The role of lexico-semantic feedback in open-domain textual question-answering
The Role of Lexico-Semantic Feedback in Open-Domain Textual
Question-Answering
Sanda Harabagiu,Dan Moldovan
Marius Pas?ca,Rada Mihalcea,Mihai Surdeanu,
R?a zvan Bunescu,Roxana G??rju,Vasile Rus and Paul Mor?a rescu
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Southern Methodist University
Dallas,TX75275-0122
sanda@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a8959479.html,
Abstract
This paper presents an open-domain
textual Question-Answering system
that uses several feedback loops to en-
hance its performance.These feedback
loops combine in a new way statistical
results with syntactic,semantic or
pragmatic information derived from
texts and lexical databases.The paper
presents the contribution of each feed-
back loop to the overall performance of
76%human-assessed precise answers.
1Introduction
Open-domain textual Question-Answering
(Q&A),as de?ned by the TREC competitions1,
is the task of identifying in large collections of
documents a text snippet where the answer to
a natural language question lies.The answer
is constrained to be found either in a short(50
bytes)or a long(250bytes)text span.Frequently,
keywords extracted from the natural language
question are either within the text span or in
its immediate vicinity,forming a text para-
graph.Since such paragraphs must be identi?ed
throughout voluminous collections,automatic
and autonomous Q&A systems incorporate an
index of the collection as well as a paragraph
retrieval mechanism.
Recent results from the TREC evaluations
((Kwok et al.,2000)(Radev et al.,2000)(Allen
Section4presents the approach of devising key-word alternations whereas Section5details the recognition of question reformulations.Section6 evaluates the results of the Q&A system and Sec-tion7summarizes the conclusions.
2Related work
Mechanisms for open-domain textual Q&A were not discovered in the vacuum.The90s witnessed a constant improvement of IR systems,deter-mined by the availability of large collections of texts and the TREC evaluations.In parallel,In-formation Extraction(IE)techniques were devel-oped under the TIPSTER Message Understand-ing Conference(MUC)competitions.Typically, IE systems identify information of interest in a text and map it to a prede?ned,target represen-tation,known as template.Although simple com-binations of IR and IE techniques are not practical solutions for open-domain textual Q&A because IE systems are based on domain-speci?c knowl-edge,their contribution to current open-domain Q&A methods is signi?cant.For example,state-of-the-art Named Entity(NE)recognizers devel-oped for IE systems were readily available to be incorporated in Q&A systems and helped recog-nize names of people,organizations,locations or dates.
Assuming that it is very likely that the answer is a named entity,(Srihari and Li,2000)describes a NE-supported Q&A system that functions quite well when the expected answer type is one of the categories covered by the NE recognizer.Un-fortunately this system is not fully autonomous, as it depends on IR results provided by exter-nal search engines.Answer extractions based on NE recognizers were also developed in the Q&A presented in(Abney et al.,2000)(Radev et al., 2000)(Gaizauskas and Humphreys,2000).As noted in(V oorhees and Tice,2000),Q&A sys-tems that did not include NE recognizers per-formed poorly in the TREC evaluations,espe-cially in the short answer category.Some Q&A systems,like(Moldovan et al.,2000)relied both on NE recognizers and some empirical indicators. However,the answer does not always belong to a category covered by the NE recognizer.For such cases several approaches have been devel-oped.The?rst one,presented in(Harabagiu et al.,2000),the answer type is derived from a large answer taxonomy.A different approach,based on statistical techniques was proposed in(Radev et al.,2000).(Cardie et al.,2000)presents a method of extracting answers as noun phrases in a novel way.Answer extraction based on grammatical information is also promoted by the system de-scribed in(Clarke et al.,2000).
One of the few Q&A systems that takes into account morphological,lexical and semantic al-ternations of terms is described in(Ferret et al., 2000).To our knowledge,none of the cur-rent open-domain Q&A systems use any feed-back loops to generate lexico-semantic alterna-tions.This paper shows that such feedback loops enhance signi?cantly the performance of open-domain textual Q&A systems.
