Accidents on Bridges

Accidents on Bridges

The weaknesses of the early suspension bridges in storms or under repeated rhythmic loads were fatal for most of them．In 1831 the Broughton suspension bridge collapsed because of oscillations set up by a body of troops marching in step．Four other bridges in the U．S and Britain were destroyed simply by the impact of flocks of sheep or droves of cattle．The Chain Pier Bridge at Brighton，Sussex，and the Union Bridge over the Tweed at Berwick，Northumberland，were both blown down．The first railway suspension bridge，built in 1830 to carry the Stockton and Darlington Railway over the Tees，was hammered to destruction in a few years by the weight and impact of the trains．In the U. S，the Fairmount Bridge，supported by a number of small wire cables，over the Schuylkill River，was a success，but a l,000-foot（300-meter）span over the Ohio River at Wheeling，West Virginia，survived only five years．

The collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge，at Puget Sound，in 1940，only 4 months after its completion and after more than 50 years of immunity from suspension-bridge failure of this kind，brought the study of aerodynamic stability sharply to the fore．This bridge was by far the most flexible among its contemporaries. It had a span of 2,800 feet（853 meters）with a width of only 39 feet（12 meters），and the deck was stiffened throughout its length not by the deep open trusses formerly used but by two plate girders only 8 feet（2.4 meters）deep．Under quite moderate winds，the deck not only swayed sideways but also was subject to severe tensional（twisting）vibrations，and ultimately，in a wind of only 42 miles（70 kilometers）per hour，the vibrations became so violent that the deck was torn away and crashed into the water．Other U．S．suspension bridges had also shown undesirable aerodynamic action，and further bracing or stiffening was quickly incorporated．

A committee appointed to investigate the Tacoma failure found that the oscillations caused by wind were due to（l）natural turbulence or gusts and（2）the eddies created by the solid cross section and shed from the bridge structure．A dangerous buildup of oscillations，possibly leading to collapse，might result if the frequency of the eddies coincided with any of the natural frequencies of oscillation of the bridge．Bridge designers thereafter reverted to the use of heavy，stiff deck structures to provide tensional rigidity and also left longitudinal openings or slots along the deck，between the dual roadways and the girders，similar to the anti-stall slots originally used in the wings of aircraft．All these modifications were adopted for the Tacoma Narrows Ⅱ Bridge，completed in 1950，in which width and rigidity were considerably increased as compared with its predecessor，and also for the Mackinac Bridge，the Forth Road Bridge，and others．

Engineers completing the final design for the Severn Bridge，however, realized that serious eddy sheddings might well be avoided on bridge decks by adopting the principles that had been used for years to avoid it in aircraft structures．The deck of the bridge was designed as a box girder，shaped like an aerofoil，and enclosed by stiffened plates at the top and bottom and inclined plates at the sides，so as to make it in a large measure streamlined．The upper surface constitutes the deck，on which the roadways constructed，projecting platforms being provided at the sides to carry cycle

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tracks and footways．Extending throughout the span，the deck is only 10 feet（3 meters）deep and is suspended from the cables by inclined hangers at 60-feet（18-metre）intervals．These triangulated hangers damp out the small degree of oscillation that might otherwise occur with winds blowing slightly upwards from the horizontal．

Considerable economy is achieved not only by the saving in weight in the deck itself but also by the fact that its shallow airfoil profile reduces the wind loads on the bridge and，thus，leads to further economies in the weight of cables and towers．Moreover，the tower legs are of single-box section，so that their weight is reduced to a minimum．These innovations have undoubtedly set high standards of economy and sophistication for the future of suspension-bridge design．Aerodynamic action may also be a source of trouble during the erection of a suspension bridge．When the north tower of the Forth Road Bridge had reached a height of over 400 feet，it began to sway alarmingly under quite light crosswinds of only 20-25 miles per hour，although in a heavy gale it moved only a few inches．The sway developed an amplitude of over 7 feet（2.1 meters）at the tower top，with a period of 4.5 seconds，and built up and died down every few minutes．This novel phenomenon was quickly checked by means of a damping device consisting of a 16-ton counterweight that was connected to the top of the tower by long steel cables and arranged so that it could slide up and down a ramp inclined at 450 to the horizontal．Any movement of the tower top of more than a few inches began to pull the counterweight up the ramp; this interrupted the rhythmic buildup of the oscillations and brought the top of the tower to rest．The steelwork of the suspended deck of this bridge was erected in two passes by four 15-ton derricks，working outward from each of the towers to the center and then returning again．Wind-tunnel tests made on model of deck during erection demonstrated that it was necessary to leave a longitudinal strip 20 feet wide open along the center line of the bridge, during the first pass of the derricks，in order to maintain the aerodynamic stability of the deck，until the first pass had been completed，connecting the stiffening trusses of the deck at mid-span．

Safety problems and solutions

During the last few years，much more attention has been paid to reducing accidents on bridges and, indeed，on all engineering structures．Most failures occur during erection，and safety can be considered under three heads：the safety of the structure during erection or demolition，the safety of construction plant，and the safety of personnel．Statutory regulations，which are continually being widened，exist in all countries to ensure the safety of structures，plant，and personnel．But，in spite of these regulations，far too many accidents still occur．

The catastrophic failure of the all-welded Duplessis Bridge at Trois-Rivieres，Quebec，at a temperature of -30 T（-34℃），in February 1951，followed by that of the Kings Bridge at Melbourne，Victoria，in July 1962，were ascribed to brittle fracture from the nature of the steel used and the low temperatures prevailing at the time．The failure of three Vierendeel truss bridges in Belgium in 1938-40 and 250 all-welded Liberty ships in 1942-52 had drawn attention to the liability of steel to brittle fracture．The flange plates of the 180-foot（55-metre）plate girders of the Duplessis Bridge that failed proved to be of poof-quality steel that was abnormally notch sensitive, even at

