侵权责任法中英文对照版
【Title】 Tort Law of the People's Republic of China [Effective] 【法规标题】中华人民共和国侵权责任法[现行有效]
【法宝引证码】
Date Issued:12-26-2009
Effective
date:
07-01-2010
Issuing
authority:
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Area of law:Civil Law 发布日期：2009-12-26
生效日期：2010-07-01
发布部门：全国人大常委会类别：民法
Decree of the President of the People's Republic of China
(No. 21)
The Tort Law of the People's Republic of China, which was adopted at the 12th session of the Standing Committee of the Eleventh National People's Congress on December 26, 2009, is hereby promulgated and shall come into force on July 1, 2010.
President of the People's Republic of China: Hu Jintao
December 26, 2009
Tort Law of the People's Republic of China
(Adopted at the 12th session of the Standing Committee of the Eleventh National People's Congress on December 26, 2009)
Table of Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Constituting Liability and Methods of Assuming Liability Chapter III Circumstances to Waive Liability and Mitigate Liability Chapter IV Special Provisions on Tortfeasors
Chapter V Product Liability
Chapter VI Liability for Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident
Chapter VII Liability for Medical Malpractice
Chapter VIII Liability for Environmental Pollution
Chapter IX Liability for Ultrahazardous Activity
Chapter X Liability for Harm Caused by Domestic Animal
Chapter XI Liability for Harm Caused by Object
Chapter XII Supplementary Provision
中华人民共和国主席令
（第二十一号）
（相关资料: 法律1篇部门规章3篇司法解释1篇其他规范性文件1篇地方法规14篇裁判文书2篇相关论文102篇）
《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》已由中华人民共和国第十一届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十二次会议于2009年12月26日通过，现予公布，自2010年7月1日起施行。
中华人民共和国主席胡锦涛
2009年12月26日
中华人民共和国侵权责任法（2009年12月26日第十一届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十二次会议
通过）
目录
第一章一般规定
第二章责任构成和责任方式
第三章不承担责任和减轻责任的情形
第四章关于责任主体的特殊规定
第五章产品责任
第六章机动车交通事故责任
第七章医疗损害责任
第八章环境污染责任
第九章高度危险责任
第十章饲养动物损害责任
第十一章物件损害责任
第十二章附则
Chapter I General Provisions 第一章一般规定
Article 1 In order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of parties in civil law relationships, clarify the tort liability, prevent and punish tortious conduct, and promote the social harmony and stability, this Law is formulated.
第一条为保护民事主体的合法权益，明确侵权责任，预防并制裁侵权行为，促进社会和谐稳定，制定本法。（相关资料: 相关论文3篇）
Article 2 Those who infringe upon civil rights and interests shall be subject to the tort liability according to this Law.
“Civil rights and interests” used in this La w shall include the right to life, the right to health, the right to name, the right to reputation, the right to honor, right to self image, right of privacy, marital autonomy, guardianship, ownership, usufruct, security interest, copyright, patent right, exclusive right to use a trademark, right to discovery, equities, right of succession, and other personal and property rights and interests.
第二条侵害民事权益，应当依照本法承担侵权责任。
本法所称民事权益，包括生命权、健康权、姓名权、名誉权、荣誉权、肖像权、隐私权、婚姻自主权、监护权、所有权、用益物权、担保物权、著作权、专利权、商标专用权、发现权、股权、继承权等人身、财产权益。
（相关资料: 相关论文11篇）
Article 3 The victim of a tort shall be entitled to require the tortfeasor to assume the tort liability.
第三条被侵权人有权请求侵权人承担侵权责任。
（相关资料: 相关论文2篇）
Article 4 Where a tortfeasor shall assume administrative liability or criminal liability for the same conduct, it shall not prejudice the tort liability that the tortfeasor shall legally assume.
Where the assets of a tortfeasor are not adequate for payments for the tort liability and administrative liability or criminal liability for the same conduct, the tortfeasor shall first assume the tort liability.
第四条侵权人因同一行为应当承担行政责任或者刑事责任的，不影响依法承担侵权责任。
因同一行为应当承担侵权责任和行政责任、刑事责任，侵权人的财产不足以支付的，先承担侵权责任。
（相关资料: 相关论文2篇）
Article 5 Where any other law provides otherwise for any tort liability in particular, such special provisions shall prevail.
第五条其他法律对侵权责任另有特别规定的，依照其规定。
（相关资料: 相关论文1篇）
Chapter II Constituting Liability and Methods of Assuming Liability 第二章责任构成和责任方式
Article 6 One who is at fault for infringement upon a civil right or interest of another person shall be subject to the tort liability.
第六条行为人因过错侵害他人民事权益，应当承担侵权责任。
One who is at fault as construed according to legal provisions and cannot prove otherwise shall be subject to the tort liability.
根据法律规定推定行为人有过错，行为人不能证明自己没有过错的，应当承担侵权责任。
（相关资料: 相关论文4篇）
Article 7 One who shall assume the tort liability for infringing upon a civil right or interest of another person, whether at fault or not, as provided for by law, shall be subject to such legal provisions.
第七条行为人损害他人民事权益，不论行为人有无过错，法律规定应当承担侵权责任的，依照其规定。
Article 8 Where two or more persons jointly commit a tort, causing harm to another person, they shall be liable jointly and severally.
第八条二人以上共同实施侵权行为，造成他人损害的，应当承担连带责任。
（相关资料: 相关论文1篇）
Article 9 One who abets or assists another person in committing a tort shall be liable jointly and severally with the tortfeasor.
One who abets or assists a person who does not have civil conduct capacity or only has limited civil conduct capacity in committing a tort shall assume the tort liability; the guardian of such a person without civil conduct capacity or with limited civil conduct capacity shall assume the relevant liability if failing to fulfill his guardian duties.
第九条教唆、帮助他人实施侵权行为的，应当与行为人承担连带责任。
教唆、帮助无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人实施侵权行为的，应当承担侵权责任；该无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人的监护人未尽到监护责任的，应当承担相应的责任。（相关资料: 相关论文1篇）
Article 10 Where two or more persons engage in a conduct that endangers the personal or property safety of another person, if only the conduct of one or several of them causes harm to another person and the specific tortfeasor can be determined, the tortfeasor shall be liable; or if the specific tortfeasor cannot be determined, all of them shall be liable jointly and severally.
第十条二人以上实施危及他人人身、财产安全的行为，其中一人或者数人的行为造成他人损害，能够确定具体侵权人的，由侵权人承担责任；不能确定具体侵权人的，行为人承担连带责任。
（相关资料: 相关论文3篇）
Article 11 Where two or more persons commit torts respectively, causing the same harm, and each tort is sufficient to cause the entire harm, the tortfeasors shall be liable jointly and severally.
第十一条二人以上分别实施侵权行为造成同一损害，每个人的侵权行为都足以造成全部损害的，行为人承担连带责任。
（相关资料: 相关论文1篇）
Article 12 Where two or more persons commit torts respectively, causing the same harm, if the seriousness of liability of each tortfeasor can be determined, the tortfeasors shall assume corresponding liabilities respectively; or if the seriousness of liability of each tortfeasor is hard to be determined, the tortfeasors shall evenly assume the compensatory liability.
第十二条二人以上分别实施侵权行为造成同一损害，能够确定责任大小的，各自承担相应的责任；难以确定责任大小的，平均承担赔偿责任。
Article 13 Where the joint and several liability shall be assumed by the tortfeasors according to law, the victim of torts shall be entitled to require some or all of the tortfeasors to assume the liability.
第十三条法律规定承担连带责任的，被侵权人有权请求部分或者全部连带责任人承担责任。
（相关资料: 相关论文2篇）
Article 14 The compensation amounts corresponding to the tortfeasors who are jointly and severally liable shall be determined according to the seriousness of each tortfeasor; and if the seriousness of each tortfeasor cannot be determined, the tortfeasors shall evenly assume the compensatory liability.
A tortfeasor who has paid an amount of compensation exceeding his contribution shall be entitled to be reimbursed by the other tortfeasors who are jointly and severally liable.
第十四条连带责任人根据各自责任大小确定相应的赔偿数额；难以确定责任大小的，平均承担赔偿责任。
支付超出自己赔偿数额的连带责任人，有权向其他连带责任人追偿。（相关资料: 相关论文3篇）
Article 15 The methods of assuming tort liabilities shall include:
1. cessation of infringement;
2. removal of obstruction;
3. elimination of danger;
4. return of property;
5. restoration to the original status;
6. compensation for losses;
7. apology; and
8. elimination of consequences and restoration of reputation.
The above methods of assuming the tort liability may be adopted individually or jointly.