3Textual Q&A Feedback Loops
Before initiating the search for the answer to a natural language question we take into account the fact that it is very likely that the same ques-tion or a very similar one has been posed to the system before,and thus those results can be used again.To?nd such cached questions,we measure the similarity to the previously processed ques-tions and when a reformulation is identi?ed,the system returns the corresponding cached correct answer,as illustrated in Figure1.
When no reformulations are detected,the search for answers is based on the conjecture that the eventual answer is likely to be found in a text paragraph that(a)contains the most repre-sentative question concepts and(b)includes a tex-tual concept of the same category as the expected answer.Since the current retrieval technology does not model semantic knowledge,we break down this search into a boolean retrieval,based on some question keywords and a?ltering mech-anism,that retains only those passages containing the expected answer type.Both the question key-words and the expected answer type are identi?ed by using the dependencies derived from the ques-tion parse.
By implementing our own version of the pub-licly available Collins parser(Collins,1996),we also learned a dependency model that enables the mapping of parse trees into sets of binary rela-tions between the head-word of each constituent
and its sibling-words.For example,the parse tree of TREC-9question Q210:“How many dogs pull a sled in the Iditarod ?”is:
JJ
S
Iditarod
VP
NP
PP
NP NNP
DT
IN NN NP DT VBP NNS NP
many How WRB
dogs pull a sled in
the For each possible constituent in a parse tree,rules ?rst described in (Magerman,1995)and (Jelinek et al.,1994)identify the head-child and propagate the head-word to its parent.For the parse of question Q210the propagation
is:
When the propagation is over,head-modi?er relations are extracted,generating the following dependency structure,called question semantic form in (Harabagiu et al.,
2000).
In the structure above,C OUNT represents the expected answer type ,replacing the question stem “how many”.Few question stems are unambigu-ous (e.g.who ,when ).If the question stem is am-biguous,the expected answer type is determined by the concept from the question semantic form that modi?es the stem.This concept is searched in an A NSWER T AXONOMY comprising several tops linked to a signi?cant number of WordNet noun and verb hierarchies.Each top represents one of the possible expected answer types imple-mented in our system (e.g.P ERSON ,P RODUCT ,N UMERICAL V ALUE ,C OUNT ,L OCATION ).We encoded a total of 38possible answer types.
In addition,the question keywords used for paragraph retrieval are also derived from the ques-tion semantic form.The question keywords are organized in an ordered list which ?rst enumer-
ates the named entities and the question quota-tions,then the concepts that triggered the recogni-tion of the expected answer type followed by all adjuncts,in a left-to-right order,and ?nally the question head.The conjunction of the keywords represents the boolean query applied to the doc-ument index.(Moldovan et al.,2000)details the empirical methods used in our system for trans-forming a natural language question into an IR query.
Figure 1:Feedbacks for the Answer Search.It is well known that one of the disadvantages of boolean retrieval is that it returns either too many or too few documents.However,for ques-tion answering,this is an advantage,exploited by the ?rst feedback loop represented in Figure 1.Feedback loop 1is triggered when the number of retrieved paragraphs is either smaller than a min-imal value or larger than a maximal value deter-mined beforehand for each answer type.Alterna-tively,when the number of paragraphs is within limits,those paragraphs that do not contain at least one concept of the same semantic category as the expected answer type are ?ltered out.The remaining paragraphs are parsed and their depen-dency structures,called answer semantic forms ,
are derived.
Feedback loop2illustrated in Figure1is acti-vated when the question semantic form and the answer semantic form cannot by uni?ed.The uni-?cation involves three steps:
Step1:
The identi?cation of the question con-cepts.The second step identi?es the question words,their synonyms,morphological deriva-tions or WordNet hypernyms in the answer se-mantic form.
Step3:
2Some modi?ers might be missing from the answer.cepts,that impose a bridging inference.The knowledge used for inference is of lexical nature and is later employed for abductions that justify the correctness of the answer.For example:
Nouns head and government are constituents of a possible paraphrase of president,i.e.“head of government”.However,only world knowledge can justify the answer,since there are countries where the prime minister is the head of govern-ment.Presupposing this inference,the semantic form of the question and answer are similar. Feedback loop3from Figure1brings forward additional semantic information.Two classes of similar dependencies are considered for the ab-duction of answers,performed in a manner simi-lar to the justi?cations described in(Harabagiu et al.,2000).
