英语长难句
突破雅思阅读长难句100句
1.These misconception do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organized, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification.
2.The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies, to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environment studies in their schools.
3.These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ view about the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life.
4.Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%)identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalizing the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we are’
.
5. Pupils’responses indicate some misconception in basic scientific knowledge of rainforests’ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests.
6.In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economics and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests.
7.One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views.
8.Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii -- have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air.
9.Eye position in freshwater dolphin, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggest that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward.
10. And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal to the contrary.
11. Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and culture of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation
than of solid science.
12.From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space.
13.To search out these answers, I created raised -- line drawing of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeter of the wheel.
14.Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought, suggested the wheel was wobbling; and the bent spokes were taken as sign that the wheel was jerking.
15.Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel’s perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly.
16.Evidently, however the blind not only figured out meaning for each line of motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meanings at least as frequently as did sighted subjects.
17.We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to a square.
18.Typically,children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and violence.
19.Children who work on the streets are generally involved in unskilled, labour-intensive tasks which require long hours, such as shinning shoes, carrying goods, guarding or washing cars, and informal trading.
20.Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence, is less exploitative than many forms of paid employment, and is flexible enough to allow them to participate in other activities such as education and domestic tasks.
21.Participants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles, which they used to deliver parcels and messages, and which they were required to pay for gradually from their wages.
22. However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive businesses.
23. A violent eruption can blow the top few kilometers off a mountain, scatter fine ash practically all over the globe and hurl rock fragments into the stratosphere to darken the skies a continent away.
24.The flow, thought to be in the form of convection currents, is powerful enough to fracture the ‘eggshell’ of the crust into plates, and keep them bumping and grinding against each other, or even overlapping, at the rate of a few centimeters a years.
25.Every eruption is different, but put at its simplest, where there are weaknesses, rocks deep in the mantle, heated to 1,350℃, will start to expand and rise.
26.The biggest eruptions are deep on the mid-ocean floor, where new lava is forcing the continents apart and widening the Atlantic by perhaps five centimeters a year.
27.Look ate maps of volcanoes, earthquakes and island chains like the Philippines and Japan, and you can see the rough outlines of what are called tectonic plates—the plates which make up the earth’s crust and mantle.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/774282588.html,rmants are (ideally ) native speakers of a language, who provide utterances for analysis and other kinds of information about the languages( e.g. translations, comments about correctness, or judgments on usage ).
29. But a linguist’s personal judgments are often uncertain, or disagree with the judgments of other linguists, at which point recourse is needed to more objective methods of enquiry, using non-linguists as informants.
30.Some recordings are made without the speakers being aware of the fact—a procedure that obtains very natural data, though ethical objections must be anticipated.
31.Alternatively, attempts can be made to make the speaker forget about the recording, such as keeping the tape recorder out of sight, or using radio microphones.
32.Speech is often unclear and ambiguous. Where possible, therefore, the recording has to be supplemented by the observer’s written comments on the non-verbal behaviour of the participants, and about the context in general.
33.Often, the researcher wish to obtain information about just a single variable, in which cases a restricted set of questions may be used: a particular feature of pronunciation, for example, can be elicited by asking the information to say a restricted set of words.
34.Some corpora attempt to cover the language as a whole, taking extremely selective, providing a collection of material that deals only with a particular linguistic feature.
35.Sometimes a small sample of data will be enough to decide a linguistic hypothesis; by contrast, corpora in major research projects can total millions of words.
36.An important principle is that all corpora, whatever their size, are inevitably limited in their
coverage, and always need to be supplemented by data derived from the intuitions of native speakers of the language, through either introspection or experimentation.
37.Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space.
38.For the so-called power events – that require a relatively brief, explosive release of energy, like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump--- times and distances have improved ten to twenty per cent.
39.Over the past century, the composition of the human gene pool has not changed appreciably, but with increasing global participation in athletics -- and greater rewards to tempt athletes -- it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early.
40.These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union.
41.When a sprinter runs, Yessks expains, her foot stays in contact with the ground for just under a tenth of a second, half of which is devoted to landing and the other half to pushing off.
42. By appling Newton's laws these motions, 'we can say that this athlete's run is not fast enough; that this one is not using his arms strongly enough during take-off,' says Dapena, who uses these methods to help high jumpers.
43.That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists, who put their minds to comprehension something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations.
44.Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasure of the past, partly the careful work of the scientific analyst, partly the exercise of the creative imagination.