第十五条承担侵权责任的方式主要有：
（一）停止侵害；
（二）排除妨碍；
（三）消除危险；
（四）返还财产；
（五）恢复原状；
（六）赔偿损失；
（七）赔礼道歉；
（八）消除影响、恢复名誉。
以上承担侵权责任的方式，可以单独适用，也可以合并适用。
（相关资料: 相关论文2篇）
Article 16 Where a tort causes any personal injury to another person, the tortfeasor shall compensate the victim for the reasonable costs and expenses for treatment and rehabilitation, such as medical treatment expenses, nursing fees and travel expenses, as well as the lost wages. If the victim suffers any disability, the tortfeasor shall also pay the costs of disability assistance equipment for the living of the victim and the disability indemnity. If it causes the death of the victim, the tortfeasor
第十六条侵害他人造成人身损害的，应当赔偿医疗费、护理费、交通费等为治疗和康复支出的合理费用，以及因误工减少的收入。造成残疾的，还应当赔偿残疾生活辅助具费和残疾赔偿金。造成死亡的，还应当赔偿丧葬费和死亡赔偿金。
shall also pay the funeral service fees and the death compensation.
Article 17 Where the same tort causes the deaths of several persons, a uniform amount of death compensation may be determined.
第十七条因同一侵权行为造成多人死亡的，可以以相同数额确定死亡赔偿金。
Article 18 Where a tort causes the death to the victim, the close relative of the victim shall be entitled to require the tortfeasor to assume the tort liability. Where the victim of a tort, which is an entity, is split or merged, the entity succeeding to the rights of the victim shall be entitled to require the tortfeasor to assume the tort liability.
Where a tort causes the death to the victim, those who have paid the medical treatment expenses, funeral service fees and other reasonable costs and expenses for the victim shall be entitled to require the tortfeasor to compensate them for such costs and expenses, except that the tortfeasor has already paid such costs and expenses.
第十八条被侵权人死亡的，其近亲属有权请求侵权人承担侵权责任。被侵权人为单位，该单位分立、合并的，承继权利的单位有权请求侵权人承担侵权责任。
被侵权人死亡的，支付被侵权人医疗费、丧葬费等合理费用的人有权请求侵权人赔偿费用，但侵权人已支付该费用的除外。
（相关资料: 相关论文1篇）
Article 19 Where a tort causes any harm to the property of another person, the amount of loss to the property shall be calculated as per the market price at the time of occurrence of the loss or calculated otherwise.
第十九条侵害他人财产的，财产损失按照损失发生时的市场价格或者其他方式计算。
（相关资料: 相关论文1篇）
Article 20 Where any harm caused by a tort to a personal right or interest of another person gives rise to any loss to the property of the victim of the tort, the tortfeasor shall make compensation as per the loss sustained by the victim as the result of the tort. If the loss sustained by the victim is hard to be determined and the tortfeasor obtains any benefit from the tort, the tortfeasor shall make compensation as per the benefit obtained by it. If the benefit obtained by the tortfeasor from the tort is hard to be determined, the victim and the tortfeasor disagree to the amount of compensation after consultation, and an action is brought to a people's court, the people's court shall determine the amount of compensation based on the actual situations.
第二十条侵害他人人身权益造成财产损失的，按照被侵权人因此受到的损失赔偿；被侵权人的损失难以确定，侵权人因此获得利益的，按照其获得的利益赔偿；侵权人因此获得的利益难以确定，被侵权人和侵权人就赔偿数额协商不一致，向人民法院提起诉讼的，由人民法院根据实际情况确定赔偿数额。
（相关资料: 相关论文1篇）
Article 21 Where a tort endangers the personal or property safety of another person, the victim of the tort may require the tortfeasor to assume the tort liabilities including but not limited to cession of infringement, removal of obstruction and elimination of danger.
第二十一条侵权行为危及他人人身、财产安全的，被侵权人可以请求侵权人承担停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险等侵权责任。
Article 22 Where any harm caused by a tort to a personal right or interest of another person inflicts a serious mental distress on the victim
第二十二条侵害他人人身权益，造成他人严重精神损害的，被侵权人可
of the tort, the victim of the tort may require compensation for the infliction of mental distress. 以请求精神损害赔偿。
（相关资料: 相关论文1篇）
Article 23 Where one sustains any harm as the result of preventing or stopping the infringement upon the civil right or interest of another person, the tortfeasor shall be liable for the harm. If the tortfeasor flees or is unable to assume the liability and the victim of the tort requires compensation, the beneficiary shall properly make compensation.
第二十三条因防止、制止他人民事权益被侵害而使自己受到损害的，由侵权人承担责任。侵权人逃逸或者无力承担责任，被侵权人请求补偿的，受益人应当给予适当补偿。
Article 24 Where neither the victim nor the actor is at fault for the occurrence of a damage, both of them may share the damage based on the actual situations.
第二十四条受害人和行为人对损害的发生都没有过错的，可以根据实际情况，由双方分担损失。
（相关资料: 相关论文2篇）
Article 25 After the occurrence of any harm, the parties may consult each other about the methods to pay for compensations. If the consultation fails, the compensations shall be paid in a lump sum. If it is hard to make the payment in a lump sum, the payment may be made in installments but a corresponding security shall be provided.
第二十五条损害发生后，当事人可以协商赔偿费用的支付方式。协商不一致的，赔偿费用应当一次性支付；一次性支付确有困难的，可以分期支付，但应当提供相应的担保。
Chapter III Circumstances to Waive Liability and Mitigate Liability 第三章不承担责任和减轻责任的情
形
Article 26 Where the victim of a tort is also at fault as to the occurrence of harm, the liability of the tortfeasor may be mitigated.
第二十六条被侵权人对损害的发生也有过错的，可以减轻侵权人的责任。
（相关资料: 相关论文1篇）
Article 27 The actor shall not be liable for any harm that is caused intentionally by the victim.
第二十七条损害是因受害人故意造成的，行为人不承担责任。（相关资料: 相关论文3篇）
Article 28 Where any harm is caused by a third party, the third party shall assume the tort liability.
第二十八条损害是因第三人造成的，第三人应当承担侵权责任。（相关资料: 相关论文1篇）
Article 29 Where any harm to another person is caused by a force majeure, the tortfeasor shall not be liable, except as otherwise provided for by law.
第二十九条因不可抗力造成他人损害的，不承担责任。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。
（相关资料: 相关论文1篇）
Article 30 Where any harm is caused by self-defense, the person exercising self-defense shall not be liable. If the self-defense exceeds the necessary limit, causing any undue harm, the person exercising
第三十条因正当防卫造成损害的，不承担责任。正当防卫超过必要的限度，造成不应有的损害的，正当防卫人应当承担适当的责任。
self-defense shall assume proper liability. （相关资料: 相关论文2篇）
Article 31 Where any harm is caused by any conduct of necessity, the person causing the occurrence of danger shall be liable. If the danger is as the result of a natural cause, the person causing the harm for necessity shall not be liable or shall make proper compensation. If improper measures of necessity are taken or a necessary limit is exceeded, causing any undue harm, the person causing the harm for necessity shall assume proper liability.
第三十一条因紧急避险造成损害的，由引起险情发生的人承担责任。如果危险是由自然原因引起的，紧急避险人不承担责任或者给予适当补偿。紧急避险采取措施不当或者超过必要的限度，造成不应有的损害的，紧急避险人应当承担适当的责任。
（相关资料: 相关论文2篇）
Chapter IV Special Provisions on Tortfeasors 第四章关于责任主体的特殊规定
Article 32 Where a person without civil conduct capacity or with limited civil conduct capacity causes any harm to another person, the guardian shall assume the tort liability. If the guardian has fulfilled his guardian duties, his tort liability may be mitigated.
Where a person without civil conduct capacity or with limited civil conduct capacity, who has property, causes any harm to another person, the compensations shall be paid out of his own property. The guardian shall make up any deficit of the compensations.
第三十二条无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人造成他人损害的，由监护人承担侵权责任。监护人尽到监护责任的，可以减轻其侵权责任。
有财产的无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人造成他人损害的，从本人财产中支付赔偿费用。不足部分，由监护人赔偿。
Article 33 Where a person with full civil conduct capacity causes any harm to another person as the result of his temporary loss of consciousness or control of his conduct, if he is at fault, he shall assume the tort liability; or if he is not at fault, the victim shall be compensated properly according to the economic condition of the person causing the harm.
Where a person with full civil conduct capacity causes any harm to another person as the result of his temporary loss of consciousness or control of his conduct due to alcohol intoxication or abuse of narcotic or psychoactive drug, he shall assume the tort liability.
第三十三条完全民事行为能力人对自己的行为暂时没有意识或者失去控制造成他人损害有过错的，应当承担侵权责任；没有过错的，根据行为人的经济状况对受害人适当补偿。
完全民事行为能力人因醉酒、滥用麻醉药品或者精神药品对自己的行为暂时没有意识或者失去控制造成他人损害的，应当承担侵权责任。
（相关资料: 相关论文1篇）
Article 34 Where an employee of an employer which is an entity causes any harm to another person in the execution of his work duty, the employer shall assume the tort liability.
Where, during the period of labor dispatch, a dispatched employee causes any harm to another person in the execution of his work duty, the entity employer receiving the dispatched employee shall assume
第三十四条用人单位的工作人员因执行工作任务造成他人损害的，由用人单位承担侵权责任。
劳务派遣期间，被派遣的工作人员因执行工作任务造成他人损害的，由接受劳务派遣的用工单位承担侵权责任；劳务派遣单位有过错的，承担相应的补
the tort liability; and the entity employer dispatching the employee, if at fault, shall assume the corresponding complementary liability. 充责任。
（相关资料: 相关论文3篇）
Article 35 Where, in a labor relationship formed between individuals, the party providing labor services causes any harm to another person as the result of the labor services, the party receiving labor services shall assume the tort liability. If the party providing labor services causes any harm to himself as the result of the labor services, both parties shall assume corresponding liabilities according to their respective faults.
