building a house last month. （上个月正在建造，建造好与否不知）

They built a new house last month. （上个月建造好了，动作已经完成）

（7）过去完成时的用法

过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或所处的状态，过去完成时常和by , before 等词组成的短语和从句连用。We had already learned two thousand words by the end of last year.

When we arrived at the station, they had waited for more than twenty minutes.

（8）过去将来时的用法

过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在地状态，过去将来时较多地被运用在宾语从句中。例如：They were going to have a meeting. I told him that I would see him off at the station.

2.动词的语态

语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。

主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。

（1）被动语态

1) 被动语态最基本的句型结构是：be +及物动词过去分词

2) 被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词

因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者，某些短语动词如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等，也可用于被动语态。

The children were taken good care of by her.

【注意】短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏。

3) 主动语态变为被动语态要加―to‖的情况

若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加―to‖。此类动词为感官动词，如：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch等。例如：

The teacher made me go out of the classroom. I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).

4) 主动形式表示被动意义

如wash, clean, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等动词虽然用做主动形式却表示被动的意义。例如：The food tastes good.

3.非谓语动词

对非谓语动词的考点是：感官动词后不定式作宾语补足语和动词ing形式作宾语补足语的用法；一些特殊动词的动词不定式作宾语补足语时不带to，但变为被动语态时就要带to；有些动词既可接不定式也可接动词ing形式作宾语，但表达的意思不同。这些都是历年中考的重点。

（1）非谓语动词的形式

非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。

（2）不定式作宾语补足语Father will not allow us to play on the street.

（3）不定式作目的状语He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.

（4）用不定式和分词作补足语都可以的动词

这样的动词有感官动词如：see, hear, look, notice, observe, feel等，使役动词如：have, make, leave, keep, get等。接不定式表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性。

I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调―我看见了‖这个事实)

I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调―我见他正干活‖这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活。

（5）用不带to不定式的情况

使役动词如：let, have, make等和感官动词如：see, watch, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。在被动语态中则to不能省掉。

（6）接动名词与不定式意义不同

1) stop to do停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。

stop doing停止做某事。

2) forget to do忘记要去做某事。(未做)

forget doing忘记做过某事。(已做)

3) remember to do 记得去做某事。(未做)

remember doing记得做过某事。(已做)

4) try to do努力，企图做某事。

try doing试验，试着做某事。

5) go on to do做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。

go on doing继续做原来做的事。

6) mean to do打算、想

mean doing意味着

4. 容易混淆的常用动词的辨析

(1) say, speak, talk, tell的用法。

1) say表示讲话，作为及物动词使用，后跟宾语或宾语从句。

He said he would go there. It's time to leave. We have to say goodbye to you.

2)speak表示―讲话‖，一般作为不及物动词使用，而有时作为及物动词后面跟上各种语言作为宾语。

Do you speak English? May I speak to Mr Pope, please?

3) talk表示―谈话‖，是不及物动词，与to , about, with等连用，才可宾语。

What are you talking about? Mr Jackson is talking with my father in the office now.

4) tell 表示―告诉，讲述‖是及物动词，可以带双宾语或复合宾语。

She told us an interesting story yesterday. My teacher told me that we would have an English exam the next month.

(2) look, see, watch和watch的用法。

1) look强调―看‖这个动作，是不及物动词，常与at连用，然后接宾语。

Look! The girl is swimming in the lake.

Look at the picture carefully. Can you find something unusual?

2) see 指―看见‖某物，强调的是结果。

They can't see the words on the blackboard. Does Lily often go to see a film on Sunday?

3) watch 指的是―观看‖，―注视‖之意。

The twins are watching TV now. He will go to watch a volleyball match.

4）read指―看书‖、―看报‖、―阅读‖之意。Don't read in the sun. I like to read newspapers when I am free.

(3) borrow, lend和keep的区别。

1) borrow意思为―借入‖，常常与from连用，是非延续性动词，表示瞬间即能完成的动作。

Meimei borrowed a book from the library just now.

May I borrow your dictionary?

2) lend 是―借出‖之意，常常与to连用，同borrow一样，是非延续性动词，只表示瞬间即能完成的动作。

Uncle Wany has lent his car to Mr Li. Could you lend us your radio, please?

3) keep是―保存‖的意思，动作可以延续。

How long can the recorder be kept? The farmer kept the pat for two weeks.

(4) bring, take, carry 和get的用法。

1) bring意思为―拿来‖、―带来‖。指将某物或某人从别处―带来‖。

Bring me the book, please. May I bring Jim to see you next Saturday?

2) take意思是―拿走‖，―带走‖，把某物或某人从这里―带来‖或―拿到‖某处之意。

It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you.

Mother took the little girl to the next room.

3) carry 是―带着、搬运、携带‖的意思，指随身携带，有背着、扛着、抱着、提着的含义，不表明来去的方向。

Do you always carry a handbag? The box is heavy. Can you carry it?

4) get是去某处将某物拿回来。

Please go to my office to get some chalk. There is no water in the bottle. Why not get some?

(5) wear, put on和dress的区别

1) wear是―穿着‖―戴着‖的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首饰等，强调―穿着‖的状态。

Tom always wears black shoes. He wears a raincoat even when it is fine. She doesn't like to wear a red flowers in her hair.

2) put on是―穿上‖―戴上‖的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等。着重于穿戴的动作。

It's cold. You'd better put on your coat. He put on his hat and went out of the room.

3) dress可以作及物动词和不及物动词，有―穿着‖―打扮‖的意思。作―穿着‖解时，只用于穿衣服，不用于穿鞋、戴帽、戴手套。作为及物动词用时，它的宾语是人，不是衣服。dress sb. （给某人穿衣服），而wear作―穿着‖用时，也是及物动词，但它的宾语是物，不是人，即wear sth.（穿着衣物）。

She always dresses well. Get up and dress quickly. Mary is dressing her child.

(6) take, spend 和use的用法。

1) take指做某事用多少时间，句型是：It takes/took/ will take + sb. +some time + to do sth.

It took me three days to finish the work. It will take you a while week to travel thought the forest.

It takes only one hour to fly to Shanghai.

2) spend指某人在某事（物）上花费时间或钱。句型是：

Someone spends + money/time + on something(in) doing sth.

She spent more than 500 yuan on that coat. He didn't spend much time on his lessons.

He spent much time (in) correcting students' exercises. Mother spent her evenings (in) washing clothes.

3) use表示使用工具、手段等。

Do you know how to use the computer? Shall we use your car?

(7)reach, get 和arrive的区别。

1) reach是及物动词，后面要直接跟表示地点的名词作宾语。

After the train had left, they reached the station We reached the top of the mountain at last.

2) get是不及动词，常与to连用，再接名词，后面接表示地点的副词时，不用to，get to常用于口语中。

When the students got to the cinema, the film had begun. My sister was cooking when mother got home.

3) arrive是不及物动词，表示到达一个小地方时，用arrive at, 到达一个大地方时用arrive in。

The soldiers arrived at a small village The foreigners will arrive in Shanghai tomorrow.

【演练】

1. Listen! Some of the girls ________ about Harry Potter. Let’s join them. A. are talking B. talk C. will talk D. talked

2. Our teacher, Miss Chen, ________English on the radio the day before yesterday.

A. teaches

B. taught

C. will teach

D. had taught

3. I don’t think I _________ you in that dress before. A. have seen B. was seeing C. saw D. see

4. Susan’s parents have bought a large house w ith a swimming pool. It__be very expensive. A. must B. can C. m ustn’t D. can’t

5. Coffee is ready. How nice it ________ ! Would you like some? A. looks B. smells C. sounds D. feels

6. ― Mr. Zhu, you’d better _______ too much meat. You are already over weight,‖ said the doctor.

A. not to eat

B. to eat

C. not eat

D. eat

7. ―Don’t always make Michael ________ this or that. He is already a big boy, dear,‖ Mr. Bush said to his wife.

A. do

B. to do

C. does

D. did

8. Sorry, I can’t hear you c learly. Will you please ___your E-mail address? I’ll write it down. A. review B. recite C. report D. repeat

9. Don’t ________ your coat, Tom! It’s easy to catch cold in spring. A. take away B. take off C. take down D. take out

10. You _______ go and ask Meimei. She _______ know the answer. A. must; can B. must; may C. need; can D. can; may

11. I’m sorry you’ve missed the train. It ________ 10 minutes ago. A. left B. has left C. had left D. has been left

12. I bought a new dictionary and it ________ me 30 yuan. A. paid B. spent C. took D. cost

13. ---Mum, may I go out and play basketball? ---_______ you _______ your homework yet?

