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Key to Unit 1大学英语4

Unit 1

Part I Listening Task

Script for the recording:

The severity of Russian winter is often linked with Russian military victories. In the Great Northern War, Charles XII of Sweden invaded the Russia of Peter the Great. The Russians retreated, adopting a scorched-earth policy. This particular winter happened to be the most brutal winter of the 18th century, so severe that the salt water port of Venice froze. Charles' 35,000 troops were crippled, and only 19,000 were left after that winter.

In 1812, Napoleon's army of 610,000 men invaded Russia, heading towards Moscow. The Russian army retreated before the French and again burnt their crops and villages, denying the enemy their use. Napoleon's army was ultimately reduced to 100,000. His army suffered further, even more disastrous losses on the retreat from Moscow. According to an American military study, the main body of Napoleon's army, initially at least 378,000 strong, "diminished by half during the first eight weeks of his invasion, before the major battle of the campaign.

The argument of the Russian winter may be mythologized. Failed invaders liked to exaggerate the significance of weather conditions in their failures. According to the meteorological records, the 1812-1813 winter was milder than usual.

During WWII the only cold winter was in 1941-1942, and the German army lacked necessary supplies, such as winter uniforms, due to the many delays in its movements. Hitler was so confident of a quick victory that he did not prepare for even the possibility of winter warfare in Russia. He was too confident in his "lightning war" strategy. Yet his eastern army suffered more than 734,000 casualties during the first five months of the invasion, and on 27 November 1941, General Eduard Wagner reported that "We are at the end of our resources in both personnel and materiel. We are about to be confronted with the dangers of deep winter."

After Listening

1.link

2.burnt their crops and villages

3.exaggerate the significance

4.at the end of their resources

Part II Reading task

Comprehension

Possible answers to content questions

1. It refers to the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter.

2. He expected the conquest of Russia in five weeks.

3. Instead of fighting, they retreated eastward, burning their crops and homes as they went. They let the Russian winter fight the war for them while they bided their time.

4. Napoleon discovered that the occupation of the city was an empty victory because the Russians fled their capital leaving him almost nothing at all.

5. They suffered heavy losses as a result of the extreme cold and the Russians' hit-and-run attacks.

6. Napoleon abdicated and went into exile.

7. Hitler began his invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941 without a declaration of war. He expected the campaign to last no longer than three months by using the so-called "lightning war" tactics.

8. No, he wasn't. He instructed the Russian people to "scorch the earth" in front of the German invaders.

9. The people of Leningrad refused to surrender and put up a heroic, stiff resistance.

10. An early, severe, cold winter, to a large extent, slowed down the German advance on Moscow.

11. The loss of the battle for Stalingrad turned the tide against Hitler. The German victories were over.

12. The author concludes that the elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign.

Text Organization

1.

Parts Paragraphs Main Ideas

Part One Paras 1-2Introduction —Both Napoleon's and Hitler's military campaigns

failed because of the severity of the Russian winter.

Part Two Paras 3 -11Napoleon's military campaign against Russia

Part Three Paras 12-20Hitler's military campaign against the Soviet Union.

Part Four Para 21 Conclusion —The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any

military campaign.

2.

Sections Paragraphs Main Ideas

Section One Paras 12 -13Hitler's blitzkrieg against Russia and Stalin's scorched-earth

policy.

Section Two Paras 14 -18 The battles fought at Leningrad, Moscow and Stalingrad. Section Three Paras 19-20 The Russian counter-offensive and the outcome of the war.

Language Sense Enhancement

1.

1) the fierce resistance 2) the long march

3) the devastating enemy 4) bleak

5) launched 6) military might

7) mowed down 8) campaign

9) a painful lesson 10) the aid

Vocabulary

I.

1.

1) alliance 2) at the cost of

3) stroke 4) limp

5) minus 6) regions

7) declarations 8) siege

9) raw 10) bide his time

11) have taken their toll 12) in the case of

2.

1) is faced with 2) get bogged down

3) is pressing on/pressed on 4) drag on

5) get by 6) dine out

7) have cut back 8) get through

3.

1) The rapid advance in gene therapy may lead to the conquest of cancer in the near future.

2) Production in many factories has been brought to a halt by the delayed arrival of raw

materials due to the dock workers' strike.

3) Sara has made up her mind that her leisure interests will/should never get in the way of her

career.

4) Obviously the reporter's question caught the foreign minister off guard.

