文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › sdarticle

sdarticle

sdarticle
sdarticle

Separation and Puri?cation Technology

56 (2007) 291–295

Extraction and puri?cation of solanesol from tobacco

(I).Extraction and silica gel column chromatography

separation of solanesol

De-Song Tang a,Lin Zhang a,?,Huan-Lin Chen a,Yue-Rong Liang b,

Jian-Liang Lu b,Hui-Ling Liang c,Xin-Qiang Zheng b

a Institute of Bioengineering,College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering,

Zhejiang University,Hangzhou310027,China

b Tea Research Institute,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou310029,China

c College of Horticulture,South China Agriculture University,Guangzhou510642,China

Received13June2006;received in revised form2January2007;accepted17January2007

Abstract

Solanesol,a main polyprenol occurred in tobacco,has gained the attention of biochemists because of its value as a source of isoprene units for the synthesis of metabolically active quinones and vitamin K analogs.This article deals with extraction and purifyication of solanesol.Ground tobacco leaf was extracted with petroleum ether in50?C water bath under re?ux for2h,and then?ltrated,the powder leaf was re-extracted successively with petroleum ether and the extracts were pooled and concentrated to get pasty residue.The residue was saponi?ed and subsequently loaded onto silica gel column chromatography.The chemical was eluted using a binary solvent mixture of petroleum ether–acetone(90:10, v/v)and the eluent was collected by fraction size of5ml.Tentative identi?cation was carried out using TLC.The fractions mainly contained solanesol were pooled and dried by rotary evaporation.The yield of solenosol was0.38%of the dry weight of tobacco leaf,and the purity was83.04%.

? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords:Solanesol;Extraction;Separation;Silica gel column chromatography

1.Introduction

Solanesol,a polyisoprenoid alcohol(Fig.1),was?rst isolated from?ue-cured tobacco in1956by Rowland et al.[1].Solanesol occurs in both free and esteri?ed forms[2],numerous authors [3–9]have investigated both the free and esteri?ed solanesol content of tobacco and found concentrations ranging up to4% of the dry leaf weight for the free alcohol,making solanesol the most abundant tobacco terpenoid.Furthermore,solanesol has been shown to be present in the lamina of tobacco leaf while absent from the stem and stalk[4].

The solanesol content of tobacco depends upon a number of factors including the type and variety of tobacco,stalk position, duration of growth and method of curing.The increase in free solanesol closely corresponds to the decrease in solanesyl esters ?Corresponding author.Tel.:+8657187952121;fax:+8657187952121.

E-mail address:linzhang@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/753864188.html,(L.Zhang).during curing[6].Burton et al.[10]made a similar study of Ken-tucky14burley tobacco and found that free solanesol increases monotonically during growth and continues to increase during air curing.

Polyisoprenoid alcohols are found in diverse life forms including higher plants,mammalian tissues and microorgan-isms.Many other polyprenols consist of both cis and trans units but solanesol is recognized to be composed of all trans isoprene units.Solanesol is primarily found in plants from the Solanaceae family,particularly tobacco.

A total synthesis of solanesol has been reported[11,12],in which cis and trans forms of the alcohol were obtained.The nat-ural occured isomer was trans form[12].Solanesol has gained much attention nowadays because of its value as a source of iso-prene units for the synthesis of metabolically active quinones, such as coenzyme Q10[13,14].The objective of this investiga-tion is to develop a method of extraction and separation solanesol from tobacco.

1383-5866/$–see front matter? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2007.01.040

292 D.-S.Tang et al./Separation and Puri?cation Technology

56 (2007) 291–295

Fig.1.Molecular structure of solanesol.

2.Materials and methods

2.1.Chemicals and materials

The analytical standard of solanesol was obtained from J&K Chemical Ltd.,with purity of>90%;solvents for HPLC mobile phases were of HPLC grade,obtained from Tianjin Shield Co.,China;silica gel was from Yandangshan Chemical Co., Zhejiang,China;other reagents were of analytical grade.The ?ue-cured tobacco leaves were obtained from Laifeng County, China.

2.2.Extraction of solanesol

Flue-cured tobacco leaves were dried at80?C for4h,ground and passed through a40-mesh sieve.About500g ground leaf powder were extracted using3l petroleum ether in a water bath at50?C under re?ux for2h,and?ltered.The residue was re-extracted successively with petroleum ether.The petroleum ether extracts were combined and concentrated using rotary vacuum evaporator at40?C to get pasty residue.The residue was saponi?ed with10%ethanolic potassium hydroxide(50ml) overnight at room temperature and then extracted with petroleum ether,washed free of alkali,concentrated and again dried by rotary evaporation.The dried extract was stored at?20?C in an air tight container.

2.3.Silica gel low-pressure chromatography

The crude solanesol was dissolved in petroleum ether at a ratio of10:1(v/w)of petroleum ether-to-crude solanesol.The solution was applied to a silica gel column(30cm×2.0cm i.d.),which was preconditioned with petroleum ether.The col-umn was eluted employing petroleum ether–acetone(90:10, v/v).The eluent was collected by fraction size of5ml and tentative identi?cation was carried out using TLC.The frac-tions containing solanesol were pooled and dried by rotary evaporation.

2.4.TLC detection

Silica gel plates were home made and activated at120?C for 1h before used.Ten microliters of each fraction collected from column chromatography along with solanesol standard solution was loaded to the marked points about10mm from the bottom of silica plate.The plates were developed in petroleum ether–ethyl acetate(80:20,v/v)at room temperature and the separated spots were visualized by iodine fume[15].Ingredients of each fraction were compared with standard for identi?cation.Recordation was made by digital camera(NIKON-COOLPIX2100).2.5.HPLC analysis

The Shimadzu HPLC system(Shimadzu SCL-10A,Shi-madzu Cooperation,Tokyo,Japan)with auto sampler was employed in the present study.A Diamonsil TM C18column (150mm×4.6mm,i.d.)was used at column temperature of 30?C and the injection volume was10?l.A binary solvent mixture of acetonitrile–isopropanol(60:40,v/v)was used as mobile phase and measurements were performed at a?ow rate of 1.0ml/min,Detection was done by a Shimadzu SPD ultraviolet detector set at210nm.

2.6.ESI-MS experiment

ESI-MS experiments were performed on a Bruker Esquire 3000plus(Bremen,Germany)in positive ionization mode ana-lyzing ions from50m/z up to2200m/z.

2.7.Data statistics

All tests in the present paper were carried out in duplicate and the mean values were presented.Statistics was carried out on Statistical Analysis System(Version8.01,SAS Institute Inc.).