第三十五条个人之间形成劳务关系，提供劳务一方因劳务造成他人损害的，由接受劳务一方承担侵权责任。提供劳务一方因劳务自己受到损害的，根据双方各自的过错承担相应的责任。
Article 36 A network user or network service provider who infringes upon the civil right or interest of another person through network shall assume the tort liability.
Where a network user commits a tort through the network services, the victim of the tort shall be entitled to notify the network service provider to take such necessary measures as deletion, block or disconnection. If, after being notified, the network service provider fails to take necessary measures in a timely manner, it shall be jointly and severally liable for any additional harm with the network user.
Where a network service provider knows that a network user is infringing upon a civil right or interest of another person through its network services, and fails to take necessary measures, it shall be jointly and severally liable for any additional harm with the network user.
第三十六条网络用户、网络服务提供者利用网络侵害他人民事权益的，应当承担侵权责任。
网络用户利用网络服务实施侵权行为的，被侵权人有权通知网络服务提供者采取删除、屏蔽、断开链接等必要措施。网络服务提供者接到通知后未及时采取必要措施的，对损害的扩大部分与该网络用户承担连带责任。
网络服务提供者知道网络用户利用其网络服务侵害他人民事权益，未采取必要措施的，与该网络用户承担连带责任。
（相关资料: 相关论文4篇）
Article 37 The manager of a public venue such as hotel, shopping center, bank, station or entertainment place or the organizer of a mass activity shall assume the tort liability for any harm caused to another person as the result of his failure to fulfill the duty of safety protection.
If the harm to another person is caused by a third party, the third party shall assume the tort liability; and the manager or organizer, if failing to fulfill the duty of safety protection, shall assume the corresponding complementary liability.
第三十七条宾馆、商场、银行、车站、娱乐场所等公共场所的管理人或者群众性活动的组织者，未尽到安全保障义务，造成他人损害的，应当承担侵权责任。
因第三人的行为造成他人损害的，由第三人承担侵权责任；管理人或者组织者未尽到安全保障义务的，承担相应的补充责任。
Article 38 Where a person without civil conduct capacity sustains any personal injury during the period of studying or living in a kindergarten, school or any other educational institution, the kindergarten, school or other educational institution shall be liable unless it can prove that it has
第三十八条无民事行为能力人
在幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构学习、生活期间受到人身损害的，幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构应当承担责任，但能够证明尽到教育、管理职责的，不
fulfilled its duties of education and management. 承担责任。
（相关资料: 相关论文2篇）
Article 39 Where a person with limited civil conduct capacity sustains any personal injury during the period of studying or living in a school or any other educational institution, the school or other educational institution shall be liable if failing to fulfill its duties of education and management.
第三十九条限制民事行为能力人在学校或者其他教育机构学习、生活期间受到人身损害，学校或者其他教育机构未尽到教育、管理职责的，应当承担责任。
（相关资料: 相关论文1篇）
Article 40 Where, during the period of studying or living in a kindergarten, a school or any other educational institution, a person without civil conduct capacity or with limited civil conduct capacity sustains any personal injury caused by any person other than those of the kindergarten, school or other education institution, the person causing the harm shall assume the tort liability; and the kindergarten, school or other educational institution shall assume the corresponding complementary liability if failing to fulfill its duties of management.
第四十条无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人在幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构学习、生活期间，受到幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构以外的人员人身损害的，由侵权人承担侵权责任；幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构未尽到管理职责的，承担相应的补充责任。（相关资料: 相关论文1篇）
Chapter V Product Liability 第五章产品责任
Article 41 Where a defective product causes any harm to another person, the manufacturer shall assume the tort liability.
第四十一条因产品存在缺陷造成他人损害的，生产者应当承担侵权责任。
Article 42 Where a product with any defect caused by the fault of the seller causes any harm to another person, the seller shall assume the tort liability.
Where a seller can neither specify the manufacturer of a defective product nor specify the supplier of the defective product, the seller shall assume the tort liability.
第四十二条因销售者的过错使产品存在缺陷，造成他人损害的，销售者应当承担侵权责任。
销售者不能指明缺陷产品的生产者也不能指明缺陷产品的供货者的，销售者应当承担侵权责任。
Article 43 Where any harm is caused by a defective product, the victim may require compensation to be made by the manufacturer of the product or the seller of the product.
If the defect of the product is caused by the manufacturer and the seller has made the compensation for the defect, the seller shall be entitled to be reimbursed by the manufacturer.
If the defect of the product is caused by the fault of the seller and the manufacturer has made the compensation for the defect, the
第四十三条因产品存在缺陷造
成损害的，被侵权人可以向产品的生产者请求赔偿，也可以向产品的销售者请求赔偿。
产品缺陷由生产者造成的，销售者赔偿后，有权向生产者追偿。
因销售者的过错使产品存在缺陷的，生产者赔偿后，有权向销售者追偿。
manufacturer shall be entitled to be reimbursed by the seller.
Article 44 Where any harm is caused to another person by a defective product and the defect is caused by the fault of a third party such as carrier or warehouseman, the manufacturer or seller of the product that has paid the compensation shall be entitled to be reimbursed by the third party.
第四十四条因运输者、仓储者等第三人的过错使产品存在缺陷，造成他人损害的，产品的生产者、销售者赔偿后，有权向第三人追偿。
Article 45 Where the defect of a product endangers the personal or property safety of another person, the victim shall be entitled to require the manufacturer or seller to assume the tort liabilities by removing the obstruction or eliminating the danger.
第四十五条因产品缺陷危及他人人身、财产安全的，被侵权人有权请求生产者、销售者承担排除妨碍、消除危险等侵权责任。
（相关资料: 相关论文2篇）
Article 46 Where any defect of a product is found after the product is put into circulation, the manufacturer or seller shall take such remedial measures as warning and recall in a timely manner. The manufacturer or seller who fails to take remedial measures in a timely manner or take sufficient and effective measures and has caused any harm shall assume the tort liability.
第四十六条产品投入流通后发现存在缺陷的，生产者、销售者应当及时采取警示、召回等补救措施。未及时采取补救措施或者补救措施不力造成损害的，应当承担侵权责任。
Article 47 Where a manufacturer or seller knowing any defect of a product continues to manufacture or sell the product and the defect causes a death or any serious damage to the health of another person, the victim shall be entitled to require the corresponding punitive compensation.
第四十七条明知产品存在缺陷仍然生产、销售，造成他人死亡或者健康严重损害的，被侵权人有权请求相应的惩罚性赔偿。（相关资料: 相关论文2篇）
Chapter VI Liability for Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident 第六章机动车交通事故责任
Article 48 Where a motor vehicle traffic accident causes any harm, the compensatory liability shall be assumed according to the relevant provisions of the Road Traffic Safety Law.
第四十八条机动车发生交通事故造成损害的，依照道路交通安全法的有关规定承担赔偿责任。
（相关资料: 相关论文2篇）
Article 49 Where the owner and the user of a motor vehicle are not the same person due to the relationship of a lease, a borrowing or any other reason and the liability of a traffic accident is attributed to the motor vehicle, the insurance company shall make compensation within the liability limit of the mandatory motor vehicle insurance. The user of the motor vehicle shall make up any deficit of the compensation; and if the owner of the motor vehicle is at fault as to the harm, he shall assume the corresponding compensatory liability.
第四十九条因租赁、借用等情形机动车所有人与使用人不是同一人时，发生交通事故后属于该机动车一方责任的，由保险公司在机动车强制保险责任限额范围内予以赔偿。不足部分，由机动车使用人承担赔偿责任；机动车所有人对损害的发生有过错的，承担相应的赔偿责任。
Article 50 Where a motor vehicle has been transferred and delivered from one party to another through sale or in any other transaction method but the registration of ownership transfer has not been conducted, if the liability of a traffic accident is attributed to the motor vehicle, the insurance company shall make compensation within the liability limit of the mandatory motor vehicle insurance. The transferee of the motor vehicle shall make up any deficit of the compensation.
第五十条当事人之间已经以买
卖等方式转让并交付机动车但未办理
所有权转移登记，发生交通事故后属于该机动车一方责任的，由保险公司在机动车强制保险责任限额范围内予以赔偿。不足部分，由受让人承担赔偿责任。
Article 51 Where an illegally assembled motor vehicle or a motor vehicle reaching the standard of retirement, which has been transferred through sale or in any other transfer method, causes a traffic accident and a harm, the transferor and the transferee shall be liable jointly and severally.
第五十一条以买卖等方式转让拼装或者已达到报废标准的机动车，发生交通事故造成损害的，由转让人和受让人承担连带责任。
Article 52 Where a traffic accident occurs to a motor vehicle that has been obtained by theft, robbery or snatch and causes a harm, the thief, robber or snatcher shall assume the compensatory liability. The insurance company that makes advances for rescue expenses within the liability limit of the mandatory motor vehicle insurance shall be entitled to be reimbursed by the person liable for the traffic accident.
