宾语从句和定语从句的区别

宾语从句和定语从句的区别

最简单的方法就是把从句去掉。如果句子结构依然成立，那么从句就是定语从句。如果句子缺少成份了，那么就是宾语从句了。

另外，就位置来说，宾语从句一定放在及物动词或介词后面，要特别注意带形式宾语It的情况。定语从句一定在名词后面。

至于那些关联词，我的方法是分类记忆。that，Which属于定从的关系代词，在从句中充当一定成分，指代先行词；when，Why属于关系副词，无论定从还是宾从都不充当任何成分。what是宾从中的关系代词，充当成分。that还有一个作用就是宾从的关系副词，不充当任何成分。

一、位置的不同：宾语位于及物动词或介词后面；定语从句位于名词后修饰名词；二、引导词的不同：宾语从句引导词有三种：连词，连接代词，连接副词；而定语从句引导词有两种：关系代词，关系副词。三、意义的不同：宾语从句是宾语，句子中的不可缺少的成分，不能用逗号与句子隔开；定语从句是修饰用的，可以用逗号与句子隔开，成为非限制性定语从句。

二、一、位置的不同：宾语位于及物动词或介词后面；定语从句位于名词后修饰名词；二、引导词的不同：宾语从句引导词有三种：连词，连接代词，连接副词；而定语从句引导词有两种：关系代词，关系副词。三、意义的不同：宾语从句是宾语，句子中的不可缺少的成分，不能用逗号与句子隔开；定语从句是修饰用的，可以用逗号与句子隔开，成为非限制性定语从句。

宾语从句（一）宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。宾语从句常由that引导，在口语中常省略。当主句中谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句中谓语动词不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响，按需要可以使用任何时态。如：She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday. 她说她从周一至周五上班。（从句是一般现在时）She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk. 她说她要在他桌子上留个便条。（从句是一般将来时）She says (that) she has never been to Mount Email. 她说她从来没有去过峨眉山。（从句是现在完成时）当主句谓语是过去时态，从句中的时态一般用表示过去的某种时态。如：He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. 他说昨天下午没有课。（从句是一般过去时）He said (that) he was going to take care of the baby. 他说他会去照看这个婴儿。（从句是过去将来时）He said (that) they were having a meeting at that time. 他说他们那时正在开会。（从句是过去进行时）*当主句谓语是过去时态，而宾语从句叙述某一客观真理（事实）时，宾语从句的时态则用一般现在时。如：The teacher told us(that) nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it. 老师告诉我们世上无难事只怕有心人。She said (that) her father is twenty-eight years older than her. 她说她父亲比她大二十八岁。He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他说光传播比声音传播快得多。宾语从句（二）由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。引出名词性从句的连词whether和if，在引出宾语从句时，用法和意义相同。但是只能引出宾语从句和不在句首的主语从句，而whether除了引出宾语从句外，还可引出主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。例如：We don't know whether (if) it is right. 我们不知道它是否正确。The question is whether she should do that. 问题在于她是否应该做那件事。Whether it is true remains a question. 是真是假还是个问题。试比较：当if从句处在主句之后作“是否”讲时，引出的是宾语从句。例如：I don't know if it is true. 我不知道这事是否真实。当if从句在主句之前作“如果”讲，则引出状语从句。例如：I shall go there if I have time. 如果我有时间，我将到那儿去。

定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。

关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。

关系副词有：when, where, why等。

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1）who, whom, that

这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：

Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）

He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）

2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：

They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。

Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。

3）which, that

它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：

A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作主语）

The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语）

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

1）when, where, why

关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：

There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。

Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？

2）that代替关系副词

that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：

His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

宾语从句是名词性从句的一种,在句子中起宾语作用.宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句.如：I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你.that I have troubled you so long部分为宾语从句,that引导宾语从句无意义,不充当句子成分.

而定语从句是形容词性从句,在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词、词组或代词即先行词.定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系代词或关系副词引出.关系代词所代替的

先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分.如：This is the book that you want.关系代词that在句中作动词want的宾语.而关系副词则在句中作状语,如：Shanghai is the city where I was born.关系代词where在从句中作地点状语,相当于介词in+which,把先行词city代入从句即：I was born in Shanghai.