3.Results and discussion

3.1.Selection of extractant

Numerous classical methods have been reported on the of solanesol extraction from tobacco leaves[16–21]and many sol-vents were employed such as petroleum ether[16],acetone[17] and n-hexane[21].In order to evaluate the solvents’extract ability,1g of ground leaf powder were extracted using80ml solvent in a water bath at50?C under re?ux for2h,and ?ltered.The residue was washed.The extract and washings were combined and dried by rotary evaporation.The dried extract was carefully weighed and the solanesol content was determined by HPLC analysis.The percentage extraction of solanesol(w/w)was counted as:extract rate(%)=(weight of extracted solanesol/weight of tobacco leaf samples)×100%. The solanesol content in extract was counted as:solanesol con-tent in extract(%)=(weight of extracted solanesol/total weight of tobacco extract)×100%.

Results indicated that petroleum ether and hexane have good extract ability for solanesol and the content of solanesol in the crude tobacco extract was higher than those obtained using other solvents(Table1).It suggested that solanesol could be selec-tively extracted by petroleum ether and hexane with much less impurities than extracted using other solvents,which could make the subsequent puri?cation easier.Petroleum ether is preferred because it much cheaper than hexane.

3.2.TLC detection of solanesol

TLC is routinely used for qualitative examination of solanesol [22,23].TLC used here was also helpful in tentative identi?ca-tion of solanesol purity in each fraction(Fig.2),and was ef?cient

D.-S.Tang et al./Separation and Puri?cation Technology 56 (2007) 291–295

293

Table 1

Extract ability comparison of different solvents on extraction of solanesol Extractant

Petroleum ether Hexane Acetone 80%acetone in water Extract rate (%)

0.75A a 0.72B 0.71B 0.69B Solanesol content in extract (%)

5.76A

5.75A

2.58B

0.98C

a

Values with the same letters (A–C)are not signi?cantly different (compared using Tukey’s Test in Statistical Analysis

System).

Fig.2.Thin-layer co-chromatogram of standard (0),original sample (0 )and eluted fractions from silica gel column chromatography (from 1to 25).

to detect many samples in one time.Real-time monitoring is use-ful in column chromatography separation process,but TLC is a cheap alterative method to analyze the eluent fractions in the absence of such a monitor.

Visualization could be carried out by spraying with sulfuric acid–anisaldehyde–glacial acetic acid (5:5:90,v/v/v)at 110?C [23],Using iodine fume to visualize is time saving with heating unnecessary,but recordation should be made soon since iodine is prone to evaporation.

3.3.Free and total solanesol content in tobacco leaves Solanesol occurs in both free and esteri?ed forms [2].Scholtzhauer et al.[24]isolated solanesyl esters fractions.Saponi?cation of the solanesyl esters fractions in 10%KOH/ethanol yielded a series of fatty acids and solanesol.Rowland and Latimer [25]found that solanesol combined with palmitic,linoleic,linolenic,myristic and oleic acids and two unidenti?ed acids.It was also reported that solanesol occurs as the acetate,octanoate,decanoate and in combination with fatty acids such as stigmasterol and ?-sitosterol [2].

The extract of tobacco employed in this experiment was ana-lyzed before and after saponi?cation to give the free and total solanesol content.The content of free and total solanesol were 0.66%(Fig.3A)and 0.79%(Fig.3B),respectively,in the mate-rial of the experiment.3.4.Selection of eluent

After the crude solanesol solution was loaded onto the col-umn,petroleum ether was added when the sample solution layer went down almost to the surface of the column bed.The objec-tive is to keep the solanesol in as small a volume as possible to diminish band broadening and to prevent the separation from initiating before the entire sample solution has reached the adsor-bent top.The eluent could be selected according to the method mentioned by Rodriguez-Amaya [26].After the petroleum ether

reached the surface of the column bed,develop the silica gel col-umn successively with petroleum ether and then 2,5,8,10,15and 20%acetone in petroleum ether.

Solanesol could not be eluted by petroleum ether,and with lower concentration of acetone in petroleum,it could be eluted but large amount of eluent was needed.In present investigation,10%acetone in petroleum ether was good at separation of solanesol on the silica gel column,while

the

Fig.3.HPLC chromatograms of:(A)before and (B)after saponi?cation of petroleum ether extract of tobacco and (C)solanesol isolated using silica gel column chromatography.

294 D.-S.Tang et al./Separation and Puri?cation Technology 56 (2007) 291–295 acetone concentration in petroleum ether higher than10%,

solanesol moved downed too quickly and could not be separated

from other components.

3.5.Purity and yield of solanesol by silica column

chromatography

Silica gel chromatography had been investigated for sepa-

rating the hexane extract of?ue-cured tobacco[27].Pigments

and some impurities in crude solanesol were eluted before

solanesol using solvent of petroleum ether–acetone(90:10,v/v).

The fractions which mainly contained solanesol were combined,

concentrated and1.92g solanesol was obtained with purity of

83.04%(Fig.3C),the yield was0.38%calculated from the

formula as:

Y(%)=W S

T

×100,(1)

where W S and W T are the weight of extracted solanesol and ground tobacco leaves,respectively.

The total content of solanesol in tobacco leaves employed in this study was0.79%(Fig.3B)and recovery rate of solanesol was42.31%calculated from the formula as:

R(%)=W S×p S

W T×p T

×100,(2)

where p S and p T are the purity of solanesol in the extracted sample and in the ground tobacco leaves,respectively.

3.6.Molecular validation for the isolate

The ESI-MS of the isolate indicated a molecular ion at m/z 653.6[M–H–Na]+.It was in agreement with that reported by Du et al.[28].

4.Conclusion

One method of extraction and separation of solanesol from tobacco was established.Flue-cured tobacco extracts was sub-jected to silica gel column chromatography and was eluted using a binary solvent mixture of petroleum ether–acetone(90:10, v/v).The eluent was collected by fraction size of5ml and ten-tative identi?cation was carried out using TLC.The fractions containing solanesol were pooled and dried by rotary evapora-tion and obtained solanesol with purity of83.04%,the yield was 0.38%.But further puri?cation is necessary before it was used for the synthesis of ubiquinones and vitamin K analogs. Acknowledgement

The authors gratefully acknowledge the donation of?ue-cured tobacco from Mr.Zihua Xiang,Laifeng County. References

[1]R.L.Rowland,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/753864188.html,timer,J.A.Giles,Flue-cured,I.Tobacco,Isolation

of solanesol,an unsaturated alcohol,J.Am.Chem.Soc.78(18)(1956) 4680–4683.

[2]R.L.Stedman,Chemical composition of tobacco and tobacco smoke,

Chem.Rev.68(2)(1968)153–207.

[3]B.H.Woolen,D.H.Jones,Analytical methods for tobacco lipids.1.A

rapid method for the estimation of solanesol by thin-layer densitometry,J.

Chromatogr.61(1971)180–182.

[4]R.F.Severson,J.J.Ellington,P.F.Schlotzhauer,R.F.Arrendale,A.I.Schep-

artz,Gas chromatographic method for the determination of free and total solanesol in tobacco,J.Chromatogr.139(1977)269–282.