39

ordinary temperature. In June 1958，two spans of the six-highway Second Narrows Bridge in Vancouver collapsed，wrecking 2,500 tons of steel and killing 18 men，during the cantilevering of the 465-foot（142-metre）anchor arm．The cause was the failure of a steel grillage supporting one of the temporary trestles，on which the stiffeners had been omitted due to an error in calculations．During the erection of the Barton High Level Bridge，England，there were two accidents in February and December 1959，in which six men were killed．The first accident was due to the failure of two inadequately designed and braced temporary trestles，and the second was due to four steel girders standing side by side overturning because they were inadequately braced together．

A most unusual accident to a completed span was the 1967 collapse of the Sliver Bridge over the Ohio River at Point Pleasant，West Virginia，with a loss of 46 lives．This was a chain-suspension bridge with a span of 698 feet（213 meters），built as recently as 1928，and its failure ruled out the building of any more bridges suspended in this way in the U．S．Another accident，but without any loss of life，occurred immediately after the closure of the Fourth Danube Bridge in Vienna in November 1969. This was a three-span motorway bridge of twin box girders．A sudden fall of temperature at night resulted in failure at the closing joint；the bridge sagged three feet，and within ten seconds two more bucklings occurred several hundred feet away on either side．In this case，the margin of safety was eroded by four different factors，one of which was the sudden temperature differential．

Two tragic collapses of sophisticated designs of trapezoidal box-girder bridges，resulting in the death of 4 men and 35 men，respectively，occurred during erection in 1970. The first of these was the Milford Haven Bridge，Pembrokeshire，in which a 196-foot（60-metre）steel cantilever collapsed in June 1970，owing to the failure of the vertical steel diaphragm over the pier from which it was being cantilevered．The second was the collapse of a 367-foot（112-metre）steel span of the West Gate high level bridge over the Lower Yarra River in Melbourne，in October 1970. Falling at the middle，the span plunged to the water，bringing down the river pier in its collapse．Failures have also occurred on concrete bridges，one of the most recent，in which two men were killed，in August 1967，being the collapse of two completed sections of the Calder Bridge，which was being built to carry the M. 1. motorway over the River Calder near Wakefield，Yorkshlre．Here the collapse was caused by the failure of temporary supports due to mild-steel joists being used by mistake instead of joists of high-tensile steel．

In order to combat risk of brittle fracture，high-tensile steel has now been greatly improved in strength at low temperatures．Another most complex problem under research is that of metal fatigue，to which both steel and aluminum are prone, caused by undergoing continual variation of stress that reduce ultimate strength and cause cracks or failure. Susceptibility to fatigue is increased by welding; particularly, by welds across tension members; or by an abrupt change of shape or thickness．All possible data are being obtained as to the number and nature of the stress cycles to which bridges are subject and to types of construction and the quality of steel that can withstand them．

As a result of the tragic collapse of box-girder bridges at Milford and Melbourne, the

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government in Great Britain has appointed a team of experts to enquire into the safety of this type of bridge，which has been described as pioneer work pushed toward the limits of the engineer’s knowledge，and to examine the design and construction methods．

Accidents caused by failure of plant are too varied to detail here．They can be largely avoided by ensuring that all plant and equipment is kept in good repair and used only within its capacity，with all moving parts adequately guarded and with fail-safe devices provided as necessary．The causes of accidents to personnel are also diverse．The first necessity is to provide safe means of access and safe place of work，by means of ladders，gangways，and working platforms with guardrails，toe boards，and cradles，as necessary．Accidents to men working aloft can be prevented by means of safety harness and safety nets；safety helmets should be worn by all men on site．

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大学英语泛读第三版book213.全文翻译

After Twenty Years O'Henry 二十年以后 欧亨利 The policeman on the beat moved up the avenue impressively. The impressiveness was habitual and not for show, for spectators were few. The time was barely 10 o'clock at night, but chilly gusts of wind with a taste of rain in them had well nigh depeopled the streets. 一个执勤的警察正沿街巡逻，很认真，他一直都这样认真，并不是做给谁看的。差不多是晚上十点了，街上行人寥寥无几，冷风飕飕地吹着，有种雨水的味道。 Trying doors as he went, twirling his club with many intricate and artful movements, turning now and then to cast his watchful eye adown the pacific thoroughfare, the officer, with his stalwart form and slight swagger, made a fine picture of a guardian of the peace. The vicinity was one that kept early hours. Now and then you might see the lights of a cigar store or of an all-night lunch counter; but the majority of the doors belonged to business places that had long since been closed. 他灵巧地来回转着手里的警棍，每家每户都仔细查看，警觉的目光不时地投向安静的街道，这个警察，身材强壮，昂首阔步，俨然一个和平守护者。附近的街区睡得都早，偶尔能看见一个雪茄店或通宵餐馆还亮着灯，其他的店铺早就打烊了。 When about midway of a certain block the policeman suddenly slowed his walk. In the doorway of a darkened hardware store a man leaned, with an unlighted cigar in his mouth. As the policeman walked up to him the man spoke up quickly. 走到街区中间时，警察突然放慢了脚步，他看见五金店门口站着一个人，嘴里叼着雪茄，没点着，正向他走过去时，这个人立马开口说话了。 "It's all right, officer," he said, reassuringly. "I'm just waiting for a friend. It's an appointment made twenty years ago. Sounds a little funny to you, doesn't it Well, I'll explain if you'd like to make certain it's all straight. About that long ago there used to be a restaurant