第五十二条盗窃、抢劫或者抢夺的机动车发生交通事故造成损害的，由盗窃人、抢劫人或者抢夺人承担赔偿责任。保险公司在机动车强制保险责任限额范围内垫付抢救费用的，有权向交通事故责任人追偿。
Article 53 Where the driver of a motor vehicle flees after a traffic accident occurs to the motor vehicle, if the motor vehicle is covered by the mandatory insurance, the insurance company shall make compensation within the liability limit of the mandatory motor vehicle insurance; or if the motor vehicle cannot be identified or is not covered by the mandatory insurance, and the expenses for the death of or personal injury to the victim, such as rescue and funeral fees, need to be paid, the advances shall be made out of the Social Assistance Fund for Road Traffic Accidents. After advances are made out of the Social Assistance Fund for Road Traffic Accidents, the governing body of the fund shall be entitled to be reimbursed by the person liable for the traffic accident.
第五十三条机动车驾驶人发生交通事故后逃逸，该机动车参加强制保险的，由保险公司在机动车强制保险责任限额范围内予以赔偿；机动车不明或者该机动车未参加强制保险，需要支付被侵权人人身伤亡的抢救、丧葬等费用的，由道路交通事故社会救助基金垫付。道路交通事故社会救助基金垫付后，其管理机构有权向交通事故责任人追偿。
（相关资料: 相关论文1篇）
Chapter VII Liability for Medical Malpractice 第七章医疗损害责任
Article 54 Where a patient sustains any harm during diagnosis and treatment, if the medical institution or any of its medical staff is at fault, the medical institution shall assume the compensatory liability.
第五十四条患者在诊疗活动中受到损害，医疗机构及其医务人员有过错的，由医疗机构承担赔偿责任。
Article 55 During the diagnosis and treatments, the medical staff shall 第五十五条医务人员在诊疗活
explain the illness condition and relevant medical measures to their patients. If any operation, special examination or special treatment is needed, the medical staff shall explain the medical risks, alternate medical treatment plans and other information to the patient in a timely manner, and obtain a written consent of the patient; or, when it is not proper to explain the information to the patient, explain the information to the close relative of the patient, and obtain a written consent of the close relative.
Where any medical staff member fails to fulfill the duties in the preceding paragraph and causes any harm to a patient, the medical institution shall assume the compensatory liability. 动中应当向患者说明病情和医疗措施。需要实施手术、特殊检查、特殊治疗的，医务人员应当及时向患者说明医疗风险、替代医疗方案等情况，并取得其书面同意；不宜向患者说明的，应当向患者的近亲属说明，并取得其书面同意。
医务人员未尽到前款义务，造成患者损害的，医疗机构应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 56 Where the opinion of a patient or his close relative cannot be obtained in the case of an emergency such as rescue of a patient in critic condition, with the approval of the person in charge of the medical institution or an authorized person in charge, the corresponding medical measures may be taken immediately.
第五十六条因抢救生命垂危的患者等紧急情况，不能取得患者或者其近亲属意见的，经医疗机构负责人或者授权的负责人批准，可以立即实施相应的医疗措施。
（相关资料: 相关论文1篇）
Article 57 Where any medical staff member fails to fulfill the obligations of diagnosis and treatment up to the standard at the time of the diagnosis and treatment and causes any harm to a patient, the medical institution shall assume the compensatory liability.
第五十七条医务人员在诊疗活动中未尽到与当时的医疗水平相应的诊疗义务，造成患者损害的，医疗机构应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 58 Under any of the following circumstances, a medical institution shall be at fault constructively for any harm caused to a patient:
1. violating a law, administrative regulation or rule, or any other provision on the procedures and standards for diagnosis and treatment;
2. concealing or refusing to provide the medical history data related to a dispute; or
3. forging, tampering or destroying any medical history data.
第五十八条患者有损害，因下列情形之一的，推定医疗机构有过错：（一）违反法律、行政法规、规章以及其他有关诊疗规范的规定；
（二）隐匿或者拒绝提供与纠纷有关的病历资料；
（三）伪造、篡改或者销毁病历资料。
Article 59 Where any harm to a patient is caused by the defect of any drug, medical disinfectant or medical instrument or by the transfusion of substandard blood, the patient may require a compensation from the manufacturer or institution providing blood, or require a compensation from the medical institution. If the patient requires a compensation from the medical institution, the medical institution that has paid the
第五十九条因药品、消毒药剂、医疗器械的缺陷，或者输入不合格的血液造成患者损害的，患者可以向生产者或者血液提供机构请求赔偿，也可以向医疗机构请求赔偿。患者向医疗机构请求赔偿的，医疗机构赔偿后，有权向负
compensation shall be entitled to be reimbursed by the liable manufacturer or institution providing blood. 有责任的生产者或者血液提供机构追偿。
（相关资料: 相关论文2篇）
Article 60 Under any of the following circumstances, a medical institution shall not assume compensatory liability for any harm caused to a patient:
1. the patient or his close relative does not cooperate with the medical institution in the diagnosis and treatment in line with the procedures and standards for diagnosis and treatment;
2. the medical staff have fulfilled the duty of reasonable diagnosis and treatment in the case of an emergency such as rescue of a patient in critical condition; or
3. diagnosis and treatment of the patient is difficult due to the medical level at the time.
Under the circumstance in item 1 of the preceding paragraph, if the medical institution or any of its medical staff is also at fault, the medical institution shall assume the corresponding compensatory liability.
第六十条患者有损害，因下列情形之一的，医疗机构不承担赔偿责任：（一）患者或者其近亲属不配合医疗机构进行符合诊疗规范的诊疗；
（二）医务人员在抢救生命垂危的患者等紧急情况下已经尽到合理诊疗义务；
（三）限于当时的医疗水平难以诊疗。
前款第一项情形中，医疗机构及其医务人员也有过错的，应当承担相应的赔偿责任。
Article 61 A medical institution and its medical staff shall fill out and properly keep the hospital admission logs, medical treatment order slips, test reports, operation and anesthesia records, pathology records, nurse care records, medical expenses sheets and other medical history data according to the relevant provisions.
Where a patient files a request for consulting or copying the medical history data in the preceding paragraph, the medical institution shall provide the data.
第六十一条医疗机构及其医务人员应当按照规定填写并妥善保管住院志、医嘱单、检验报告、手术及麻醉记录、病理资料、护理记录、医疗费用等病历资料。
患者要求查阅、复制前款规定的病历资料的，医疗机构应当提供。
（相关资料: 相关论文1篇）
Article 62 A medical institution and its medical staff shall keep confidential the privacy of a patient. If any privacy data of a patient is divulged or any of the medical history data of a patient is open to the public without the consent of the patient, causing any harm to the patient, the medial institution shall assume the tort liability.
第六十二条医疗机构及其医务人员应当对患者的隐私保密。泄露患者隐私或者未经患者同意公开其病历资料，造成患者损害的，应当承担侵权责任。
Article 63 A medical institution and its medical staff shall not conduct unnecessary examinations in violation of the procedures and standards for diagnosis and treatment.
第六十三条医疗机构及其医务人员不得违反诊疗规范实施不必要的检查。
Article 64 The legitimate rights and interests of a medical institution and its medical staff shall be protected by law. Anyone who interrupts the order of the medical system or obstructs the work or life of medical staff shall be subject to legal liability.
第六十四条医疗机构及其医务人员的合法权益受法律保护。干扰医疗秩序，妨害医务人员工作、生活的，应当依法承担法律责任。
Chapter VIII Liability for Environmental Pollution 第八章环境污染责任
Article 65 Where any harm is caused by environmental pollution, the polluter shall assume the tort liability.
第六十五条因污染环境造成损害的，污染者应当承担侵权责任。
Article 66 Where any dispute arises over an environmental pollution, the polluter shall assume the burden to prove that it should not be liable or its liability could be mitigated under certain circumstances as provided for by law or to prove that there is no causation between its conduct and the harm.
第六十六条因污染环境发生纠纷，污染者应当就法律规定的不承担责任或者减轻责任的情形及其行为与损害之间不存在因果关系承担举证责任。（相关资料: 相关论文1篇）
Article 67 Where the environmental pollution is caused by two or more polluters, the seriousness of liability of each polluter shall be determined according to the type of pollutant, volume of emission and other factors.
第六十七条两个以上污染者污染环境，污染者承担责任的大小，根据污染物的种类、排放量等因素确定。
Article 68 Where any harm is caused by environmental pollution for the fault of a third party, the victim may require a compensation from either the polluter or the third party. After making compensation, the polluter shall be entitled to be reimbursed by the third party.
第六十八条因第三人的过错污
染环境造成损害的，被侵权人可以向污染者请求赔偿，也可以向第三人请求赔偿。污染者赔偿后，有权向第三人追偿。
Chapter IX Liability for Ultrahazardous Activity 第九章高度危险责任
Article 69 One who causes any harm to another person while engaging in any ultrahazardous operation shall assume the tort liability.
第六十九条从事高度危险作业造成他人损害的，应当承担侵权责任。
Article 70 Where a nuclear accident occurs to a civil nuclear facility and causes any harm to another person, the operator of the civil nuclear facility shall assume the tort liability unless it can prove that the harm is caused by a situation such as war or by the victim intentionally.