45. Anthropology, at its broadest, is the study of humanity –our physical characteristics as animals and our unique non-biological characteristics that we call culture.
46. Whereas cultural anthropologists will often base their conclusion on the experience of living with contemporary communities, archaeologists study past societies primarily through their material remains--- the buildings, tools, and other artifacts that constitute what is known as the material culture left over from former societies.
47. Archaeologists in recent decades have developed ‘ethnoarchaeology’, where, like ethnographers, they live among contemporary communities, but with the specific purpose of learning how such societies use material culture – how they make their tools and weapons, why they build their settlements where they do, and so on.
48. To archaeology, which studies all cultures and periods, whether with ot without writing, the distinction between history and pre-history is a convenient dividing line that recognizes the importance of the written word, but in no way lessens the importance of the useful information contained in oral histories.
49. In this respect, archaeologists discover, the practice of the archaeology is rather like that of the scientist, who collects data, conducts experiments, formulates a hypothesis, tests the hypothesis against more data, and then, in conclusion, devises a model that seems best to summaries the pattern observed in the data.
50. Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, it was assumed without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle; the ‘invisible hand ’ of economic progress would provide.
51.There had, of course, been dictionaries in the past, the first of these being a little book of some 120 pages, compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray, published in 1604 under the title A Table Alphabetical ‘of hard usual English words’.
52.Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various world to conquer –lexical as well as social and commercial.
53.The work was immense; filling about eighty large notebooks (and without a library to hand), Johnson wrote the definitions of over 40,000 words, and illustrated their many meanings with some 114,000 quotations drawn from English writing on every subject, from the Elizabethans to his own time.
54.Johnson had worked for nine years, ‘with little assistance of the learned, and without any patronage of the great; not in the soft obscurities of retirement, or under the shelter of academic bowers, but amidst inconvenience and distraction, in sickness and in sorrow’.
55.A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a ‘leader’ in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform.
56.Spicifially Milgram told each volunteer ‘teacher subject’ that the experiment was in the noble cause of education, and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the pupils’ ability to learn.
57.The supposed ‘pupil’ was in reality an actor hired by Milgram to simulate receiving the shocks by emitting a spectrum of groans, screams and writing together with an assortment of statements and expletives denouncing both the experiment and the experimenter.
58.Prior to carrying out the experiment, Milgram explained his idea to a group of 39 psychiatrists and asked them to predict the average percentage of people in an ordinary population who would be willing to administer the highest shock level of 450 volts.
59.How can we possibly account for this vast discrepancy between what calm, rational, knowledgeable people predict in the comfort of their study and what pressured, flustered, but cooperative ‘teacher’ actually do in the laboratory of real life.
60.A modern hard-core sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim that this aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the caves, ultimately finding its way into our genetic make-up as a remnant of our ancient animals ways.
61.Thus, in this explanation the subject merges his unique personality and personal and moral code with that of larger institutional structures, surrendering individual properties like loyalty, self-sacrifice and discipline to the service of malevolent systems of authority.
62.And finally, most forms of environmental pollution either appear to have been exaggerated, or are transient—associated with the early phases of industrialization and therefore best cured not by restricting economic growth, but by accelerating it.
63.One form of pollution-- the release of greenhouse gases that causes global warming—does appear to be a phenomenon that is going to extend well into our future, but its total impact is unlikely to pose a devastating problems.
64.Despite the intuition that something drastic needs to be done about such a costly problem, economic analyses clearly show it will be far more expensive to cut carbon dioxide emissions radically than to pay the costs of adaptation to the increased temperature.
65.The impetus behind the development of these early plastics was generated by a number of factors—immense technological progress in the domain of chemistry, coupled with wider cultural changes, and the pragmatic need to find acceptable substitutes for dwindling supplies of ‘luxury ’materials such as tortoiseshell and ivory.
66.Baekeland’s major contribution to the field is not so much the acual discovery of the material to which he gave his name, but rather the method by which a reaction between phenol and formaldehyde could be controlled, thus making possible its preparation on a commercial basis.
67.Recently, however, it has been experiencing something of a renaissance, with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors’ marketplace, and museums, societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style and originality of this innovative material.
68.The orbital cortex, the region that becomes active in Goel’s experiment, seems the best
candidates for the site that feeds such feelings into higher-level thought processes, with its close connections to the brain’s sub-cortical arousal apparatus and centers of metabolic control.
