Abstract

如何写英文Abstract

How to Write an Abstract 一、什么是摘要Abstract? an abstract comprises one paragraph which describes the main content of a paper and appears at the very beginning of the paper. 摘要是叙述文章主要内容的一个段落，并且位于文章的开头部分。 摘要是以梗概形式呈现的一篇文章要点的总结，它强调了一篇文章所包含的重要的信息。它也可以帮助读者快速的了解到是否这篇文章是他们感兴趣的，是否他们需要来阅读整篇文章。而且，国家或国际出版社的编辑通常通过浏览投稿文章的摘要来决定是否投稿人的文章是可以被录用的。因此，对于学者和研究人员来说，写一份好的摘要至关重要。 二、写作Abstract的目的 对于科技论文的摘要，Abstract的目的有以下几点： 1.Introduce journal articles. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7c8202334.html,rm readers about article`s content. 3.Help readers decide whether or not to read article. 4.Overview conference programs,abstract collections,and book chapters. 三、学习写作Abstract的必要性 1.Helps you present complex information in a clear,concise manner. 2.Helps you read abstracts more effectively. 3.Helps you conduct research. 4.Helps you write abstracts for future publications. 5.Helps you condense report information into a short format for database searches. 四、Abstract的写作要求 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7c8202334.html,e one or more well-developed paragraphs,which are unified,coherent,concise,and able to stand alone（200-300 words). https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7c8202334.html,e an introduction-body conclusion structure in which the parts of the parts of the report are discussed in order:purpose,researcquestions,method,findings,conclusions,recommendations.

国外写作APA详细模板

[Title of Paper] [Student Name] [School] [Course/Number] April 13, 2013 [Instructor Name]

Abstract (if needed)[replace] [According to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA), “An abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the article; it allows readers to survey the contents of an article quickly and, like a title, it enables persons interested in the document to retrieve it from abstracting and indexing databases” (2010, p. 25). The first line of the abstract is not indented. An abstract may range from 150 to 250 words (APA, 2010). Because an abstract is not always required for student papers, adhere to your instructor’s requirements. ]

abstract 的语步分析

Research article abstract 1.Introducing purpose This move gives a precise indication of the author’s intention, thesis or hypothesis which forms the basis of the research being reported. It may also include the goals or objectives of research or the problem that the author wishes to tackle. 2.Describing methodology In this move the author gives a good indication of the experimental design, including information on the data, procedures or method(s) used and, if necessary, the scope of the research being reported. 3.Summarizing results This is an important aspect of abstracts where the author mentions his observations and findings and also suggests solutions to the problem, if any, posed in the first move. 4.Presenting conclusions This move is meant to interpret results and draw inferences. It typically includes some indication of the implications and applications of the present findings.

UPPAAL建模工具教程

Uppaal4.0:Small Tutorial? 16November2009 1Introduction This document is intended to be used by newcomers to Uppaal and veri?cation.Students or engineers with little background in formal methods should be able to use Uppaal for practical purposes after this tutorial. Section2describes Uppaal and Section3is the tutorial itself. 2Uppaal Uppaal is a tool box for validation(via graphical simulation)and veri?cation(via automatic model-checking)of real-time systems.It consists of two main parts:a graphical user interface and a model-checker engine.The user interface is implemented in Java and is executed on the users work station.Version4.0of Uppaal requires that the Java Runtime Environment5or higher is installed on the computer.The engine part is by default executed on the same computer as the user interface,but can also run on a more powerful server. The idea is to model a system using timed automata,simulate it and then verify properties on it.Timed automata are?nite state machines with time(clocks).A system consists of a network of processes that are composed of locations.Transitions between these locations de?ne how the system behaves.The simulation step consists of running the system interactively to check that it works as intended.Then we can ask the veri?er to check reachability properties,i.e.,if a certain state is reachable or not.This is called model-checking and it is basically an exhaustive search that covers all possible dynamic behaviours of the system. More precisely,the engine uses on-the-?y veri?cation combined with a symbolic technique re-ducing the veri?cation problem to that of solving simple constraint systems[YPD94,LPY95].The veri?er checks for simple invariants and reachability properties for e?ciency reasons.Other prop-erties may be checked by using testing automata[JLS96]or the decorated system with debugging information[LPY97]. 3Learning Uppaal Uppaal is based on timed automata,that is?nite state machine with clocks.The clocks are the way to handle time in Uppaal.Time is continuous and the clocks measure time progress.It is allowed to test the value of a clock or to reset it.Time will progress globally at the same pace for the whole system. A system in Uppaal is composed of concurrent processes,each of them modeled as an automa-ton.The automaton has a set of locations.Transitions are used to change location.To control when to take a transition(to“?re”it),it is possible to have a guard and a synchronization.A guard is a condition on the variables and the clocks saying when the transition is enabled.The synchronization mechanism in Uppaal is a hand-shaking synchronization:two processes take a ?This description covers version4.0.7