A. Do; finish

B. Are; finishing

C. Did; finishing

D. Have; finished

14. I have to go now. Please remember to ________ the lights when you leave. A. turn off B. turn down C. turn up D. turn on

15. A talk on Chinese history ________ in the school next week. A. be given B. has been given C. will be given D. will give

16. Look! How heavy the rain is! You’d better ________.

A. don’t go now

B. stay here when it stops

C. not leave until it stops

D. not to leave at once

17. You may go fishing if your work ________. A. is done B. will be done C. has done D. have done

18. Cotton _______ nice and soft. A. is felt B. is feeling C. feel D. feels

19. ---Who cleaned the blackboard yesterday, Dick? ---John _________. A. cleaned B. does C. did D. is

20. ---Linda had nothing for breakfast this morning, _______? ---No. She got up too late.

A. had she

B. hadn’t she

C. did she

D. didn’t she

【练习答案】 1.A 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.B 10.D 11.A 12.D 13.D 14.A 15.C 16.C 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.C

第4讲：数词、冠词考点集汇，讲解和训练

一. 冠词的用法

冠词是虚词，放在名词之前，用来说明名词指的人或事物。冠词有两种。

A(an)叫不定冠词，the叫定冠词。A用在辅音之前，an用在元音之前。

1. 不定冠词的用法

(1) a和an均用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物。例如：John is a student. Mary is an English teacher.

(2) 指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。例如: A steel worker makes steel. Pass me an apple, please.

(3) 指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或和物。例如：A student wants to see you. A girl is waiting for you outside.

(4) 表示―每一‖的意思，相当于every。例如：Take the medicine three times a day. They go to see their parents once a week.

2. 定冠词用法

(1) 特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。例如：The book on the desk is an English dictionary.

Beijing is the capital of China.

(2) 指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或事物。例如：Open the door, please. Jack is in the library.

(3) 上文提到过的人或事物。例如：Yesterday John’s father bought him a new bike. The bike cost him 200 yuan.

(4) 表示世界上独一无二的事物。例如：The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

(5) 用在序数词和形容词最高级之前。例如：Shanghai is the biggest city in China. January is the first month of the year.

(6) 用在某些形容词之前，表示某一类人或事物。例如：The nurse is kind to the sick. We should take good care of the old.

(7) 用在某些专有名词之前和某些习惯用语中。例如：the Great Wall, the Summer palace, in the morning, in the open air等。

(8) 用在姓氏复数之前，表示―某某一家人‖，―某某夫妇‖。例如：the Browns, the whites等。

3. 不用冠词的情况

(1) 某些专有名词，抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。例如：China, Canada, Japanese, glass, water, love等。

(2) 名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, whose, some, any, no, each, every等代词时，不用冠词。例如：

That is my cap. I have some questions. Go down this street.

(3) 复数名词表示一类人或事物时，不用冠词。They are workers. We are students.

(4) 称呼语前不用冠词，表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词。例如：

I don’t feel well today, Mother.Bush was made president of the U.S.

(5) 三餐饭的名称前，球类活动，学科和节目名词前，常不用冠词。例如：

I have lunch at home. He often plays football after class. We have English and maths every day.

(6) 在某些固定词组里，名词之前常不用冠词。例如：

By air, at night, at home, go to bed, go to school, on foot, from morning till night 等。

二. 数词的用法

数词分基数词和序数词。基数词表示数目，序数词表示顺序。

1. 基数词的用法

(1) 基数词在句中主要用作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语，例如：

Thirty of them are Party members.（主语）

--- How many would you like？--- Three ，please．（作宾语）

The nine boys are from Tianjing.（定语）Six plus four is ten.（表语）We four will go with you.（同位语）(2) 表示一个具体数字时，hundred, thousand, million一律不用复数；在表示一个不确定数字时则用复数。例如：

Our country has a population of 1,300 million people. There are three thousand students in our school.

After the war, thousands of people became homeless. Maize is the most important food crop for millions of people in the world.

They arrived in twos and threes．

(3) 表示―……十‖的数词的复数形式可用来表示人的岁数或年代，例如：

He is in his early thirties．He died still in his forties．This took place in the1930s．

(4) 表示时刻用基数词。例如：We get up at six. The workers begin work at eight.

(5) 表示―几点过几分‖，用介词past,但须在半小时以内。例如：

ten past ten, a quarter past nine, half past twelve

(6) 表示―几点差几分‖用介词to, 但分数须在半小时以上。例如：twenty to nine, five to eight, a quarter to ten

(7) 表示―几点几分‖还可直接用基数词。例如：seven fifteen, eleven thirty, nine twenty

2. 序数词的用法

（1）序数词主要用作定语，前面要加定冠词，例如：

The first truck is carrying a foot baskets．John lives on the fifteenth floor．

（2）序数词有时前面可加不定冠词来表示―再一‖，―又一‖这样的意思，例如：

We'll have to do it a second time．Shall I ask him a third time？When I sat down，a fourth man rose to speak．（3）由几个序数词和基数词在拼写时不对应，很容易写错，应特别注意。它们是：one---first, two---second, three---third, five---fifth, eight---eighth, nine---ninth, twelve---twelfth。

（4）表示年，月，日时，年用基数词表示，日用序数词表示。例如：

1949年十月一日读作: October (the) first, nineteen sixty

2004年九月十日读作：September (the) tenth, two thousand and four

（5）表示分数时，分子用基数词表示，分母用序数词表示。分子大于1时，分母加-s。例如：

three fourths, one second, two fifths

（6）序数词有时用缩写形式：

first→1st second→2nd third→3rd fourth→4th twenty-second→22nd

【演练】

1. This morning I had ________ egg and a bottle of milk for my breakfast. A. an B. a C. the D./

2. ---What’s the matter with you? ---I caught ________ bad cold and had to stay in ________.

A. a;/

B. a; the

C. a; a

D. the; the

3. ---Have you seen _______ pen? I left it here this morning. ---Is it ________ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.

A. a; the

B. the; the

C. the; a

D. a; a

4. _______ sun is shining brightly. A. A B. An C. The D. /

5. There is _______ ―h‖ in the word hour. A. a B. the C. an D./

6. Did you enjoy your stay in Xian? Yes. I had _______ wonderful time. A. a B. an C. the D. /

7. ______ sun is bigger than _______ earth. A. A; the B. A; an C. The; an D. The; the

8. There is _______ apple and some pears on the table. A. the B./ C. a D. an

9. David has _______ cat. It’s very nice. A. a B. an C. the D./

10. I’m reading _______ novel. It is _______ interesting story. A. a; an B. a; a C. the; the D. /; an

11. It is said that SARS has killed more than ________ people worldwide.

A. three hundreds

B. three hundreds’

C. three hundred’s

D. three hundred

12. ---How many workers are there in your factory? ---There are two __________.

A. hundreds

B. hundred

C. hundred of

D. hundreds of

13. ---Which is the smallest number of the four? ---_______. A. Two-thirds B. A half C. A quarter D. Three-fourths

14. ---What do you think of a war, Li Ming?

---I’ve no idea. But it’s a fact that _______ people had to leave their hometown during the War on Iraq.

A. three thousands

B. thousand of

C. thousands of

D. several thousands

15. We all think that the _______ century will bring us more hopes.

A. twenty-first

B. twentieth-first

C. twenty-one

D. twentieth-one

16. ---Can you write the number eighty-five thousand, six hundred and twenty-six? ---Yes, it is __________.

A. 856620

B. 85626

C. 58662

D. 58626

17. When was the PRC founded? It was founded on _________.

A. July 1, 1921

B. October 1, 1949

C. August 1, 1927

D. May 1, 1922

18. I was 8 years old when my father was 31. This year my father is twice my age. How old am I ? A. 21 B. 22 C. 23 D. 24

19. _______ Chinese are looking for ways to learn English well before Beijing 2008 Olympics.

A. Thousand

B. Thousands

C. Thousand of

D. Thousands of

20. Both of the two rulers are broken. I want to buy a _______one. A. three B. third C. forth D. /

【练习答案】 1.A 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.D 8.D 9.A 10.A11.D 12.B 13.C 14.C 15.A 16.B 17.B 18.C 19.D 20.B

第5讲：代词考点集汇，讲解和训练

代词是代替名词、形容词和数词的词。按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词等。

一、人称代词

1.人称代词的人称、数和格，如下表所示。

2.人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语，宾格作宾语。如：

I like table tennis. （作主语）Do you know him?（作宾语）

3.人称代词还可作表语。作表语时用宾格。如：

---Whos is knocking at the door? ---It’s me.