69.Such explanation, which was to take the English language west to America and east to India, was supported by scientific developments such as the discovery of magnetism ( and hence the invention of the compass), improvement in cartography and -- perhaps the most important scientific revolution of them all -- the new theories of astronomy and the movement of the Earth in relation to the planets and stars, developed by Copernicus.
70.This growing concern about intellectual property rights was a feature of the period – it reflected both the humans notion of the individual, rational scientist who invents and discovers through private intellectual labor, and the growing connection between original science and commercial exploitation.
71.However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary, and new, specialized, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines.
72.Reseachers claims that the human personality is formed during the first two years of life, and during the first years children learn the basic skills they will use in all their later learning both at home and at school.
73.As a result of the growing research evidence of the importance of the first three years of a child’s life, and the disappointing results from ‘Headstart ’, a pilot programme was launched in Missouri in the US that focused on parents as the child’s first teachers.
74.At the age of three, the children who had been involved in the ‘Missouri’programme were evaluated alongside a cross-section of children selected from the same range of socio-economic backgrounds and family situations, and also a random sample of children that age.
75.By the age of three, the children in the programme were significantly more advanced in language development than their peers, had made greater strides in problem solving and other intellectual, and were further along in social development.
76.There is growing evidence in New Zealand that children from poorer socio-economic backgrounds are arriving at school less well developed and that our school system tends to perpetuate that disadvantage.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/774282588.html,cation from the age of three to five is undoubtedly vital, but without a similar focus on parent education and on the vital importance of the first three years, some evidence indicate that it will not be enough to overcome educational inequity.
78.Up to now, people have blamed this loss of delta land on the two large dams at Aswan in the south of Egypt, which hold back virtually all of the sediment that used to flow down the river.
79.But when the Aswan were constructed in the 2 0th century to provide electricity and irrigation, and to protect the huge population center of Cairo and its surrounding areas from annual flooding and drought, most of the sediment with its natural fertilizer accumulated up above the dam in the southern, upstream half of Lake Nasser, instead of passing down to the delta.
80.Daniel Jean Stanley of the Smithsonian Institute noticed that water samples taken in Cairo, just before the river enters the delta, indicated that the river sometimes carriers more than 850 grams of sediment per cubic metre of water – almost half of what it carried before the dams were built.
81.According to Siegel, international environmental organizations are beginning to pay closer attention to the region, partly because of the problems of erosion and pollution of the Nile delta, but principally because they fear the impact this situation could have on the whole Mediterranean coastal ecosystem.
82.The expression provided an attractive but informative name for a research programme that encompassed such previously disparate fields as operations research, cybernetics, logic and computer science.
83.By the late 1980s, the term AI was being avoided by many researchers, who opted instead to align themselves with specific sub-disciplines such as neural networks, agent technology, case-based reasoning, and so on.
84.The effect of repeatedly moving the goal-posts in this way was that AI came to refer to ‘blue-sky’ research that was still years away from commercialization.
85.HNC software of San Diego, backed by a government agency, reckon that their new approach to artificial intelligence is the most powerful and promising approach ever discovered.
86.When hill-farmers, for example, can make more money in a few weeks working as porters for foreign trekkers than they can in a year working in the fields, it is not surprising that many of them give up their farm-work, which is thus left to other members of the family.
87.Although tourism inevitably affects the region in which it takes place, the costs to these fragile environments and their local cultures can be minimized.
88.For instance, a native corporation in Alaska, employing local people, is running an air tour from Anchorage to Kotzebue, where tourists eat Arctic food, walk on the tundra and watch local musicians and dancers.
89.When fragments were analysed by experts at the giant glass manufacturer Pilkington, which had made the pane, they found that minute crystals of nickel sulphide trapped inside the glass had almost certainly caused the failure.
90.It is made by heating a sheet of ordinary glass to about 620℃to soften it slightly, allowing its structure to expand, and then cooling it rapidly with jets of cold air.
91.When the interior finally solidifies and shrinks, it exerts a pull on the outer layer that leaves it in permanent compression and produces a tensile force inside the glass.
92.As cracks propagate best in materials under tension, the compressive force on the surface must be overcome before on the surface must be overcome before the pane will break, making it more resistant to craking.
93. These crystals can exist in two forms: a dense from called the alpha phase, which is stable at high temperatures, and a less dense form called the beta phase, which is stable at room temperature.