[5]J.J.Ellington,P.F.Schlotzhauer,A.I.Schepartz,Quantitation of hexane-

extractable lipids in serial samples of?ue-cured tobaccos,J.Agric.Food Chem.26(1)(1978)270–273.

[6]S.J.Sheen,D.L.Davis,D.W.DeJong,J.F.Chaplin,Gas–liquid chromato-

graphic quanti?cation of solanesol in chlorophyll mutants of tobacco,J.

Agric.Food Chem.26(1)(1978)259–262.

[7]R.F.Severson,J.J.Ellington,R.F.Arrendale,M.E.Snook,Quantitative

gas chromatographic method for the analysis of aliphatic hydrocarbons, terpenes,fatty alcohols,fatty acids and sterols in tobacco,J.Chromatogr.

160(1978)155–168.

[8]R.F.Severson,R.F.Arrendale,J.F.Chaplin,E.Ralph,Williamson,Use of

pale-yellow tobacco to reduce smoke polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, J.Agric.Food Chem.27(4)(1979)896–900.

[9]J.B.Wooten,Direct detection of solanesol in tobacco by proton and carbon-

13magic angle spinning NMR,J.Agric.Food Chem.33(3)(1985) 419–425.

[10]A.R.Burton,G.Childs,J.L.Sims,L.Walton,38th Tobacco Chemists’

Research Conference,Atlanta,GA,1984.

[11]R.R¨u egg,U.Gloor,R.N.Goel,G.Ryser,O.Wiss,O.Isler,Synthese

von Ubichinon(45)und Ubichinon(50),Helv.Chim.Acta42(7)(1959) 2616–2621.

[12]R.R¨u egg,U.Gloor,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/753864188.html,ngemann,M.Ko?er,C.von Planta,G.Ryser,

O.Isler,Die totalsynthese von Solanesol,Helv.Chim.Acta43(6)(1960) 1745–1751.

[13]B.H.Lipshutz,P.Mollard,S.S.Pfeiffer,W.Chrisman,A.Short,Highly

ef?cient synthesis of coenzyme Q10,J.Am.Chem.Soc.124(2002) 14282–14283.

[14]B.H.Lipshutz,A.Lower,V.Berl,K.Schein,F.Wetterich,An improved

synthesis of the“miracle nutrient”coenzyme Q10,Org.Lett.7(19)(2005) 4095–4097.

[15]W.Xia,D.H.Yu,X.Z.Chen,Isolation of solanesol from discarded tobacco

extracts,Chin.J.Pharmaceut.34(7)(2003)328–329.

[16]B.Cen,W.Duan,S.Zhao,Study on new technology of extracting solanesol

from abandoned tobacco leaves,J.Guangxi Univ.(Nat.Sci.Ed.)27(3) (2002)240–242.

[17]X.Q.Sun,J.Zhao,C.J.Wang,B.S.Chen,Study on extraction of solanesol

from discard tobacco leaves,J.Henan Univ.(Nat.Sci.)25(2)(1995) 37–40.

[18]H.Wei,H.M.Mi,Z.L.Liu,Extraction and separation of solanesol from

Nicotiana tobacum by supercritical?uid extraction and silica gel col-umn chromatography,Chin.Tradit.Herbal Drugs36(5)(2005)690–692.

[19]M.Keca,S.Gross,I.Malnar,Z.Kalodera,R.Malojcic,Isolation of

solanesol from tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.)by classic extraction and ultrasound extraction,Farmaceutski Glasnik53(6)(1997)173–182.

[20]W.Yao,R.Wu,H.Luan,Extraction of solanesol with SOT from abandoned

tobacco dross,Sub-Inst.Fine Chem.Eng.4(4)(1995)93–96.

[21]O.S.Park,Isolation of solanesol from Korean native tobacco,Saengyak

Hakhoechi12(4)(1981)211–214.

[22]L.Li,Z.Y.Ma,Q.X.Qian,X.D.Cong,Determining the content of solanesol

in tobacco leaves using TLC scanning,Chin.Tradit.Herbal Drugs33(5) (2002)420–421.

[23]B.H.Woollen,D.H.Jones,Analytical methods for tobacco lipids.Rapid

method for the estimation of solanesol by thin-layer densitometry,J.Chro-matogr.61(1)(1971)180–182.

[24]W.S.Scholtzhauer,R.F.Severson,O.T.Chortyk,R.F.Arrendale,Pyrolytic

formation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum ether extractable constituents of?ue-cured tobacco leaf,J.Agric.Food Chem.

24(5)(1976)992–997.

D.-S.Tang et al./Separation and Puri?cation Technology 56 (2007) 291–295295

[25]R.L.Rowland,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/753864188.html,timer,Flue-cured tobacco.IV.Isolation of solanesyl

esters,Tobacco Int.3(1959)1–3.

[26]D.B.Rodriguez-Amaya,A Guide to Carotenoid Analysis in Foods,ILSI

Press,2001.

[27]C.E.Cook,E.T.Margaret,C.R.Tallent,H.Ingeborg,G.Heunisch,J.B.

Lewis,M.E.Wall,An examination of the hexane extract of?ue-cured

tobacco involving gel permeation chromatograph,Phytochemistry8(6) (1969)1025–1033.

[28]Q.Du,D.Wang,I.Yoichiro,Preparation of solanesol from a tobacco

leaf extract using high speed countercurrent chromatography,J.Liquid Chromatogr.Relat.Technol.29(2006)2587–2592.

旅游与文化 翻译

旅游与文化I Part I 1.charming autumn scenery in a most fresh air and clear weather 秋高气爽,秋色宜人 2.the 15th General Assembly Session of the World Tourism Organization 世界旅游组织第15届全体大会3.to travel ten thousand li and read ten thousand books 读万卷书,行万里路 4.enriching themselves mentally and physically 承天地之灵气,接山水之精华 5.tourist arrival 旅游人数 6.foreign currency receipts 外汇收入 7.outbound tourists 出境旅游人数 8.unique, rich and varied tourism resources 得天独厚的旅游资源 9.World Cultural and Natural Heritages sites 世界文化遗产地和世界自然遗产地 10.t o add radiance and charm to each other 交相辉映 11.a thriving modern metropolis 繁华的现代化大都市 12.a patchwork of cottages 村舍星罗棋布 13.t o exist side by side 鳞次栉比 14.I nternational Architecture Exhibition 万国建筑博览会 15.c lock towers and turrets , marble pillars 钟塔、角楼和大理石柱 16.e ach representing a distinctively individual appearance 风格迥异,各领风骚 17.t he rainy season 梅雨季节 18.t o linger longer 留连忘返 19.e xcellence, elegance and the best quality 卓越超群,富丽堂皇,一流质量 20.e mbroidery, inlaid lacquer 刺绣,金漆镶嵌 21.g old and silver jewelleries, water-color woodblock prints 金银首饰,木刻水印 22.c arvings in jade, ivory, bamboo and woven bamboo baskets 玉雕、牙雕,竹雕,竹编筐篮 23.b ird cages, lanterns 鸟笼灯笼 24.d ouble-sided embroidery and sandal wood fans from Suzhou 双面绣和苏州的檀香扇 25.t erracotta teapots from Yixing, and clay figures from Wuxi 宜兴的陶制茶壶和无锡的泥人 26.t he Peach Blossom Fair 桃花节 27.t he Daci Temple Fair 大慈寺庙会 28.t he Chengdu Tourism Festival 成都旅游节 29.a place blessed with favorite climate, fertile land, rich resources and outstanding talents 物华天宝,人杰地灵30.s uperb artistic style of aiming at catching the sprit of the landscape 写意山水 31.a rtistic gems 艺术瑰宝 32.U NESCO Heritage Committee 联合国教科文组织遗产委员会 33.t he list of World cultural heritage 世界文化遗产名录 34.b ronzeware 青铜器 35.b amboo, wood and lacquer ware 竹木漆器 36.i nscribed bones and tortoise shells 甲骨 37.s eals 玺印 38.a rchaeology 39.r estoration room 文物修复馆 旅游与文化II Part II景点描述常用语 Match work: 雄伟壮丽imposing 灯火辉煌glittering