Class L3-1:is characterized by the need for contextual information,brought forward by ref-erence resolution.In the following example,a chain of coreference links Bill Gates and Mi-crosoft founder in the candidate
answer:
Class L3-2:Paraphrases and additional infor-mation produce signi?cant differences between the question semantic form and the answer se-mantic form.However,semantic information contributes to the normalization of the answer dependencies until they can be uni?ed with the question dependencies.For example,if(a)a vol-cano I S-A mountain;(b)lava I S-P ART of vol-cano,and moreover it is a part coming from the inside;and(c)fragments of lava have all the prop-erties of lava,the following question semantic
form and answer semantic form can be uni?ed:
The resulting
normalized dependencies are:
[lava belched out]active/The semantic information and the world knowledge needed for the above uni?cations are available from WordNet (Miller,1995).More-over,this knowledge can be translated in ax-iomatic form and used for abductive proofs.Each of the feedback loops provide the retrieval en-gine with new alternations of the question key-words.Feedback loop 2considers morphological and lexical alternations whereas Feedback loop 3uses semantic alternations.The method of gener-ating the alternations is detailed in Section 4.
4Keyword Alternations
To enhance the chance of ?nding the answer to a question,each feedback loop provides with a different set of keyword alternations.Such alternations can be classi?ed according to the linguistic knowledge they are based upon:1.Morphological Alternations
QUERY(Q209):paper AND clip AND (invented OR
inventor OR invent OR invents)
.WordNet encodes a
wealth of semantic information that is easily mined.Seven types of semantic relations span concepts,enabling the retrieval of synonyms and other semantically related terms.Such alternations improve the recall of the answer paragraphs.For example,in the case of question Q221:“Who killed Martin Luther King ?”,by considering the synonym of killer ,the noun assassin ,the Q&A system retrieved paragraphs with the correct answer.Similarly,for the question Q206:“How far is the moon ?”,since the adverb far is encoded in WordNet as being an attribute of distance ,by adding this noun to the retrieval keywords,a correct answer is found.3.Semantic Alternations and Paraphrases
QUERY(Q258):lobsters AND (like OR prefer)AND live
heuristics that select the question keywords and generate the queries(as described in(Moldovan et al.,2000)):
Heuristic1:
Whenever the second feedback loop requires lexical alternations,collect from Word-Net all the synset elements of the direct hyper-nyms and direct hyponyms of verbs and nomi-nalizations that are used in the query.If multiple verbs are used,expand them in a left-to-right or-der.
Heuristic3:
Reformulation question,old
questions
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a8959479.html,pute similarity(question,new
questions a new row and a new column representing the similarities computed at step2. 4.Find the transitive closures for the set
old question
5.Result:reformulation classes as transitive closures.Table1:Two classes of TREC-9question refor-mulations.
Q2
Q6
Q5
Q4
Q3
Q1
Q1Q2Q3Q4Q6
Q5
01
10
1
Step 4: {Q1, Q2, Q4} {Q3} {Q5}
1
1
1
1
1
Step 2: {Q1, Q2} {Q3}
Step 3: {Q1, Q2, Q4} {Q3}
Step 1: {Q1, Q2}
Step 5: {Q1, Q2, Q4, Q5, Q6} {Q3} Figure2:Building reformulation classes with a similarity matrix.
The algorithm that measures the similarity be-tween two questions is:
1.Apply a part-of-speech tagger on both questions:
Tag(Q):
Tag(Q’):
2.Set nr
relation holds then increase nr
4.Relax the Lexical
matches number of content words
then Q and Q’are similar
relation between a pair of con-
tent words is initially considered to be a string
identity.In later loops starting at step3one of
the following three possible relaxations of Lex-
ical
its value is
1if the?rst answer is correct;0.5if the second an-
swer was correct,but not the?rst one;0.33when
the correct answer was on the third position;0.25
if the fourth answer was correct;0.2when the?fth
answer was correct and0if none of the?rst?ve
answers were correct.The Mean Reciprocal An-
swer Rank(MRAR)is used to compute the over-
all performance of the systems participating in the
TREC evaluation In ad-dition,TREC-9imposed the constraint that an an-
swer is considered correct only when the textual
context from the document that contains it can
account for it.When the human assessors were
convinced this constraint was satis?ed,they con-
sidered the RAR to be strict,otherwise,the RAR
was considered lenient.