94. Ironically, says Graham Dodd, of consulting engineers Arup in London, the oldest pane of toughened glass known to have failed due to nickel sulphide inclusions was in Pilkington’s glass research building in Lathom, Lancashire.
95.So even if, on average, there is only one inclusion in 7 tonnes of glass, if you experience one nickel sulphide failure in your building, that probably means you’ve got a problem in more than one pane.
96. Before the breeding season begins, food reserves must be built up to support the energy cost of reproduction, and to provided for young birds both when they are in the nest and after fledging.
97.Thus many temperature-zone birds use the increasing day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting cycle, because this is a point when adequate food resources will be assured.
98.The simultaneous production of masses of bamboo seeds (in some cases lying 12 to 15 centimeters deep on the ground ) is more than all the seed-eating animals can cope with at the time, so that some seeds escape being eaten and grow up to form the next generation(Evens 1976).
99.Some plants reach maximal photosynthesis at one-quarter full sunlight, and others, like sugarcane, never reach a maximum, but continue to increase photosynthesis rate as light intensity rises.
100.Plant species become adapted to living in a certain kind of habitat, and in the process evolve a series of characteristics that prevent them from occupying other habitats.
英语阅读长难句
3月5日 【长难句】 Native American languages are indeed different，so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World WarⅡto send secret messages. 【句子分析】 1. 句子主干为主系表结构= Native American languages / are/ indeed different. 美洲土著/本土语言非常与众不同. 2. so much so in fact that ….预计很多同学会逐字翻译进行理解，但逐字翻译显然不通，一般这种情况，都考虑为一种类似固定的说法或搭配，翻译理解时不要死盯该部分，只要能区分出该部分是修饰成分，抓住主要意思即可。例如：so much so 所指内容较虚，但in fact 表“事实上”，取该部分的主要意思即可。 so much so in fact that = so much different / in fact/ so that = 如此与众不同/事实上/以至于= 调整汉语的语序表达为：事实上如此与众不同以至于 3.that从句为结果状语从句。 【词的处理】 native adj. 本国的；土著的；天然的；与生俱来的；天赋的 indeed adv. 的确；实在；真正地； military adj. 军事的；军人的；适于战争的 code n. 编码；密码；代码 【参考译文】 Native American languages are indeed different，so much so in fact that Navajo
英语长难句的翻译
英语长难句的翻译 1.英语句子的扩展 英语长难句翻译是翻译中极为重要的课题，有志于翻译的工作者必须潜心学习与研究长难句翻译的各种手段，做到心中有数，才能在实际的翻译中运用自如。 所谓难句就是难译的句子，难句不是语法上的概念，而是翻译上的概念。难句一般都是含有几个错综复杂关系的复杂句；少数是难用汉语表达的简单句，但本节只讨论较长的难句的翻译。我们知道英语句子不管多长，变化多么错综复杂，它都是基本句型的扩展和变化。其扩展与变化的方式可以简要归纳如下： （1）增加句子的修饰语：定语或状语。 （2）增加并列成分（并列主语、并列谓语、并列宾语、并列定语或并列状语）或并列句。 （3）增加附加成分：插入语、同位语划独立成分。 （4）出现倒装和省略现象。 （5）增加由短语或多级短语充当的成分。 （6）增加由从句和多级从句充当的句子成分。 2.英语长难句分析的步骤 （1）结合具体语言环境了解全句大意。 （2）剖析全句，分清主要成分和次要成分，主句和从句。 （3）紧缩主干，确定句子的主、谓语，找出句子的基本构架，以其所属句型。 （4）疏通脉络，清理枝蔓，分清主关系，注意上下层次，前后引衬及其逻辑关系。 翻译的整个过程分为两步—理解与表达。还要注意下面几点： （1）按汉语造句的规律，进行选词和语序的调整。 （2）反复研究译文，进行词句锤炼的润饰工夫，最后定稿。 3.英汉句子结构的主要差异 英语在一个句子里往往先说个人感受，再说产生个人感受的原因，汉语则相反，往往按照事情发生的顺序来叙述，最后才说个人的感受。也就是说英汉句子的论理逻辑与叙述逻辑不同。英语往往先讲结果后讲原因，汉语则先说原因，后说结果。 还要认识英汉的主要特点： 英语特点：重形合。爱用关系词；惯用介词表动作；没有固定时序，即英语造句时常打破时间顺序；名词用得多; 代词用得多；主语出现多，等等。 汉语特点：重意合。爱用动词；不爱用关系词；爱用由远及近的时序；实词用得多；主语能免就免，等等。 英语长句虽然结构复杂，但描写细致，逻辑严谨。汉语句子则结构弹性大，简短轻快，先后有序，眉目清楚，节奏感强。 因此，英译汉时，首先要透彻理解原文，抓住句子的中心思想，上下文关系，弄清主次，然后按汉语动词动作的时间顺序或逻辑顺序，重新加以组合。这样，就不会拘泥于原文的语言形式，使译文生硬难读。 1）顺序译法；2）逆序法；3）分句译法；4）综合译法。在实际翻译中，往往需要同时并用几种方法。因为一个句子中往往有多种语言现象交错出现。翻译长句是一种难度较高的综合技能。至于翻译手段的取舍，应取决于要求序文的效果。 （1）顺序译法 有些英语长句所叙述的一连串动作基本上是按动作发生的时间先后安排，也有些英语长句的内容是按逻辑关系安排，这与汉语表达方法比较一致。因此翻译时，一般可按照原文顺序译