4.人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时，用主格和宾格都可以。如：

He is older than me. He is older than I am.

二、物主代词

1.表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，如下表所示。

2. 形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，可在句中作定语。例如：

Our teacher is coming to see us. This is her pencil-box.

3. 名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词，在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。

Our school is here, and theirs is there.（作主语）--- Is this English-book yours? （作表语）--- No. Mine is in my bag.

I've already finished my homework. Have you finished yours? （作宾语）

三、指示代词

指示代词包括：this，that，these，those。

1. this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that和those

则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人，例如：

This is a pen and that is a pencil．We are busy these days．

In those days the workers had a hard time．

2. 有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物，this 和these则是指下面将要讲

到的事物，例如：I had a cold. That's why I didn't come. What I want to say is this ; pronunciation is very important in learning English．3. 有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用that或those代替，例如：

Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai．

4. this 在电话用语中代表自己，that 则代表对方。例如：Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking?

四、反身代词

英语中用来表示―我自己‖，―你自己‖，―他自己‖，―我们自己‖，―你们自己‖等意义的代词称为反身代词，也有人称之为自身代名词，其形式如表所示。

反身代词可以在句中作宾语，表语，同位语。

1. 作宾语，表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者，主语和宾语指同一个人或一些人。

He called himself a writer．Would you please express yourself in English?

2. 作表语。It doesn't matter．I'll be myself soon．The girl in the news is myself．

3. 作主语或宾语的同位语，表示亲自或本人。

I myself washed the clothes．（=I washed the clothes myself.）（作主语同位语）You should ask the teacher himself．（作宾语同位语）

五、不定代词

不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词，在句中可作主语、表

语、宾语和定语。现将几个常用的不定代词举例说明如下：

1. some与any的区别

1）some多用于肯定句，表示―一些，几个‖作形容词时，后面可以接①不可数名词+单数动词；②可数名词+复数动词。

Look! Some of the students are cleaning the library. Some rice in the bag has been sold out.

2）any多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中，表示―一些，任何‖用作形容词时，后面可以接①不可数名词+单数动词；②可数名词+复数动词。

If you have any questions, please ask me. There isn't any orange in the bottle. Have you got any tea?

3）any和some也可以作代词用，表示―一些‖。any多用于疑问句或否定句中，some多用于肯定句中。

How many people can you see in the picture? I can't see any. If you have no money, I'll lend you some.

【注意】与some, any结合的词如something, somebody, someone, anything, anyone, anybody在肯定句、否定句、疑问句、条件句中的用法，大致和some, any的用法相同。

2. few, a few, little, a little在用法上的区别

1）用作形容词：

I'm going to buy a few apples. He can speak only a little Chinese. There is only a little milk in the glass.

He has few friends. They had little money with them.

2）a little和little也可以用作副词，a little表示―有点，稍微‖，little表示―很少‖。

I'm a little hungry. (修饰形容词hungry) Let him sleep a little. (修饰动词sleep)

Mary, go a little faster, please. (修饰副词比较级) She slept very little last night.

3. other, the other, another, others, the others的区别。

1）other可以作形容词用，后面可以跟单数或复数名词，意思是―其他的、别的‖。

Where are his other books? I haven't any other books except this one.

2）other也可以用作代词，与冠词the连用构成―the other‖，表示两个人或物中的―另一个‖。常与one搭配构成―one ..., the other ...‖句型。

He has two brothers. One is 10 years old , the other is 5 years old.

She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise-book in the other.

3）other作代词用时，可以有复数―others‖，泛指―另外的人或物‖。常与some搭配构成―some ...., others ...‖句型。

Some went to the cinema, others went swimming. This coat is too large. Show me some others, please.

4）―the others‖表示特指某范围内的―其他的人或物‖。

We got home by 4 o'clock, but the others didn't get back until 8 o'clock. In our class only Tom is English, the others are Chinese. 5）another可以作形容词用，修饰后面的名词，意为―另一个‖，还可以跟代词one.

You can see another ship in the sea, can't you? Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one?

6）another也可以作代词用，表示―另一个‖。I'm still hungry after I've had this cake. Please give me another.

4. every与each的区别。The teacher gave a toy to each child. Each ball has a different colour.

当我们说each child, each student或each teacher时，我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说every child和every student 时，我们想到的是全体的情况，every的意思与all接近，表示他们都如此。

Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher.

Every child likes playing. = All children like playing.

5. all和both的用法。

1）all指三者以上，或不可数的东西。谓语动词既可以用单数，也可以用作复数。在句中作主语表语、宾语、同位语和定语。All of us like Mr Pope. 我们都喜欢Pope先生。（作主语）= We all like Mr Pope. (作同位语)

All the water has been used up. (作主语) That's all for today. (作表语)

Why not eat all (of) the fish? (作宾语) All the leaders are here. (作定语)

2）both作代词。

①与其他名词或代词并列出现，表示―两个都‖。

Lucy and Lily both agree with us. They both passed on their sticks at the same time. How are your parents? They're both fine.

②与―of +代词（或名词）‖连用，表示―两者都‖。

Both of them came to see Mary. Both of the books are very interesting.

③单独使用，表示―两者（都）‖。

Michael has two sons. Both are clever. I don't know which book is the better, I shall read both.

3）both用作形容词，放在名词之前，修饰该名词，表示―两者都‖。

Both his younger sisters are our classmates. There are tall trees on both sides of the street.

六、相互代词

表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有each other 和one another两种形式。在当代英语中，each other和one

another没有什么区别。相互代词可在句中作宾语，定语。作定语用时，相互代词用所有格形式。

We should learn from each other / one another. （作宾语）Do you often write to each other / one another? （作宾语）We often borrow each other's / one another's books. （作定语）

The students corrected each other's / one another's mistakes in their homework. （作定语）

七、疑问代词

疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。疑问代词用于特殊疑

问句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作为某一句子成分。例如：

Who is going to come here tomorrow? （作主语）What is that? (作表语)

Whose umbrella is this? (作定语) Whom are you waiting for? (作宾语)

八.关系代词

关系代词是一种引导从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词。关系代词有who, whose, whom, that, which. 它们在句中可用作主语,表语,宾语,定语. 在主句中,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。例如：

I hate people who talk much but do little. I’m looking at the photograph which you sent me with your letter.

With the money that he had saved, he went on with his studies. Do you know the lady who is interviewing our headmaster?

【演练】

1. Tom, Please pass ________ the glasses. I want to read the newspapers. A. you B. me C. him D. her

2. The English novel is quite easy for you. There are ______ new words in it. A. a little B. little C. a few D. few

3. ---You want ________ sandwich? ---Yes, I usually eat a lot when I’m hungry.

A. other

B. another

C. others

D. the other

4. The doctors and nurses are doing their best to fight SARS. They think more of others than _______.

A. they

B. them

C. themselves

D. theirs

5. ---Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk? ---______________, thanks. I’d like a cup of tea.

A. Either

B. Neither

C. Both

D. None

6. ---Oh! I came in a hurry and forgot to bring food. ---Never mind. You can have ________.

A. us

B. ours

C. you

D. yours

7. ---Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning? ---_______ is OK. I’m free today and tomorrow.

A. Either

B. Neither

C. Both

D. None

8. ---How are you going to improve____this term? ---Work harder than last term. A. ourselves B. myself C. himself D. yourself

9. ---Could you tell me _______ she is looking for? ---Her cousin, Susan. A. that B. whose C. who D. which

10. ---Is _______ here? ---No. Li Lei and Han Mei have asked for leave. A. everybody B. somebody C. anybody D. nobody

11. Paul has _______ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely. A. many B. some C. few D. more

12. If you want to book a round-trip ticket, you’ll have to pay ______ $ 30. A. more B. other C. the other D. another

13. ---Do you live by yourself, Mr Wang? --Yes. I have two sons. But __ of them lives with me. They are now studying in America?

A. neither

B. both

C. none

D. either

14. ---Have you sent your parents an E-mail telling them you arrived safe? ---No. _______ of them can use a computer.