Java中的abstract方法和abstract类的问题

Java中的abstract方法和abstract类的问题 当知道一个类的子类将不同的实现某个方法时，把该类声明为抽象类很有用，可以共用相同的父类方法，不必再定义。 抽象类和抽象方法的关系:含有抽象方法的类一定是抽象类，抽象类里不一定含有抽象方法。抽象类存在的意义是用来被继承的。一个类继承了一个抽象类，必须实现抽象类里面所有的抽象方法，否则，此类也是抽象类。 abstract修饰符用来修饰类和成员方法 1：用abstract修饰的类表示抽象类，抽象类位于继承树的抽象层，抽象类不能被实例化。2：用abstract修饰的方法表示抽象方法,抽象方法没有方法体。抽象方法用来描述系统具有什么功能，但不提供具体的实现。 abstract 规则： 1：抽象类可以没有抽象方法，但是有抽象方法的类必须定义为抽象类，如果一个子类继承一个抽象类，子类没有实现父类的所有抽象方法，那么子类也要定义为抽象类，否则的话编译会出错的。 2：抽象类没有构造方法，也没有抽象静态方法。但是可以有非抽象的构造方法 3：抽象类不能被实例化，但是可以创建一个引用变量，类型是一个抽象类，并让它引用非抽象类的子类的一个实例 4：不能用final 修饰符修饰 Q:java里面有抽象类么？和接口的区别是什么？ A:java中有抽象类,用关键字abstract修饰。 以下是我对这个问题的看法。 首先，从语法上讲，抽象类是一个类，根据java的单继承体系。如果它有子类，那么它的

子类只能继承它。 java允许实现多个接口。所以一个类可以实现多个接口 抽象类里面可以定义各种类型和访问权限的变量(就像普通类一样)，也可以定义各种访问权限的方法(就像普通类一样)。 但是接口不可以。在接口里面定义的方法默认就是public abstract的，变量默认就是public static final的。(不管你有没有加权限控制符，不加，默认就是这些权限；加错了，权限缩小了，那么就会报错) 其次，从意义上讲，如果继承一个抽象类，那么抽象类和它的子类就有父子关系，即有类的层次关系(这关系到类的设计问题)。 接口，在我看来，是一种契约或者协议，是一层提供给另一层的接口(可以想象成OSI各层之间的关系) 在某一层中有多个类协作实现这个层的功能，通过接口暴露出去。但这些类之间会有层次关系(is a,has a) Q:一个方法加abstract和不加abstract有什么区别？就是说不加有什么关系？加了又会怎样？ A:一方法要是加abstract，那么这个方法就是抽象的，须由子类去实现 抽象方法必须在抽象类当中，也就是说，一个类只要有一个方法是抽象的，那么这个类就必须是抽象类 抽象类里面的方法不一定要抽象的，也可以全都不是抽象的 抽象类不能实例化！ 所以可以想到，当你不想让你的类被别人实例化，只想这个类的子类可以实例化，那么只要将这个类声明为abstract的就可以了