(完整)高考英语长难句解析练习教师篇
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破解高考英语阅读理解长难句的方法(最新整理)
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People feared that weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory would encourage illegal hunting and hurt elephant populations. 【句意】二十一年来，象牙交易一直被明令禁止，人们担心削弱这一禁令会助长非法捕猎，导致大象数量减少。 【分析】that引导宾语从句，从句中谓语动词是encourage 和hurt，根据逻辑意义，可知encourage和hurt 的主语是动名词短语weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory。 方法2：提主干，去枝叶(从句、状语和定语等) 一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句、状语和定语等所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如： Economists from the University of Sussex analysed findings
高考英语阅读理解长难句的处理技巧
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从句——名词性从句，还是状语从句，或是定语从句。注意，弄清从句性质对于理解复合句的意思至关重要。 另外，有一点要提醒同学们，在处理长难句时，如果既能正确理解句意，又能将其准确地译成中文，那是最好了。但是，对于有些长难句，要在较短时间内（如在参加考试时）将其译成中文比较困难，此时只要能正确理解其意思就行了，如果硬要勉为其难地译成中文，不仅会浪费时间，而且在许多情况也没有必要。 二、经典高考真题实例分析 下面这篇*共有194个单词，却只有9个句子，平均每个句子大约有22个单词，是近几年高考英语阅读理解中一篇比较典型的集中含有长难句的*。*内容如下： Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St. Helena, and 1,950 miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海军上将) of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred. Coming in a close second——and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant island——is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles
(完整word版)英语长难句翻译技巧及方法
英语长难句翻译技巧及方法 英汉两种语言句子的不同特点是：英语书面语长句较多；汉语一般短句较多。英语句子结构较紧，多用主人结构，英语可有各种后置修饰语（介词短语、不定式短语、动名词短语、分词短语以及从句），这些成分都是造成英语长句的原因；汉语句子结构较松，多用并列结构。有翻译经验的人们对这些特点作过形象的比喻，把英语句子结构比作“葡萄”，把汉语句子结构比作“竹节”。翻译长句时，可将英语的葡萄结构拆成汉语的竹节结构，即把成串的拆成成条的。 英汉两种语言的语序差异是：英语时间顺序灵活（表示时间的从句可以在主句之前或之后）；汉语一般是从先到后。英语逻辑顺序也比较灵活（表示原因、条件的从句可以在主句之前或之后）；汉语一般是前因后果，先进条年，后谈结果。英语中的句词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）与汉语句子主谓宾的语序基本一致，因此，一般都可按汉语的表达方式处理。 顺序法 如果英语长句的时间顺序、逻辑顺序以及名词性从句与汉语句子的语序基本相似，一般可按原文顺序译：如： 本句时间状语从句在前，用顺序法译。 （1）As it was a fine day and I was in no hurry, I was taking my time, looking in shop windows, strolling in the park, and sometimes just stopping and looking around me. 由于天气晴朗，当时又无急事，我便慢悠悠看看橱窗，逛逛公园。有时干脆停下脚步，四处张望。 逆序法 如果英语长句的时间顺序、逻辑顺序与汉语句子的语序相反，一般可逆原文顺序译。如： （2）“Neither believe nor reject anything,” he wrote to his nephew, “because any other person has rejected or believed it ……”他在给侄子的信中写道：“不要因为别的人相信或拒绝了什么东西，你也就去相信它或拒绝它。……” 分译法 由于的英语可有各种后置修饰语，所以有些英语句子很长。为了符合汉语表达习惯，我们常可将长句中的一连患后置修饰语与其修饰成分分开来译，即把短语或从句拆译为短句，有时还需将后置修饰语另作适当安排并适当增加词语。如： （1）A physically mature female deer in good condition who has conceived in November and given birth to two fawns during the end of May or first part of June, must search for food for the necessary energy not only to meet her body’s needs but also to pro duce milk for her fawns. 一只成熟健壮的母鹿，在十一月份怀胎，五月底或六月初生下两只幼鹿，这时，他必须寻找食物以获得必要的能量，这不仅是为了满足自身的需要，而且也是为了给幼鹿生产乳汁。