在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。

宾语从句的连接词：

(一)、从属连词

连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that,if,whether。

that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句，

if和whether，whether...or not引导表示“是否”的一般疑问句的宾语从句。

（二）关联代词

连接代词主要有who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever等。连接代词一般指疑问，但what,whatever除了指疑问外，也可以指陈述。

（三）关联副词

连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等.

宾语从句的用法1．that引导宾语从句无意义，不充当句子成分常省略。但下列情况除外：

①．介词宾语从句的that不能省略。

②．and连接的两个从句，两个从句的that不能省略。

He told me that he had two sons and that they both had gone to college.

③．在动词+it+宾语补足语+宾语从句结构中，that不省略。

I heard it said that he had gone abroad

We found it impossible that he could finish it in such a short time

2.Whether,if 引导宾语从句：两词可互换，但是下列情形除外：

①．whether从句中有or not

②．whether从句做介词宾语

Everything depends on whether you agree with us

3．许多带复合宾语的句子，宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it做形式宾语。结构是：

主语+ 动词+ it + 形容词/名词等宾语补足语+ 宾语从句

We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone.

①．宾语从句的语序要用陈述句语序。

False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.

Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.

②. 有时候可以用it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。

Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible.

Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.

Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment.

Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.

③. 带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。

Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher.

Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher.

④. 主句一般过去时态，从句也要用过去时态；具体细节请看第一部分。

False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner.

Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner.

一、状语从句分类及常用连词：

类别连词

时间状语从句when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, once, as soon as,etc.

地点状语从句where,wherever

原因状语从句because, since, as, for, now that, etc.

目的状语从句in order that, so that, that, etc.

结果状语从句so…that, so that, such…that, that, etc.

条件状语从句if, unless, as(so)long as, etc.

让步状语从句though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, as,etc.

比较状语从句as…as, so…as, than, etc.

方式状语从句as, as if, as though, etc.

二、相似连词的用法区别

1.when, while, as,

while表时间，从句需用延续性动词，切不可用瞬间动词。

when表时间，从句既可以用延续性动词，又可以用瞬间动词。

as表时间，与when相似，但侧重强调主从句动作同点或同段进行。

when, while后可以接分词短语。

2.because, as, since, for

语气位置意义

because 最强前或后“原因”；表客观因果关系；回答“”

as 较强前“由于”；把众人所知的事实当作理由

since 较弱前“既然”；就对方陈述的事实作为理由

for 最弱后“理由”；对某一事实进行推断的理由

注：上面所说的“前”，指从句在主句之前；“后”，指从句在主句之后。

3.so that, so…that, such…that

so that “以便”、“结果”表目的和结果。注意：在从句中有情态动词表目的。无情态动词表结果。

so…that “如此的…以致于”表结果。该结构常见于：

1.so+形／副＋that

2.so+形＋a(an)＋单数名词＋that

3.so＋many/much＋复数名词（不可数名词）+that

such…that “如此的…以致于”表结果。该结构常见于：

1.such＋a(an)＋形＋名词＋that

2.such＋形＋复数名词／不可数名词＋that

4.though, although, as,

though, although在句首表“尽管”两者都可以用。但句后不能再用but。

下列情况只能用though：

▲as though (=as if); even if (=even though)

▲在句末表示“然而”

as表示“尽管”，从句的表语、状语等成分要倒装。

5.whatever, however,wherever, whenever

它们是what, how, where, when的强势语气。分别等于：

no matter what, no matter how

no matter where, no matter when

二宾语从句

1.肯定句

结构:主句+that（可有可无）+肯定句

2.一般疑问句

结构:主句+if+一般疑问句

3.特殊疑问句

结构:主句+疑问词+肯定句。

宾语从句的时态

1.主现从不限（主句是一般现在时，从句的时态不限）

2.主过从四过（主居是一般过去时，从句的时态应是一般过去时、过去完成时、过去将来时或者过去进行时）

在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句是初中英语中最重要的一种从句，它内容完整，句型结构较为复杂，主句和从句时态搭配要求严格，在中考试题中频频出现。而且学好宾语从句也可为到高中学习间接引语、主语从句、表语从句及同位语从句打下良好的基础。学习宾语从句并不难，只要你能过好下面的三道关：