英语泛读教程3第三版答案

英语泛读教程3第三版（刘乃银版）答案 Unit 1 Text: A. c B. bdabb ddc D. addad cdb Fast Reading: dbdda abaad cbbdc Home Reading: dacdd aab Unit 2 Text: A. b B. ddbcd cca D. badda caac Fast Reading: dbbdc bdbdb cddbd Home Reading: cbdcc dbbd Unit 3 Text: A. d B. badab bdddc D. bddba cbcaa Fast Reading: cbbba ccdda ccdad Home Reading: dbcbd dbdb Unit 4 Text: A. c B. ddbcd dc D. abdbb addad Fast Reading: dbccd bdadd badcd Home Reading: dadac bcd Unit 5 Text: A. c B. abdaa dcbd D. dbabb dabcb da Fast Reading: caabd cbddc cdbab Home Reading: bccdb dc Unit 6 Text: A. b B. cbcab ddad D. badaa cbaac Fast Reading: cabcd aadcb ccdab Home Reading: ccdcd abc Unit 7 Text: A. d B. acbda dcaac D. abaac daccd ad Fast Reading: daada cddbc bdcdb Home Reading: cbadb cddbc Unit 8 Text: A. c B. cddcc dccb D. abdac aaa Fast Reading: ccacd bbdad babdd Home Reading: dbdbc cbcd Unit 9 Text: A. c B. bccbc dbba D. dcbab dacba c Fast Reading: dcbca bccbc bcddd Home Reading: dcdca bd Unit 10 Text:A. c B. cdccd bacac D. dcdbc acadc bd Fast Reading: dbdcc dccdb bddca Home Reading: cadcb acbb Unit 11 Text: A. d B. adacc dcb D. abacb dcaab adc Fast Reading: dcdab ccbda ccbca

英语泛读教程3 课文翻译

UNIT 2 英国人的谨慎和礼貌 在许多人看来，英国人极为礼貌，同他们交朋友很难。但愿下列文字能够帮助你更好地了解英国人的性格特点。 对于其他欧洲人来说，英国人最著名的特点是“谨慎”。一个谨慎的人不太会和陌生人聊天，不会流露出太多的情感，并且很少会兴奋。要了解一个谨慎的人并非易事；他从不告诉你有关他自己的任何事，也许你和他工作了几年，却连他住在哪儿，有几个孩子，兴趣是什么，都不知道。英国人就有类似的倾向。如果乘公共汽车去旅行，他们会尽量找一个没人坐的位子；如果是乘火车，他们会找一个没人的单间。如果他们不得不与陌生人共用一个单间时，那么即使火车驶出了很多英里，他们也不会开口交谈。一旦谈起来的话，他们不会轻易问及像“你几岁？”或者甚至“你叫什么名字？”等私人问题。像“你的手表是在哪儿买的？”或者“你的收入是多少？”这样的问题几乎不可想象。同样，在英国，人们交谈时一般声音都很轻、很有节制，大声谈话会被视为没有教养。 在某种程度上，不愿意与他人交流是一种不幸的品质，因为它可能会给人造成态度冷淡的印象。而事实上，英国人（也许除了北方人）并不以慷慨和好客而著称。而另一方面，虽然谨慎使他们不易与人沟通,但他们内心还是很有人情味的。如果一个陌生人或外国人友善地将这种隔阂打破那么一会儿，他们可能会满心欢喜。 与英国人的谨慎紧密相连的品质是英国式的谦逊。在内心深处，英国人可能比任何人都高傲，但是当他们与别人相处时，他们十分看重谦逊的品质，至少要表现出谦虚的样子。自我标榜会被认为没有教养。让我们假设，有一个人非常擅长打网球，但如果有人问他是否是个优秀选手时，他很少会说“是”，不然，人们会认为他很高傲。他可能会作出类似这样的回答，“不算太差，”或者“嗯，我非常喜欢网球。”这样的自我贬低是典型的英国式的。而且当这一品质与他们的谨慎混合在一起时，常常形成一种漠然的气氛，这在外国人看来难于理解，甚至令人恼火。 著名的英国人的幽默感也是大同小异。它的出发点是自我贬低，它的最大对手是高傲，它的理想境界是自嘲的能力——嘲笑自己的错误、自己的失败和窘境，甚至自己的理想。在英国，人们非常看重幽默感，常常能听到“他一点幽默感都没有”这样的批评。幽默感是一种对生活的态度而并非仅仅是开玩笑的能力。这种态度决非残酷、不敬或是怀有恶意的。英国人不会嘲笑一个跛子或者疯子，也不会嘲笑一个悲剧或者一次可敬的失败。同情心或者对艺术技巧的崇敬比嘲笑的份量重得多。 同幽默感一样，运动员精神是英国式的理想，这一点并非所有的英国人都做得到。必须认识到，现代形式的运动几乎都是英国人发明的。拳击、英式足球、网球以及板球都是在英国首次组织并且制定出规则的。规则是运动的精髓，运动员精神是指按照规则从事体育运动的能力，同时也表现在对对手的慷慨大度，以及失败后的良好心态。此外，运动员精神作为一种理想模式也普遍适用于日常生活。其中最基本的生活规则之一就是“不打跌倒的人”。换言之，就是不要利用别人的不幸。英国的男孩子常常在相互交往中把这种运动员精神表现得淋漓尽致。 英国人的另一特点就是礼貌。总的来说，英国式的礼貌习惯都不很正式。所有的礼貌都是建立在这样的基本原则之上：为别人着想，同时也认可别人对你的关心。在麻烦别人时，如：从某人前面经过，或者打断某人的谈话，或者向陌生人请教问题时，要先说“对不起”，为给对方带来的不便预先道歉。“抱歉”一词表示对意外打扰或者违反礼仪的歉意。如果有人提出或者暗示某个要求，如：“我可以借你的钢笔吗嘛？”或者“现在几点了？”或者“还有七码的鞋吗？”，而你无法满足这种要求时，也要说“抱歉”而不是“不”。“请原谅？”是用来要求别人重复所说内容时的礼貌说法。在英国，除了在学校，人们在请求发言时，不再用“请”这个词。在国外非常普遍的词组“不，请”，在英国本土听起来却会很别扭。“好

英语泛读教程3第三版(刘乃银)答案

英语泛读教程3第三版（刘乃银版）答案Unit 1 Text: A.c B. bdabb ddc D. addad cdb Fast Reading: dbdda abaad cbbdc Home Reading: dacdd aab Unit 2 Text: A. b B. ddbcd cca D. badda caac Fast Reading: dbbdc bdbdb cddbd Home Reading: cbdcc dbbd Unit 3 Text: A.d B. badab bdddc D. bddba cbcaa Fast Reading: cbbba ccdda ccdad Home Reading: dbcbd dbdb