Table2summarizes the MRARs provided by
MRAR
lenient
0.599
Long answer0.760
Table2:NIST-evaluated performance NIST for the system on which we evaluated the role of lexico-semantic feedbacks.Table3lists the quantitative analysis of the feedback loops. Loop1was generated more often than any other loop.However,the small overall average number of feedback loops that have been carried out in-dicate that the fact they port little overhead to the Q&A system.
Average
number
1.384
Loop23
1.07
L1L3MRAR
long
No No0.321
Yes No0.451
No No0.490
Yes No0.554
No Yes0.347
Yes Yes0.488
No Yes0.510
Yes Yes0.568
backs,showing that when all feedbacks are en-abled,for short answers we obtained an MRAR of 0.568,i.e.76%increase over Q&A without feed-backs.The MRAR for long answers had a sim-ilar increase of91%.Because we also used the answer caching technique,we gained more than 1%for short answers and almost3%for long an-swers,obtaining the result listed in Table2.In our experiments,from the total of890TREC ques-tions,lexical alternations were used for129ques-tions and the semantic alternations were needed only for175questions.
7Conclusion
This paper has presented a Q&/A system that em-ploys several feedback mechanisms that provide lexical and semantic alternations to the question keywords.By relying on large,open-domain lin-guistic resources such as WordNet we enabled a more precise approach of searching and mining answers from large collections of texts.Evalua-tions indicate that when all three feedback loops are enabled we reached an enhancement of al-most76%for short answers and91%for long an-swers,respectively,over the case when there are no feedback loops.In addition,a small increase is produced by relying on cached answers of sim-ilar questions.Our results so far indicate that the usage of feedback loops that produce alter-nations is signi?cantly more ef?cient than multi-word indexing or annotations of large corpora with predicate-argument information. References
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The way常见用法
The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法： 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which（最为正式的用法） 3)the way + 省略（最为自然的用法） 举例：I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法： 在当代美国英语中，the way用作为副词的对格，“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2）The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3）The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4）The way =because
The way的用法及其含义(二)
The way的用法及其含义（二） 二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语： 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势，忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中
(完整版)the的用法
定冠词the的用法： 定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸 或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way...
“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法
“tｈｅwａｙ+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Ｒead the foｌloｗｉnｇpassagｅａnd talkａbout ｉt wi ｔh your classmaｔes．Try tｏｔeｌl whaｔyｏu thiｎk ｏf Tom aｎd ｏｆｔhe ｗay the chiｌｄrenｔrｅated ｈim. 在这个句子中，ｔhe waｙ是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in whｉch的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the ｗaｙ+从句”结构的用法。 1.tｈe wａy之后，引导定语从句的关系词是tｈat而不是hoｗ,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典＞＞中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：Ｔhｉs is ｔｈeｗayｈowｉtｈａppened. This is the way how he ａlwａｙs treats me. 2．在正式语体中,thaｔ可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中，ｔhat则往往省略。由此我们得到theｗay后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) tｈe ｗaｙ＋ｔhａt-从句２）the way +ｉn whiｃh－从句3) the ｗay +从句 例如：Ｔｈe way(in whiｃh ，thａt) ｔhｅｓｅｃomｒade ｓloｏｋａｔｐrobｌems is wrong．这些同志看问题的方法
不对。 Ｔｈｅｗａy(that ,ｉn ｗhiｃh)yoｕ’ｒe doinｇit is comple ｔeｌy crａzy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Wｅａdmiｒｅd him for thｅｗay ｉｎｗhｉch he fａｃeｓdiｆficultieｓ． Waｌlａｃe ａｎd Ｄarwiｎｇreed ｏn the way ｉｎwhi ｃh ｄｉfｆｅrｅnt forms ｏf life had ｂegｕn.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 Thｉs is ｔｈe ｗaｙ（tｈａｔ) hｅdｉd it. I lｉkeｄｔhe waｙ(ｔhat) ｓｈeｏｒganized ｔhe ｍeetｉng． 3.theｗay(tｈat)有时可以与hｏw(作“如何”解）通用。例如： That’s tｈe ｗaｙ(tｈaｔ) shｅspoke. = Tｈat’s how shｅspoke.