abstract结构分析

1.Urology is perceived as a competitivespecialty choice. Declining undergraduate exposure and thepreference for ‘‘lifestyle specialties’’ may jeopardize urology’s popularity. Our objective was to assess trends inapplication and matching rates to urology compared withother surgical specialties. 2. We reviewed data collected by CanadianResidency Matching Service (CaRMS) and the CanadianPost-MD Education Registry since expansion in Canadianmedical school enrollment began (2002-2011). The following were examined: applicant preference, number ofpositions, gender patterns, and match results. ‘‘Surgery’’included general surgery, orthopedics, plastics, ENT, and urology. 3.From 2002 to 2011 CaRMS applicantsincreased from 1117 to 2528 (126%). The number ofapplicants selecting surgery first increased from 178 to338(90%). The number of surgery positions increased from138 to 275 (100%). Urology positions increased from 15to 31 (113%). Applicants to urology increased only 40%(30-42). The proportion of all CARMs applicants selectingurology as their first choice decreased from 2.7% (30) to1.7% (42). The ratio of first choice urology applicants topositions decreased from 2 to 1.35. The probability ofmatching urology as first choice increased from 50% to76%. Female medical graduates increased from 51% to58%. The female applicants selecting surgery first increasedfrom 21% (49) to 41% (173). In contrast, females selectingurology first rose from 13% (4) to 17% (7). 4.Urology in Canada is becoming lesscompetitive. Residency positions have doubled since 2002whereas the number of applicants remains static. This trendwas not reflected in other surgical specialities. Factorsaccounting for this may include poor undergraduateexposure, demand for specialties with controllable lifestyles,gender shifts in undergraduate medicine, and lack of rolemodels. The need for undergraduate exposure to urologyand vetting numbers of residency positions remains a matterof paramount importance. ( JSurg 70:537-543. JC2013Association of Program Directors in Surgery. Published byElsevier Inc. All rights reserved.) BACKGROUND1: METHODS2: RESULTS3: CONCLUSION4:

英文论文模板

A4 Paper Size Format for RFIT (Title in 18-point Times font) 1st Author1,2, 2nd Author2, 3rd Author1,2 (List authors on this line using 12 point Times font) 1Name of first affiliation, City, State/Region, Mail/Zip Code, Country 2Name of second affiliation, City, State/Region, Mail/Zip Code, Country (authors' affiliation(s) listed here in 12 point Times font) Email: contact.author@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7c8202334.html, Abstract — Use 9 point Times New Roman Bold font for the abstract. Set your line spacing to be 10 points rather than single space. Indent the first line by 0.125 inches and type the word "Abstract" in 9 point Times New Roman Bold Italic. This should be followed by two spaces, a long dash (option / shift / minus), two spaces, and then the first word of your abstract (as shown above). Please try to keep the length of your abstract to 100 words or less. Times font is an acceptable substitute for Times New Roman font. After the abstract, you should list a few key words from the IEEE approved “Index Terms” LIST that describe your paper. The index terms are used by automated IEEE search engines to quickly locate your paper. Typically, you should list about 5 to 7 key words, in alphabetical order, using 9 point Times New Roman Bold font. An example is shown next. Index Terms — Ceramics, coaxial resonators, delay filters, delay-lines, power amplifiers. I. I NTRODUCTION Please read through this entire template before you start using it to create your paper! This will save you and the RFIT Committee considerable time, and improve your chances for acceptance. The following information is provided to help you prepare the Initial Submission as well as the Final Paper for submission to RFIT. (Many authors submit the same paper for the initial as well as the final submission. This is a common practice. See item #4 below.) A contributor should remember that: 1) Deadlines are absolute, don't even ask! 2) Summaries may not exceed four pages, including all figures, tables, references, etc. Additionally, there is a size limit on the electronic version of all Summaries. In Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF), submissions may not exceed 1 Megabyte. 3) Acceptance rates have historically run at approx-imately 50%. There is not sufficient room within the Technical Program to accept all submissions. 4) Many submitters with previous experience realize that, if their submission is accepted, they will be required to submit a version of their Final Paper to be published in the Symposium Digest. As the Digest paper will be similar in length to the Summary, many contributors opt to prepare their Summary in the format required for the Digest. This template contains the instructions for the proper preparation of such a document. 5) Although not required, you are encouraged to employ this format. This document is being made available as a template for your convenience. If you elect not to use this template, please remember that you must still adhere to the general guidelines embodied in this document concerning, but not limited to, font size, margin size, page limits, file size, etc. (Note: Starting in 2004, Index Terms are required.) II. O VERVIEW OF THE D IGEST F ORMAT We are requesting that you follow these guidelines as closely as possible so that the Digest has a professional look and resembles the MTT Transactions. All paragraphs of text, including the abstract, figure captions, and refer-ences, should be justified at the left and the right edges. For the Title use 18-point Times (Roman) font. Its paragraph description should be set so that the line spacing is single with 6-point spacing before and 6-point spacing after (Format --> Paragraph --> Indents and Spacing). The font description for the Author List and Authors' Affiliation(s) should be 12-point Times. The paragraph descriptions should be set so that the line spacing is single with 6-point spacings before and after. Use an additional line spacing of 12 points before the beginning of the double column section, as shown above. III. D ETAILED T EXT F ORMATTING Using 210 x 297-mm (8.27 x 11.69-inch) A4 paper, the top and bottom margins are 31.75-mm (1.25 inches), and the left and right margins are 19-mm (0.75 inches). Except for Title, Authors and Affiliations, use a double column format. The column width is 83-mm (3.27 inches) and the column spacing is 5.8-mm (0.23 inch). Each major section begins with a Heading in 10 point Times font centered within the column and numbered using Roman numerals (except for A CKNOWLEDGEMENT and R EFERENCES), followed by a period, a single space, and the title using an initial capital letter for each word. The remaining letters are in SMALL CAPITALS. The paragraph description of the section heading line should be set for 18 points before, 6 points after, and the line spacing should be set to exactly 12 points.