(完整版)高中英语长难句大汇总
高中英语长难句大汇总 分析长难句对于提高英语阅读水平有着非常重要的作用，今天分享历年高考中出现的100句英语长难句，大家好好读一读、分析分析，希望对你有帮助! I. First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seve ntee nth cen tury, the theorem had baffled and beate n the fin est mathematical min ds, in clud ing a French woma n scie ntist who made a major adva nee in work ing out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytech niq ue. 这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展，她曾女扮男装为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习。 简析：夹杂过去分词短语，现在分词短语，动名词及两个定语从句。 2. It is difficult to measure the qua ntity of paper used as a result of use of Intern et- connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that whe n e-mail is in troduced, the prin ters start worki ng overtime. That is, the grow ing dema nd for paper in rece nt years is largely due to the in creased use of the In ter net. 由于因特网的使用，计算所使用的纸张的数量是很难的，然而几乎任何在办公室工作的人能告诉你，当引进电子邮件后，打印机就开始超时工作。也就是说近年来人们对于纸张的日益需求主要是由于因特网越来越多的使用。 简析：夹杂较复杂的句型结构，关键词just about几乎；overtime超时地。 3. Perhaps the best sig n of how computer and internet use pushes up dema nd for paper comes from the high-tech in dustry itself, which sees printing as one of its most promisi ng new market. 或许，表明电脑及因特网使用促进人们对于纸张的需求的最好迹象源于高科技产业本身，印刷业被认为是高科技产业极有前景的新市场之一。 简析：夹杂较复杂的句型结构，关键词promising有前途的。 4. The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood, such as agricultural waste. 这个行动组也发现一种人们可接受的纸，制成这种纸的原料不是木料，而是农业废料。 简析：关键词other than而不是。 5. Mostly borrowed from English and Chinese, these terms are often changed into forms no lon ger un derstood by n ative speakers. 这些术语，主要从英语和汉语引入，经常会变成不再被说本族语的人们理解的形式。简析：关键词term术语。 6. It is one of many Ian guage books that are now flying off booksellers ' shelves. 它是现在很畅销的许多
学姐亲授英语长难句翻译答题注意事项_毙考题
学姐亲授英语长难句翻译答题注意事项 摘要：考研英语阅读、翻译等题型中多包含长难句，这常常成为影响同学们做题正确性的关键点，如何攻克长难句，各大名师都有自己的分析，今天我们带来毙考题学姐自己的备考经验，更易上手的好方法。 1.英语一和英语二的复习方法是否有区别？ 首先和大家说明一下英语一和英语二在翻译上的区别：从难度水平上来看，英语一的难度要高于英语二；从出题形式上来看，英语一在文本中挑选5个长难句要求考生进行翻译，而英语二则是挑选一段话进行翻译，这是在出题形式上的差别。 然而，从复习方法上来看，英语一与英语二是基本一致的。虽然形式不同，但是英语中翻译句子的方法是万变不离其中的，因此一般考研英语翻译的相关材料也是同时适用于英语一和英语二的，只要掌握了提炼句子结构与成分的方法，无论是任何长难句都可以迎刃而解，因此在翻译这一题型中不需要特别去区分英语一和英语二。当然，在临近考试的阶段可以更多地去熟悉自己所要考的题型。 2.如何选择长难句翻译的复习材料？ 长难句翻译的材料大致可分为两种：一种是针对包括阅读理解与翻译在内的所有长难句译法的详解，植根于句子本身的类型和结构从语法角度进行全面讲解；另一种则是专门针对考研翻译真题，简要介绍翻译方法后，对历年翻译部分的真题进行详细的结构划分和翻译，相比之下更具针对性。因此建议大家根据自己的实际情况和复习偏好，自己去选择适合自己的复习材料。
3.如何辨别简单句与复合句？ 所谓简单句，就是句子中只有一套主谓结构的句子，复合句则是指句子中有多于一套的主谓结构，因此，通过句子中能提炼出的主谓个数即可判断出来。另一种相对直观的方法是根据从句的引导词判断，例如：what,that,which等等，通常每一种从句都会有比较明显的引导词出现，对这些词进行积累就能很容易判断出来。当然，一般来说，考研英语翻译题中出现的绝大多数都是复合句，即使是简单句，翻译的难度也不亚于复合句。 4.如何提炼主句与从句？ 提炼主句与从句是一项需要长期培养的能力，很多地方需要在练习和积累中慢慢体会。不过简单来说，提炼主句就是提炼出句子最主干的那套主谓宾，所以要对句子中的主语、谓语和宾语部分保持敏感。另外，就像前面所说的，从句一般都会有比较明确的引导词，根据引导词划分从句一般是比较便捷的方法。 5.是否应当把阅读理解当成翻译来做？ 很多同学觉得考研英语翻译的真题偏少，为了增强自己的翻译能力，常常会犹豫是否应该把阅读理解当成翻译题来做。那么首先我们需要明确的是，阅读理解的选择题和翻译题对考
长难句(答案)