way 用法
表示“方式”、“方法”，注意以下用法： 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式，通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如： Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法，其后可接不定式或of doing sth。 如： It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句，但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如： 我不喜欢他说话的态度。 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法： That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看，你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题： ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A，而不选其他几项，则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法，下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。 一、in a way的用法 表示：在一定程度上，从某方面说。如： In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注：in a way也可说成in one way。 二、on the way的用法 1、表示：即将来(去)，就要来(去)。如： Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示：在路上，在行进中。如： He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示：(婴儿)尚未出生。如： She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子，现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children，and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了，另一个又快生了。 三、by the way的用法
The way的用法及其含义(一)
The way的用法及其含义（一） 有这样一个句子：In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. 1770年，这间琥珀屋按照她的要求完成了。 the way在句中的语法作用是什么？其意义如何？在阅读时，学生经常会碰到一些含有the way 的句子，如：No one knows the way he invented the machine. He did not do the experiment the way his teacher told him.等等。他们对the way 的用法和含义比较模糊。在这几个句子中，the way之后的部分都是定语从句。第一句的意思是，“没人知道他是怎样发明这台机器的。”the way的意思相当于how；第二句的意思是，“他没有按照老师说的那样做实验。”the way 的意思相当于as。在In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted.这句话中，the way也是as的含义。随着现代英语的发展，the way的用法已越来越普遍了。下面，我们从the way的语法作用和意义等方面做一考查和分析： 一、the way作先行词，后接定语从句 以下3种表达都是正确的。例如：“我喜欢她笑的样子。” 1. the way+ in which +从句 I like the way in which she smiles. 2. the way+ that +从句 I like the way that she smiles. 3. the way + 从句(省略了in which或that) I like the way she smiles. 又如：“火灾如何发生的，有好几种说法。” 1. There were several theories about the way in which the fire started. 2. There were several theories about the way that the fire started.
way 的用法
way 的用法 【语境展示】 1. Now I’ll show you how to do the experiment in a different way. 下面我来演示如何用一种不同的方法做这个实验。 2. The teacher had a strange way to make his classes lively and interesting. 这位老师有种奇怪的办法让他的课生动有趣。 3. Can you tell me the best way of working out this problem? 你能告诉我算出这道题的最好方法吗？ 4. I don’t know the way (that / in which) he helped her out. 我不知道他用什么方法帮助她摆脱困境的。 5. The way (that / which) he talked about to solve the problem was difficult to understand. 他所谈到的解决这个问题的方法难以理解。 6. I don’t like the way that / which is being widely used for saving water. 我不喜欢这种正在被广泛使用的节水方法。 7. They did not do it the way we do now. 他们以前的做法和我们现在不一样。 【归纳总结】 ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，如表示“以……方式”，前面常加介词in。如例1； ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，其后可接不定式to do sth.，也可接of doing sth. 作定语，表示做某事的方法。如例2，例3；
the-way-的用法讲解学习
t h e-w a y-的用法
The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮.
way的用法总结大全
way的用法总结大全 way的用法你知道多少，今天给大家带来way的用法，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 way的用法总结大全 way的意思 n. 道路,方法,方向,某方面 adv. 远远地，大大地 way用法 way可以用作名词 way的基本意思是“路,道,街,径”,一般用来指具体的“路,道路”,也可指通向某地的“方向”“路线”或做某事所采用的手段,即“方式,方法”。way还可指“习俗,作风”“距离”“附近,周围”“某方面”等。 way作“方法,方式,手段”解时,前面常加介词in。如果way前有this, that等限定词,介词可省略,但如果放在句首,介词则不可省略。
way作“方式,方法”解时,其后可接of v -ing或to- v 作定语,也可接定语从句,引导从句的关系代词或关系副词常可省略。 way用作名词的用法例句 I am on my way to the grocery store.我正在去杂货店的路上。 We lost the way in the dark.我们在黑夜中迷路了。 He asked me the way to London.他问我去伦敦的路。 way可以用作副词 way用作副词时意思是“远远地,大大地”,通常指在程度或距离上有一定的差距。 way back表示“很久以前”。 way用作副词的用法例句 It seems like Im always way too busy with work.我工作总是太忙了。 His ideas were way ahead of his time.他的思想远远超越了他那个时代。 She finished the race way ahead of the other runners.她第一个跑到终点,远远领先于其他选手。 way用法例句
the_way的用法大全教案资料
t h e_w a y的用法大全
The way 在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了 另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的
the way 的用法
The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮.