期刊论文的分析技巧与程序总结

（1）Abstract： 说明这篇论文的主要贡献、方法特色与主要内容。只看Abstract 和Introduction便可以判 断出这篇论文的重点和你的研究有没有直接关连，从而决定要不要把它给读完。 （2）Introduction： Introduction 的功能是介绍问题的背景和起源，交代前人在这个题目上已经有过的主要贡献，说清楚前人留下来的未解问题，以及在这个背景下这篇论文的想解决的问题和它的重要性。对初学的学生而言，从这里可以了解以前研究的概况。通常我会建议初学的学生，对你的题目不熟时，先把跟你题目可能相关的论文收集个30～40篇，每篇都只读Abstract 和Introduction，而不要读Main Body（本文），只在必要时稍微参考一下后面的Illustrative examples和Conclusions，直到你能回答下面这三个问题： （2A）在这领域内最常被引述的方法有哪些？ （2B）这些方法可以分成哪些主要派别？ （2C）每个派别的主要特色（含优点和缺点）是什么？ 问题是，你怎么去找到这最初的30～40篇论文？有一种期刊论文叫做「review paper」，专门在一个题目下面整理出所有相关的论文，并且做简单的回顾。你可以在搜寻Compendex时在keywords 中加一个「review」而筛选出这类论文。然后从相关的数篇review paper 开始，从中根据title 与Abstract 找出你认为跟你研究题目较相关的30～40篇论文。 通常只要你反复读过该领域内30～40篇论文的Abstract 和Introduction，你就应该可以从Introduction的评论中回答（2A）和（2B）这两个问题。尤其要记得，当你阅读的目的是要回答（2A）和（2B）这两个问题时，你一定要先挑那些Introduction写得比较有观念的论文念（很多论文的Introduction 写得像流水帐，没有观念，这种论文刚开始时不要去读它）。假如你读过假如30～40篇论文的Abstract