Text: A.c B. ddbcd dc D. abdbb addad Fast Reading: dbccd bdadd badcd Home Reading: dadac bcd Unit 5 Text: A.c B. abdaa dcbd D. dbabb dabcb da Fast Reading: caabd cbddc cdbab Home Reading: bccdb dc Unit 6 Text: A.b B. cbcab ddad D. badaa cbaac Fast Reading: cabcd aadcb ccdab Home Reading: ccdcd abc Unit 7

A.d B. acbda dcaac D. abaac daccd ad Fast Reading: daada cddbc bdcdb Home Reading: cbadb cddbc Unit 8 Text: A.c B. cddcc dccb D. abdac aaa Fast Reading: ccacd bbdad babdd Home Reading: dbdbc cbcd Unit 9 Text: A.c B. bccbc dbba D. dcbab dacba c Fast Reading: dcbca bccbc bcddd Home Reading: dcdca bd Unit 10 Text:

大英三泛读翻译

范读课文4、8、11、14、17、20 LESSON 4: The Middle-Class Black’s Burden Leanita McClain 黑人中产阶级因其成功而备受煎熬，我就是其中一员。一方面，白人认为我不过是幸运昙了；另一方面，黑人则妒忌我，僧恨我。一旦获得了机会，能够从事属于白领阶层的工作，和所有人一样，黑人就会对生活抱有极大的希望，这些包括了人们常说的梦中的豪宅，两辆汽车，接受良好的教育，还有孩子们在迪斯尼乐园度过的假期。这一事实仍会让很多人感到震惊。实际上，相较于其他美国人，我们黑人更渴望获得这一切，因为我们已有太久无权拥有和享受这些东西了。 同时，在通常被人们称为贫民区的地方，仍生活有相当多的黑人同胞，他们和那些观念陈旧的黑人好战分子一起，总是无休止地责写黑人中产阶级，说我们“忘了本”!’指责我们抛弃了革命，背叛了本民族，变成了白心黑人—皮肤是黑色的，内心却已被白人同化。 而事实是我们不曾忘本，我们也不敢忘本。我们只不过是奋斗在不同的阵线，也不比他们少厌倦战争。或许，我们还更伤心，因为我们清楚地知道黑人世界和白人世界本可以融会在一起，而这个融合在一起的世界将会更美好。 要那些花言巧语的骗子仍无所顾忌地利用儿时的友情来作编我，我就不可能忘本。当我怀着恐惧回到以前住过的地方，钱包被人抢走时，我不会忘本；当我享用商务午餐却发现服务员是老同学时，我也不会忘本。我回忆起儿时一起玩洋娃娃的女孩，她现在靠福利救济抚养五个子女;而那个住在教堂里的男孩，现在因谋杀罪而被关在监狱里；儿时的密友则因服食过量毒品被发现死在我们曾一起玩捉迷藏的小巷里。这一切怎能令我忘本!