（1）基本句型 1. Futurism, an early twentieth-century movement in art, rejected all traditions and attempted to glorify contemporary life by emphasizing the machine and motion. 未来主义,二十世纪早期的一个艺术思潮.拒绝一切传统,试图通过强调机械和动态来美化生活. 2. By the mid dl e of the twentieth century, painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert a great worldwid e influence over art. 到了二十一世纪中叶，美国画家和雕塑家开始在世界范围内对艺术产生重大影响。 3. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers. 不计其数的其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志出版商，从公用燃气电力设施到牛奶处理厂，都通过计算机的使用给消费者带来更好、更有效率的服务。 4. Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 他们常说，科学之所以能往前进步，既得力于少数天才和伟人的真知灼见，更要归功于技术的改良和工具的改进等等更为普通的事物。 5. Billie Holiday’s reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability to give emotional d epth to her songs. Billie Holiday’s作为一个爵士布鲁斯乐杰出歌手的名声建立在她拥有能够赋予歌曲感情深度的能力. 6. The individual now has more information availabl e than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time--consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.
最新各高考英语阅读理解长难句透析
精品文档 ２００８年各省、市高考英语阅读理解长难句透析 长难句在阅读理解中容易给考生造成障碍，形成一种心理压力，使考生失分。如果考生面对这些长难句，在短时间内能对它们进行结构解析，确切地理解它们的汉语意思，考生在阅读过程中的问题就会迎刃而解。以下是对2008年各省、市高考英语阅读理解中的一些有代表性的长难句的解析。 1.Their study found that theobromine，found in cocoa，was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine，which was considered the best cough medicine at present. The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment，“while coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的) it can have a major effect on the quality of life and”this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem，”said Professor Peter Barnes. (NMET2008全国ll D篇) 简析：第一个句子中有一个宾语从句，宾语从句中有一过去分词短语found in cocoa作定语，还有一个非限制性定语从句；第二个句子中有一个定语从句。 译文：目前，可卡因是最佳的止咳药物，可是他们的研究发现在可可粉中包含的可可碱，其疗效又比可卡因几乎高三分之一。 在因特网上公布了他们的研究成果的伦敦皇家大学的研究员们说道：这种发现可能有助于找到更有效的治咳方式。彼得·巴恩斯教授说道：“这种发现可能在治咳史上向前迈了一大步”。 实例：53.According to Professor Barnes，theobromine______. A.cannot be as effective as codeine B.can be harmful to people's health C.cannot be separated from chocolate D.can be a more effective cure for coughs 2.Much of the energy that comes from the Sun never reaches the Earth's surface.It is either reflected or absorbed by the gases in the upper atmosphere.Of the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere，30% is reflected by clouds or the Earth's surface.The remaining 70% warms the surface of the planet.(NMET 2008 江苏卷B篇) 简析：句子中含有两个定语从句，这是解题的关键。either ...or连结的是并列结构。 译文：来自太阳的大部分能量都不会到达地球的表面，这种能量或者被上层大气中的气体反射或吸收。在到达低层大气的能量中，有30%的能量被云层或地球的表面所反射，剩下的70%使地球的表面温暖。 实例：60.Only a small part of the Sun's energy reaches the Earth's surface because most of it is______. A.absorbed by the clouds in the lower atmosphere 精品文档． 精品文档 B.reflected by the gases in the upper atmosphere C.lost in the upper and lower atmosphere https://www.wendangku.net/doc/774282588.html,ed to evaporate water from the oceans and lakes 3.The response to her request for help was so huge that Poe established Kids For A Cleaner Environment (Kids F.A.C.E.) in 1989.There are now 300，000 members of Kids FACE worldwide and is the world's largest youth environmental organization. (NMET 2008 山东卷D篇) 简析：第一句中夹杂有一个结果状语从句，又有复杂主语。主语的中心语为The response，其后的to her request for help为后置定语，第二句是由and并列的两个简单句，其中第二句中承前省略了主语kids FACE。 译文：人们对她请求帮助的反应如此强烈以至于波建立了一个为了更洁净环境的孩子的组织。现在这个组织在全世界