第一关，选好连接词（也有人叫关联词）。

引导宾语从句的连接词，课本上写有三类，但从学习的角度看分为四类更为实用。

1．连词that：只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中或非正式文体中常被省略。例如：

1）He knew（that）he should work hard．

2）I am glad（that）you\'ve passed the exam．

2．连词whether或if：它们起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解，口语中多用if。例如：

3）Do you know whether he will ride here at 8 tomorrow morning？（注：2002上海市徐汇区中考试题填上答案后的句子。以下再有这种例句，都为2002年中考题，只写某地。）

4）Tom didn\'t know if／whether his grandpa liked the present．

作“是否”解的if和whether在具体用法上差别较大，同学们不易掌握。在宾语从句中用whether没有用if时受到那么多限制。例如：

5）He asked me whether or not I was coming．他问我是否要来。（该句中的whether不能换成if，因为if不能与or连用。）

3．连接代词who，whom ，whose，what，which：它们起连接作用，作句子成分，各有其自己的意义。例如：

6）The teacher asked the new student which class he was in？（武汉市）（which引导宾语从句，

在从句中作定语，修饰class，意为“哪个”。）

7）Can you tell me whom he is waiting for？（天津市）

4．连接副词when，where，why，how：起连接作用，分别作时间、地点、原因、方式状语，各有其自己的意义。例如：

8）I wonder where he got so much money．对他从哪里弄到那么多钱我感到疑惑。（where在从句中作地点状语，修饰got，意为“哪里；什么地方”。）

9）He didn\'t tell me how old his friend was．（四川省）（how引导宾语从句，作程度状语，修饰old，意为“怎样；如何”等意。）

第二关，牢记宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序，即“连接词＋主语＋谓语＋其他”。这里特别强调的是，它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述句的语序，不是疑问句的倒装语序。例如：

10）You must remember what your teacher said．（河南省）

11）—Dad，do you know when the football game will start？

—In half an hour．（宁波市）

12）汉译英：你能不能告诉我，我们去看望谁？

误：Can you tell me who（m）do we have to see？

正：Can you tell me who（m）we have to see？

错句的错误出在宾语从句中误用了疑问句的结构——主语前加了个助动词do。因为我们已经习惯了特殊疑问句，如W hat time does the plane arrive in Paris？就顺口说出“Do you know what time does the plane arrive in Paris？”这种错误句子来。但是一旦我们注意了，我们不久就习惯于说“Do you know what time the plane arrives in Paris？”了。

第三关，注意时态的呼应。

宾语从句中谓语动词的时态，常常受主句谓语时态的制约，这种现象称为“时态的呼应”。例如：

13）汉译英：我原以为你今天有空的。

误：I thought（that）you are free today．

正：I thought（that）you would be free today．

错句中宾语从句用are很可能是因为有today，但因为主句谓语是thought，所以从句谓语就该用过去将来时would be了。

这种时态的呼应，如果主句谓语是现在时或将来时，宾语从句的谓语时态不受限制，如上述例句2），3），7），8），10），11），12）。如果主句时态是过去时，宾语从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时（即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等）。例如：14）He thought he was working for the people．

15）I heard she had been to the Great W all．

16）John hoped that he would find a job soon．

但宾语从句如果表示定理法则、永恒真理等，则不变化：

17）The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun

定语从句

定语从句

内容提要

定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾

语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。

一、限定性定语从句

1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置

2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢

3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略

4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语

5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句

6. when引导定语从句表示时间

〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导

By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.

I still remember the first time I met her.

Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.

7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格

8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导

二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立

1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分

2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which

Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。

I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。

We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。

3. 有时as也可用作关系代词

4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物

三、定语从句结构错误

1. 缺关系词

2. 从句中缺成分

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定语从句中where和which的区别

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