《论语十则》——《中国文化经典研读》(整理)

《论语十则》——《中国文化经典研读》(整理) 1 子曰:“君子食无求饱,居无求安,敏于事而慎于言,就(1)有道(2)而正(3)焉,可谓好学也已。” 【注释】 (1)就:靠近、看齐。 (2)有道:指有道德的人。 (3)正:匡正、端正。 【译文】 孔子说:“君子,饮食不求饱足,居住不要求舒适,对工作勤劳敏捷,说话却小心谨慎,到有道的人那里去匡正自己,这样可以说是好学了。” 2 2?4 子曰:“吾十有(1)五而志于学,三十而立(2),四十而不惑(3),五十而知天命(4),六十而耳顺(5),七十而从心所欲不逾矩(6)。” 【注释】 (1)有:同“又”。 (2)立:站得住的意思。 (3)不惑:掌握了知识,不被外界事物所迷惑。 (4)天命:指不能为人力所支配的事情。 (5)耳顺:对此有多种解释。一般而言,指对那些于己不利的意见也能正确对待。 (6)从心所欲不逾矩:从,遵从的意思;逾,越过;矩,规矩。 【译文】 孔子说:“我十五岁立志于学习;三十岁能够自立;四十岁能不被外界事物所迷惑;五十岁懂得了天命;六十岁能正确对待各种言论,不觉得不顺;七十岁能随心所

欲而不越出规矩。” 3 子曰:“由(1),诲女(2),知之乎,知之为知之,不知为不知,是知也。” 【注释】 (1)由:姓仲名由,字子路。生于公元前542年,孔子的学生,长期追随孔子。 (2)女:同汝,你。 【译文】 孔子说:“由,我教给你怎样做的话,你明白了吗,知道的就是知道,不知道就是不知道,这就是智慧啊~” 4.颜渊、季路侍(1)。子曰:“盍(2)各言尔志。”子路曰:“原车马,衣轻裘,与朋友共,敝之而无憾。”颜渊曰:“愿无伐(3)善,无施劳(4)。”子路曰:“愿闻子之志。”子曰:“老者安之,朋友信之,少者怀之(5)。” 【注释】 (1)侍:服侍,站在旁边陪着尊贵者叫侍。 (2)盍:何不。 (3)伐:夸耀。 (4)施劳:施,表白。劳,功劳。 (5)少者怀之:让少者得到关怀。 【译文】 颜渊、子路两人侍立在孔子身边。孔子说:“你们何不各自说说自己的志向,”子路说:“愿意拿出自己的车马、衣服、皮袍,同我的朋友共同使用,用坏了也不抱怨。”颜渊说:“我愿意不夸耀自己的长处,不表白自己的功劳。”子路向孔子说:“愿意听听您的志向。”孔子说:“(我的志向是)让年老的安心,让朋友们信任我,让年轻的子弟们得到关怀。” 5 子曰:“知之者不如好之者,好之者不如乐之者。” 【译文】

翻译中国文化和历史

翻译(一)、中国文化和历史 1、狮舞(Lion Dance)是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首,在中国传统中,狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物(mascot)。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身,能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载,狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。在唐代(the Tang Dynasty),狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此,舞狮成为元宵节(the Lantern Festival)和其他节日的习俗,人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。 The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China.The lion is the king of animals. In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck.Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans. The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years. During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty. Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness. 2、端午节,又叫龙舟节,是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣(minister),他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤(vilify)而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方,抛下粽子,希望鱼儿吃粽子,不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来,端午节的特色在于吃粽子(glutinous dumplings)和赛龙舟,尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。 ? The Duanwu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified. People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water, hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuan’s body. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes. 3、上海菜系是中国最年轻的地方菜系,通常被成为“本帮菜”,有着400多年的历史。同中国其他菜系一样,“本帮菜”具有“色,香,味”三大要素。//上海菜的特点是注重调料的使用,食物的质地和菜的原汁原味。其中最著名的有特色点心“南翔小笼”和特色菜“松鼠鲑鱼”。//“南翔小笼”是猪肉馅,个小味美,皮薄汁醇。“松鼠鲑鱼”色泽黄亮,形如松鼠,外皮脆而内肉嫩,汤汁酸甜适口。//在品尝过“松鼠鲑鱼”之后,我们常常惊讶于“松鼠”的形状,觉得在三大评价标准上在添加“形”这个标准才更合适。 Shanghai cuisine, usually called Benbang cuisine, is the youngest among themajor regional cuisines in China, with a history of more than 400 years. Like all other Chinese regional cuisines, Benbang cuisines takes “color, aroma and taste”as its essential quality elements.//Shanghai cuisine emphasizes in particular the expert use of seasonings,

中级翻译之一(文化与翻译)

Cast P earls before swine.牛一猪) 7)落汤鸡/落水狗:Like a drow ned mouse .鸡/狗一鼠) 8)热锅上的蚂蚁: Like a cat o n hot bricks.蚂蚁一猫) 9)宁为鸡头,毋为牛后: Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lio n.鸡 —狗,牛一狮) 由此可见,中国成语中的动物在英语成语中已不属于同一动物了。 2. 与颜色有关的成语或谚语英汉也不尽相同 在颜色的作用上,有相同点。比如,红色(red ),无论是在英语国家,还是在 中国,往往都与庆祝活动和喜庆日子有关。如中国有 开门红”代表着好运气。 英语有“redletter days 纪念日,喜庆日)等。但更多的还是有不同点,而且两种 语言在颜色 的意义上也有区别。如 黄色”(yellow )在西方黄色表示懦弱,胆小, 不敢面对现实。而在中国,黄色是帝王的象征。只有皇帝才配着黄色。再如 蓝 色” (blue )在英语中通常表示不快活,心情不好。如: 1) He is blue today 文化与翻译 英汉成语、谚语中的语言文化差异 其语言也必然会有很大的差别。语言 来谈 由于中西方的社会文化存在着很大的差异, 离不开文化,文化也离不开语言。本文就英汉成语或谚语对译的几个实例, 谈两种语言在成语或谚语中所存在的文化差异。 1.与动物有关的成语或谚语英汉不尽相同 1)他壮得像头牛。 He is as stro ng as a horse 牛一马) 2)她胆小如 鼠。 She is as timid as a hare (鼠一兔) 3)养虎遗 患: Warm a sn ake in on e's bosom 虎—蛇) 4)瓮中之鳖: Like a rat in a hole.(鳖一鼠) 5)害群之 马: Black shee p.马一羊) 6)对牛弹琴:

文化经典选修教材重点翻译(附带重点字词和参考译文)

要求: 1.通读全句,划出采分点(实词、虚词、句式),然后翻译。 2.翻译后,通读自己的译文,检查有无舛漏。 3.这里只是选取了课文里的部分重点句子以帮助大家复习,会考小本里的课外文言文段落还需大家用心温习。 《晋灵公不君》 1.将谏,士季曰:“谏而不入,则莫之继也。会请先,不入,则子继之。” (赵盾)准备进谏,士季说:?(您是正卿,您)去进谏,如果国君不接受,那就没有谁能接着进谏了。我请求先去进谏,假如国君不采纳,那么您再继续进谏。? 2.犹不改。宣子骤谏,公患之,使鉏麑贼之。 (晋灵公)仍旧不改。赵宣子多次进谏。晋灵公很厌恶他,(就)派鉏麑(去)刺杀他。 3.晨往,寝门辟矣,盛服将朝。尚早,坐而假寐。 (鉏麑)清早赶去,看到卧室的门已打开了。(赵宣子)已穿戴整齐准备上朝,由于时间还早,端坐在那里打瞌睡。 4.公嗾夫獒焉。明搏而杀之。盾曰:“弃人用大,虽猛何为!”斗且出。提弥明死之。 晋灵公唤出那条猛犬向赵盾扑去。提弥明徒手搏击猛犬,把它打死了。赵盾说:?不用人而使唤狗,即使凶猛,又顶得了什么??一面搏斗,一面退出宫门.提弥明为赵盾战死(殉难)。 5.初,宣子田于首山,舍于翳桑。 当初,赵宣子在首阳山打猎,在翳桑住了一晚。 6.使尽之,而为之箪食与肉,置诸橐以与之。既而与为公介,倒戟以御公徒,而免之。 (赵盾)要他吃光,并给他预备一筐饭和肉,放在袋子里送给他。不久灵辄做了晋灵公的甲士,却把戟掉过头来抵御灵公手下的人,使赵盾得免于难。 7.对曰:“子为正卿,亡不越竟,反不讨贼,非子而谁?” (太史)回答说:?您是正卿,逃亡没有越过国境,回来后又不声讨叛贼,弑君的不是您又是谁?? 《求谏》 1.朕每闲居静坐,则自内省,恒恐上不称天心,下为百姓所怨。但思正人匡谏,欲令耳目外通,下无怨滞。又比见人来奏事者,多有怖惧,言语致失次第。寻常奏事,情犹如此,况欲谏诤,必当畏犯逆鳞。 我每当无事静坐,就自我反省。常常害怕对上不能使上天称心如意,对下被百姓怨恨。只想得到正直忠诚的人匡救劝谏,好让我的视听能和外边相通,使下面没有积怨。此外近来见到来奏事的人,常显得心怀恐惧,连讲话也变得语无伦次.平时奏事,情况尚且如此,何况要折面谏诤,必然害怕触犯逆鳞. 2.臣闻木从绳则正,后从谏则圣。是故古者圣主必有争臣七人,言而不用,则相继以死。陛下开圣虑,纳刍荛,愚臣处不讳之朝,实愿罄其狂瞽。

文化英语翻译精编版

文化英语翻译 GE GROUP system office room 【GEIHUA16H-GEIHUA GEIHUA8Q8-

Unit1 中国丝绸 中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期(前1600——前256)丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉(前206——公元25)时张蹇通西域,把中元与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来,开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世,成为中国文化的象征、东方文明的使者。 Chinese Silk China is the home of silk. Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventions of the ancient Chinese. As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties (1600-BC256BC), the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level. During the Western Han Dynasty(206BC-25AD),Zhang Jian ,an outstanding diplomat ,traveled around central Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication. From then on, China’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color , and abundant cultural connotations. Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.

中国文化英语翻译

Unit1 中国丝绸 中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期(前1600——前256)丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉(前206——公元25)时张蹇通西域,把中元与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来,开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世,成为中国文化的象征、东方文明的使者。 Chinese Silk China is the home of silk. Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventions of the ancient Chinese. As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties (1600-BC256BC), the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level. During the Western Han Dynasty(206BC-25AD),Zhang Jian ,an outstanding diplomat ,traveled around central Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication. From then on, China’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color , and abundant cultural connotations. Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization. Unit 2 中国园林 中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术,是我国古代建筑艺术的珍宝。其建造原则是“妙极自然,宛自天开”。游赏中国古典园林,能充分领略“假自然之景,创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体系中,中国园林历史悠久、内涵丰富,被誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。 Chinese Classical Garden The Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chinese architecture. It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artificial mountains and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape. The construction standard of a Chinese classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natural.” When you go sightseeing in a Chinese classical garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains and rivers foe viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chinese classical garden is hailed as one of the origins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations. Unit3 文房四宝 笔墨纸砚是中国古时文人书房当中必备的宝贝,被称为“文房四宝”。用笔墨书写绘画在中国可追溯到五千年前。秦(前221——前206)时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔;汉代(前206——公元220)以人工制墨代替了天然墨;有了纸张以后,简牍锦帛逐失使用;砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展。“文房四宝”到宋朝(960——1279)以后特指湖笔(浙江湖州)、徽墨(安徽徽州)、宣纸(安徽宣州)、端砚(广东肇庆,古称端州)。可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。 The Four Treasures of the Study