the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 the way =while/when(表示对比) 9)From that day on, they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms. 从那天起,其他同学是夹着书本来上课,而他们却带着"失败"的思想负担来上课.
The way的用法及其含义(三)
The way的用法及其含义（三） 三、the way的语义 1. the way=as（像） Please do it the way I’ve told you.请按照我告诉你的那样做。 I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own.我和你说话就像和自己孩子说话一样。 Plant need water the way they need sun light. 植物需要水就像它们需要阳光一样。 2. the way=how（怎样，多么） No one can imagine the way he misses her.没人能够想象出他是多么想念她！ I want to find out the way a volcano has formed.我想弄清楚火山是怎样形成的。 He was filled with anger at the way he had been treated.他因遭受如此待遇而怒火满腔。That’s the way she speaks.她就是那样讲话的。 3. the way=according as （根据） The way you answer the questions, you must be an excellent student.从你回答问题来看，你一定是名优秀的学生。 The way most people look at you, you'd think a trash man was a monster.从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物。 The way I look at it, it’s not what you do that matters so much.依我看，重要的并不是你做什么。 I might have been his son the way he talked.根据他说话的样子，好像我是他的儿子一样。One would think these men owned the earth the way they behave.他们这样行动，人家竟会以为他们是地球的主人。
way的用法
一．Way：“方式”、“方法” 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式 Do it (in) your own way. Please do not talk (in) that way. 2.表示做某事的方式或方法 It’s the best way of studying [to study] English.。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. I don’t like the way that he spoke. I don’t like the way in which he spoke.误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4. the way 的从句 That’s the way (=how) he spoke. I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. He did not do it the way his friend did. 二．固定搭配 1. In a/one way：In a way he was right. 2. In the way /get in one’s way I'm afraid your car is in the way， If you are not going to help，at least don't get in the way. You'll have to move－you're in my way. 3. in no way Theory can in no way be separated from practice. 4. On the way (to……) Let’s wait a few moments. He is on the way Spring is on the way. Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way. She has two children with another one on the way. 5. By the way By the way，do you know where Mary lives? 6. By way of Learn English by way of watching US TV series. 8. under way 1. Elbow one’s way He elbowed his way to the front of the queue. 2. shoulder one’s way 3. feel one‘s way 摸索着向前走；We couldn’t see anything in the cave, so we had to feel our way out 4. fight/force one’s way 突破。。。而前进The surrounded soldiers fought their way out. 5.. push/thrust one‘s way（在人群中）挤出一条路He pushed his way through the crowd. 6. wind one’s way 蜿蜒前进 7. lead the way 带路，领路；示范 8. lose one‘s way 迷失方向 9. clear the way 排除障碍，开路迷路 10. make one’s way 前进，行进The team slowly made their way through the jungle.
the way的用法大全
在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了 另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 the way =while/when(表示对比) 9)From that day on, they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms.