A. None

B. Both

C. Neither

D. All

15. Who taught _______ English last term? Was _____ Mr. Smith? A. you; it B. you; he C. your; it D. your; that

16. ---That woman has a bag in her right hand. What’s in her _____ hand? A. another B. other C. one D. the other

17. We decided to go for a field trip with some friends of _______. A. us B. our C. ours D. ourselves

18. ---Is there a bus to the zoo? ---I’m afraid there’s _______ bus to the zoo. A. no B. any C. some D. none

19. You forgot your dictionary? You may have _______. A. me B. my C. mine D. myself

20. This is ______ classroom. Where is _______? A. our; them B. us; they C. our; theirs D. ours; theirs

【练习答案】 1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.A 11.C 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.C 20.C

第6讲：介词、连词考点集汇，讲解和训练

1. 介词的功能

介词是一种虚词，用来表示名词或相当于名词的其它词语句中其它词的关系，不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中作定语，状语，表语和宾语补足语。例如：

The boy over there is John’s brother. (定语) The girl will be back in two hours. (状语)

Our English teacher is from Australia. (表语) Help yourself to some fish. (宾语补足语)

2. 常用介词的用法辨析（1）表时间的介词

1）at, in on

表示时间点用at。例如：at six o’clock, at noon, at midnight。表示在某个世纪，某年，某月，某个季节以及早晨，上午，下午，晚上时，用in。例如：in the ninettenth century, in 2002, in may, in winter, in the morning, in the afternoon等。表示具体的某一天和某一天的上午，下午，晚上时，用on。例如：on Monday, on July 1st, on Sunday morning等。

2）since, after

由since和after 引导的词组都可表示从过去某一点开始的时段，但since词组表示的时段一直延续到说话的时刻，因而往往要与现在完成时连用。而after词组所表示的时段纯系过去，因而要与一般过去时连用。例如：

I haven’t heard from him since last summer.

After five days the boy came back.

3）in, after in与将来时态连用时，表示―过多长时间以后‖的意思，后面跟表示一段时间的词语。After与

将来时态连用时，后面只能跟表示时间点的词语。After与过去时态连用时，后面才能跟表示一段时间的词语。例如：He will be back in two months. He will arrive after four o’clock.He returned after a month.

（2）表示地点的介词

1）at, in, on at一般指小地方；in一般指大地方或某个范围之内；on往往表示―在某个物体的表面‖。例如：

He arrived in Shanghai yesterday. They arrived at a small village before dark.

There is a big hole in the wall. The teacher put up a picture on the wall.

2）over, above, on

over, on和above都可表示―在……上面‖，但具体含义不同。Over表示位置高于某物，在某物的正上方，其反义词是under。above也表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，其反义词是below。On指两个物体表面接触，一个在另一的上面。例如：There is a bridge over the river. We flew above the clouds. Th ey put some flowers on the teacher’s desk.

3）across, through

across和through均可表示―从这一边到另一边‖，但用法不同。Across的含义与on有关，表示动作在某一物体的表面进行。Throgh的含义与in有关，表示动作是在三维空间进行。例如：

The dog ran across the grass. The boy swam across the river. They walked through the forest. I pushed through the crowds.

4) in front of, in the front of

in front of 表示―在某人或某物的前面‖，在某个范围以外；in the front of 表示―在……的前部‖，在某个范围以内。例如：There are some tall trees in front of the building. The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom.

3. 介词的固定搭配

介词往往同其他词类形成了固定搭配关系。记住这种固定搭配关系，才能正确使用介词。

（1）介词与动词的搭配

listen to , laugh at, get to, look for wait for, hear from, turn on, turn off, worry about, think of, look after, spend…on…, 等。

（2）介词与名词的搭配

on time, in time, by bus, on foot, with pleasure, on one’s wa y to, in trouble, at breakfast, at the end of, in the end等。

（3）介词与形容词的搭配

be late for, be afraid of, be good at, be interested in, be angry with, be full of, be sorry for等。

4. 连词的功能用来连接词，短语，从句或句子的词叫连词。连词是一种虚词，在句中不能单独使用。连词可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。

5. 并列连词并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词，短语或句子。常见的并列连词有：

(1)表并列关系的and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor等。

(2)表选择关系的or, either…or等。

(3)表转折关系的but, while等。

(4)表因果关系的for, so等。

6. 从属连词

从属连词用来引导从句。常见的从属连词有：

(1)引导时间状语从句的after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。

(2)引导条件状语从句的if, unless等。

(3)引导原因状语从句的because, as, since等。

(4)引导目的状语从句的so that, in order that等。

(5)引导让步状语从句的though, although, even if等。

(6)引导结果状语从句的so that, so…that, such…that等。

(7)引导比较状语从句的than, as…as等。

(8)引导名词从句的that, if , whether等。

7. 常用连词的用法辨析

（1）while, when, as

这三个连词都可引导时间状语从句，但用法有所不同。

1) 当某事正在进行的时候，又发生了另一件事。While, when, as 都可用来引导表示―背景‖的时间状语从句。例如：

As/When/While I was walking down the street I noticed a police car.

2) 当两个长动作同时进行的时候，最常用的是while。例如：While mother was cooking lunch, I was doing my homework.

3) 当两个动作都表示发展变化的情况时，最常用的是as。例如：

As children get older, they become more and more interested in things around them.

4) 当两个短动作同时发生时，或表示―一边…一边…‖时，最常用as。例如：

Just as he caught the fly, he gave a loud cry. She looked behind from time to time as she went

5) 当从句的动作先于主句的动作时，通常用when。例如：When he finished his work, he took a short rest.

6) 当从句是瞬间动作，主句是延续性动作时，通常用when。例如：When John arrived I was cooking lunch.

（2）as, because, since , for

这四个词都可表原因，但用法有区别。

1) 如果原因构成句子的最主要部分，一般用because。因此，because引导的从句往往放在句末。例如：

I stayed at home because it rained.

---Why aren’t you going?

---Because I don’t want to.

2) 如果原因已被人们所知，或不如句子的其它部分重要，就用as或since。Since比as稍微正式一点。As和since 引导的从

句一般放在句子的开头。例如：

As he wasn’t ready, we left without him.

Since I have no money, I can’t buy any food.

3) for用来补充说明一种理由，因此，for引导的从句几乎可以放在括号里。For引导的句子不放在句子的开头。例如：

I decided to stop and have lunch----for I was feeling quite hungry.

（3）if, whether

if和whether都可作―是否‖讲，在引导宾与从句是一般可互换。例如：

I wonder whether (if) you still study in that school. I don’t know whether (if) he likes that film.

在下列情况下，只能用whether,不能用if：

1) 引导主语从句时。例如：Whether he will come to the party is unknown.

2) 引导表语从句时。例如：The question is whether I can pass the exam.

3) 在不定式前。例如：I haven’t made up my mind whether to go there or not.

（4）so…that, such...that

1) so…that中的so是个副词，其后只能跟形容词或副词，而such...that中的such是个形容词，后接名词或名词短语。例如：

I’m so tired that I can’t walk any farther.It was such a warm day that he went swimming.

2) 如果在名词之前有many, much, little, few时，用so,不用such。例如：

He has so little education that he is unable to get a job. I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.

（5）either…or…, neither…nor, not only…but also…

这三个连词词组都可连接两个并列成分。当它们连接两个并列主语时，

谓语动词要随相邻的主语变化。例如：

Either you or he is wrong. Neither he nor his children like fish. Not only the teacher but also the students want to buy the book. （6）although, but

这两个连词不能用在同一个句子中。例如：我们不能说―Although he is

over sixty, but he works as hard as others.‖这个句子应改为：Although he is over sixty, he works as hard as others.或He is over sixty, but he works as hard as others.

（7）because, so

这两个连词同样不能用在同一个句子中。例如：我们不能说―Because John

was ill, so I took him to the doctor.‖ 这个句子应改为Because John was ill, I took him to the doctor.或John was ill, so I took him to the doctor.

【演练】

1. We traveled overnight to Paris and arrived _______ 5 o’clock ______ the morning. A. on; in B. at; in C. at; on D. in; on

2. Where’s Lily? We are all here _______ her. A. beside B. about C. except D. with

3. She sent her friend a postcard _______ a birthday present. A. on B. as C. for D. of

4. Jack has studied Chinese in this school _______ the year of 2000. A. since B. in C. on D. by

5. ---What is a writing brush, do you know? ---It’s _______ writing and drawing. A. with B. to C. for D. by

6. English is widely used ______ travellers and business people all over the world. A. to B. for C. as D. by

7. ______ the help of my teacher, I caught up with the other students. A. Under B. In C. With D. On

8. Hong Kong is ______ the south of China, and Macao is ____the west of Hong Kong. A. in; to B. to; to C. to; in D. in; in

9. ---You’d better not go out now. It’s raining. ---It doesn’t m atter. My new coat can keep __ rain. A. in B. of C. with D. off

10. Japan lies ______ the east of China. A. to B. in C. about D. at

11. ---Will the foreigners have any problems talking with Chinese in 2008?