翻译对文化的影响

翻译对文化的影响 2014年06月16日第A9版:文化教育 作者:沈望舒来源:学习时报字数:3104 1 翻译,在常规认识中,它只是社会中很小一部分人的一种能力、职业、贡献;但史实表明,它始终是人类文化沟通、交流、融合的桥梁,是特定文化留存、发展、弘扬的要素,是一领域文明摆脱落后、与时俱进、更新换代的诱因。 翻译,曾经发挥延续文明的决定性作用 笔者在古埃及托勒密王国的首都亚历山大市,从当地人讲述已知世界历史上最古老而伟大图书馆的业绩中,了解到不仅埃及文明有过长时间的中断和遗失,而且当代西方文明引以自豪的古希腊文明也曾早早被湮灭。是亚历山大图书馆所藏相关希腊的经典与译作,那些被翻译成拉丁文字的公元前9世纪荷马的诗稿,欧几里得《几何原本》,公元前270年古希腊天文学家阿里斯塔克的关于日心说的理论著作,以及有西方医学奠基人之称的希波克拉底、哲学家亚里士多德、学者阿基米得、古希腊三大悲剧作家等种种名著,让欧洲、让西方找回了自己的历史之根。不知名大师们的往返翻译,不仅有文明传播功效,而且形成对一种文明的救赎,这就是史称毁于公元3世纪的古埃及亚历山大图书馆曾经拥有的译著,对当代西方思想文化体系的独特贡献。 从印度佛教圣地瓦那拉斯到经济中心城市孟买的8天访寻,遗憾地了解到:佛教人口在印度总人口中比重跌至2.7%以下;历史灭佛带来的无人信、无人懂状况,衍生出“社会灭佛”恶果——大量千余年前的石制精美佛像被毁,许多今日人工难以雕制的大小佛头散落民间,廉价地摆在旧货市场地上;对佛教经典的诠释者更是踪迹难觅。由此令人不禁回想以唐僧西天取经为代表的“佛学东渐”,它所导致佛教的别样光大——汉传佛教“禅宗文化”的辉煌,中国历史上

[翻译文化]双语:调查Google自己很流行翻译文化.doc

[翻译文化]双语:调查:Google自己很流 行-翻译文化 译文:调查:Google自己很流行 越来越多的美国人用google在网上搜自己的信息,很多人也用它查寻朋友、同事或浪漫的爱好的信息。 周日的一篇报道说,Pew网络(pew Internet)和美国生活计划(American Life Project)的调查结果显示有47%的美国成年网民利用google或其它搜索引擎检索关于自己的信息。 2002年的调查结果为22%,现在的结果是它的两倍,可是Pew的高级研究员玛利.麦登认为这个结果还不算高。 她说:“增加了一倍,可是还有相当多的网民从来没有尝试过用引擎搜索自己的名字。增加是增加了,但是我不知道这能否与我们发布到网上或别人发布的关于我们的大量的信息相当。” 有60%的人不担心别人在网上发布他们的信息内容,只是担心这些信息的用途。 50岁以下的美国人和那些接受过高等教育并且收入高的人更喜欢用google检索自己,因为他们的工作需要与某些网上的人联系。

相比之下,Pew的调查发现,有53%的成年网民承认检索过别人的信息,还不包括名人。 他们经常是为了搜索失去联络的人,但是搜索自己的朋友、亲戚、同事和邻居的信息的情况也很普遍。 尽管男人与女人一样,在网上搜索关于他们自己的信息,女人更喜欢搜索她们要约会的人的信息。 一般情况下,这种搜索无伤大雅,只是为了查寻某人的联系方式。但是有1/3的人是为了查找公开的档案记录,诸如破产者和离婚诉讼程序,还有1/3的人是为了搜索别人的照片。 Pew网络的用户说他们经常用google引擎搜索自己,大约3/4的自我检索者说他们只搜过一两次。更多的人这样做是为了验证他们的发现是否准确,只有4%的网民认为网上令人尴尬或不准确的信息会导致不愉快的体验。 Pew的调查还发现,与我们通常认为的相反,十几岁的青少年比成年人更不愿意人们在网上,如facebook或new`s corp`s 上看到他们的照片。 麦登说:“青少年更喜欢用其它程序,我想可能是他们的老师或父母告诉过他们,要小心他们发布到网上的信息,而且是与谁共享的。”

中级翻译之一(文化与翻译)

文化与翻译 英汉成语、谚语中的语言文化差异 由于中西方的社会文化存在着很大的差异,其语言也必然会有很大的差别。语言离不开文化,文化也离不开语言。本文就英汉成语或谚语对译的几个实例,来谈谈两种语言在成语或谚语中所存在的文化差异。 1. 与动物有关的成语或谚语英汉不尽相同 1)他壮得像头牛。 He is as strong as a horse. (牛—马) 2)她胆小如鼠。 She is as timid as a hare.(鼠—兔) 3)养虎遗患:Warm a snake in one's bosom.(虎—蛇) 4)瓮中之鳖:Like a rat in a hole. (鳖—鼠) 5)害群之马:Black sheep. (马—羊) 6)对牛弹琴:Cast pearls before swine. (牛—猪) 7)落汤鸡/落水狗:Like a drowned mouse.(鸡/狗—鼠) 8)热锅上的蚂蚁:Like a cat on hot bricks.(蚂蚁—猫) 9)宁为鸡头,毋为牛后:Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion. (鸡—狗,牛—狮) 由此可见,中国成语中的动物在英语成语中已不属于同一动物了。 2. 与颜色有关的成语或谚语英汉也不尽相同 在颜色的作用上,有相同点。比如,红色(red),无论是在英语国家,还是在中国,往往都与庆祝活动和喜庆日子有关。如中国有“开门红”,代表着好运气。英语有“red-letter days”(纪念日,喜庆日)等。但更多的还是有不同点,而且两种语言在颜色的意义上也有区别。如“黄色”(yellow),在西方黄色表示懦弱,胆小,不敢面对现实。而在中国,黄色是帝王的象征。只有皇帝才配着黄色。再如“蓝色”(blue),在英语中通常表示不快活,心情不好。如:1) He is blue today

翻译与文化经典

中央民族大学本科生学年论文 2016年12月14日 中国佛经翻译的阶段以及特点

中国佛经翻译的阶段以及特点 中国历史上最早的翻译是对佛经的翻译,这也是中国首次吸取外来文化的开始。佛经的翻译给我们今后的翻译事业有很大影响,而且一定的程度上影响了我国的文学语言以及相关语法。佛教创立于公元前六至五世纪的古印度,早在公元65年之前就传入了中国。我国的佛经翻译一般可以分为四个重要的阶段(草创时期、发展时期、全盛时期、结束时期)。[1] 一草创时期(东汉桓帝公元148年--西晋公元316年) 这个时期大量的佛经开始被翻译成汉文,此阶段的主要翻译高僧有安清大师、支娄迦谶(chen)等。安清大师所翻译的主要是小乘佛教的基本教义与修行方法,偏向于直译。而支娄迦谶所翻译的都是大乘佛教的教义,为确保原文的真实面目,他的译作大多数是音译。他们翻译的风格是“义理明晰、文字允正、辩而不华、质而不野”,“辞职多胡音”,“好简略,从文丽”。那时的翻译方式全凭口授,通过听外僧的诵经,一个人把它口译成汉语,另一人或几个人听口译后撰写成汉字,之后再进一步的修改。 这时期的主要译作有《大安般守意经》、《人本欲生经》,《般若道行经》十卷、《般舟三昧经》二卷等。并且很多在后来的佛经翻译史上具有重要的地位。这期间的佛经翻译特点可以分为四个层 面。第一是,翻译佛经的主要力量是外籍僧人和滑稽胡裔僧人,而汉族信徒为辅助力量。也就是说外籍僧人主译,汉族信徒为辅。 第二是,译经僧侣对佛教经典抱有虔敬态度,唯恐违背经旨。又因经