“the-way+从句”结构的意义及用法知识讲解
“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子： Read the following passage and talk about it with your classmates. Try to tell what you think of Tom and of the way the children treated him. 在这个句子中，the way是先行词，后面是省略了关系副词that 或in which的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the way+从句”结构的用法。 1．the way之后，引导定语从句的关系词是that而不是how,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典>>中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：This is the way how it happened. This is the way how he always treats me. 2. 在正式语体中，that可被in which所代替；在非正式语体中，that则往往省略。由此我们得到the way后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) the way +that-从句2) the way +in which-从句3) the way +从句 例如：The way(in which ,that) these comrades look at problems is wrong.这些同志看问题的方法不对。
The way(that ,in which)you’re doing it is completely crazy.你这么个干法，简直发疯。 We admired him for the way in which he faces difficulties. Wallace and Darwin greed on the way in which different forms of life had begun.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 This is the way (that) he did it. I liked the way (that) she organized the meeting. 3.the way(that)有时可以与how(作“如何”解)通用。例如： That’s the way (that) she spoke. = That’s how she spoke. I should like to know the way/how you learned to master the fundamental technique within so short a time. 4．the way的其它用法：以上我们讲的都是用作先行词的the way，下面我们将叙述它的一些用法。
定冠词the的12种用法
定冠词the的12种用法 定冠词the 的12 种用法，全知道?快来一起学习吧。下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 定冠词the 的12 种用法，全知道? 定冠词the用在各种名词前面，目的是对这个名词做个记号，表示它的特指属性。所以在词汇表中，定冠词the 的词义是“这个，那个，这些，那些”，可见，the 即可以放在可数名词前，也可以修饰不可数名词，the 后面的名词可以是单数，也可以是复数。 定冠词的基本用法： (1) 表示对某人、某物进行特指，所谓的特指就是“不是别的，就是那个!”如： The girl with a red cap is Susan. 戴了个红帽子的女孩是苏珊。 (2) 一旦用到the，表示谈话的俩人都知道说的谁、说的啥。如：
The dog is sick. 狗狗病了。(双方都知道是哪一只狗) (3) 前面提到过的，后文又提到。如： There is a cat in the tree.Thecat is black. 树上有一只猫，猫是黑色的。 (4) 表示世界上唯一的事物。如： The Great Wall is a wonder.万里长城是个奇迹。(5) 方位名词前。如： thenorth of the Yangtze River 长江以北地区 (6) 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如： Who is the first?谁第一个? Sam is the tallest.山姆最高。 但是不能认为，最高级前必须加the，如： My best friend. 我最好的朋友。 (7) 在乐器前。如： play the flute 吹笛子
Way的用法
Way用法 A:I think you should phone Jenny and say sorry to her. B:_______. It was her fault. A. No way B. Not possible C. No chance D. Not at all 说明：正确答案是A. No way，意思是“别想！没门！决不！” 我认为你应该打电话给珍妮并向她道歉。 没门！这是她的错。 再看两个关于no way的例句： （1）Give up our tea break? NO way! 让我们放弃喝茶的休息时间？没门儿！ （2）No way will I go on working for that boss. 我决不再给那个老板干了。 way一词含义丰富，由它构成的短语用法也很灵活。为了便于同学们掌握和用好它，现结合实例将其用法归纳如下： 一、way的含义 1. 路线
He asked me the way to London. 他问我去伦敦的路。 We had to pick our way along the muddy track. 我们不得不在泥泞的小道上择路而行。 2. （沿某）方向 Look this way, please. 请往这边看。 Kindly step this way, ladies and gentlemen. 女士们、先生们，请这边走。 Look both ways before crossing the road. 过马路前向两边看一看。 Make sure that the sign is right way up. 一定要把符号的上下弄对。 3. 道、路、街，常用以构成复合词 a highway（公路），a waterway（水路），a railway（铁路），wayside（路边）
way与time的特殊用法
way/time的特殊用法 1、当先行词是way意思为”方式.方法”的时候,引导定语从句的关系词有下列3种形式： Way在从句中做宾语 The way that / which he explained to us is quite simple. Way在从句中做状语 The way t hat /in which he explained the sentence to us is quite simple. 2、当先行词是time时,若time表示次数时,应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可以省略; 若time表示”一段时间”讲时,应用关系副词when或介词at/during + which引导定语从句 1.Is this factory _______ we visited last year? 2.Is this the factory-------we visited last year? A. where B in which C the one D which 3. This is the last time _________ I shall give you a lesson. A. when B that C which D in which 4.I don’t like the way ________ you laugh at her. A . that B on which C which D as 5.He didn’t understand the wa y ________ I worked out the problem. A which B in which C where D what 6.I could hardly remember how many times----I’ve failed. A that B which C in which D when 7.This is the second time--------the president has visited the country. A which B where C that D in which 8.This was at a time------there were no televisions, no computers or radios. A what B when C which D that