第七十条民用核设施发生核事故造成他人损害的，民用核设施的经营者应当承担侵权责任，但能够证明损害是因战争等情形或者受害人故意造成的，不承担责任。
Article 71 Where a civil aircraft causes any harm to another person, the operator of the civil aircraft shall assume the tort liability unless it can prove that the harm is caused by the victim intentionally.
第七十一条民用航空器造成他人损害的，民用航空器的经营者应当承担侵权责任，但能够证明损害是因受害人故意造成的，不承担责任。
Article 72 Where the possession or use of inflammable, explosive, acutely toxic, radioactive or any other ultrahazardous materials causes any harm to another person, the possessor or user shall assume the tort liability unless it can prove that the harm is caused by the victim intentionally or by a force majeure. If the victim is grossly negligent for the occurrence of the harm, the liability of the possessor or user may be mitigated.
第七十二条占有或者使用易燃、易爆、剧毒、放射性等高度危险物造成他人损害的，占有人或者使用人应当承担侵权责任，但能够证明损害是因受害人故意或者不可抗力造成的，不承担责任。被侵权人对损害的发生有重大过失的，可以减轻占有人或者使用人的责任。
（相关资料: 相关论文1篇）
Article 73 Where any harm is caused to another person by an aerial, high pressure or underground excavation activity or by the use of high speed rail transport vehicle, the operator shall assume the tort liability unless it can prove that the harm is caused by the victim intentionally or by a force majeure. If the victim is negligent for the occurrence of the harm, the liability of the operator may be mitigated.
第七十三条从事高空、高压、地下挖掘活动或者使用高速轨道运输工具造成他人损害的，经营者应当承担侵权责任，但能够证明损害是因受害人故意或者不可抗力造成的，不承担责任。被侵权人对损害的发生有过失的，可以减轻经营者的责任。
Article 74 Where any harm is caused to another person by the loss or abandonment of ultrahazardous materials, the owner shall assume the tort liability. If the owner has delivered the ultrahazardous materials to another person for management, the person who manages the materials shall assume the tort liability; and if the owner is at fault, he shall be liable jointly and severally with the person who manages the materials.
第七十四条遗失、抛弃高度危险物造成他人损害的，由所有人承担侵权责任。所有人将高度危险物交由他人管理的，由管理人承担侵权责任；所有人有过错的，与管理人承担连带责任。
Article 75 Where any harm to another person is caused by the illegal possession of ultrahazardous materials, the illegal possessor shall assume the tort liability. If the owner and the managing person cannot prove that it has fulfilled its duty of a high degree of care in preventing others from illegal possession, they shall be liable jointly and severally with the illegal possessor.
第七十五条非法占有高度危险物造成他人损害的，由非法占有人承担侵权责任。所有人、管理人不能证明对防止他人非法占有尽到高度注意义务的，与非法占有人承担连带责任。
Article 76 Where any harm is caused by the entry into an area of ultrahazardous activities or an area of storing ultrahazardous materials, if the managing person has taken safety measures and fulfilled its duty of warning, its liability may be mitigated or it may assume no liability.
第七十六条未经许可进入高度危险活动区域或者高度危险物存放区域受到损害，管理人已经采取安全措施并尽到警示义务的，可以减轻或者不承担责任。
Article 77 Where any legal provision prescribes a limit of compensation for liability for an ultrahazardous activity, such a provision shall apply.
第七十七条承担高度危险责任，法律规定赔偿限额的，依照其规定。（相关资料: 相关论文1篇）
Chapter X Liability for Harm Caused by Domestic Animal 第十章饲养动物损害责任
Article 78 Where a domestic animal causes any harm to another person, the keeper or manager of the animal shall assume the tort liability, but may assume no liability or assume mitigated liability, if it can prove that the harm is caused by the victim intentionally or by the gross negligence of the victim.
第七十八条饲养的动物造成他人损害的，动物饲养人或者管理人应当承担侵权责任，但能够证明损害是因被侵权人故意或者重大过失造成的，可以不承担或者减轻责任。
Article 79 Where any harm is caused to another person by a failure to take safety measures against an animal in violation of management rules, the keeper or manager of the animal shall assume the tort liability.
第七十九条违反管理规定，未对动物采取安全措施造成他人损害的，动物饲养人或者管理人应当承担侵权责任。
Article 80 Where any dangerous animal such as a fierce dog that is prohibited from keeping causes any harm to another person, the keeper or manger of the animal shall assume the tort liability.
第八十条禁止饲养的烈性犬等危险动物造成他人损害的，动物饲养人或者管理人应当承担侵权责任。
Article 81 Where any animal of a zoo causes any harm to another person, the zoo shall assume the tort liability unless it can prove that it has fulfilled its duties of management.
第八十一条动物园的动物造成他人损害的，动物园应当承担侵权责任，但能够证明尽到管理职责的，不承担责任。
Article 82 Where an abandoned or fleeing animal causes any harm to another person during the time period of its abandonment or fleeing, the original keeper or manager of the animal shall assume the tort liability.
第八十二条遗弃、逃逸的动物在遗弃、逃逸期间造成他人损害的，由原动物饲养人或者管理人承担侵权责任。
Article 83 Where any harm is caused to another person by an animal for the fault of a third party, the victim may require a compensation from the keeper or manger of the animal, or require a compensation from the third party. After making compensation, the keeper or manager of the animal shall be entitled to be reimbursed by the third party.
第八十三条因第三人的过错致使动物造成他人损害的，被侵权人可以向动物饲养人或者管理人请求赔偿，也可以向第三人请求赔偿。动物饲养人或者管理人赔偿后，有权向第三人追偿。（相关资料: 相关论文2篇）
Article 84 Animals shall be kept in accordance with the law, in the manner of respecting the social morals, and without interference with the life of others.
第八十四条饲养动物应当遵守法律，尊重社会公德，不得妨害他人生活。
Chapter XI Liability for Harm Caused by Object 第十一章物件损害责任
Article 85 Where any building, structure or facility or any thing laid thereon or suspended therefrom falls off or falls down, causing any harm to another person, if the owner, manager or user cannot prove that he is not at fault, he shall assume the tort liability. After making compensation, the owner, manager or user shall be entitled to be
第八十五条建筑物、构筑物或者其他设施及其搁置物、悬挂物发生脱落、坠落造成他人损害，所有人、管理人或者使用人不能证明自己没有过错的，应当承担侵权责任。所有人、管理人或者使用人赔偿后，有其他责任人
reimbursed by other liable persons if any. 的，有权向其他责任人追偿。
Article 86 Where any building, structure or facility collapses, causing any harm to another person, the construction employer and contractor shall be liable jointly and severally. After making compensation, the construction employer or contractor shall be entitled to be reimbursed by other liable persons if any.
Where the collapse of any building, structure or facility, which causes any harm to another person, is attributed to any other liable person, the other liable person shall assume the tort liability.
第八十六条建筑物、构筑物或者其他设施倒塌造成他人损害的，由建设单位与施工单位承担连带责任。建设单位、施工单位赔偿后，有其他责任人的，有权向其他责任人追偿。
因其他责任人的原因，建筑物、构筑物或者其他设施倒塌造成他人损害的，由其他责任人承担侵权责任。
Article 87 Where any object thrown out of a building or falling down from a building causes any harm to another person and it is hard to determine the specific tortfeasor, all the users of the building who possibly commit the tort but those who can prove that they are not the tortfeasor shall make indemnity.
第八十七条从建筑物中抛掷物品或者从建筑物上坠落的物品造成他人损害，难以确定具体侵权人的，除能够证明自己不是侵权人的外，由可能加害的建筑物使用人给予补偿。
（相关资料: 相关论文2篇）
Article 88 Where a pile of objects collapse and cause any harm to another person, the person making the pile shall assume the tort liability if it cannot prove that it has no fault.
第八十八条堆放物倒塌造成他人损害，堆放人不能证明自己没有过错的，应当承担侵权责任。
（相关资料: 相关论文1篇）
Article 89 Where any harm is caused to another person by objects piled, dumped or scattered on a public road, which obstruct passage, the relevant entity or individual shall assume the tort liability.
第八十九条在公共道路上堆放、倾倒、遗撒妨碍通行的物品造成他人损害的，有关单位或者个人应当承担侵权责任。
Article 90 Where any harm is caused to another person by a broken tree, the owner or manager of the tree shall assume the tort liability if it cannot prove that he is not at fault.
第九十条因林木折断造成他人损害，林木的所有人或者管理人不能证明自己没有过错的，应当承担侵权责任。
Article 91 Where anyone digs a pit, repairs or installs any underground facility, etc. at a public venue or on a public road but fails to set up any obvious warning sign or take any safety measure, and causes any harm to another person, the person shall assume the tort liability.
Where a manhole or any other underground facility causes any harm to another person, the manager of the manhole or the facility shall assume the tort liability if he cannot prove that he has fulfilled the duties of management.