英语泛读教程3第三册课文翻译unit14

UNIT14 你怎么知道艺术品的优劣? 玛丽亚·曼尼丝 你喜欢艺术吗？你能说出哪些艺术品好哪些不好？是否存在评价艺术的标准？读一读下面这篇文章，看看玛丽亚·曼尼丝如何回答这样的问题。 设想没有评论家告诉我们，对一幅画，一个剧本或一段新乐曲怎样反应。设想我们无意间步入一个未署名油画的画展。我们依据什么标准，依据什么价值来评判它们是优是劣，是天才的还是没有天才的，是成功还是失败?我们又怎能知道自己的想法是正确的? 近十五或二十年来，艺术的批评与欣赏流行否认任何合理标准的存在，使“好”与“坏”成了无关紧要，无足轻重、无可适用的字眼。我们被告知，根本不存在先通过知识与经验获得，然后加在讨论的对象上的一套标准这回事。这一直是受到欢迎的方法，因为它解除了评论家评判的责任，公众也无须知识。它迎合那些不愿受规则约束的人，称头脑空虚者为开明来讨好他们，并使不知所措的人得到安慰。在民主平等之旗的掩护下--当然不是我们祖先所说的那种平等--它实际是在说：“你是谁，要来告诉我们什么是好，什么是坏?”这与大众传媒制作者的一贯伎俩如出一辙。他们坚持认为，由公众而不是由他们决定的它想要听和看的什么，而评论家说这个节目好而这个节目不好，这纯粹是个人趣味的反应。没有谁表达这一哲学，比近来弗兰克·斯丹坦博士，哥伦比亚广播电视公司极其睿智的总裁更为简明。在联邦通讯委员会的一次听证会上，他在接受询问时漏出此言：“一人眼里的平庸之作，却是另一人的佳作。” 最妙不过的说法是：“没有一个标准是绝对的”。造成这种放任观念的另一重要因素是：畏惧感----所有艺术形式的观察者们都有唯恐猜错的担心。这种担心极易遇到，谁没有听说当初饱受世人指摘的艺术家后来被称为大师？每个时期都有一些评判者，他们不和时代一起前进，无法区分进化和革命，风行一时的时尚、业余的实验与深刻的必然的变化之间的区别。谁愿意作出这样严重的判断错误而贻笑大方?安全得多，当然也容易得多的做法是：看着一幅画，一个剧本或一首诗，说道：“它很难懂，但也许很好”；或者干脆把它当作新形式加以欢迎。“新的”这个词--尤其在我们这个国度--具有魔力般的涵义。凡是新的都是好的；而旧的则极可能是不好的。如果评论家能用无人理解的语言描述新事物，那么他就更为安全。倘若他掌握了说话的艺术，用精巧复杂的言辞，却什么也没说，日后就无人能够说他曾经说过什么。 但是我认为，所有这一切实质上都是对评判责任的背弃。艺术家在创作中表现自己，而你则在欣赏中有自己的承诺。毕竟还是观众成就了艺术。欣赏的气氛对于艺术的繁荣不可或缺。公众的期望愈高，艺术家的表现就愈好。相反，只有被评论家误导的社会，才会在这几年把既不是艺术也不是文学的东西当做艺术和文学接受。如果一件东西没有了，一切也就没有了，而在废物堆最底层的是被抛弃的标准。 但这些标准究竟是什么?你怎样得到它们?你如何知道它们是正确的?你又如何能在这许多不可捉摸的东西，包括最不可捉摸的自我本身，理清出一个清晰的模式? 首先，很明显，你愈是多读、多看、多听，你将愈好地被装备起来实践建立在所有的理解与判断之上的联想艺术。愈是见多识广，愈能深刻意识到一个连贯一致的规律--犹如星辰、潮汐、呼吸、白昼黑夜一般具有普遍性--存在于万事万物中。我把这一规律与这一节奏称为一种秩序。并非秩序，而是一种秩序。其中存在着变化万千的各种形式。其外则是混乱--疯狂的毁灭因素----病态。最终应由你来区分健康的多样性与病态的混乱，而不运用联想的过程是无法做到的。没有联想的过程，你就不能将莫扎特乐曲的一节和维米尔油画的一角，斯特拉文斯基的乐谱与毕加索的抽象画，或者一个挑衅性的行为与弗兰茨·克兰的油画，一阵咳嗽声与约翰·凯奇的作品联系起来。 某些艺术表现形式是永恒的，而另一些却转瞬即逝，这并非偶然现象。尽管你不一定总要解释原因，但你可以提出问题。艺术家说了些什么永恒的东西?他怎样说这些?有多少是时尚，多少纯是反映?为什么如今沃尔特·司各特的作品如此难读，而简·奥斯丁却不是这样?为什么巴洛克艺术风格适合某一时期，而另一时期却显得过于炫目辉煌? 是否存在一个技巧标准，能够适用于所有时代的艺术，还是每个时代对标准都有各自不同的定义?你也许已不经意地意识到，这些年“技巧”已变成不入流的字眼，因为它含有“标准”的意思--即作品完成得好不好。这种方便的逃避的结果，导致了大量不能发出声音的演员，不会解释歌曲涵义的歌手，不能交流感情的诗人，词汇贫乏的作家--更不用说不会作画的画家。现在的教条是，技巧阻碍表达。不必说你不知道自己在做什么，如果你不知道怎样去做，那么你就能做得更好。 我认为，到了你帮助扭转这一潮流的时候了，方法是努力重新发现技巧：掌握选择的工具，无论是画笔、字词还是声音。当你开始觉察自由与草率，严肃的实验与自我疗法，技艺与即兴，力量与暴力之间的区别时，你就逐渐能够将山羊与绵羊区分开来，而这种区分形式我们竟阔别已久。所有你需要重新拥有的，不过是几条标准和能够看穿骗局的盖氏测量仪，而我们可以在急切需要这两者的领域－－当代绘画开始艺术之旅。 我不知道什么更糟糕：不得不面对大面积的拙劣艺术，为的是发现些许可取之处，还是阅读评论家对此说的一切。其他任何一个表现领域都不会象画界一样如此盛行煞有其事的言谈，流行如此多的废话：艺术与艺术生存的评论氛围之间紧密地相互依赖的进一步证据。我将很乐意和你共享我们时代典型的故弄玄虚的东西。

大学英语泛读教程2【第二版】unit1课文翻译

several nights a week Joseph woke up screaming from the same terrible could never recall his whole dream， only remembered that someone was running after was trying to get away，but in his dream he could not move。he continued having this nightmare for months。he was so tired in the morning that it was hard for him to go to work。Joseph，you see，is not a frightened child，but a grown man。 Milton Kramer is a psychiatrist and dream researcher Cincinnati， believes that it is very important that people don't ignore their dreams，because they are messages from our sleeping Kramer studied dreams and dreamers，he found that people wake up feeling very discouraged after they have a bad also found that after having a good dream，people feel more ,dreams can have harmful or beneficial a result,Kramer believes that we need to learn how to change our bad we understand what happened in our dreams,we can change negative，hurtful dreams to positive，helpful ones。 Before we can begin to change a nightmare，however，we first have to remember what happened in our say there are many ways to do can keep a journal or diary of what we do when we are awake. Then，before going to sleep，we can review our practice helps us to stay in we wake up，we should lie still while we try to remember our researchers say that by staying in the same sleeping positive，we are more likely to recall the should also try to remember an important word or picture from the image makes the rest of the dream easier to longer we sleep，the longer and more complex our dreams will be. Cartwright is a dream researcher， has developed another dream therapy for changing to ,dream therapy involves four simple steps you can learn on your first step is to recognize when you are having a bad dream that will make you feel helpless or upset the next second step is to identify what it is about the dream that makes you feel bad-for example，weak instead of strong，or out of control instead of in control. Next，stop any bad do not have to continue your bad dream，because you are in last step is to change the negative part of the you may have to wake yourself up and change the dream before you return to times it is possible to change the dream while you are still asleep. By using dream therapy，Joseph was able to change his ,his bad dreams stopped

英语泛读教程第三版第一册第一单元LOVE课件

教学日志

Unit 1 Love Step one: Reading skill on Page 7 ①subheading: a title that divides part of a piece of writing into shorter sections小标题 subtitle: a second title which is often longer and explains more than the main title.副标题 ②preface: an introduction at the beginning of a book, which explains what the book is about or why it was written. 序言 ③index: an alphabetical list that is printed at the back of a book and tells you on which pages important topics are referred to 索引 indices ④glossary ⑤appendix: extra information that is placed after the end of the main text 附录; a small closed tube inside your body which is attached to your digestive system阑尾 pend=attach depend on ⑥bibliography bible ⑦supplement: an additional section, written some time after the main text and published either at the end of the book or separately(书籍的)补编，补遗，附录 Step two: Background information about Text in Unit 1 Some poems that sing high praise for love