---I don’t think so. Now ______ the young ______ the old can speak some English.

A. either…or

B. not only… but also

C. neither…nor

D. both…or

12. We didn’t catch the train _______ we left late. A. so B. because C. but D. though

13. Tom failed in the exam again _______ he wanted to pass it very much. A. if B. so C. though D. as

14. I won’t believe that the five-year-old boy can read five thousand words ______ I have tested him myself.

A. after

B. when

C. if

D. until

15. The book was so interesting that he had read it for three hours ______ he realized it. A. when B. until C. after D. before

16. ---This dress was last year’s style. ---I think it still looks perfect ______ it has gone out this year.

A. so that

B. even though

C. as if

D. ever since

17. Hurry up, _______ you will miss the train. A. and B. so C. however D. or

18. The mountain was _____ steep ____ few people in our city reached the top. A. so…as B. so…that C. as…as D. too…to

19. ---Do you remember our pleasant journey to Xi’an? ---Of course. I remember everything ______ it happened yesterday.

A. as soon as

B. even though

C. rather than

D. as if

20. ______ you can’t answer this question, we have to ask someone else for help. A. Although B. While C. Whether D. Since 【练习答案】

1.B

2.C

3.B

4.A

5.C

6.D

7.C

8.A

9.D 10.A11.B 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.D 16.B 17.D 18.B 19.D 20.D

第7讲：英语句子的考点集汇，讲解和训练

【名师点睛】

一. 陈述句的构成形式及基本用法

1. 陈述句：陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法（包括肯定和否定）的句子。通常用降调，句末用句号―.‖。

Tom has a new car.The flower isn’t beautiful.

2. 陈述句否定式的构成

(1) 如果肯定陈述句的谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词be，则只需在这些动词后加not即可构成否定式。

He is playing the guitar.（肯定）He is not playing the guitar.（否定）

We can get there before dark.（肯定）We can’t get thee before dark.（否定）

(2) 如果陈述句的谓语动词是实义动词，而其中又没有情态动词或助动词时，则需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加don’t,

doesn’t或didn’t。同时把该实义动词变为原形。

He plays the violin well.（肯定）He doesn’t play the violin well.（否定）

She won the game.（肯定）She didn’t win the game.（否定）

(3) 如果句子是there be结构或谓语动词是have（有），除了be和have之后加not之外，句中如果有some要变为any。例如：

There is some water in the cup. →There is not any water in the cup.

He has some books. →He has not any books.

(4) 除not以外，否定词no, never, nothing, nobody, few等也可构成否定句。例如：

There is something wrong with hi s bike. →There is nothing wrong with his bike.

I have seen the film. →I have never seen the film.

二. 祈使句的构成形式及基本用法

祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议、号召等的句子，谓语动词用原形，句末用感叹号―！‖或句号―.‖。朗读时一般用降调。

1. 肯定的祈使句：

（1）祈使句主语是you时，you常省略，但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时可以有主语或称呼语。

Be quiet. You be quiet!

（2）―Do+祈使句‖表示一种强烈的感情或请求，do起强调作用。

Do come back at once! Do be careful.

（3）please用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气，但please用在句末时，必须用逗号与其余部分分开。

Open the window, please.

（4）Let引导祈使句时，后面需跟上人称代词或称呼语，人称代词一般只用第一、第三人称。

Let Jack wait a minute. Let’s go to school.

（5）在祈使句中，Let’s和Let us是有区别的。Let’s包括说话者，而Let us不包括听话者在内。这点从反意疑问句时可明显看出。Let’s go skating, shall we?（表示内部的建议）Let us try again, will you?（表示向别人发出请求）2. 否定祈使句通常以Don’t或Never开头。其结构通常是：―Don’t(Never)+动词原形+其他成分‖ 例如：

Don’t do that again! Never leave today’s work for tomorrow! Don’t be late next time!

三. 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法

1. 一般疑问句：

（1）一般疑问句的肯定形式

一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、情态动词、be动词或have（有）开始，通常要求以yes，或no来回答的疑问句，一般疑问句读时通常用升调。

Do you know Mr. Smith? Can you swim?

（2）一般疑问句的否定结构

①在一般疑问句的否定结构中，把副词not放在一般疑问句的主语之后。但如果用not的简略形式-n’t，则须将-n’t

与一般疑问句句首的be, have，助动词或情态动词写在一起。在实际运用中，一般都采用简略式。

Are you not a football fan? Aren’t you a f ootball fan?

Will she not like it? Won’t she like it?

②与汉语不同的是，英语一般疑问句否定结构的答语是否定还是肯定，全由答语的否定或肯定来决定。若答语是肯

定的，则用yes加肯定结构；若答语是否定的，则用no加否定结构。

Aren’t you a football fan? 你不是足球迷吗？

Yes, I am.

No, I am not.

Won’t she like it?

Yes, she will.

No, she won’t.

2. 特殊疑问句

特殊疑问句由―疑问代词或疑问副词+一般疑问句‖构成，句子一般用倒装语序，但如果主语是疑问代词或由疑问代词修饰时，用陈述句的语序。特殊疑问句不能用yes或no回答，读时用降调。例如：

Who is on duty today? How long have you been in Beijing?

What time do you get up every morning? What must I do now?

常用的特殊疑问句

3. 选择疑问句：选择疑问句是说话者提出两种或两种以上的不同情况，让对方选择回答的疑问句。其结构是―疑问句+选择部分‖。选择部分由or连接，or前面的部分读升调，or后面的部分读降调。

选择疑问句不能用yes或no回答，而必须具体的选择答复。

Is your bag yellow or black? It’s black.Would you like some tea or coffee? Either will do.

Which do you like better, singing or dancing? I like dancing better.

4. 反意疑问句：反意疑问句是指在陈述句之后附加一个意思与之相反的简短问句，问对方是否赞同的疑问句。附加问句的否定式必须缩写。

（1）肯定的陈述句后跟否定的附加问句，否定的陈述句后跟肯定的附加问句。

I am your teacher, aren’t I?He didn’t study hard, did he?

（2）如果陈述句中含有否定副词never（从不，决不），hardly（几乎不）或其他表示否定代词或形容词，如nothing, none no one, nobody, neither, few, little等，则附加问句只能用肯定式。如：

They hardly write to each other, do they? He has found nothing, has he? Few people knew the secret, did they? （3）当反意疑问句是―否定陈述句+肯定附加问句‖时，英语与汉语的回答习惯存在差异。英语回答时只看实际情况，若答语的具体内容是肯定的就用―Yes+肯定结构‖，答语的具体内容是否定的就用―No+否定结构‖，而译成汉语时，则必须把yes 译―不是‖，把no译成―是的‖。

---You won’t be away for long, will you? 你不会离开太久，是吗？

---Yes, I will.不，我会离开很久。

---No, I won’t.是的，我不会离开很久。

---I don’t think she’ll come by bike, will she? 我认为她不会骑自行车，会吗？

---Yes, she will.不，她会骑自行车来。

---No, she won’t.是的，她不会骑自行车来。

四. 由what, how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别

感叹句是表示喜、怒、哀、乐以及惊异等感情的句子。句末用感叹号―！‖，读时用降调，感叹句往往由what或how引导，what修饰名词，how修饰形容词，副词或动词。

1. what引导的感叹句：

（1）what + a/an +形容词+单数可数名词+陈述句（主语+谓语）

What a beautiful city it is!What an interesting story she told!

（2）what+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+陈述句（主语+谓语）

What expensive watches they are!What terrible weather it is!

2．How引导的感叹句：

（1）How+形容词/副词+陈述句（主语+谓语）How cold it is! How hard he works!

（2）How+陈述句（主语+谓语）How he loves his son!How I miss you!

（3）How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+陈述句（主语+谓语）How tall a tree it is!

（4）上述两种感叹句可以互相转换。例如：What a clever boy he is!→How clever t he boy is!

What a cold day it is!→How cold it is!

【演练】

1. ---Excuse me, _______ is the nearest bookshop? ---Go down the street and turn left at the second corner.