语言学中的研究方法

第34卷第6期 唐山师范学院学报 2012年11月 Vol.34 No.6 Journal of Tangshan Teachers College Nov. 2012 ────────── 收稿日期：2012-03-25 作者简介：申丽红（1975-），女，河北邯郸人，博士研究生，讲师，研究方向为理论语言学及语言教学。 -24- 语言学中的研究方法 申丽红1,2 （1. 中国传媒大学 文学院，北京 100021；2. 河北联合大学 外国语学院，河北 唐山 063000） 摘 要：语言学作为社会科学和自然科学的交叉学科，近年来有了长足的发展。各家学者秉承不同的语言学理论，采用不同的研究方法对语言进行了多方位的研究。本文从语言学理论的不同发展阶段对语言学研究方法做一梳理。 关键词：语言学；定量研究；定性研究 中图分类号： H 0-05 文献标识码： A 文章编号：1009-9115(2012)06-0024-03 Some Research Methods of Linguistics SHEN Li-hong 1,2 (1. College of Liberal Arts, The Communication University of China, Beijing 100021, China; 2. College of Foreign Languages, Hebei United University, Tangshan 063000, China) Abstract: Linguistics, as a cross-discipline between natural and social science, has developed well in recent years. Different scholars did some researches on language with different theories and from different angles. A summary about the research methods of linguistics is made. Key Words: linguistics; quantitative research; qualitative research 语言是人类特有的宝贵财产，是人类社会生活的重要组成部分。随着社会发展，文明进步，人们开始从不同角度探索语言的奥秘，以揭示形形色色的言语背后所隐藏的规律，从而形成了林林总总的语言学流派和语言学理论。 任何一门学科的研究方法对于一门学科的发展都是至关重要的。在语言学发展的不同阶段，不同的语言学流派以不同的哲学基础建立起自己的理论框架后，因其学科发展的不同时期以及不同的研究目的而选用不同的研究方法来进行语言学相关研究。 一、语言学发展简史 西方的语言学研究自古希腊始，希腊著名的哲学家苏格拉底（Socrates, BC 470-BC 399），柏拉图（ Plato, BC 429-BC 347）和亚里士多德（Aristotle, BC 384- BC322）等通过对语言的辩论奠定了语言研究的哲学基础。此后语言学在西方历经中世纪、文艺复兴以及19世纪历史比较语言学的发展，随着一些人类学家、哲学家等相继加入语言学研究，语言学学科迅速发展。他们详细研究了语言的分类， 语言中的音变等，为现代语言学的诞生奠定了坚实的基础。 20世纪初，瑞士语言学家索绪尔提出的普通语言学理论使语言学真正成为了一门科学的学科。此后的布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派以及美国的结构主义学派基本上秉承了结构主义的衣钵，对语言的结构、音位等进行了详细的描写和切分。 20世纪50年代，乔姆斯基（Noam Chomsky ）提出了转换生成语法（Transformational-Generative Grammar ）。转换生成语法彻底颠覆了传统的结构主义语法，推动语言学研究进入当代语言学时期。乔姆斯基认为人类获得语言的过程无论采用“白板说”还是“刺激-反应”论都不足以说明问题，以此提出了“先天性假设”（innateness hypothesis ）。他认为人类的大脑先天被内置了一套“普遍语法”（universal grammar ）或“语言普遍现象”（linguistic universals ）。这种普遍语法在后天经验的触发下而形成各种各样的“个别语法”（particular grammar ）。语言学家的任务就是运用数学的运算原理，运用各种规则逐步推导以

TOPSIS方法研究讲解

TOPSIS分析方法研究 摘要 本文主要介绍了TOPSIS分析方法理论及其主要思想，运用数学理论，对其算法进行了详细的分析，并指出原始方法存在的优缺点；在此基础上提出了一种改进的TOPSIS分析方法，给出具体求权重的方法，突出其客观公正性.本文还分析了TOPSIS方法逆序产生的原因及其改进的方法，突出其实用性，推广其应用范围. 关键词TOPSIS法; 改进的TOPSIS; 权重；逆序

TOPSIS ANALYSIS METHOD ABSTRACT This paper describes a method of theory—TOPSIS, and its main idea. Using mathematical theory, its algorithm for a detailed analysis and noted the advantages and disadvantages of the original methods. On this base ,an improved TOPSIS method is given, and specific for weight, in order to highlight its objective impartiality. The paper also analyzes the causes of TOPSIS Reverse and its improved methods, highlight its practicality and the promotion of its use. Keywords TOPSIS method; Improved TOPSIS; weight; Reverse

论文写作abstract

How to Write an Abstract for a Research Paper WANG Yan School of International Studies UIBE Issues to address: 1What is an abstract? 2Functions of an abstract 3Structure of an abstract 4Principles of abstract writing 1. What is an abstract? ?An abstract is a condensed version of a longer piece of writing that highlights the major points covered, concisely describes the purpose and scope of the writing, and reviews the writing's contents in abbreviated form. ?It is a concise and clear summary of a complete research paper. ?It tells the reader What you set out to do, and Why you did it,How you did it, What you found (recommendations).

2. Functions of an abstract ?An abstract is used to communicate specific information from the article.?It is aimed at introducing the subject to readers, who may then read the article to find out the author's results, conclusions, or recommendations. 2. Functions of an abstract ?The practice of using key words in an abstract is vital because of today's electronic information retrieval systems. ?Titles and abstracts are filed electronically, and key words are put in electronic storage. ?When people search for information, they enter key words related to the subject, and the computer prints out the titles of all the articles containing those key words. ?An abstract must contain key words about what is essential in an article so that someone else can retrieve information from it. 3. Structure of an abstract ?The components of an abstract ①Background Information ②Subject Matter/Problem Statement ③Purpose ④Method (and Data) ⑤Results / Findings ⑥Conclusion / Implications