英语泛读教程3第三册Unit4课文翻译

寻找可以依靠的坚实臂膀 在美国，越来越多的老人独居。他们生病时处境通常显得很悲惨。简·格罗斯在下面的文章中指出这些老年人的问题。 每次人们在医生办公室给格雷斯·麦凯比递来一份紧急情况联系人表格时，空格处总令她心中发怵。对任何有配偶、伴侣或子女的人来说，这是个很简单的问题。但是，75岁的麦凯比女士一直独居。谁能和她一起渡过难关?情况最糟糕的时候，谁会关心她? 这些曾是假设的问题。但是现在，麦凯比女士视力越来越差，几乎完全看不见。她一直有很多朋友，但从没请过谁为她负起责任，比如，接急诊室半夜来的电话，或因为她自己不能写支票而帮助付账单。 她在所有的朋友中，选定了一个心地善良、遇事不慌、有解决问题能力的人。所以，她多次在空白处写止“夏洛特·弗兰克”，然后打电话说，“夏洛特，又把您写在单子上了，”于是，紧张时刻得到缓解。 麦凯比女士被一个鲁莽的司机撞倒在人行横道上，得了脑震荡，这时，年龄70岁，自己也独居的弗兰克女士在起居室长沙发上守了一夜。麦凯比女士再也看不清标)隹字体时，弗兰克女士给她弄了一台电脑，把字体设置到最大，这样，她就能读报纸，从商品单定购货物。 “你会发现，有些好朋友成了至交，”麦凯比女士说，“夏洛克既实际又形象地告诉我要，抓住不放，我这样做了。” 无法统计出不同年龄生病或有残疾的独居者的数字，医院安排出院的人和家庭健康照料机构说，他们服务的明显无人照顾的独居者越来越多。 人口调查报告中，单人家庭，包括从未结婚者、离婚者和丧偶者，其数目明显增加。2003年，近27％ 的美国家庭由独居者组成，高于1970年的18％，这些家庭注重的是不具有亲属的法律地位或社会地位的友谊。人口统计学家警告说，生育高峰期出生的人老年化，疾病和残疾成为老年不可避免的必然结果，这将使独居者家庭队伍壮大。 美国医院协会资深副会长詹姆斯·本特利说，独居者属于最棘手的情况。他说，任何病人或残疾人，在医院里和出院后都“需要有人负责照料他们”，但独居者在特别脆弱的时候，却是自己照料自己。 “病人不能同时想着两种角色，”他说，“但我们还没有一个好的机制来处理这个问题。” 医院里短期停留的病人增加，有时让不能自理的病人回家，这就使情况更糟。本特利先生说，医院必须找些新方法，让这类病人对面临的问题有所准备，并说独居者必须“在生病之前想一想”自己有哪些组织起来的关系网可以访问。 他说，“如果我们等到出生高峰时期出生的人需要这些的时候才来考虑，因为他们人数太多，没有办法特别处理，这是我们现在就要思考的问题，否则，到时候绝对会一团糟。”

英语泛读教程3 第三版 学生用书 答案

U1 Text Main idea: C Comprehension the text: Bdabb ddc Understanding vocabulary: addad cdb Fast reading: dbdda abaad cbbdc Home reading: dacdd aab U2 Text Main idea: b Comprehension the text:ddbcd cca Understanding vocabulary: baada caac Fast reading: dbbdc bdbdb cddbd Home reading: cbdcc dbbd U3 Text Main idea: d Comprehension the text: badab bdddc Understanding vocabulary: bddba cbcaa Fast reading: cbbbac cdda ccdad Home reading: dbcbd dbdb U4 Text Main idea: c Comprehension the text: ddbcd dc Understanding vocabulary: abdbb ADDAD BC Fast reading: DBCCD BDADD BAACD Home reading: DCDAC BCD U5 Text Main idea: C Comprehension the text: ABDAA DCBD Understanding vocabulary: DBABD DABCB DA Fast reading: CAABD CBDDC CDBAA Home reading: BCCDB DC U6 Text Main idea: B Comprehension the text: CDCAB DDAD

英语泛读教程3第三册课文翻译UNIT12

UNIT12 你为何如此聪明？ 卡伦·赖特 科学家们正在试图寻找可能管理着智力的“聪明”基因。但是智力基因能被用来测定遗传的智商吗？与生俱来的基因在多大程度上与智商有关系？下面的文章将告诉我们在这个问题上的 最新研究。 这是经济和社会成功最为重要的预测者之一。它帮助决定你在哪儿工作，在哪儿生活，和谁结婚，是否会离婚，是否会未婚生子，是否会有牢狱之灾。它可以被非常精确地测算，一生中很 少变化。它受你的基因的重大影响。 真是如此吗？ 当讨论说的是人类智能时，你不必太费力就能够找到论据。自从英国心理学家查尔斯·斯皮尔曼提出一种单个的综合智力管理着认知行为的许多方面的主张，一个世纪以来，科学家们和社会已对智力进行了长期而不断的争论：它是什么，作用是什么，谁拥有它，如何改进它，如何测算它，以及如何最好地解释和利用测算方式。 最近，由1994年出版的书《钟形曲线》所引发的争议,再次引起了人们对先天禀性和后天培育这个问题的争论：智力是可训练的还是遗传不变的？人类的思想是天生的还是创造出来的？经过几十年的研究，绝大多数智力科学家的结论是，两者兼而有之，分量大致均等。 因此，某处某人会开始寻找“聪明”基因，也许是不可避免的，。那个“某人”就是罗伯特·普洛明，一个从事智力研究已有25年之久的有经验的专家，他目前在伦敦的精神病学学院工作。去年，普洛明公开了一个基因与高智商相联系的第一个证据。今年，他又宣布发现了三个聪明基因的位置。在此后的几个月里，他期望发现至少两打最为重要的智力遗传决定因素。他的工作已经引起了和认知器管打交道的DNA医生的想象――以及不安。"我知道，没有别的人会发疯，以至来做这件事情，”他说。 普洛明的探索，是行为遗传学领域中最为大胆的探索之一。行为遗传学是一门致力于发现影响人类行为的遗传因素的学科。其中一项研究是通过比较双胞胎儿一起喂养和分开喂养的情况，来发现影响人类行为的遗传因素。另外一个办法是比较收养孩子的特征与他们的生父母、养父母及亲兄妹和非亲兄妹的特征相比较。如果进行得顺利，这些研究能决定一种特征的遗传性：在多大程度上个人之间的差异是由于基因的关系，而不是教养，营养，和教育这样的环境因素的作用。一旦一个特征的遗传模式建立起来，研究者们就可以确定有关的基因。 但是当要寻找的基因是聪明基因时，研究就变得复杂起来。一方面，智商测试所测量出来的智力是人类行为中可靠而稳定的部分。一生中它变化甚微，不同的测量往往得出相同的结果。智力也是所知道的精神特征中最能够遗传的：双胞胎和收养儿的研究表明，人们之间百分之三十到七十智商的差异可归因于基因。许多专家，包括普洛明，认为百分之五十是最为可能的数字。（像身高和体重这样的特征的可遗传性能高达百分之九十。） 但智力是一个复杂的现象，它受到数百个甚至数千个基因的控制。因此遗传模式并不明显。任何一个单个智力基因的发现都不可能会有太大的影响，普洛明承认。“任何植物或动物中任何一个复杂的特征，我们都不知道它涉及了多少基因，”他说。但是大多数聪明基因中的任何一个都有可能占不到百分之一的智力遗传性。 科学家们通过使用一条条在染色体上的位置已被精确地分配好了的DNA标记，把基因和特征联系起来。每一个标记的次序可以变化，正如蓝色眼睛的基因与棕色眼睛的基因稍稍有所不同。每个标记的这些不同形式称作对偶基因，与附近不同形式的基因相对应。如果带有一个DNA标记的特定对偶基因的人具有一种特征而不带有该对偶基因的人不具有此特征，那么此特征的基因就可能紧邻着那个标记，甚至与那个标记相同。

英语泛读教程3 第三版 平台答案

Unit 1 Text: Exercises A: c B. D. Fast reading Home Reading 8. b Cloze1 1．going/about/trying 2．expectations/predictions 3．questions 4．answers 5． predictions/expectations 6．Tell 7．know/foretell 8．develop/present 9．worth Extra Passage 1 Key：BBCA Unit 2 Text: Exercises

A: b B. D. Fast reading Home Reading 8. b Cloze 2 1. communicate 2. ways. 3. using 4. of 5. Message 6. meet 7. causes 8. Meanings 9. to 10. eyes Extra Passage 2 Key: ADBCB Unit 3 Text: Exercises A: d

B. D. Fast reading Home Reading 8. d Cloze3 1．poor 2．habits 3．Lies 4． little 5．Unfortunately 6．what 7．slows 8．one reads. 9． than 10．Comprehension 11． cover Extra Passage 3 Key: DBABA Unit 4 Text: Exercises A: c B.

D. Fast reading Home Reading Cloze 4 1. studied 2.Satisfaction 3.reduced 4.reported 5.whose 6.published 7.on 8.such 9.illustrate/show/indicate 10. contributions Extra Passage 4 Key: ADDB Unit 5 Text: Exercises A: c B. D. Fast reading