A. how

B. what

C. where

D. who

2. ---______ is it from our school to the Bell Tower? ---About half an hour’s bus ride. Shall we go and visit it?

A. How long

B. How often

C. How far

D. How much

3. ---Linda had nothing for breakfast this morning, _______? ---No. She got up too late.

A. had she

B. hadn’t she

C. did she

D. didn’t she

4. ---The room is so dirty. ______ we clean it? ---Of course. A. Will B. Would C. Do D. Shall

5. ---__________, sir? ---Size 41, I think A. What size do you need B. What can I do for you

C. How do you like this sh irt

D. What’s the matter with you 6. ---_______ good weather! Why not go out for a walk?

A. What

B. How

C. What a

D. How a

7. ---It’s a nice car. ______ have you been in it?--Just to Shanghai. A. How much B. How long C. How soon D. How far

8. ---_______ to the United States? ---No, never, but I went to Canada a few years ago.

A. Have you been

B. Have you gone

C. Did you go

D. Will you go

9. ---_______ were you away from school last year? ---About two weeks.

A. How often

B. How soon

C. How long

D. When

10. ---______ do you want? ---I want a CD of popular songs.

A. Which CD

B. How many CDs

C. What CD

D. How much

11. _______ is your mother, a teacher or a doctor? A. What B. Which C. Who D. whose

12. ---______ is your mother today, Jim? ---She is much better. A. How B. What C. Where D. How old

13. ---______he ______ at this school last term? ---Yes, I think so.

A. Did…study

B. Does…study

C. Was…study

D. Did…studied

14. ---_______ did you begin to learn English? ---Three years ago. A. When B. Why C. Where D. What

15. ---_____do you write to your pen-friend? ---Once a week. A. How long B. How soon C. How far D. How often

16. _______ nice flowers! Where did you pick them? A. How B. What C. What a D. How a

17. The sick man’s allowed to take a walk in the garden every day, _______? A. is he B. isn’t he C. has he D. hasn’t h e

18. ______ cros s the road before the traffic lights turn green. A. Not B. Won’t C. Don’t D. Doesn’t

19. He found nothing in the room, _________? A. doesn’t he B. does he C. didn’t he D. did he

20. You haven’t changed your mind, ________? A. do you B. are you C. have you D. did you 【练习答案】1.C 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.A 7.D 8.A 9.C 10.C 11.A 12.A 13.A 14.A 15.D 16.B 17.B 18.C 19.D 20.C

第8讲：宾语从句考点集汇，讲解和训练

一. 宾语从句的种类

宾语从句是一种名词性从句，在句中作及物动词的宾语，或介词的宾语，或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类。

1. 由that引导的宾语从句。That只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语

和非正式文体中可以省略。例如：He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.

She doesn’t know (that) she is seriously ill.I am sure (that) he will succeed.

2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词

在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如：

Do you know who (whom) they are waiting foe? He asked whose handwriting was the best.

Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is? I don’t know why the train is late.

3. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether在句中的意思是―是否‖。例如：

I want to know if (whether) he lives there. He asked me whether (if) I could help him.

二. 宾语从句的语序

宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。例如：I hear (that) physics isn’t easy. I think (that) you will like this school soon.

Can you tell me how I can get to zoo? Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting.

三. 宾语从句的时态

1. 如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句该用什麽时态就用什麽时态。例如：I don’t think (that) you are right.

Please tell us where he is. Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station? 2. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）。

例如：He asked what time it was. He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.

He asked if you had written to Peter. He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon.

3. 如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理，其时态常用一般现在时。例如：

Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year. Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun.

【演练】

1. Do you know _______ during the coming summer holiday?

A. what will Tom do

B. what did Tom do

C. what Tom will do

D. what Tom did

2. I want to know_________.

A. what is his name

B. what’s his name

C. that his name is

D. what his name is

3. Do you know ________ I could pass the exam? A. that B. whether C. what D. which

4. Jim doesn’t understand ____________. A. which is the way to the museum B. why his wife always goes shopping

C. what is the way to the museum

D. why does she always go shopping

5. ---Could you tell me ______ she is looking for? A. that B. whose C. who D. which

6. Mr. King didn’t know _______ yesterday evening. A. when does his son come home B. when his son comes home

C. when did his son come home

D. when his son came home

7. Could you tell me _______ the bike this morning?

A. how does he mend

B. how he mends

C. how he mended

D. how did he mend

8. ---I’m waiting fo r the mail. Do you know___ it will arrive? ---Usually it comes by 4: 00. A. how B. where C. when D. what

9. ---Excuse me, would you please tell me ________? ---Certainly. Go straight along here. It’s next to a hospital.

A. how we can get to the post office

B. how can we get to the post office

C. how get to the post office

D. how could we get to the post office

10. ---Can I help you? ---Yes. I’d like a ticket to Mount Emei. Can you tell me ______ take to get there?

A. how soon will it

B. how soon it will

C. how long it will

D. how long will it

11. He wanted to know ___________. A. whether he speaks at the meeting B. when the meeting would start

C. what he’s going to do at the meeting

D. where would the meeting be held

12. ---Could you tell me _________ the Bamboo Garden? ---The day after tomorrow, I think.

A. when will you visit

B. when you will visit

C. when would you visit

D. when you would visit

13. Would you please tell me _________ next, Mr Wang?

A. what should we do

B. we should do what

C. what we should do

D. should we do what

14. You can’t imagine _________ when they received these nice Christmas presents.

A. how they were excited

B. how excited they were

C. how excited were they

D. they were how excited

15. I want to know ________ you will come back at 8:00 tomorrow.

A. that

B. when

C. where

D. whether

16. ---Could you tell me ____________? ---Sorry, I don’t know. I was not at the meeting.

A. what does he say at the meeting

B. what did he say at the meeting

C. what he says at the meeting

D. what he said at the meeting

17. ---Could you tell me _________ last night? ---Er, I was watching Euro 2004 at home.

A. what you were doing

B. what were you doing

C. what you are doing

D. what are you doing

18. The teacher asked the students __________.

A. if they were interested in dinosaurs

B. when was Albert Einstein born

C. what they will do with the computers

D. how many trees they have planted

19. Every morning the patients are asked if ________ their temperature taken.

A. they had had

B. have they had

C. they have had

D. had they had

20. It’s up to you to decide _______ you’ll go there, by air or by road. how B. why C. that D. when

【练习答案】1.C 2.D 3.B 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.C 8.C 9.A 10.C 11.B 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.D 16.D 17.A 18.A 19.C 20.A

第9讲：状语从句的考点集汇，讲解和训练

【名师点睛】

用来修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，让步状语从句。

1. 时间状语从句

(1)时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。例如：

It was raining hard when got to school yesterday. While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang.

As he walked along the lake, he sang happily. He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China.

After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory.

(2)在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如I’ll ring you up as soon as I get to New York.

I will tell him everything when he comes back. He won’t believe it until he sees it wi th his own eyes.

(3)在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是―一直到……时‖，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是―直到……才……‖, ―在……以前不……‖, 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如：

The young man read till the light went out. Let’s wait until the rain stops.

We won’t start until Bob comes.Don’t get off until the bus stops.

2. 条件状语从句

(1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如：What shall we do if it snows tomorrow? Don’t leave the building unless I tell you to.

(2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：

I’ll help you with your English if am free tomorrow.He won’t be late unless he is ill.

(3)―祈使句+ and (or)+ 陈述句‖ 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如：

Hurry up, or you’ll be late.=If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late.

Study hard and you will pass the exam. =If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

3. 原因状语从句

(1)原因状语从句通常由because, since, as引导。例如：

He didn’t come to school because he was ill.As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo.

Since you can’t answer the question, I’ll ask someone else.

(2)because表示直接原因，语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题，只能用because。As和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。例如：

------Why aren’t going there?------Because I don’t want to.

As he has no car, he can’t get there easily.Since we have no money, we can’t buy it.

(3)because和so不能同用在一个句子里。

4. 结果状语从句

(1)结果状语从句由so…that, such…that, so that引导。例如：He is so poor that he can’t buy a bike for his son.

She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her. My pencil fell under the desk, so that I couldn’t see it.

(2)so…that语such...that可以互换。例如：

在由so...that引导的结果状语从句中，so是副词，与形容词连用。其结构是: ―...so + 形容词（副词）+ that + 从句‖。例如：He was so glad that he couldn’t say a word.