第九十一条在公共场所或者道路上挖坑、修缮安装地下设施等，没有设置明显标志和采取安全措施造成他人损害的，施工人应当承担侵权责任。
窨井等地下设施造成他人损害，管理人不能证明尽到管理职责的，应当承担侵权责任。
Chapter XII Supplementary Provision 第十二章附则
Article 92 This Law shall come into force on July 1, 2010. 第九十二条本法自2010年7月
1日起施行。
常见职务、职位英文翻译
常见职位、职务英文译名 Accounting Assistant 会计助理 Accounting Clerk 记帐员 Accounting Manager 会计部经理 Accounting Stall 会计部职员 Accounting Supervisor 会计主管 Administration Manager 行政经理 Administration Staff 行政人员 Administrative Assistant 行政助理 Administrative Clerk 行政办事员 Advertising Staff 广告工作人员 Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座员 Airlines Staff 航空公司职员 Application Engineer 应用工程师 Assistant Manager 副经理 Bond Analyst 证券分析员 Bond Trader 证券交易员 Business Controller 业务主任 Business Manager 业务经理 Buyer 采购员 Cashier 出纳员 Chemical Engineer 化学工程师 Civil Engineer 土木工程师 Clerk/Receptionist 职员／接待员 Clerk Typist & Secretary 文书打字兼秘书 Computer Data Input Operator 计算机资料输入员 Computer Engineer 计算机工程师 Computer Processing Operator 计算机处理操作员 Computer System Manager 计算机系统部经理 Copywriter 广告文字撰稿人 Deputy General Manager 副总经理 Economic Research Assistant 经济研究助理 Electrical Engineer 电气工程师 Engineering Technician 工程技术员 English Instructor/Teacher 英语教师
公司及工厂职位名称英汉对照
常见职务英译： Accounting Assistant 会计助理Accounting Manager 会计部经理Accounting Supervisor 会计主管Administration Manager 行政经理Administrative Assistant 行政助理Application Engineer 应用工程师Assistant Manager 副经理 Bond Analyst 证券分析员 Bond Trader 证券交易员Business Manager 业务经理 Buyer 采购员 Cashier 出纳员 Chemical Engineer 化学工程师 Civil Engineer 土木工程师Computer System Manager 计算机系统部经理Deputy General Manager 副总经理Economic Research Assistant 经济助究助理Electrical Engineer 电气工程师Engineering Technician 工程技术员Export Sales Manager 外销部经理Financial Controller 财务主任General Manager/ President 总经理 General Manager Assistant 总经理助理General Manager's Secretary 总经理秘书Manager for Public Relations 公关部经理Market Development Manager 市场开发部经理Marketing Manager 市场销售部经理Marketing Representative 销售代表Marketing Representative Manager 市场调研部经理Office Assistant 办公室助理Package Designer 包装设计师Personnel Manager 人事部经理 Plant/ Factory Manager 厂长Recruitment Co-ordinator 招聘协调人Regional Manger 地区经理Research＆.Development Engineer 研究开发工程师Seller Representative 销售代表 Sales Supervisor 销售监管Simultaneous Interpreter 同声传译员Systems Engineer 系统工程师Tourist Guide 导游 Trade Finance Executive 贸易财务主管Marketing and Sales(市场与销售部分)
中英文对照版居间协议
房地产买卖居间协议 Real estate Sale & Purchase Agency Agreement 本协议由以下各方于_2010_年 2_月 5 日签订 This agreement is signed on 5/2/2010 by the following parties: 出让方：戴黛（以下简称“甲方”） The seller: DAY FREJA ANTIGONE FELICIA M D (hereinafter called Party A) 受让方：（以下简称“乙方”） The buyer: (hereinafter called Party B) 居间方：上海志远房地产经纪有限公司（以下简称“丙方”） The Agent：SHANGHAI ZEAL REALTY CONSULTANT CO.,LTD.(hereinafter called Party C) 在丙方的居间作用下，经友好协商，甲、乙双方达成如下一致： Under brokerage by Party C ,both Party A and Party B enter into the following agreement through friendly negotiation: 1、甲方在此陈述其系上海市南京西路1173弄5号31室（该房屋的所有权及其所占土地的所有权，以下合称 “该房地产”）的合法产权人。甲方已取得的该房地产之《上海市房地产权证》号码为：静2005002083 _；该房地产之建筑面积为 125.3 平米。现甲方有意将该房地产转让给乙方，乙方亦愿意向甲方购买该房地产。 Party A confirms that she is the legal owner of the property which located at 31 , Block 5_ ,Lane 1173_, West of Nanjing RD, Jing’an _ District, Shanghai. Party A is in possession of Shanghai Certificate of Real Estate Ownership, number: 2005002083 The property has an gross floor area of _125.3 _square metres. Now Party A intends to sell the property to Party B, and Party B is interested in buying the property. 2、甲，乙双方约定该房地产实际成交价格为人民币柒佰贰拾万元整（RMB 7,200,000.00 元_）。由乙方按本协 议规定的支付方式支付甲方。 The agreed price of the property is RMB 7,200,000.00 Party B shall pay the sum to Party A according to the terms of this agreement. 3、乙方在此确认其于签订本协议前已对该房地产进行了初步验看。双方在此同意甲方将该房地产按现状交付乙 方即可，但是甲方必须保证该房地产内的管道，线路畅通，包括该房地产设备的完好可正常使用。在该房地产交付前，上述设备如有故障，甲方应负责任修缮并支付相关费用。 Party B confirmed that she has examined the property before signing this agreement. Both parties agree that Party A shall deliver it to Party B in current conditions . Party A shall ensure that the ducting and wiring of the property, and all the related fixtures and equipment are in good working order. If any is found to be defective, Party A shall make a mend b efore delivery of property and bear the necessary costs. 4、双方同意本次交易之具体交易程序如下： The procedure of the transaction for the property is as follows: A．双方同意本协议项下的定金数额为人民币壹拾万元整（RMB 100,000.00 元_）。乙方应于签订本协议的当日
[中英文对照]常见职务、职位英文译名A-Z
[中英文对照]常见职务、职位英文译名A-Z [中英文对照]常见职务、职位英文译名A-Z Accounting Assistant 会计助理 Accounting Clerk 记帐员 Accounting Manager 会计部经理 Accounting Stall 会计部职员 Accounting Supervisor 会计主管 Administration Manager 行政经理 Administration Staff 行政人员 Administrative Assistant 行政助理 Administrative Clerk 行政办事员 Advertising Staff 广告工作人员 Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座员Airlines Staff 航空公司职员 Application Engineer 应用工程师 Assistant Manager 副经理 Bond Analyst 证券分析员 Bond Trader 证券交易员 Business Controller 业务主任 Business Manager 业务经理 Buyer 采购员
Cashier 出纳员 Chemical Engineer 化学工程师 Civil Engineer 土木工程师 Clerk/Receptionist 职员/接待员 Clerk Typist & Secretary 文书打字兼秘书 puter Data Input Operator 计算机资料输入员 puter Engineer 计算机工程师 puter Processing Operator 计算机处理操作员 puter System Manager 计算机系统部经理 Copywriter 广告文字撰稿人 Deputy General Manager 副总经理 Economic Research Assistant 经济助究助理 Electrical Engineer 电气工程师 Engineering Technician 工程技术员 English Instructor/Teacher 英语教师 Export Sales Manager 外销部经理 Export Sales Staff 外销部职员 Financial Controller 财务主任 Financial Reporter 财务报告人 F.X. Clerk 外汇部职员(F.X.=Foreign Exchange) F.X. Settlement Clerk 外汇部核算员
制造业常用职位中英文对照
制造业常用职位中英文对照?President 董事长[] ?General Manager总经理(GM) ?[][] ?Vice-President 副总经理/副董事长(V.P.) ?[][] ?Human Resource Manager人力资源经理 ?[][][] ?Plant Manager 厂长[][]?Accounting Manager会计部经理 ?[][] ?Financial Manager 财务部经理[][]?Manufacturing Manager 制造部经理 ?[][] ?Finance Manager 财务部经理[][]?Supervisor主管[]?Administration Manager 行政经理 ?[][] ?Secretary 秘书[] ?Assistant 助理[] ?Manufacturing Engineer制造工程师(ME) ?[][]
?Marketing Representative销售代表 ?[][] ?Personnel Manager人事部经理 ?[][] ?Product Manager 生产部经理 ?[][] ?Software Engineer 软件工程师 ?[][] ?Mechanical Engineer 机构工程师（ME）?[][] ?Electronic Engineer 电子工程师（EE）?[][] ?Production Engineer 制造工程师（PE）?[][] ?Quality Engineer 质量工程师（QE）?[][] ?Industrial Engineer 工业工程师(IE) ?[][] ?PMC（Product Material Control）Manager 物料部经理?Production Manager 制造部经理 ?[][] ?