英语泛读教程3第三册课文翻译Unit7

Unit7 一间自己的房间 1928奉，弗吉利亚·伍尔夫(1882—1941)在剑桥大学做了关于女性和小说的系列讲座，提出的观点成了后来里程碑式作品《自己的房间》的基础。下面的选文里，伍尔夫寻找文艺复兴时期有关英国女性的信息。假设莎士比亚有个妹妹叫朱迪亚，描述她在伊丽莎白时期英国的不幸处境。 于是，我来到陈列历史书籍的书架前，取下最新出版的一本书，特里维廉教授所著的《英国史》。我再一次查找“女性”找到了“其地位”，然后再翻到标明的页数。“打老婆，”我读到，“是男人得到认可的权力，上等人亦或下等人皆可以堂堂正正地进行……同样，”历史学家继续说道，“女儿拒绝嫁给父母选定的男人，就可能被关起来，在房间里挨揍，不会引起公众舆论稍稍的震惊。婚姻不和个人情感相关，而和家族对财富的贪婪相关，在“有骑士风度”的上流社会尤其是这样……定婚往往是其中之一或两个人都还在襁褓之中时操办，而结婚通常在他们尚未脱离保姆照看时就进行了。“这大约是在1470年，离乔叟的时代很近。再次提到女性的地位大约是在两百年之后，即斯图亚特时期。”中上层社会的女性依然不能够选择自己的丈夫，一旦丈夫被指定，丈夫就是君主和主宰，至少法律和习俗可以让他如此。即便这样，·特里维廉下结论说，“莎士比亚笔下的女人和17世纪那些可信的传记中的女人一样，……，不缺乏个性和特点。……的确，如果女性除了在男性写的小说之外就不存在，人们就会把她想象成极为重要的人物；变化多端；既崇高又卑鄙；既光彩照人又邋遢贪婪，既美丽绝伦又丑恶至极；如男人一般伟大，有人甚至认为比男人更伟大。但这只是虚构作品中的女性。实际上，正如特里维廉教授指出的，她被关了起来，在房间里被拳打脚踢。 一种非常独特而复杂的生物就这样出现了。在想象中，她无比重要；而实际上，她根本无足轻重。她遍布于诗歌的扉页；她无处不在，但就是不在历史中露面。她在小说中控制着国王和征服者的生活；而实际上，只要他的父母强行把戒指戴到她的手指上，她就是任何一个男孩子的奴隶。文学中一些最具灵感的言辞、最深刻的思想由她的唇中吐出；而在真实生活中，她几乎不识字，几乎不能拼写，而且是她丈夫的财产。 先读历史学家的书，再读诗人的书，人们构想出来的肯定是一种奇特的怪物——一只长着鹰一样翅膀的小虫；在厨房里剁着板油的生命与美的精灵。但是这些怪物，无论想起来多么可笑，实际上并不存在。要让她栩栩如生，必须得同时诗意而又实际地思考，从而既联系实际——她是马丁太太，36岁，身穿蓝色衣服，头戴黑帽子，脚穿棕色鞋子；又不忘虚构——她是一个容器，各种各样的精神和力量不停地在其中追逐闪烁。不过，一旦人们试图在伊丽莎白时期女性身上用这种方法，就无法得到某种启示；由于缺乏事实而无法进行下去。关于她，人们不知道任何细节、任何确实和实质性的事情。历史难得提及她。……偶尔也提及某位女性，某位伊丽莎白，或者某位玛丽；某位女王或者某位了不起的夫人。然而，中产阶级的女性除了脑力和品德之外不能支配任何东西，她们绝没有可能参加任何一场伟大的运动，而那些运动汇集起来，就构成了历史学家对于过去的见解。我们也不会在任何轶事集中寻觅到她。奥布里几乎没有提到她。她从来不描写自己的生活，也几乎不记日记；现存的只有她的几封书信。她没有留下任何可供我们对她作出判断的戏剧或诗歌。我想，人们所需要的是大量的信息(为什么纽纳姆学院或格顿学院就没有某个才华横溢的学生提供这样的信息呢)：她在多大年纪结婚；一般说来有几个孩子；她的房子是什么样的；有没有自己的房间；她烧饭做菜吗；她有仆人吗?所有这些事实都在某个地方，或许在教区的记事册和帐本上；伊丽莎白时期普通女性的传记必定散落在某处，倘若有人能把它收集起来，就可以写成一本书。在书架上查找那些不在架上的书时，我想，向名牌大学的学生建议重写历史，这未免期望过高，超出我的胆量。尽管我承认这要求常常显得有点古怪，不切实际，有失偏颇，但是为什么他们不能为历史稍做补遗?当然，这补遗得用不引人注目的名称，让女性可以名正言顺地出现在其中，他们为何不这样做?人们常常在伟人的传记中瞥见她们，一闪而过地消失在背景中，有时我想，藏起来的是一个眼色，一声大笑，或许还有一滴眼泪。……我发现可悲的是，我们竟然对18世纪以前女性的情况一无所知。在我脑海中没有一种这样或那样可供我反复思考的例子。在此我想问一问为什么在伊丽莎白时期没有女性写诗，而且我不大清楚她们是如何受的教育；她们是否学过写字；是否有自己的起居室；有多少女性在21岁之前就有了孩子；筒而言之，她们早上八点到晚上八点到底做了些什么。显然她们没有钱；据特里维廉教授说，不管愿意不愿意，她们还未走出儿童房就嫁人了，很可能是在十五、六岁时结的婚。仅凭这，我就断定，倘若她们之中有人突然写出了莎士比亚的戏剧，那倒真是咄咄怪事。我又想起一位老绅士，他已经过世了，我想他曾经做过主教，他宣称任何女性，无论是在过去、现在还是将来，都不会具备莎士比亚的天才。他曾就此问题向报纸撰过稿。他还对

英语泛读教程第三版3(主编刘乃银)Extra Passage 1

英语泛读教程第三版3（主编刘乃银）Extra Passage 1 Imagine a classroom where the instructors speak a foreign language and the students can’t take notes, turn to a textbook, or ask any questions. Yet at the end of the final exam, one participation may face life in jail or even death. That’s the task handed to American juniors, briefly thrown together to decide accused criminals’fate. In “ A Trial by Jury”，Princeton history professor D. Graham Burnett offers a rare glimpse inside jury deliberations at a New York murder trial where he served as foreman last year. According to the prosecutor, the case seems clear-cut; a sexual encounter between two men went awry. The defendant stabbed his victim 26 times, but claims he acted in self-defense, killing a man who was attempting to rape him. Burnett opens with a graphic description of the crime. He then introduces the characters and walks readers through the 10-day trial. You hear the testimony of witnesses dressed in drag and find yourself put off by a growling prosecutor and the judge’s indifference. Most of the drama, though, comes during four days and three nights of deliberations. Once retreated in the jury room, confusion reigns. Most jurors don’t understand the charges or the meaning of self-defense. Uninterested juror seem more concerned about missing appointments. On the third day, one juror runs to bathroom in tears after exchanging curses. By the final day, nearly, every cries. Though he’s no more familiar with the law than the other jurors, who include a vacuum-cleaner repairman and a software developer, it’s fitting that Burnett is a teacher. For us, he serves as a patient instructor, illustrating with his experience just what a remarkable and sometimes remarkably strange duty serving on a jury can be. For many citizens, jury duty is their first exposure to our justice system. Jurors discover first hand the gap between law and justice. They face two flawed versions of the same event, offered by witnesses they may not believe. As Burnett observers, “We expect much of this room, and we think about it less often than we probably should.”We assume jurors will take their job seriously. We expect them to digest complicated definitions that leave lawyers confused. But as Burnett quickly discovers, jurors receive little help. The judge offers them no guidance about how to conduct themselves and races through his delivery of the murder charges. Only within the past decade have we finally abandoned the misconception that jurors naturally reach the right decision without any assistance. Led by Arizona, states have instituted jury reforms as simple as letting jurors take notes or obtain written copies of their instruction. It’s not clear whether these changes improve the quality of justice, but the reforms certainly ensure that jurors leave their tour of duty with better feelings about the experience. Unfortunately, such reforms hadn’t come yet to New York at the times of this trial. Nonetheless, Burnett and his fellow jurors grope toward their own solution, ultimately reaching