The hall is so big that it can hold 2,000 people. Mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her.

在由such…that引导的结果状语从句中，such是形容词，它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词，也可不带。如果是单数可数名词，前面需加不定冠词a或an。例如：

It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything. He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.

He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the mid-term.

有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。例如：

It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again. =The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again.

It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it. =The match is so important that nobody wants to miss it.

(3)如果名词前由many, much, little, few等词修饰时，只能用so, 不用such。例如：

Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses. He has so little time that he can’t go to the cinema with you. 5. 比较状语从句

比较状语从句通常由as…as, 比较级+ than…等连词引导。例如：

Tom runs faster than John does. This classroom is as big as that one.

6. 目的状语从句

(1)目的状语从句通常由so that, in order that引导。例如：We started early so that we could catch the first train.

He studies hard so that he could work better in the future. We used the computer in order that we might save time.

(2)so that既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个：1)目的状语从句里往往带有情态

动词can, could, may, might等。2)从意思上看，目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。例如：

Speak clearly so that they may understand you. (目的状语从句) Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest. (结果状语从句) 7. 让步状语从句

(1)让步状语从句通常由although, though等连词引导。例如：

Though he is young, he knows a lot. Although I am tired, I must go on working.

(2)although(though)不能用在同一个句子中。例如：我们不能说：Though it was raining hard, but he still went out.

应该说：Though it was raining hard, he still went out.或It was raining hard, but he still went out.

8. 地点状语从句

地点状语从句常常由where来引导。例如：Go where you like. Where there is a will, there is a way.

【演练】

一. 单项填空

1. _______ he’s old, he can still carry this heavy bag. A. Though B. Since C. For D. So

2. ---Do you know if he _______ to play basket ball with us? ---I think he will come if he ______ free tomorrow.

A. comes; is

B. comes; will be

C. will come; is

D. will come; will be

3. In the zoo if a child _____ into the water and can’t swim, the dolphins may come up ______ him.

A. will fall; to help

B. falls; to help

C. will fall; help

D. falls; helping

4. I don’t remember ________ he worked in that city when he was young. A. what B. which C. where D. wh o

5. We will stay at home if my aunt ________ to visit us tomorrow. A. comes B. come C. will come D. is coming

6. The police asked the children _______ cross the street ________ the traffic lights turned green.

A. not; before

B. don’t; when

C. not to; until

D. not; after

7. I was late for class yesterday _______ there was something wrong with my bike. A. when B. that C. until D. because

8. I’ll go swimming with you if I ________ free tomorrow. A. will be B. shall be C. am D. was

9. In the exam, the ________ you are, ______ the _______ mistakes you will make.

A. careful; little

B. more careful; fewest

C. more careful; fewer

D. more careful; less

10. You should finish your lessons _______ you go out to paly. A. before B. after C. when D. while

11. I hurried _____ I wouldn’t be late for class. A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless

12. When you read the book, you’d better make a mark _______ you have any questions.

A. which

B. that

C. where

D. though

13. The teacher raised his voice _______ all the students could hear him. A. for B. so that C. because D. in order

14. He took off his coat _______ he felt hot. A. because B. as C. if D. since

15. It is ______ that we’d like to go out for a walk.

A. a lovely day

B. too lovely a day

C. so lovely a day

D. such lovely a day

16. Mary had ______ much work to do that she stayed at her office all day. A. such B. so C. too D. very

17. _______ I felt very tired, I tried to finish the work. A. Although B. Because C. As D. As if

18. ______ the day went on, the weather got worse A. With B. Since C. While D. As

19. ______ well you can drive, you must drive carefully.

A. So long as

B. In order that

C. No matter how

D. The moment

20. Write to me as soon as you ________ to Beijing. A. will get B. get C. getting D. got

【练习答案 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.C 9.C 10.A 11.B 12.C 13.B 14.A 15.C 16.B 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.B

第10讲：定语从句的考点集汇，讲解和训练

一. 定语从句的功用和结构

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例如：

This is the present that he gave me for my birthday. Do you know everybody who came to the party?

I still remember the night when I first came to the village? This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived.

二. 关系代词和关系副词的功用

关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系待客做主语，宾语，定语，关系副词可作状语。

1. 作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例如：

I don’t like people who talk much but do little.The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.

2. 作宾语：

She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday. The book that my grandmother gave me is called ―The Great Escape‖.

3. 作定语

关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。例如：

What’s the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.

4. 作状语I’ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.This is the house where I was born.

三. 各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法

1. who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。例如：The person who broke the window must pay for it.

The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.

2. whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。例如：

Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate？Mr Lee (whom) you want to see has come.

3. whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。例如：

The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today. I know the boy whose father is a professor.

4. which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。例如：

A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words. Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.

5. that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如：

I’ve read the newspaper that(which) carries the important news. Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there?

6. when 指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例如：I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.

He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.

7. where 指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例如：

This is the house where we lived last year. The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.

四. 关系代词whom，which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑

也可以将whom 与which 与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面，如：

That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.

五. 具体使用时还要注意下列问题： 1. 只能使用that,不用which 的情况：

(1) 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。例如：All that he said is true.

(2) 先行词被only, no, any, all,等词修饰时。例如：He is the only foreigner that has been to that place.

(3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如：He was the second (person) that told me the secret.

(4) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。This is the best book (that) I have read this year.

(5) 先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如：He talked about the people and the things he remembered.

2. 只能用which，不用that 的情况：

(1) 在非限制性定语从中。例如：The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.

(2) 定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。例如：The thing about which he is talking is of great importance. 【演练】

1. ---Who is the man _______ was talking to our English teacher? ---Oh! It’s Mr Baker, our maths teacher.

A. he

B. that

C. whom

D. which

2. I hate the people ________ don’t help others when they are in trouble. A. wh o B. which C. they D. where

3. The foreigner _________ visited our school is from Canada. A. which B. when C. who D. whom

4. George Mallory was an English school teacher _______ loved climbing. A. who B. whom C. he D. which

5. This is the place _____I have ever visited. A. there B. when C. where D. which

6. Nobody knows the reason ______ she didn’t come to the meeting. A. that B. which C. why D. when

7. The moon is a world ______ there is no life. A. that B. which C. where D. why

8. He has forgotten the day _______ he arrived. A. when B. where C. that D. which

9. He still remembers the days ______ he spent with your family. A. when B. where C. that D. on which

10. Mr. White, ______ car had been stolen, came to the policeman. A. who B. that C. whose D. which

11. He got to the village _______ his family once lived before liberation. A. that B. which C. when D. where

12. This is the house _______ I want to buy. A. in which B. that C. whose D. where

13. This is the house _______ our beloved Premier Zhou once lived and worked. A. which B. that C. when D. where

14. He didn’t tell me the place _______ he was born. A. that B. which C. when D. where

15. He lived in a small village, ______ was a long way from the railway station. A. that B. which C. where D. when

【练习答案】

1.B

2.A

3.C

4.A

5.D

6.C

7.C

8.A

9.C 10.C 11.D 12.B 13.D 14.D 15.B

第11讲：主谓一致的考点集汇，讲解和训练

谓语受主语支配，须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这叫做主谓一致。主谓一致一般遵循三条原则：语法一致原则，意义一致原则和就近一致原则。

1. 语法一致的原则

（1）以单数名词或代词，动词不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词要用单数;主语为复数时，谓语用复数，例如：He goes to school early every morning. The children are playing outside. To work hard is necessary for a student.

（2）由and或both……and连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语动词用复数。

例如：Both he and I are right. Mr Black and Mrs Black have a son called Tom.

但并列主语如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数。例如：

His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl. The poet and writer has come.

（3）由and连接的并列单数主语之前如果分别由each, every修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education. Each man and each woman is asked to help. （4）主语是单数时，尽管后面跟有but ,except, besides, with 等介词短语，谓语动词仍用单数。例如：The teacher with his students is going to visit the museum.

Nobody but two boys was late for class. Bread and butter is a daily food in the west.

（5）一些只有复数形式的名词，如people, police, cattle, clothes等作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。例如：

A lot of people are dancing outside. The police are looking for lost boy.

（6）由each, some, any, no, every 构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词都用单数。例如：

Is everybody ready? Somebody is using the phone.

（7）有两部分构成的物体的名词，如glasses, shoes, trousers, chopsticks, scissors 等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。例如：Where are my shoes? I can’t find them. Your trousers are dirty. You’d better change them.