5) The introduction of the electronic calculator has rendered the slide rule out of date/obsolete.

4.

1) Being faced with an enemy forces much superior to ours, we had to give up the occupation

of big cities and retreat to the rural and mountainous regions to build up our base.

2) Unity is crucial to the efficient operation of an organization. Failure to reckon with this

problem will weaken its strength. In many cases, work may be brought to a halt by constant internal struggle in an organization.

3) The Red Army fought a heroic battle at Stalingrad and won the decisive victory against the

Germans. In fact, this battle turned the tide in the Second World War. During this famous battle, the Soviet troops withstood the German siege and weakened the German army by launching a series of counterattacks.

II.

1 During the First World War, battles occurred here and there over vast areas. Some of the most dramatic fighting took place in the gloomy trenches of France and Belgium .

2 Elizabeth made careful preparations for the interview and her efforts/homework paid off.

3 I spent hours trying to talk him into accepting the settlement, but he turned a deaf ear to all my

4 Pneumonia had severely weakened her body, and I wondered how her fragile body could withstand the harsh weather.

III.

1 fall ill

2 lay dead at home for two weeks

3 dropped dead from a heart attack

4 fell asleep.

5 marrying young

6 to sit still for longer than a few minutes

Comprehensive Exercises

I. Cloze

1.

1) invasion 2) stand in the way

3) Conquest 4) catching (Stalin) off his guard

5) launching 6) declaration

7) campaign 8) drag on

9) reckon with 10) bringing (the German advance) to a halt

2.

1) allow 2) reckoned 3) highly 4) forecasts 5) rapidly

6) instant 7) delivery 8) advantage 9) observing 10) powerful

II. Translation

1.

1) Mr. Doherty and his family are currently engaged in getting the autumn harvest in on the farm.

2) We must not underestimate the enemy. They are equipped with the most sophisticated weapons.

3) Having been out of a job/Not having had a job for 3 months, Phil is getting increasingly desperate.

4) Sam, as the project manager, is decisive, efficient, and accurate in his judgement.

5) Since the chemical plant was identified as the source of pollution, the village neighborhood committee decided to close it down at the cost of 100 jobs.

2.

The offensive had already lasted three days, but we had not gained much ground. The division commander instructed our battalion to get around to the rear of the enemy at night and launch a surprise attack. To do so, however, we had to cross marshland and many of us were afraid we might get bogged down in the mud. Our battalion commander decided to take a gamble. Lucky enough, thanks to the severely cold weather which made the marchland freeze over, we arrived at our destination before dawn and began attacking the enemy from the rear. This turned the tide of the battle. The enemy, caught off guard, soon surrendered.

Part III Home Reading Task

Comprehension Check

1. d

2. d

3. b

4. a

5. b

6. d

Translation

1. 6月5日被选定为进攻开始日,其用意是留下一个安全系数,以防万一进攻需要推迟。

2. 然而,当年春夏之交大风暴异乎寻常地多,希望在这个时候天气会出现一个适合进攻的风平浪静的间隙,可能性微乎其微。

3. 要是在原定地区登陆的话,德军海岸炮群无疑会拼命抵抗并给盟军造成惨重伤亡。在新登陆区的登陆几乎没有遭到任何抵抗。

4. 尽管困难重重,艾森豪威尔在与恶劣天气的赌博中赢得了胜利。

Language Practice

1.

1) d 2) h 3) b 4) a 5) f 6) e 7) c 8) g

2.

1) boast 2) obstacles

3) was concerned 4) call (it) off

5) paid off 6) was pinned down

7) contesting 8) prior to

9) hold out 10) objective

11) responsible for 12) in case

Part IV Comprehensive Language Practice

Model paper

Can Man Triumph over Nature?

When people talk of man triumphing over nature, many things come to mind. One thinks of successes in medicine in the fight against disease, such as the invention of antibiotics and the promise held out by advances in biogenetic engineering. On a broader scale, one thinks of man's success in harnessing new forms of energy from steam power through oil to nuclear power.

Yet, nature has often hit back in unexpected ways to these attempts to tame it. New forms of disease that are resistant to antibiotics are constantly developing. Burning fossil fuels has led to fears of global warming; while nuclear power has produced dangerous waste that will remain a

hazard for generations to come.

However, perhaps to talk of man triumphing over nature is the wrong way to look at the matter. We need to find ways to work with nature rather than forever fighting against it.

(154 words)

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