考研英语阅读真题经典长难句必背
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[全]高考英语-经典长难句解析及翻译
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“如果消费者用不止一个功能的新电器，比如可以处理文字并且看电视的平板，来取代老的产品，研究者们也弄清楚了将会发生什么事情。” 第四步：合并并列结构并翻译： “这个团队的数据截止到2007年。但是，如果消费者用不止一个功能的新电器，比如可以处理文字并且看电视的平板，来取代老的产品，研究者们也弄清楚了将会发生什么事情。” Get busy living or get busy dying 6. 2018年全国Ⅰ卷，阅读理解D篇 According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window. 生词： analysis n. 分析 cathode ray tubes 阴极射线管 consumption n. 消耗 第一步：没有并列结构 第二部：分析主干和定状 According to the analysis（状1，分词短语）of Babbitt's team（状2，介词短语）, old desktop monitors and box TVs（主语）with cathode ray tubes（定语）are（系）the worst devices
高考英语阅读理解长难句分析详解
高考英语阅读理解长难句分析详解 第一节：找谓语，定主语 一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment --- although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. 【简析】此句中的谓语形式的动词及其对应的主语有：was opposed --he; ordered--he; (should) not be used ---federal--funds; had proposed --- no one; asked--he (asked前面有and, 说明asked与前面某个谓语动词并列，根据逻辑意义asked应与ordered并列)。这一句的主干为“he ordered... asked ....”, “Declaring that...”作状语。 句意：他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的蓄牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验——尽管还没有人建议这么做——他还请一个普林斯顿大学校长Harold Shapiro 为首的独立专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。 第二节：提主干，去枝叶（从句等） 一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如： First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and
英语长难句翻译技巧总汇知识讲解
英语长难句翻译技巧 总汇
1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. （难度系数5，下同） 译文：那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。难句类型：倒装、省略 a.本句的正常语序应当是：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted will be favored.但是因为主语That sex ratio之后的以which引导的修饰它的定语从句，如果按照以上语序，则有头重脚轻之感。所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语will be favored之后。 b.在which引导的从句中，有两处省略：第一处在maximize的第一个宾语the number of descendants that an individual will have中，an individual will have是修饰descendants的定语从句，但是，因为descendants在从句中作have的宾语，所以引导词that可以省略。第二处省略是在第二个the number of 之前，省略了与前面一样的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。 2. （This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .(5++)复杂+倒装+省略; 这是一种照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。 A、句首省略了this is 。这种用一个词代替一个句子的方式如果在书面语中出现，只能出现在高级英语中，因此我们以前的英语学习中从未遇到过。其形式类似于我们中文的“精彩”是“这句话真是精彩”的省略形式。 B、 desire后跟着两个大的修饰成分，一个是to throw over reality a light，其中的a light 是被倒装到了over reality之后，正常应是throw a light over reality.不过这个便装部分与throw距离不远，读者看得还算懂。关键是第二个修饰成分。注意：从that开始直到句尾结束的长长的定语从句不是修饰其前的light 的，而是修饰一开始的desire的。 C、第二个修饰成分中又来了一个倒装，由于作者为了强调never,所以将其提前，引发了定语从句中的倒装：正常语序应该是that might never be given away，倒装后系动词was被提前，given因为在情态动词might之后所以变成了原型give。A give way to B，是A让位于B，