如果这类名词前用了a pair of等，则往往用作单数，谓语动词的单复数形式往往取决于pair的单复数形式。例如：Here are some new pairs of shoes. My new pair of socks is on the bed.

2. 意义一致的原则

（1）表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。例如：

Twenty years is not a long time. Ten dollars is too dear.

（2）有些集合名词，如family, team等作主语时，如作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数；如指其中每个成员，则用复数。

例如：My family is big one. My family are watching TV.

（3）不定代词由all, most, more, some, any, none作主语时，也要依这些代词表示的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如果代词代表复数可数名词，谓语动词用复数；如果代词代表单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。例如：All of the work has been finished. All of the people have gone.

（4）疑问代词作主语时，其谓语动词也有两种情况：主语表示复数意义，谓语动词用复数；主语表示单数意义，则谓语动词用单数。例如：Who is your brother? Who are League members?

（5）―分数或百分数+of+名词‖构成的词组作主语时，其谓语动词要以of后面的名词而定。名词是复数，谓语动词用复数：名词是单数，谓语动词用单数。例如：

It is said that 35 per cent of the doctors are women. Three –fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.

（6）half, the rest等表示不定数量的名词作主语时，如果所指为复数意义，动词用复数；如果所指为单数意义，动词用单数。

例如：I have read a large part of the book, the rest is more difficult.

Only ten students attended the class because all the rest were off sick.

（7）由what 引导地主于从句作主语时，通常谓语动词用单数形式。但如果所指内容为复数意义时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：What she said is correct. What she left me are a few old books.

（8）凡是以―定冠词+形容词（或分词）‖作主语，往往根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如果这种主语指的是一类人，谓语动词用复数；如果指的是一个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：

The sick have been cured and the lost have been found. The dead is a famous person.

3. 邻近一致的原则

（1）由连词or, either……or, neither……nor, not only…b ut also,等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，则谓语动词按就近一致原则，与最靠近它的主语一致。例如：

Either you or I am right. Neither the children nor the teacher knows anything about it.

（2）在―There be‖ 句型中，谓语动词和靠近的主语一致。There are two apples and one egg in it.

（3）as well as 和名词连用时，谓语动词和第一个名词相一致。He as well as I is responsible for it.

不但是我，他对这件事也有责任。

（4）以here开头的句子，其谓语动词和靠近的主语一致。Here is a letter and some books for you.

【演练】

1. They said the eighteenth and last lesson _______ quite easy. A. is B. was C. are D. were

2. ---When are you going to Kumming for your holidays? ---I haven’t decided. ______ this Sunday ______ next Sunday is OK.

A. Both; and

B. Either; or

C. Neither; nor

D. Not only; but also

3. ______ Helen ______ Joan speaks beautiful Chinese after they came to China.

A. Neither; nor

B. Not only; but also

C. Both; and

D. A and B

4. _______ of them has his own opinion. A. Both B. Some C. Every D. Each

5. Are there any _______ on the farm? A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep

6. My shirt _____ white and my trousers _____ blue.

A. are; are

B. are; is

C. is; is

D. is; are

7. ------Two months _______ quite a long time. ------Yes. I’m afraid that he will miss a lot of lessons.

A. is

B. are

C. was

D. were

8. The old man has two children but _____ of them lives with him. A. both B. none C. neither D. all

9. Our knowledge of computer _____ growing all the time. A. be B. is C. are D. were

10. Everyone except Tom and John _____ there when the meeting began. A. is B. was C. are D. were

11. Most of the houses _______ this year. A. has built B. have built C. has been built D. have been built

12. I think maths _____ very difficult to learn. A. is B. are C. has D. have

13. A large number of students _____ to work in Xingjiang. A. have gone B. has gone C. goes D. is going

14. The number of the students in the class ______ small. A. are B. is C. have D. were

15. There _____ a lot of good news in today’s newspaper. A. is B. are C. was D. were

【练习答案】 1. B 2.B 3.D 4.D 5.D 6.D 7.A 8.C 9.B 10.B11.D 12.A 13.A 14.B 15.A

第12讲：短语动词和句型的考点集汇，讲解和训练

1. 短语动词的分类

(1)动词＋介词

常见的有look for, look after, ask for, laugh at, hear of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：

初高中英语衔接教学探究

初高中英语衔接教学探究 江有燕四川省东电中学 内容摘要：由初中升入高一，学生之间英语水平相差较大，不同的学校班级，语音、语调也有所差异，加之新教材中的词汇量巨增，语法难度增大，老师又几乎完全用英语授课，使学生很难适应高一英语的学习。高一又是初中向高中过渡阶段，易造成两级分化，怎样才能使学生顺利完成从初中向高中英语过度呢？我认为高一英语老师要做两点：一，抓住英语的三要素：语音、词汇和语法。二、教授正确的学习方法，培养学生良好的学习习惯。 由初中升入高一，学生之间英语水平相差较大，不同的学校班级，语音、语调也有所差异，加之新教材中的词汇量巨增，语法难度增大，老师又几乎完全用英语授课，使学生很难适应高一英语的学习。而高一又是初中向高中过渡阶段，易造成两级分化，怎样才能使学生顺利完成从初中向高中英语过度呢？我认为高一英语老师要做两点：一，抓住英语的三要素教学：语音、词汇和语法。二、教授正确的学习方法，培养学生良好的学习习惯。 一，英语的三要素教学：语音、词汇和语法 1.语音教学 语言是交流思想的工具，而语言首先是有声的，也就是说，有声语言是第一性的。正是通过人的发音器官发出声音，凭借这有声语言，才能达到交流思想的目的。儿童学习祖国的语言，往往是从学拼音入手，掌握语言有声的方面。学一门外国语，也同样应从语音入手，这是学习这门外国语的基础。在英语中，语音和语法，构词法，拼法都有关系。要全面地，较巩固地学好一门外语，必须有声地来掌握该门语言，也就是，首先应该掌握语音。我们的很多学生初中时没有系统的学习语音。所以我们可以入校时从语音开始教学，从元音音素和辅音音素到词的音节和读法。反复练习典型词汇和绕口令，使学生迅速掌握发音。 2.词汇教学 对于中国学生来讲，无论是听、说、读、写，还是参加考试，必须掌握大量的词汇。词汇在外语学习中至关重要。首先巩固初中的词汇，因为中考后的假期让学生遗忘了很多。二是适当让学生掌握英语词语的结构，学会英语的构词法。这样能使词汇量扩大一倍，甚至两倍。 3.语法教学 学习任何一门外语，语法都是非常必要的。我们可以系统复习初中语法知识，相对高中语法来说还比较简单，但却是基础。如英语名词的单、复数之分，复数名词词尾加-s/-es，个别名词的复数变化不规则。格的变化很简单，只是所有格在名词后面加-’s和某些代词的变格。形容词、副词有比较级（原级后加-er）

初中英语语法大全知识点总结

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新课改下初中与高中英语的衔接问题

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（3）作及物动词的直接宾语，例： Can you ride a bicycle?（你会骑自行车吗？） （4）作介词的宾语，例： You can go by taxi．（你可以乘出租车去。） 第二部分：名词单复数-单数变复数 一、绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式，是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。 读音变化：结尾是清辅音读[s]，结尾是浊辅音或元音读[z]。 例：friend→friends; cat→cats; style→styles; sport→sports; piece→pieces 二、凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词，在该词末尾加上后辍-es构成复数。 读音变化：统一加读[iz]。 例：bus→buses; quiz→quizzes; fox→foxes; match→matches; flash→flashes 三、以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，将y改变为i，再加-es。 读音变化：加读[z]。 例：candy→candies; daisy→daisies; fairy→fairies; lady→ladies; story→stories 四、以-o结尾的名词，如果不是外来词或缩写，就加-es，否则加-s构成复数。 读音变化：加读[z]。 例：tomato→tomatoes; potato→potatoes; torpedo→torpedoes; bingo→bingoes 反例：silo→silos; piano→pianos（外来词）; photo→photos; macro→macros（缩写词）五、以-f或-fe结尾的名词，多为将-f或-fe改变为-ves，但有例外。 读音变化：尾音[f]改读[vz]。 例：knife→knives; life→lives; leaf→leaves; staff→staves; scarf→scarves 反例：roof→roofs 还有一些不规则变化，请参照中学英语频道相关文章。 第三部分：名词所有格 A. 's用在单数名词以及不以s结尾的复数名词之后： a man's jo b 男人的活儿

初高中英语衔接资料概要

岳池一中高2014级

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