常见职位职务英文翻译
常见职位职务英文翻译 Accounting Assistant会计助理 Accounting Clerk记帐员 Accounting Manager会计部经理 Accounting Stall会计部职员 Accounting Supervisor会计主管 Administration Manager行政经理 Administration Staff行政人员 Administrative Assistant行政助理 Administrative Clerk行政办事员 Advertising Staff广告工作人员 Airlines Sales Representative航空公司定座员 Airlines Staff航空公司职员 Application Engineer应用工程师 Assistant Manager副经理 Bond Analyst证券分析员 Bond Trader证券交易员 Business Controller业务主任 Business Manager业务经理 Buyer采购员 Cashier出纳员 Chemical Engineer化学工程师 Civil Engineer土木工程师 Clerk/Receptionist职员／接待员 Clerk Typist&Secretary文书打字兼秘书 Computer Data Input Operator计算机资料输入员Computer Engineer计算机工程师 Computer Processing Operator计算机处理操作员Computer System Manager计算机系统部经理 Copywriter广告文字撰稿人 Deputy General Manager副总经理 Economic Research Assistant经济研究助理 Electrical Engineer电气工程师 Engineering Technician工程技术员 English Instructor/Teacher英语教师 Export Sales Manager外销部经理 Export Sales Staff外销部职员 Financial Controller财务主任 Financial Reporter财务报告人 F.X.(Foreign Exchange)Clerk外汇部职员 F.X.Settlement Clerk外汇部核算员 Fund Manager财务经理 General Auditor审计长 General Manager/President总经理
职务说明书-职位名称中英文对照表
职位名称中英文对照表 Marketing and Sales(市场与销售部分） Vice-President of Sales 销售副总裁 Senior Customer Manager 高级客户经理 Sales Manager 销售经理 Regional Sales Manager 地区销售经理 Merchandising Manager 采购经理 Sales Assistant 销售助理 Wholesale Buyer 批发采购员 Tele-Interviewer 电话调查员 Real Estate Appraiser 房地产评估师 Marketing Consultant 市场顾问 Marketing and Sales Director 市场与销售总监 Market Research Analyst 市场调查分析员 Manufacturer\'s Representative 厂家代表 Director of Subsidiary Rights 分公司权利总监 Sales Representative 销售代表 Assistant Customer Executive 客户管理助理 Marketing Intern 市场实习 Marketing Director 市场总监 Insurance Agent 保险代理人 Customer Manager 客户经理 Vice-President of Marketing 市场副总裁Regional Customer Manager 地区客户经理 Sales Administrator 销售主管 Telemarketing Director 电话销售总监 Advertising Manager 广告经理 Travel Agent 旅行代办员 Salesperson 销售员 Telemarketer 电话销售员 Sales Executive 销售执行者 Marketing Assistant 市场助理 Retail Buyer 零售采购员 Real Estate Manager 房地产经理 Real Estate Broker 房地产经纪人 Purchasing Agent 采购代理 Product Developer 产品开发 Marketing Manager 市场经理 Advertising Coordinator 广告协调员 Advertising Assistant 广告助理 Ad Copywriter(Direct Mail) 广告文撰写人 Customer Representative 客户代表 Computers and Mathematics(计算机部分) Manager of Network Administration 网络管理经理
尽职调查访谈提纲-HR、资料要求清单(中英文)
尽职调查访谈提纲 （工薪和人事管理） 1、请简单介绍您个人的基本情况。 2、人力资源管理部门的职责主要是什么？岗位是如何设置的？目前有多少人？ 3、公司的人员构成（招聘、劳务派遣；学历构成；年龄结构；技术等级等）？ 4、员工的聘用要经过哪些环节？ 5、外聘劳务公司人员如何管理的？ 6、劳动合同的签订过程是如何控制的？（涉及哪些部门？谁签字？谁审批？） 7、薪酬标准如何制定的？ 8、福利包括哪些？按什么标准支付？ 9、是否发生劳务纠纷及处理措施？ 10、公司员工的社保费、公积金是按什么标准支付的？ 11、员工的业绩是如何考核的？与薪酬、职务是如何挂钩的？ 12、近两年业绩计划或任务的完成情况？ 13、员工薪酬的发放是如何控制的？ 14、公司经营管理有哪些地方可以进一步完善？
INFORMATION AND DOCUMENTATION REQUIRED 资料要求清单 Comments 注明 The list below is the information necessary for the due diligence work. The objective of the list is to make sure that our team can smoothly start its due diligence work according to the date noted on engagement. It is possible that the list doesn’t cover all the information we needed in our work. So, we would ask for other information not included in the list. 以下清单列明在对贵公司进行财务评阅之所需资料，此清单之目的是为了确保有足够的资料使得评阅小组能够在业务约定书约定之开始工作日期顺利开展工作。 The following list maybe not includes all documents and information we needed, so additional information will be required to provide during our financial due diligence. 清单所列之资料可能未有全面概括所需资料，因此在评阅过程中可能会提出获取附件中未列出的资料。 1Related legal materials 有关法定资料 Organization chart (including investors, investors’ holding company, subsidiaries and etc.) and list the legal name of these companies; 公司组织结构图(包括该公司之投资者、投资者之母公司、公司的子 公司等)并列出该些公司之法定名称； Organization chart of the management and organization structure; 公司管理层组织结构图和组织机构情况； Business license issued by SAIC; 国家工商管理局发出的营业执照；
程啸《侵权责任法》知识点梳理
一、侵权责任法的概念与特征 狭义：仅指以“侵权责任法”或“侵权法”为名的某部法律。大陆法系不存在。 大陆法系的民法中，侵权行为与违约行为、不当得利、无因管理皆属于 概念债的发生原因。民法对侵权行为的规定分为两部分：构成要件和责任承担。 构成要件规定在债编分则中，责任承担规定在债编总则中。 广义：实质意义上的侵权责任法，即所有规范侵权责任之构成要件与法律后果的规范的总称。在我国，除了《侵》，广义的还包括《民法通则》？《产品质量 法》、《道路交通安全法》、《消费者权益保护法》、《民用航空法》等。 私法：调整平等民事主体之间的民事权利与民事义务关系 特征 强行法：与合同法、物权法相比，具有更多的强行法色彩。对侵权责任的构成要件和法律效果的规定属于强行性规范，不能任由当事人协商改变。 二、侵权责任基本法与侵权责任特别法 基本法：《侵权责任法》。第6条确立的过错责任。凡是《侵》或者其他单行立法没概念有特别规定时，均适用该规则。第2、3章的基本规定同样。 特别法：《侵》第5条：其他法律对侵权责任另有特别规定的，依照规定。不得随意规定各类侵权行为。只有当某些侵权行为不应适用过错责任原则，而应适 用无过错责任或过错推定责任时，才有必要由特别法单独加以规范。 适用关系：《侵》第5条的关系。其他法律对侵权责任另有特别规定的，依照其规定。 “其他法律”指的就是侵权责任特别法。即，优先适用特别法。 《侵》生效后，凡是明确修改了旧的立法规定的地方，一律应当适用《侵》。 对于某些侵权责任，原来的法律和司法解释作出了明确规定，但《侵》对其 未置明文。对此，不可做出硬性规定：《侵》取消了原规定，或不方便作出。 三、侵权责任法在民法中的地位 独立成编：不同于其他大陆法系国家，将侵放入债法中，而是单独成编。 一是有利于侵权责任法的发展；二是我国侵权责任承担方式并不局限与损 害赔偿。八种之多。侵权行为并非单纯的债的发生方式。 与债法总：损害赔偿是最重要、最常见的侵权责任承担方式。侵权损害赔偿之债与因则的关系同、不当得利、无因管理而发生的债权债务关系具有很多共性，可以适用共同的规则。这些规则应当由债法总则规定。我国目前没有债法总则。 与人格权：我国《民法通则》主要以“对侵害人格权的侵权行为的规定”来规定人法的关系格权，仍未脱离侵权法的窠臼。是否单独制定人格权法，争论激烈。 与物权法：侵权责任的承担为物权提供了保护方式。并且物权是侵权法保护的核心的关系物权法中的规定补充了侵权责任法，例如：对占有的保护、相邻关系。
完整版合同中英文序言
合同翻译常用句型和词汇 1. 详细货物清单Detail supply list 2. 合同价格Con tract value 序号item 型号model 尺寸size, dime nsion 数 量amount, unit 单价un it price 总价total price 备注remark 货物，运费freight, tran sportatio n 合同总额(含安装费与税金) Con tract amount in cl. VAT & in stallatio n 3. 付款条件payme nt con diti ons, payme nt terms 4. 交货地点delivery place 5. 发货期delivery time
6. 安装条款installation clause 7. 验收条款inspection clause 8. 保证条款guarantee clause 9. 不可抗拒条款Force Majeure Clause 10. 违约条款Breach clause 11. 其他条款Miscellaneous clause 12. 买卖双方信息buyer and seller information a long-term contract 长期合同a short-term contract 短期合同completion of contract 完成合同contract for future delivery 期货合同contract for goods 订货合同contract for purchase 采购合同contract for service 劳务合同labor contract 劳动合同contract note 买卖合同（证书），买卖契约contract of arbitration 仲裁合同 con tract of carriage /Carriage Con tract 运输合同Passe nger Carriage Con trac客运合同Cargo Carriage Contract 货运合同 Technology Contract 技术合同 Tech no logy Developme nt Con tract 技术开发合同 Tech no logy Transfer Con tract技术转让合同 Tech nical Co nsulti ng Con tract技术咨询合同 Tech nical Service Con tract技术服务合同 Safekeep ing Con tract保管合同 Warehous ing Con tract 仓储合同 Age ncy Appo in tme nt Con tract 委托合同
常见职位英文对照表