验不足,缺乏语言学方面的知识,一般都采用直译法。第三是,佛经翻译活动还只是民间私人事业。第四是,作为外来的唯心主义神学,与中国神仙方术相结合。 佛经翻译的起步期和萌芽时期,也正是中国史上的翻译事业的开始时期。 二发展时期(东晋公元317年-隋末公元617年) 从东晋至隋末期间是佛经翻译的第二阶段,时间大约为公元317—617年,也就是中国佛经翻译的发展阶段。十六国时期,佛教盛行。不仅归因于统治者的提倡,也因为常年战事连连,人民流离失所,生活困苦不堪,无力反抗之余,不得不寻求精神寄托。南北朝时期的统治者为了巩固他们的统治,极力扶植佛教,到处兴建寺庙,因此译经事业在这段时期十分兴盛。在这样的背景下出现了释道安,鸠摩罗什,彦宗,真谛等很多著名的译僧。他们的主要译作是:注《般若道行》、《迷迹》、《安般》、《摩河般若》、《妙法莲华》等;著《天竺记》、《西域传》、《大隋西国传》、《辩证论》等;译《弥勒下生经》一卷、《仁王般若经》一卷以及《疏》六卷等。他们几位译僧是最早实践翻译的“信、达、雅”,也是最早实现了翻译的几个重要的标准。且他们的实践对后来的翻译史上有了很大的影响。这期间的翻译高僧们的翻译风格是“五十本,三不易”、“有天然西域之语趣”、首倡“译者署名,以负文责”、佛经翻译要例“十条”和佛经译者“八备” 说精于大乘之说。发展时期的翻译不像草创时期一样,外籍高僧是翻译的主要力量,这一时期已经出现了中外高僧译者共译的现象。所以

《中国文化经典研读》课文翻译

《中国文化经典研读》课文翻译 《论语》十则 一、“学而”篇 [原文] 子曰:“君子食无求饱,居无求安,敏于事而慎于言,就有道而正焉,可谓好学也已。” [译文] 孔子说:“君子,饮食不求饱足,居住不要求舒适,对工作勤劳敏捷,说话却小心谨慎,到有道的人那里去匡正自己,这样可以说是好学了。” 二、“为政”篇 [原文]“吾十又五而志于学,三十而立,四十而不惑,五十而知天命,六十而耳顺,七十而从心所欲,不逾矩。” [译文] 孔子说:“我童年学习,到了十五岁时立下了求学的志向,三十岁时学问和处事都可以在社会上立身了。四十岁时学问上的问题都能清楚明白,立身处事有坚定的原则,不会被外界左右。五十岁时我知道了天命,知道了天给予我的使命职责和命运。六十岁时我听到顺耳话能够分辨是非,听到逆耳话能够理解他人,对各种人的各种话都能分辨取舍。七十岁时我的心灵和行为都达到了自由王国的境地,行随心至,从不越过仁的规范。” 三、“公冶长”篇 2、吾十有五而志于学,三十而立,四十而不惑,五十而知天命,六十而耳顺,七十而从心所欲,不踰矩。 (1)重点字词 有:通“又”。于:在。立:自立。不惑:遇事不疑惑。 天命:指不能为人力所支配的事情。 耳顺:对此有多种解释。一般而言,指对那些于己不利的意见也能正确对待。 从:遵从,随。踰:逾,越过。矩:规矩。 (2)翻译:先生说:“我十五岁立志学习;三十岁能够自立;四十岁遇事不疑惑;五十岁懂得了天命;六十岁能正确对待各种言论,不觉得不顺;七十岁能随心所欲,但不超越规矩。” [原文] 颜渊季路侍。子曰:“盍各言尔志?”子路曰:“愿车马衣轻裘与朋友共,蔽之而无憾。”颜渊曰:“愿无伐善,无施劳。”子路曰:“愿闻子之志。”子曰:“老者安之,朋友信之,少者怀之。” [译文] 颜回、子路侍立在孔子身旁(颜渊:名回,字子渊。季路:名由,字子路或季路)。孔子说(子:男子的尊称,这里指孔子):“何不各自谈谈你们的志向呢(盍:何不)”子路说:“愿将我的车马、衣服和朋友共同享用(衣[轻]裘:泛指衣服。“轻”字为衍文,是因《论语?雍也》中有“衣轻裘”而误衍。“裘”:本指皮衣。共:动词:指共同享用),用坏了也不抱怨(敝之:指把车马、衣裘用破,用坏。敝:使动用法。憾:抱怨,不远)。”颜渊说:“(我)想的不是夸耀自己的好处[轻声](伐:夸耀),不夸大自己的功劳(施:张大,夸大)。” 子路说:“愿意听听您老人家的志向。”孔子说:“老年人,使他们安逸;平辈的人(朋友),使他们信任我;年轻人,使他们归依我(安、信、怀:都作使动用,宾语‘之’分别指代‘老者’、‘朋友’、‘少者’。安:安逸。怀:归依 四、“雍也”篇

文化与翻译

从英汉互译看文化与翻译 摘要:在英汉互译中,文化始终是翻译的一大障碍,对源语与译语文化掌握的好坏,直接影响着译作的好坏。翻译不仅仅是两种语言之间简单的互换,更是两种文化的交流。如果忽视文化对翻译的作用和影响,译文是绝不可能成功的。 关键词:英汉互译;源语文化;译语文化;文化交流 Abstract:In the translation of Chinese to English and English to Chinese, culture is always a big barrier for tranlation. The level of grasp of culture of original language and target language, directly influences the quality of tranlation works. Translation is not only the exchange of two linguistic forms but the interaction of two cultures. If the influence of culture to tranlation is neglected, the translation won’t be successful. Key words:English-Chinese translation;original language culture;target language culture;cultural exchange

一、前言 我国的翻译史最早可以追溯到东汉时期的佛经翻译,到现在已经有几千年的历史了。在历史上也出现了几次翻译高潮,而每一次翻译高潮的出现都总是与所处的时代背景密不可分。随着时代的发展,翻译的观念、方法、风格、标准都在改变、演进。如今翻译界对翻译中涉及到的文化问题越来越重视了。“翻译已不再仅仅被看做是语言符号的转换,而是一种文化转换的模式。”(郭建中, 2000)。张今先生曾给翻译下过这样一个定义:“翻译是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具,它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和文化进步,它的任务是要把原作品中包含的现实世界的逻辑映象或艺术映象,完好无缺地从一种语言中译到另一种语言中去。”从这个定义中我们可以看出翻译就是在进行两种文化的交流(王小凤,2004)。 二、翻译中的文化因素 谈到翻译,就必然会涉及到语言,语言是人们进行翻译的基本工具。翻译中的文化问题主要是通过语言表现出来的。“语言是文化的有机组成部分,而且是极为重要的一部分;它记录着人类文化发展的历史,反映着社会文明进步的成果,是交流、传播、延续和发展文化的工具;文化是语言活动的大环境,各种文化因素都必然体现在语言文字之中。”(包惠南,2001) 何谓文化,不同的人给予它不同的定义。但归纳起来就是“文化是指人类社会进步文明的全部成果”(包惠南,2001)。它体现在人类生活的各个方面,不同民族的人由于价值观念、宗教信仰、所受教育影响的不同,因此在许多方面都有着自己特殊不同的一面。而这些不同的方面就是要在翻译中解决的文化问题。由于不同民族的人有着不同的价值观、宗教信仰以及不同的身体体验,因而在对事物的看法上就会有不同的观点。 人们常说,要掌握两种语言,必须掌握两种文化。对于一个翻译工作者来说,那就更是如此了。一个人的语言无时无刻都在反映着他所在民族的文化。早在18世纪,伏尔泰在《论史诗》中就对西欧各主要民族的语言进行过比较,他写道:“从写作的风格来认出一个意大利人,一个法国人,一个英国人或一个西班牙人,就像从他们的面孔的轮廓,他发音和他的行动举止来认出他的国籍一样容易。”(马奇,1987)。每个民族的思维、心理都可能在他们语言的运作中反映出来。茅盾1954年在全国文学翻译工作会议的报告中曾经指出翻译过程中应注意的问题,他说:“好的翻译,自然不是单纯技术性的语言外形的变易,而是要求译者通过原作的语言外形,深刻地体会了原作者的艺术创作过程,把握住原作的精神,在自己的思想、感情、生活体验中找到最适合的印证,然后运用适合于原作风格的文学语言,把原作的内容与形式正确无遗地再现出来。”因此,对于一个译者来说,他除了要掌握本民族的文化外,还要深人了解、掌握译语民族的文化,从而使所议内容更忠实于原文。译者在翻译一些作品时,就要充分考虑到源语中的文化渊源,并且考虑到这种文化内涵对于译语民族的人来说是否熟悉,从而采取不同的翻译方法(乔曾锐,2000)。如“东施效理”的英译,由于该成语典故性强,常常难为外国读者所理解,因此对它予以介绍是必要的,《新世纪汉英大词典》的处理是Dongshi, ugly woman, knitting her brows in imitation of the famous beauty Xishi, only to make herself uglier----blind imitation with ludicrous effect.但在一定的上下文中常使用直译另加注的办法,如“难道这也是个痴丫头,又是颦儿来葬花不成?因而又自笑到

翻译与文化环境

摘要:20世纪80年代以来,翻译的文化学派提出了翻译理论研究的“文化转向”。本文试图通过运用操纵与改写理论对《牛虻》的两个译本进行分析,探讨文化环境对翻译产生的深远影响。 关键词:文化转向;勒菲维尔;操纵与改写理论;牛虻 作者简介:王伟浩,男,天津外国语大学英语翻译理论与实践研究生。 [中图分类号]:h315.9 [文献标识码]:a [文章编号]:1002-2139(2016)-21--01 一、《牛虻》在不同文化环境下的解读 《牛虻》是随1953年李?z民的译本第一次传入中国,牛虻的英雄形象给读者留下深刻的印象,《牛虻》继而成为一部经典的革命小说,畅销中国。当时新中国建国伊始,社会百废待兴,文学翻译与创作也受到很大的影响。当时有很多革命题材的小说被引进中国。李?z民曾在《牛虻》译本前言中写道: 我的文学翻译选题的原则与信念就是:英――烈――传,也就是把外国文学作品中反映了阶级斗争和民族解放斗争中推动社会与历史进步的英烈人物形象的优秀作品,翻译介绍给我国读者,特别是青少年读者。 《牛虻》翻译的风格十分符合当时我国倡导的革命精神。《牛虻》出版后,团中央把李?z 民的译本作为优秀读物推荐给广大共青团员阅读。为了加深读者对《牛虻》的理解并让其在中国得到认可,各种机构组织如图书馆和文化中心通过举办文学演讲来讨论《牛虻》。赞助人系统内的官方媒体,对《牛虻》的传播起到了积极的推动作用。 庆学先的译本给了读者一种不同的理解。《牛虻》蕴含的独特的西方文化内容也被学者所发掘,并意识到其价值,进而将其中的独特内容表达出来。文学与政治逐渐脱离开来,取得了相对独立的位置,大批被视为资产阶级情调的书籍都能散见于各大书店。由于市场经济的不断发展,独立的出版商与赞助机构也相继出现,文学作品、作家、出版社可以不再完全依靠国家赞助人,而相对独立地运作。也就是说,只要文学作品本身有价值,得到读者认可,还是有赞助机构愿意出版的。在此背景下,庆学先的《牛虻》译本便由漓江出版社出版发行。而且从前言中,我们也能看译者作为“专业人士”翻译思想的转变: 由于历史原因,《牛虻》影响了一代中国青年,曾被当做政治教科书一样对待。尽管时代不同了,小说仍值得一读。读者仍然可以找到他们所想要的。读者不仅能感受强烈的影响主义,更能找到一种伟大的精神。最后读者将会找到一个全新的主题。 二、“三要素”理论下的两个译本对比分析 勒菲维尔指出:翻译总是在一个大的文化环境下发生的,总是脱离不了原文本所产生的历史背景,也脱离不了目标文本的时代背景。上世纪50年代中苏关系正处于蜜月期,《牛虻》在苏联的极高声誉必定会为其进入中国打下了很好的基础。 小说的主题是其灵魂所在,不同文化背景与意识形态下,小说主题的思想解读会大相径庭。李?z民的译本将主题放在“革命与战斗”上,而庆学先的译本则强调“爱情与人性”。 上文提到,诗学有两个层面:一是文学策略、类型、主题原型特征和状态以及符号的集合,二是文学在整个社会系统中的角色或者说是应该扮演的角色。勒菲维尔认为诗学的边界超越语言、民族和政治实体。一个时代的主流诗学要么被译者本身接受,要么个人、团体和体制通过某种强制性措施将某种诗学作为一种尺度。为了使外国作品更加为目标文化所接受,译者往往调整原文本以适应目标文化的诗学观。20世纪50年代,主流诗学受控于政治,为政治服务,形成所谓的文学“样板戏”。而21世纪,文学不再受到严格的限制,可以较大程度上做回自己。语言、形式。风格与其他文学元素在文学作品中的重要性被凸现出来。 勒菲维尔的“三要素”理论将赞助人分为“分化型赞助人”和“非分化型赞助人”。20

相关文档