立法机关LEGISLATURE 中华人民共和国主席/副主席President/Vice President, the People’s Republic of China 全国人大委员长/副委员长Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People’s Congress 秘书长Secretary-General 主任委员Chairman 委员Member （地方人大）主任Chairman, Local People’s Congress 人大代表Deputy to the People’s Congress 政府机构GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION 国务院总理Premier, State Council 国务委员State Councilor 秘书长Secretary-General （国务院各委员会）主任Minister in Charge of Commission for （国务院各部）部长Minister 部长助理Assistant Minister 司长Director 局长Director 省长Governor 常务副省长Executive Vice Governor 自治区人民政府主席Chairman, Autonomous Regional People’s Government 地区专员Commissioner, prefecture 香港特别行政区行政长官Chief Executive, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 市长/副市长Mayor/Vice Mayor 区长Chief Executive, District Government 县长Chief Executive, County Government 乡镇长Chief Executive, Township Government 秘书长Secretary-General 办公厅主任Director, General Office （部委办）主任Director 处长/副处长Division Chief/Deputy Division Chief 科长/股长Section Chief 科员Clerk/Officer 发言人Spokesman 顾问Adviser 参事Counselor 巡视员Inspector/Monitor 特派员Commissioner 外交官衔DIPLOMATIC RANK 特命全权大使Ambassador Extraordinary and plenipotentiary 公使Minister 代办Charge d’Affaires 临时代办Charge d’Affaires ad Interim 参赞Counselor 政务参赞Political Counselor 商务参赞Commercial Counselor 经济参赞Economic Counselor 新闻文化参赞Press and Cultural Counselor 公使衔参赞Minister-Counselor 商务专员Commercial Attaché 经济专员Economic Attaché 文化专员Cultural Attaché 商务代表Trade Representative 一等秘书First Secretary 武官Military Attaché 档案秘书Secretary-Archivist 专员/随员Attaché 总领事Consul General 领事Consul 司法、公证、公安JUDICIARY,NOTARY AND PUBLIC SECURITY 人民法院院长President, People’s Courts 人民法庭庭长Chief Judge, People’s Tribunals 审判长Chief Judge 审判员Judge 书记Clerk of the Court 法医Legal Medical Expert 法警Judicial Policeman 人民检察院检察长Procurator-General, People’s procuratorates 监狱长Warden 律师Lawyer 公证员Notary Public 总警监Commissioner General 警监Commissioner 警督Supervisor 警司Superintendent 警员Constable 政党POLITICAL PARTY 中共中央总书记General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee 政治局常委Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau, the CPC Central Committee 政治局委员Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee 书记处书记Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee 中央委员Member, Central Committee 候补委员Alternate Member …省委/市委书记Secretary,…Provincial/Municipal
设计名片必备--岗位职称、部门名称中英文对照
ERP技术/应用顾问 ERP Technical/Application Consultant IC设计/应用工程师 IC Design/Application Engineer 阿拉伯语翻译 Arabic Translator 安全/健康/环境工程师 Safety/Health/Environment Engineer 安全/健康/环境经理/主管 Safety/Health/Environment Manager/Supervisor 安全人员Security Officer 办公室助理 Office Assistant 办事处财务负责人 Financial Principal in the Office 办事处代主任 Subrogating Director of the Office 办事处负责人 Principal of the Office 办事处副主任 Deputy Director of the Office 办事处客服负责人 Principal of the Customer Service in the Office 办事处主任 Director of the Office 包装设计师 Package Designer 保安 Security 保安人员 Securities Custody Clerk 保险代理/财务规划师/储备经理人 Insurance Agent/Financial Planner 保险公司理赔员 Insurance Actuary 保险核保/理赔 Adjuster 保险精算师 Actuary 保险内勤 Insurance Office Staff 报副主编 Deputy Chief Editor 报关员 Customs Specialist 本部副总经理 Assistant General Manager of the Department 本部总经理 General Manager of the Department 本部总经理高级助理 Senior Assistant of G.M. of the Department 本部总经理助理 Assistant of G.M. of the Department 本部总经理助理 Assistant of G.M. of the Department 编辑/作家/撰稿人 Editor/Writer 宾馆/酒店经理 Reception Manager 部长 Secretary 部长助理 Assistant Secretary 部门负责人 Division Principal 部门经理，科长 Section Manager 财务/会计助理 Finance/Accounting Assistant 财务/审计/统计 Finance/Accounting 财务报告人 Financial Reporter 财务分析经理/主管 Financial Analysis Manager/Supervisor 财务分析员 Financial Analyst 财务经理 Finance Manager 财务经理 Fund Manager 财务主管/总帐主管 Finance Supervisor 财务主任 Financial Controller
尽职调查清单中英文
1 Due Diligence Issues Daniel Chan Bonded Processing Arrangements Issues relating to Bonded Processing Arrangements z factory transfer ?transfer of partially finished goods to another factory for further processing before export ? non-refund of VAT on inputs
3 Bonded Processing Arrangements (cont’d) z import processing (“buy-sell”) ?title to imported materials ?under customs supervision (no customs duties & import VAT) z processing & assembly (“consignment”)?no title to imported materials ?no VAT on processing fees Bonded Processing Arrangements (cont’d) z equipment import ? VAT and duty free ?preferential treatment may be changed
5 Licenses & Permits All licenses & permits (issued by national, provincial or other levels of government authorities)z e.g. chemical manufacturing WFOE ?permits for production of dangerous chemical products ? permits for emission of waste Taxes Smuggling z imported machinery z import VAT and Custom duties receipts Individual Income Tax z withholding tax z dual employment contract Potential issue of retroactive payment of taxes exempted under tax holiday, in asset acquisition scenario
外贸公司常见职位中英文对照
采购员Purchasing Specialist/Staff 贸易经理Trading Manager 贸易主管Trading Supervisor 贸易专员Trading Specialist 贸易助理Trading Assistant 业务跟单经理Merchandiser Manager 高级业务跟单Senior Merchandiser 业务跟单Merchandiser 助理业务跟单Assistant Merchandiser 报关员Customs Specialist 单证员Documentation Specialist 船务人员Shipping Specialist 办公室职位职称中英文对照 高级管理Senior Management 首席执行官/总经理CEO/GM/President 副总经理Deputy GM/VP/Management Trainee 总监Director 合伙人Partner 总裁/总经理助理CEO/GM/President Assistant 物流/贸易/采购Logis./Trading/Merchand./Purch.物流经理Logistics Manager 物流主管Logistics Supervisor 物流专员/助理Logistics Specialist/Assistant 物料经理Materials Manager 物料主管Materials Supervisor 采购经理Purchasing Manager 采购主管Purchasing Supervisor 采购员Purchasing Specialist/Staff 外贸/贸易经理/主管Trading Manager/Supervisor 外贸/贸易专员/助理Trading Specialist/Assistant 业务跟单经理Merchandiser Manager 高级业务跟单Senior Merchandiser 业务跟单Merchandiser 助理业务跟单Assistant Merchandiser 仓库经理/主管Warehouse Manager 仓库管理员Warehouse Specialist 运输经理/主管Distribution Manager/Supervisor 报关员Customs Specialist 单证员Documentation Specialist 船务人员Shipping Specialist 快递员Courier
职位中英文对照
英文职位名称大全~~~ 2012-09-22 19:58:37 公司高层职位的英文缩写: CEO ：Chief Executive Officer 首席执行官 CFO ：Chief Financial Officer 首席财务官 COO ：Chief Operated Officer 首席运营官 CTO ：Chief Technology Officer 首席技术官 CIO ：Chief Information Officer 首席信息官 CRO ：Chief Risk Officer 首席风险官 ========================================================== 艺术总监【CAO】chief Artistic officer 首席品牌官【CBO】chief brand officer 首席文化官【CCO】Chief Cultural Officer 开发总监【CDO】chief Development officer 首席执行官【CEO】Chief Executive officer 首席财务官【CFO】Chief finance officer 人事总监【CHO】Chief Human resource officer 首席信息官【CIO】chief information officer 首席知识官【CKO】chief knowledge officer 首席市场官【CMO】chief Marketing officer 首席谈判官【CNO】chief Negotiation officer 首席营运官【COO】chief Operation officer 公关总监【CPO】chief Public relation officer 质量总监【CQO】chief Quality officer 销售总监【CSO】chief Sales officer 首席技术官【CTO】chief Technology officer 评估总监【CVO】chief Valuation officer =============================================================== GM：General Manager 总经理 VP：Vice President 副总裁FVP（First Vice President）第一副总裁 AVP：Assistant Vice President 副总裁助理 HRD：Human Resource Director 人力资源总监 OD：Operations Director 运营总监 MD：Marketing Director 市场总监 OM：Operations Manager 运作经理 PM：Production Manager生产经理、Product Manager产品经理、Project Manager项目经理) 注：这里面变化比较多，要结合谈话时的背景来判断究竟是指哪种身份） BM（Branch Manager）部门经理 DM（District Manager）区域经理 RM（Regional Manager）区域经理 ＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝ 广告公司职位英文对照: